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Zhao W, Li M, Song S, Zhi Y, Huan C, Lv G. The role of natural killer T cells in liver transplantation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1274361. [PMID: 38250325 PMCID: PMC10796773 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1274361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKTs) are innate-like lymphocytes that are abundant in the liver and participate in liver immunity. NKT cells express both NK cell and T cell markers, modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Type I and Type II NKT cells are classified according to the TCR usage, while they recognize lipid antigen in a non-classical major histocompatibility (MHC) molecule CD1d-restricted manner. Once activated, NKT cells can quickly produce cytokines and chemokines to negatively or positively regulate the immune responses, depending on the different NKT subsets. In liver transplantation (LTx), the immune reactions in a series of processes determine the recipients' long-term survival, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, alloresponse, and post-transplant infection. This review provides insight into the research on NKT cells subpopulations in LTx immunity during different processes, and discusses the shortcomings of the current research on NKT cells. Additionally, the CD56-expressing T cells are recognized as a NK-like T cell population, they were also discussed during these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Mingqian Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shifei Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yao Zhi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chen Huan
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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2
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Gao X, Zuo S. Immune landscape and immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: focus on innate and adaptive immune cells. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:1881-1899. [PMID: 36773210 PMCID: PMC10543580 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is responsible for roughly 90% of all cases of primary liver cancer, and the cases are on the rise. The treatment of advanced HCC is a serious challenge. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has marked a watershed moment in the history of HCC systemic treatment. Atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab has been approved as a first-line treatment for advanced HCC since 2020; however, the combination therapy is only effective in a limited percentage of patients. Considering that the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has a great impact on immunotherapies for HCC, an in-depth understanding of the immune landscape in tumors and the current immunotherapeutic approaches is extremely necessary. We elaborate on the features, functions, and cross talk of the innate and adaptive immune cells in HCC and highlight the benefits and drawbacks of various immunotherapies for advanced HCC, as well as future projections. HCC consists of a heterogeneous group of cancers with distinct etiologies and immune microenvironments. Almost all the components of innate and adaptive immune cells in HCC have altered, showing a decreasing trend in the number of tumor suppressor cells and an increasing trend in the pro-cancer cells, and there is also cross talk between various cell types. Various immunotherapies for HCC have also shown promising efficacy and application prospect. There are multilayered interwoven webs among various immune cell types in HCC, and emerging evidence demonstrates the promising prospect of immunotherapeutic approaches for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28, Guiyi Street, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shi Zuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, No. 28, Guiyi Street, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China.
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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3
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Savino W, Lepletier A. Thymus-derived hormonal and cellular control of cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1168186. [PMID: 37529610 PMCID: PMC10389273 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1168186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus gland is a central lymphoid organ in which developing T cell precursors, known as thymocytes, undergo differentiation into distinct type of mature T cells, ultimately migrating to the periphery where they exert specialized effector functions and orchestrate the immune responses against tumor cells, pathogens and self-antigens. The mechanisms supporting intrathymic T cell differentiation are pleiotropically regulated by thymic peptide hormones and cytokines produced by stromal cells in the thymic microenvironment and developing thymocytes. Interestingly, in the same way as T cells, thymic hormones (herein exemplified by thymosin, thymulin and thymopoietin), can circulate to impact immune cells and other cellular components in the periphery. Evidence on how thymic function influences tumor cell biology and response of patients with cancer to therapies remains unsatisfactory, although there has been some improvement in the knowledge provided by recent studies. Herein, we summarize research progression in the field of thymus-mediated immunoendocrine control of cancer, providing insights into how manipulation of the thymic microenvironment can influence treatment outcomes, including clinical responses and adverse effects of therapies. We review data obtained from clinical and preclinical cancer research to evidence the complexity of immunoendocrine interactions underpinning anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Brazilian National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rio de Janeiro Research Network on Neuroinflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- INOVA-IOC Network on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ailin Lepletier
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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4
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Chakrabarti R, Duddu S, Tiwari A, Naidu KT, Sharma P, Chakravorty N, Shukla PC. Natural Killer T cells and the invariant subset promote atherosclerosis: A meta-analysis. Life Sci 2023; 321:121620. [PMID: 37011534 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are reported to be both pro- and anti-atherosclerotic. With this meta-analysis, we evaluated the NKT population and their subsets in regulating the atherosclerotic disease in mice. MAIN METHODS Eighteen pre-clinical (mice, n = 1276) and 6 clinical observational studies (humans, n = 116) met the eligibility criteria for inclusion. Random effects model was used and standard mean difference (SMD) was calculated for the cell counts and aortic lesion area. KEY FINDINGS Lesion area decreased in the absence of whole NKT cell population (-1.33[95%CI, -2.14, -0.52]), and in the absence of only iNKT subset (-0.66[95%CI, -1.69, 0.37]). However, lesion area increased after over-expression/activation of iNKTs (1.40[95%CI, 0.28, 2.52]). Atherogenic diet (AD) or high fat diet (HFD) increased the number of NKT cells (2.51[95%CI, 1.42, 3.61]), whereas the iNKT cell numbers and iNKT cell-specific gene expression decreased in mice (-2.04[95%CI, -3.34, -0.75]) and atherosclerotic patients (-1.81[95 % CI, -2.89, -0.74]). SIGNIFICANCE Here we show that, NKT and iNKT cells promote atherosclerosis. In general, NKT cell population increases with the progression of the plaque in mice and the numbers of iNKT cells reduce once the disease is established both in mice and humans.
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Wang MM, Koskela SA, Mehmood A, Langguth M, Maranou E, Figueiredo CR. Epigenetic control of CD1D expression as a mechanism of resistance to immune checkpoint therapy in poorly immunogenic melanomas. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152228. [PMID: 37077920 PMCID: PMC10106630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune Checkpoint Therapies (ICT) have revolutionized the treatment of metastatic melanoma. However, only a subset of patients reaches complete responses. Deficient β2-microglobulin (β2M) expression impacts antigen presentation to T cells, leading to ICT resistance. Here, we investigate alternative β2M-correlated biomarkers that associate with ICT resistance. We shortlisted immune biomarkers interacting with human β2M using the STRING database. Next, we profiled the transcriptomic expression of these biomarkers in association with clinical and survival outcomes in the melanoma GDC-TCGA-SKCM dataset and a collection of publicly available metastatic melanoma cohorts treated with ICT (anti-PD1). Epigenetic control of identified biomarkers was interrogated using the Illumina Human Methylation 450 dataset from the melanoma GDC-TCGA-SKCM study. We show that β2M associates with CD1d, CD1b, and FCGRT at the protein level. Co-expression and correlation profile of B2M with CD1D, CD1B, and FCGRT dissociates in melanoma patients following B2M expression loss. Lower CD1D expression is typically found in patients with poor survival outcomes from the GDC-TCGA-SKCM dataset, in patients not responding to anti-PD1 immunotherapies, and in a resistant anti-PD1 pre-clinical model. Immune cell abundance study reveals that B2M and CD1D are both enriched in tumor cells and dendritic cells from patients responding to anti-PD1 immunotherapies. These patients also show increased levels of natural killer T (NKT) cell signatures in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Methylation reactions in the TME of melanoma impact the expression of B2M and SPI1, which controls CD1D expression. These findings suggest that epigenetic changes in the TME of melanoma may impact β2M and CD1d-mediated functions, such as antigen presentation for T cells and NKT cells. Our hypothesis is grounded in comprehensive bioinformatic analyses of a large transcriptomic dataset from four clinical cohorts and mouse models. It will benefit from further development using well-established functional immune assays to support understanding the molecular processes leading to epigenetic control of β2M and CD1d. This research line may lead to the rational development of new combinatorial treatments for metastatic melanoma patients that poorly respond to ICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Meng Wang
- Medical Immune Oncology Research Group (MIORG), Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Singapore National Eye Centre and Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saara A. Koskela
- Medical Immune Oncology Research Group (MIORG), Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Arfa Mehmood
- Medical Immune Oncology Research Group (MIORG), Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Miriam Langguth
- Medical Immune Oncology Research Group (MIORG), Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eleftheria Maranou
- Medical Immune Oncology Research Group (MIORG), Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Carlos R. Figueiredo
- Medical Immune Oncology Research Group (MIORG), Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Carlos R. Figueiredo,
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6
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Ngoi S, Yang Y, Iwanowycz S, Gutierrez J, Li Y, Williams C, Hill M, Chung D, Allen C, Liu B. Migrating Type 2 Dendritic Cells Prime Mucosal Th17 Cells Specific to Small Intestinal Commensal Bacteria. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:1200-1211. [PMID: 35995508 PMCID: PMC9492644 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs equipped with MHC-restricted Ags, costimulations, and cytokines that effectively prime and differentiate naive T cells into distinct functional subsets. The immune signals that DCs carry reflect the route of Ag uptake and the innate stimuli they received. In the mucosal tissues, owing to the great variety of foreign Ags and inflammatory cues, DCs are predominantly activated and migratory. In the small intestine, CD4 Th17 cells are abundant and have been shown to be regulated by DCs and macrophages. Using a mouse commensal bacteria experimental model, we identified that the early priming step of commensal-driven Th17 cells is controlled by bona fide Zbtb46-expressing DCs. CCR7-dependent migration of type 2 DCs (DC2s) from the small intestine to the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) is essential for the activation of naive CD4 T cells. The migratory DC2 population in the MLNs is almost exclusively Esam+ cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing highlighted the abundance of costimulatory markers (CD40 and OX40) and chemokines (Ccl22 and Cxcl16) on MLN migratory DCs. Further resolution of MLN migratory DC2s revealed that the Th17-polarizing cytokine IL-6 colocalizes with DC2s expressing CD40, Ccl17, and Ccl22. Thus, early Th17 cell differentiation is initiated by a small subset of migratory DC2s in the gut-draining lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ngoi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Stephen Iwanowycz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Jennifer Gutierrez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Yingqi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Christina Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Megan Hill
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Dongjun Chung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Carter Allen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Bei Liu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and
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7
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Correa FJS, Andres MP, Rocha TP, Carvalho AEZ, Aloia TPA, Corpa MVN, Kallas EG, Mangueira CLP, Baracat EC, Carvalho KI, Abrão MS. Invariant Natural Killer T-cells and their subtypes may play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2022; 77:100032. [PMID: 35576870 PMCID: PMC9118517 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2022.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the frequencies of iNKT cells and their subsets in patients with deep endometriosis. METHODS A case-control study was conducted between 2013 and 2015, with 73 patients distributed into two groups: 47 women with a histological diagnosis of endometriosis and 26 controls. Peripheral blood, endometriosis lesions, and healthy peritoneal samples were collected on the day of surgery to determine the frequencies of iNKT cells and subtypes via flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS The authors observed a lower number of iNKT (p = 0.01) and Double-Negative (DN) iNKT cells (p = 0.02) in the blood of patients with endometriosis than in the control group. The number of DN iNKT IL-17+ cells in the secretory phase was lower in the endometriosis group (p = 0.049). There was an increase in the secretion of IL-17 by CD4+ iNKT cells in the blood of patients with endometriosis and severe dysmenorrhea (p = 0.038), and severe acyclic pelvic pain (p = 0.048). Patients with severe dysmenorrhea also had a decreased number of CD4+ CCR7+ cells (p = 0.022). CONCLUSION The decreased number of total iNKT and DN iNKT cells in patients with endometriosis suggests that iNKT cells play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and can be used to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico J S Correa
- Endometriosis Section, Divisão de Clínica Ginecológica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marina Paula Andres
- Endometriosis Section, Divisão de Clínica Ginecológica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Gynecologic Division, BP ‒ A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tainá Pezzin Rocha
- Endometriosis Section, Divisão de Clínica Ginecológica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Eduarda Z Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Peter Murányi, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago P A Aloia
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Peter Murányi, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcus V N Corpa
- Laboratório de Medicina Diagnóstica e Preventiva, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristóvão L P Mangueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Peter Murányi, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edmund C Baracat
- Endometriosis Section, Divisão de Clínica Ginecológica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina I Carvalho
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Peter Murányi, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S Abrão
- Endometriosis Section, Divisão de Clínica Ginecológica, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Gynecologic Division, BP ‒ A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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8
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Zhao L, Yang X. Cross Talk Between Natural Killer T and Dendritic Cells and Its Impact on T Cell Responses in Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837767. [PMID: 35185930 PMCID: PMC8850912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both innate and adaptive immunity is vital for host defense against infections. Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for initiating and modulating adaptive immunity, especially for T-cell responses. Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a small population of innate-like T cells distributed in multiple organs. Many studies have suggested that the cross-talk between these two immune cells is critical for immunobiology and host defense mechanisms. Not only can DCs influence the activation/function of NKT cells, but NKT cells can feedback on DCs also, thus modulating the phenotype and function of DCs and DC subsets. This functional feedback of NKT cells on DCs, especially the preferential promoting effect on CD8α+ and CD103+ DC subsets in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues, significantly impacts the systemic and local adaptive CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in infections. This review focuses on the two-way interaction between NKT cells and DCs, emphasizing the importance of NKT cell feedback on DCs in bridging innate and adaptive immune responses for host defense purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Laboratory of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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9
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Colden MA, Kumar S, Munkhbileg B, Babushok DV. Insights Into the Emergence of Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria. Front Immunol 2022; 12:830172. [PMID: 35154088 PMCID: PMC8831232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.830172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a disease as simple as it is complex. PNH patients develop somatic loss-of-function mutations in phosphatidylinositol N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit A gene (PIGA), required for the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. Ubiquitous in eukaryotes, GPI anchors are a group of conserved glycolipid molecules responsible for attaching nearly 150 distinct proteins to the surface of cell membranes. The loss of two GPI-anchored surface proteins, CD55 and CD59, from red blood cells causes unregulated complement activation and hemolysis in classical PNH disease. In PNH patients, PIGA-mutant, GPI (-) hematopoietic cells clonally expand to make up a large portion of patients’ blood production, yet mechanisms leading to clonal expansion of GPI (-) cells remain enigmatic. Historical models of PNH in mice and the more recent PNH model in rhesus macaques showed that GPI (-) cells reconstitute near-normal hematopoiesis but have no intrinsic growth advantage and do not clonally expand over time. Landmark studies identified several potential mechanisms which can promote PNH clonal expansion. However, to what extent these contribute to PNH cell selection in patients continues to be a matter of active debate. Recent advancements in disease models and immunologic technologies, together with the growing understanding of autoimmune marrow failure, offer new opportunities to evaluate the mechanisms of clonal expansion in PNH. Here, we critically review published data on PNH cell biology and clonal expansion and highlight limitations and opportunities to further our understanding of the emergence of PNH clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Colden
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sushant Kumar
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bolormaa Munkhbileg
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daria V. Babushok
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Daria V. Babushok,
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10
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Cairo C, Webb TJ. Effective Barriers: The Role of NKT Cells and Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Gut. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:235-246. [PMID: 35017213 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The critical role of commensal microbiota in regulating the host immune response has been established. In addition, it is known that host-microbial interactions are bidirectional, and this interplay is tightly regulated to prevent chronic inflammatory disease. Although many studies have focused on the role of classic T cell subsets, unconventional lymphocytes such as NKT cells and innate lymphoid cells also contribute to the regulation of homeostasis at mucosal surfaces and influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms involved in the cross-regulation between NKT cells, innate lymphoid cells, and the gut microbiota. Moreover, we highlight how disruptions in homeostasis can lead to immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cairo
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tonya J Webb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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11
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Hanasoge Somasundara AV, Moss MA, Feigman MJ, Chen C, Cyrill SL, Ciccone MF, Trousdell MC, Vollbrecht M, Li S, Kendall J, Beyaz S, Wilkinson JE, Dos Santos CO. Parity-induced changes to mammary epithelial cells control NKT cell expansion and mammary oncogenesis. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110099. [PMID: 34879282 PMCID: PMC8719356 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy reprograms mammary epithelial cells (MECs) to control their responses to pregnancy hormone re-exposure and carcinoma progression. However, the influence of pregnancy on the mammary microenvironment is less clear. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing to profile the composition of epithelial and non-epithelial cells in mammary tissue from nulliparous and parous female mice. Our analysis indicates an expansion of γδ natural killer T-like immune cells (NKTs) following pregnancy and upregulation of immune signaling molecules in post-pregnancy MECs. We show that expansion of NKTs following pregnancy is due to elevated expression of the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d on MECs. Loss of CD1d expression on post-pregnancy MECs, or overall lack of activated NKTs, results in mammary oncogenesis. Collectively, our findings illustrate how pregnancy-induced changes modulate the communication between MECs and the immune microenvironment and establish a causal link between pregnancy, the immune microenvironment, and mammary oncogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- Cell Communication
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, BRCA1
- Genes, myc
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mammary Glands, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Parity
- Pregnancy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A Moss
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Mary J Feigman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Macy Vollbrecht
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Siran Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Jude Kendall
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - John E Wilkinson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Nelson A, Lukacs JD, Johnston B. The Current Landscape of NKT Cell Immunotherapy and the Hills Ahead. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205174. [PMID: 34680322 PMCID: PMC8533824 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of lipid-reactive T cells that enhance anti-tumor immunity. While preclinical studies have shown NKT cell immunotherapy to be safe and effective, clinical studies lack predictable therapeutic efficacy and no approved treatments exist. In this review, we outline the current strategies, challenges, and outlook for NKT cell immunotherapy. Abstract NKT cells are a specialized subset of lipid-reactive T lymphocytes that play direct and indirect roles in immunosurveillance and anti-tumor immunity. Preclinical studies have shown that NKT cell activation via delivery of exogenous glycolipids elicits a significant anti-tumor immune response. Furthermore, infiltration of NKT cells is associated with a good prognosis in several cancers. In this review, we aim to summarize the role of NKT cells in cancer as well as the current strategies and status of NKT cell immunotherapy. This review also examines challenges and future directions for improving the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.N.); (J.D.L.)
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jordan D. Lukacs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.N.); (J.D.L.)
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Brent Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.N.); (J.D.L.)
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Correspondence:
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13
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Regulation and Functions of Protumoral Unconventional T Cells in Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143578. [PMID: 34298791 PMCID: PMC8304984 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of studies on T cell biology in tumor immunity have focused on peptide-reactive conventional T cells that are restricted to polymorphic major histocompatibility complex molecules. However, emerging evidence indicated that unconventional T cells, including γδ T cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are also involved in tumor immunity. Unconventional T cells span the innate-adaptive continuum and possess the unique ability to rapidly react to nonpeptide antigens via their conserved T cell receptors (TCRs) and/or to activating cytokines to orchestrate many aspects of the immune response. Since unconventional T cell lineages comprise discrete functional subsets, they can mediate both anti- and protumoral activities. Here, we review the current understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of protumoral unconventional T cell subsets in the tumor environment. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of these deleterious subsets in solid cancers and why further feasibility studies are warranted.
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14
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Alam J, de Paiva CS, Pflugfelder SC. Desiccation Induced Conjunctival Monocyte Recruitment and Activation - Implications for Keratoconjunctivitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701415. [PMID: 34305940 PMCID: PMC8297564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lacrimal gland secretory dysfunction in Sjögren syndrome (SS) causes ocular surface desiccation that is associated with increased cytokine expression and number of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the conjunctiva. This study evaluated the hypothesis that desiccating stress (DS) alters the percentage and gene expression of myeloid cell populations in the conjunctiva. Methods DS was induced by pharmacologic suppression of tear secretion and exposure to drafty low humidity environment. Bone marrow chimeras and adoptive transfer of CD45.1+ bone marrow cells to CD45.2+ C-C chemokine receptor 2 knockout (CCR2-/-) mice were used to track DS-induced myeloid cell recruitment to the conjunctiva. Flow cytometry evaluated myeloid cell populations in conjunctivae obtained from non-stressed eyes and those exposed to DS for 5 days. CD11b+ myeloid lineage cells were gated on monocyte (Ly6C), macrophage (CD64, MHCII) and DC (CD11c, MHCII) lineage markers. NanoString immune arrays were performed on sorted MHCII+ and MHCII- monocyte/macrophage cell populations. Results DS significantly increased the recruitment of adoptively transferred MHCII positive and negative myeloid cells to the conjunctiva in a CCR2 dependent fashion. The percentage of resident conjunctival monocytes (Ly6C+CD64-) significantly decreased while CD64+MHCII+ macrophages increased over 5 days of DS (P<0.05 for both). Comparison of gene expression between the MHCII- monocyte and MHCII+ populations in non-stressed conjunctiva revealed a ≥ 2 log2 fold increase in 95 genes and decrease in 46 genes. Upregulated genes are associated with antigen presentation, cytokine/chemokine, M1 macrophage and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. DS increased innate inflammatory genes in monocytes and MHCII+ cells and increased M1 macrophage (Trem1, Ido1, Il12b, Stat5b) and decreased homeostasis (Mertk) and M2 macrophage (Arg1) genes in MHCII+ cells. Conclusions There are myeloid cell populations in the conjunctiva with distinct phenotype and gene expression patterns. DS recruits myeloid cells from the blood and significantly changes their phenotype in the conjunctiva. DS also alters expression of an array of innate inflammatory genes. Immature monocytes in the unstressed conjunctiva appear to cascade to MHCII+ macrophages during DS, suggesting that DS promotes maturation of monocytes to antigen presenting cells with increased expression of inflammatory genes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of SS keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehan Alam
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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15
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de Weerdt I, Lameris R, Ruben JM, de Boer R, Kloosterman J, King LA, Levin MD, Parren PWHI, de Gruijl TD, Kater AP, van der Vliet HJ. A Bispecific Single-Domain Antibody Boosts Autologous Vγ9Vδ2-T Cell Responses Toward CD1d in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:1744-1755. [PMID: 33451981 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although considerable progress has been made with autologous T cell-based therapy in B-cell malignancies, application in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) lags behind due to disappointing response rates as well as substantial toxicity that is of particular concern in the elderly CLL population. Vγ9Vδ2-T cells form a conserved T-cell subset with strong intrinsic immunotherapeutic potential, largely because of their capacity to be triggered by phosphoantigens that can be overproduced by CLL and other malignant cells. Specific activation of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells by a bispecific antibody may improve the efficacy and toxicity of autologous T-cell-based therapy in CLL. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We evaluated CD1d expression in a cohort of 78 untreated patients with CLL and generated and functionally characterized a CD1d-specific Vγ9Vδ2-T cell engager based on single-domain antibodies (VHH). RESULTS CD1d was expressed by CLL in the majority of patients, particularly in patients with advanced disease. The CD1d-specific Vγ9Vδ2-T cell engager induced robust activation and degranulation of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells, enabling Vγ9Vδ2-T cells from patients with CLL to lyse autologous leukemic cells at low effector-to-target ratios. Expression of CD1d on CLL cells is upregulated by all-trans retinoic acid, and sensitizes the malignant cells to bispecific VHH-induced lysis. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the Vγ9Vδ2-T cell receptor retains responsiveness to phosphoantigens when the bispecific VHH is bound, and aminobisphosphonates can therefore enhance bispecific Vγ9Vδ2-T cell engager-mediated tumor-specific killing. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data demonstrate the immunotherapeutic potential of this novel CD1d-specific Vγ9Vδ2-T cell engager in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris de Weerdt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roeland Lameris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jurjen M Ruben
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renate de Boer
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Kloosterman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa A King
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark-David Levin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul W H I Parren
- Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. .,Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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16
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Joyce S, Okoye GD, Van Kaer L. Natural Killer T Lymphocytes Integrate Innate Sensory Information and Relay Context to Effector Immune Responses. Crit Rev Immunol 2021; 41:55-88. [PMID: 35381143 PMCID: PMC11078124 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2021040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It is now appreciated that a group of lymphoid lineage cells, collectively called innate-like effector lymphocytes, have evolved to integrate information relayed by the innate sensory immune system about the state of the local tissue environment and to pass on this context to downstream effector innate and adaptive immune responses. Thereby, innate functions engrained into such innate-like lymphoid lineage cells during development can control the quality and magnitude of an immune response to a tissue-altering pathogen and facilitate the formation of memory engrams within the immune system. These goals are accomplished by the innate lymphoid cells that lack antigen-specific receptors, γδ T cell receptor (TCR)-expressing T cells, and several αβ TCR-expressing T cell subsets-such as natural killer T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, et cetera. Whilst we briefly consider the commonalities in the origins and functions of these diverse lymphoid subsets to provide context, the primary topic of this review is to discuss how the semi-invariant natural killer T cells got this way in evolution through lineage commitment and onward ontogeny. What emerges from this discourse is the question: Has a "limbic immune system" emerged (screaming quietly in plain sight!) out of what has been dubbed "in-betweeners"?
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Gosife Donald Okoye
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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17
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Hopkins EGD, Frankel G. Overview of the Effect of Citrobacter rodentium Infection on Host Metabolism and the Microbiota. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2291:399-418. [PMID: 33704766 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1339-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a natural enteric mouse pathogen that models human intestinal diseases, such as pathogenic E. coli infections, ulcerative colitis, and colon cancer. Upon reaching the monolayer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) lining the gut, a complex web of interactions between the host, the pathogen, and the microbiota ensues. A number of studies revealed surprisingly rapid changes in IEC bioenergetics upon infection, involving a switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, leading to mucosal oxygenation and subsequent changes in microbiota composition. Microbiome studies have revealed a bloom in Enterobacteriaceae during C. rodentium infection in both resistant (i.e., C57BL/6) and susceptible (i.e., C3H/HeN) strains of mice concomitant with a depletion of butyrate-producing Clostridia. The emerging understanding that dysbiosis of cholesterol metabolism is induced by enteric infection further confirms the pivotal role immunometabolism plays in disease outcome. Inversely, the host and microbiota also impact upon the progression of infection, from the susceptibility of the distal colon to C. rodentium colonization to clearance of the pathogen, both via opsonization from the host adaptive immune system and out competition by the resident microbiota. Further complicating this compendium of interactions, C. rodentium exploits microbiota metabolites to fine-tune virulence gene expression and promote colonization. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of the myriad of pathogen-host-microbiota interactions that occur during the progression of C. rodentium infection in mice and the broader implications of these findings on our understanding of enteric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve G D Hopkins
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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18
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Abstract
The therapeutic effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients is quite profound. However, it is generally accepted that further progress is curtailed by accompanying adverse events and by low cure rates linked to the tumor microenvironment. The multitudes of immune processes altered by low-molecular-weight thiols published over the past decades suggest they have potential to alter tumor microenvironment processes which could result in an increase in immune checkpoint inhibitor survival rates. Based on one of the most studied and most potent low-molecular-weight thiols, β-mercaptoethanol (BME), it is proposed that clinical assessment be undertaken to identify any BME benefits with relevance for proliferation/differentiation of immune cells, lymphocyte exhaustion, immunogenicity of tumor antigens and inactivation of suppressor cells/factors. The BME alterations projected to be most effective are: maintenance/replacement of glutathione in lymphocytes via facilitation of cysteine uptake, inhibition of suppressor cells/soluble factors and inactivation of free-radical, reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Click
- Altick Associates, 2000 Maxwell Drive, Suite 207, Hudson, WI 54016, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Click
- Altick Associates, 2000 Maxwell Drive, Hudson, WI 54016, USA
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20
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Sharma M, Zhang S, Niu L, Lewinsohn DM, Zhang X, Huang S. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Develop an Innate-Like Transcriptomic Program in Anti-mycobacterial Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1136. [PMID: 32582206 PMCID: PMC7295940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional T cells exhibit a delayed response to the initial priming of peptide antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. Unlike conventional T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells quickly respond to non-peptidic metabolite antigens presented by MHC-related protein 1 (MR1). To elucidate the MR1-dependent activation program of MAIT cells in response to mycobacterial infections, we determined the surface markers, transcriptomic profiles, and effector responses of activated human MAIT cells. Results revealed that mycobacterial-incubated antigen-presenting cells stimulated abundant human CD8+ MAIT cells to upregulate the co-expression of CD69 and CD26, as a combinatorial activation marker. Further transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that CD69+CD26++ CD8+MAIT cells highly expressed numerous genes for mediating anti-mycobacterial immune responses, including pro-inflammatory cytokines, cytolytic molecules, NK cell receptors, and transcription factors, in contrast to inactivated counterparts CD69+/−CD26+/− CD8+MAIT cells. Gene co-expression, enrichment, and pathway analyses yielded high statistical significance to strongly support that activated CD8+ MAIT cells shared gene expression and numerous pathways with NK and CD8+ T cells in activation, cytokine production, cytokine signaling, and effector functions. Flow cytometry detected that activated CD8+MAIT cells produced TNFα, IFNγ, and granulysin to inhibit mycobacterial growth and fight mycobacterial infection. Together, results strongly support that the combinatorial activation marker CD69+CD26++ labels the activated CD8+MAIT cells that develop an innate-like activation program in anti-mycobacterial immune responses. We speculate that the rapid production of anti-mycobacterial effector molecules facilitates MAIT cells to fight early mycobacterial infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Sharma
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shuangmin Zhang
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Liang Niu
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Genomics, Epigenomics and Sequencing Core, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shouxiong Huang
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Immunobiology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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21
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Allyn BM, Lee KD, Bassing CH. Genome Topology Control of Antigen Receptor Gene Assembly. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:2617-2626. [PMID: 32366683 PMCID: PMC7440635 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has increased our understanding of how genome topology controls RAG endonuclease-mediated assembly of lymphocyte AgR genes. New technologies have illuminated how the large IgH, Igκ, TCRα/δ, and TCRβ loci fold into compact structures that place their numerous V gene segments in similar three-dimensional proximity to their distal recombination center composed of RAG-bound (D)J gene segments. Many studies have shown that CTCF and cohesin protein-mediated chromosome looping have fundamental roles in lymphocyte lineage- and developmental stage-specific locus compaction as well as broad usage of V segments. CTCF/cohesin-dependent loops have also been shown to direct and restrict RAG activity within chromosome domains. We summarize recent work in elucidating molecular mechanisms that govern three-dimensional chromosome organization and in investigating how these dynamic mechanisms control V(D)J recombination. We also introduce remaining questions for how CTCF/cohesin-dependent and -independent genome architectural mechanisms might regulate compaction and recombination of AgR loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney M Allyn
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kyutae D Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Craig H Bassing
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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22
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Abstract
Nonclonal innate immune responses mediated by germ line-encoded receptors, such as Toll-like receptors or natural killer receptors, are commonly contrasted with diverse, clonotypic adaptive responses of lymphocyte antigen receptors generated by somatic recombination. However, the Variable (V) regions of antigen receptors include germ line-encoded motifs unaltered by somatic recombination, and theoretically available to mediate nonclonal, innate responses, that are independent of or largely override clonotypic responses. Recent evidence demonstrates that such responses exist, underpinning the associations of particular γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) with specific anatomical sites. Thus, TCRγδ can make innate and adaptive responses with distinct functional outcomes. Given that αβ T cells and B cells can also make nonclonal responses, we consider that innate responses of antigen receptor V-regions may be more widespread, for example, inducing states of preparedness from which adaptive clones are better selected. We likewise consider that potent, nonclonal T cell responses to microbial superantigens may reflect subversion of physiologic innate responses of TCRα/β chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; .,Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Vantourout
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom; .,Immunosurveillance Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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23
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Navigating the Role of CD1d/Invariant Natural Killer T-cell/Glycolipid Immune Axis in Multiple Myeloma Evolution: Therapeutic Implications. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2020; 20:358-365. [PMID: 32234294 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable B-cell malignancy. The immunotherapeutic approach for MM therapy is evolving. The Cd1d/invariant natural killer T-cell/glycolipid immune axis belongs to the innate immunity, and we have highlighted role in myeloma pathogenesis in the present study. The recent development of the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR19)-invariant natural killer T-cells resulted in our renewed interest in this immune system and offer new perspectives for future anti-MM immunotherapies.
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24
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Washah H, Agoni C, Olotu FA, Munsamy G, Soliman MES. Tweaking α -Galactoceramides: Probing the Dynamical Mechanisms of Improved Recognition for Invariant Natural Killer T-cell Receptor in Cancer Immunotherapeutics. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 21:1354-1367. [PMID: 31738132 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666191118103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The last few decades have witnessed groundbreaking research geared towards immune surveillance mechanisms and have yielded significant improvements in the field of cancer immunotherapy. This approach narrows down on the development of therapeutic agents that either activate or enhance the recognitive function of the immune system to facilitate the destruction of malignant cells. The α -galactosylceramide derivative, KRN7000, is an immunotherapeutic agent that has gained attention due to its pharmacological ability to activate CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T(iNKT) cells with notable potency against cancer cells in mouse models; a therapeutic success was not well replicated in human models. Dual structural modification of KRN7000 entailing the incorporation of hydrocinnamoyl ester on C6" and C4-OH truncation of the sphingoid base led to the development of AH10-7 which, interestingly, exhibited high potency in human cells. OBJECTIVE/METHODS Therefore, to gain molecular insights into the structural dynamics and selective mechanisms of AH10-7 for human variants, we employed integrative molecular dynamics simulations and thermodynamic calculations to investigate the inhibitory activities of KRN7000 andAH10-7 on hTCR-CD1d towards activating iNKT. RESULTS Interestingly, our findings revealed that AH10-7 exhibited higher affinity binding and structural effects on hTCR-CD1d, as mediated by the incorporated hydrocinnamoyl ester moiety which accounted for stronger intermolecular interactions with 'non-common' binding site residues. CONCLUSION Findings extracted from this study further reveal important molecular and structural perspectives that could aid in the design of novel α-GalCer derivatives for cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Washah
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Clement Agoni
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Geraldene Munsamy
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
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25
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Shirshev SV. Mechanisms of Antiphospholipid Syndrome Induction: Role of NKT Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:992-1007. [PMID: 31693459 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919090025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The review discusses the mechanisms of participation of natural killer T cells (NKT cells) in the induction of antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) that play a major pathogenetic role in the formation of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), summarizes the data on APS pathogenesis, and presents modern concepts on the antibody formation involving follicular helper type II NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Shirshev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, 614081, Russia.
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26
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Li SX, Lv TT, Zhang CP, Wang TQ, Tian D, Sun GY, Wang Y, Zhao XY, Duan WJ, Chen S, Li M, Ma H, Kong YY, You H, Ou XJ, Chen GY, Su JR, Zhang D, Jia JD. Alteration of liver-infiltrated and peripheral blood double-negative T-cells in primary biliary cholangitis. Liver Int 2019; 39:1755-1767. [PMID: 31087812 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Double-negative (DN) T-cell is a unique regulatory T-cell, which is essential for maintaining immune system homoeostasis. However, the role of DN T-cells in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is still unknown. METHODS We investigated the number and function of DN T-cells in peripheral blood and liver biopsy specimens of PBC patients. RESULTS The number and frequency of DN T-cells significantly decreased in peripheral blood and liver tissue of PBC patients. Furthermore, the frequency of DN T-cells in PBC was negatively correlated with disease severity and positively correlated with ursodeoxycholic acid response. In vitro assays showed that perforin expression and the suppressive capability of DN T-cells on the proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were impaired in PBC. Finally, lithocholic acid, the most hydrophobic acid, could downregulate the proliferation and perforin expression of DN T-cells. CONCLUSIONS Decreased quantity and function of DN T-cells in PBC may result in the loss of immune regulations on effector CD4+ and cytotoxic CD8+ T-cells, and thereby may break the immune tolerance and promote the pathogenesis of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu X Li
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Translational Medicine on Cirrhosis, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Ting T Lv
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Translational Medicine on Cirrhosis, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Chun P Zhang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Translational Medicine on Cirrhosis, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Q Wang
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Y Sun
- Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Translational Medicine on Cirrhosis, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Y Zhao
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Translational Medicine on Cirrhosis, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Wei J Duan
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Translational Medicine on Cirrhosis, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Chen
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Translational Medicine on Cirrhosis, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Translational Medicine on Cirrhosis, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Y Kong
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Hong You
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Translational Medicine on Cirrhosis, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao J Ou
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Translational Medicine on Cirrhosis, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Y Chen
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian R Su
- Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Ji D Jia
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Translational Medicine on Cirrhosis, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
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27
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Lee C, Hong SN, Paik NY, Kim TJ, Kim ER, Chang DK, Kim YH. CD1d Modulates Colonic Inflammation in NOD2-/- Mice by Altering the Intestinal Microbial Composition Comprising Acetatifactor muris. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:1081-1091. [PMID: 31094420 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS NOD2 and CD1d play a key role in innate immunity by recognizing conserved molecular patterns of pathogens. While NOD2-/- and CD1d-/- mice display structural and functional alterations in Paneth cells, animal studies have reported no impact of NOD2 or CD1d deficiency on experimental colitis. NOD2 mutations increase the susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases and the CD1d bound to α-galactosylceramide [α-GalCer] alleviates intestinal inflammation. We evaluated the effect of CD1d modulation on experimental colitis in NOD2-/- mice. METHODS The effect of CD1d augmentation and depletion in NOD2-/- mice was assessed in a dextran sodium sulphate [DSS]-induced colitis model via administration of α-GalCer and construction of NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice. The structural and functional changes in Paneth cells were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy and pilocarpine administration. Colitogenic taxa were analysed in the faeces of NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS In NOD2-/- mice, α-GalCer alleviated and CD1d depletion [NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice] aggravated colitis activity and histology compared with co-housed littermates NOD2-/-, CD1d-/- and wild-type mice after administration of 3% DSS. In NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice, the ultrastructure and degranulation ability of secretary granules in Paneth cells were altered and the intestinal microbial composition differed from that of their littermates. Faecal microbiota transplantation [FMT] with NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice faeces into wild-type mice aggravated DSS-induced colitis, while FMT with wild-type mice faeces into NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice alleviated DSS-induced colitis. Acetatifactor muris was identified only in NOD2-/-CD1d-/- mice faeces and the oral gavage of A. muris in wild-type mice aggravated DSS-induced colitis. CONCLUSION CD1d modulates colonic inflammation in NOD2-/- mice by altering the intestinal microbial composition comprising A. muris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansu Lee
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Noh Hong
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Young Paik
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Jun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ran Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Kyung Chang
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Ho Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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28
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Ilan Y. β-Glycosphingolipids as Mediators of Both Inflammation and Immune Tolerance: A Manifestation of Randomness in Biological Systems. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1143. [PMID: 31178868 PMCID: PMC6538797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasticity in biological systems is attributed to the combination of multiple parameters which determine function. These include genotypic, phenotypic, and environmental factors. While biological processes can be viewed as ordered and sequential, biological randomness was suggested to underline part of them. The present review looks into the concept of randomness in biological systems by exploring the glycosphingolipids-NKT cells example. NKT cells are a unique subset of regulatory lymphocytes which play a role in both inflammation and tolerance. Glycosphingolipids promote an immune balance by changing different arms of the immune system in opposing environments. Traditional immunology looks at skewing the immune system into different directions by different types of activation of the same cell stimulation of different cells subsets, use of different ligands, or different the effect of different immune environments. While these may explain some of the effects, the lack of consistency and opposing results under similar settings may involve randomness which may also be part of real life effects of immunomodulatory agents. It means that several of the biological processes, cannot be explained by simple linear models, and may involve more complex concepts. The application for these concepts for improving therapies to patients with Gaucher disease are discussed. SUMMARY The use of different ligands that target a variety of cell subsets in different immune environments may underlie differences in the functionality of NKT cells and their variability in response to NKT-based therapies. The novel concept of randomness in biology means that several biological processes cannot be solely explained by simple linear models and may instead involve much more complicated schemes of random disorder. These may have implications on future design of therapeutic regimens for improving the response to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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29
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Paget C, Trottein F. Mechanisms of Bacterial Superinfection Post-influenza: A Role for Unconventional T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:336. [PMID: 30881357 PMCID: PMC6405625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread application of vaccination programs and antiviral drug treatments, influenza viruses are still among the most harmful human pathogens. Indeed, influenza results in significant seasonal and pandemic morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, severe bacterial infections can occur in the aftermath of influenza virus infection, and contribute substantially to the excess morbidity and mortality associated with influenza. Here, we review the main features of influenza viruses and current knowledge about the mechanical and immune mechanisms that underlie post-influenza secondary bacterial infections. We present the emerging literature describing the role of "innate-like" unconventional T cells in post-influenza bacterial superinfection. Unconventional T cell populations span the border between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and are prevalent in mucosal tissues (including the airways). They mainly comprise Natural Killer T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and γδ T cells. We provide an overview of the principal functions that these cells play in pulmonary barrier functions and immunity, highlighting their unique ability to sense environmental factors and promote protection against respiratory bacterial infections. We focus on two major opportunistic pathogens involved in superinfections, namely Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. We discuss mechanisms through which influenza viruses alter the antibacterial activity of unconventional T cells. Lastly, we discuss recent fundamental advances and possible therapeutic approaches in which unconventional T cells would be targeted to prevent post-influenza bacterial superinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Paget
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Tours, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - François Trottein
- U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France.,Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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30
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Yang G, Artiaga BL, Lomelino CL, Jayaprakash AD, Sachidanandam R, Mckenna R, Driver JP. Next Generation Sequencing of the Pig αβ TCR Repertoire Identifies the Porcine Invariant NKT Cell Receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1981-1991. [PMID: 30777925 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Swine represent the only livestock with an established invariant NKT (iNKT) cell-CD1d system. In this study, we exploited the fact that pig iNKT cells can be purified using a mouse CD1d tetramer reagent to establish their TCR repertoire by next generation sequencing. CD1d tetramer-positive pig cells predominantly expressed an invariant Vα-Jα rearrangement, without nontemplate nucleotide diversity, homologous to the Vα24-Jα18 and Vα14-Jα18 rearrangements of human and murine iNKT cells. The coexpressed β-chain used a Vβ segment homologous to the semivariant Vβ11 and Vβ8.2 segments of human and murine iNKT cell receptors. Molecular modeling found that contacts within CD1d and CDR1α that underlie fine specificity differences between mouse and human iNKT cells are conserved between pigs and humans, indicating that the response of porcine and human iNKT cells to CD1d-restricted Ags may be similar. Accordingly, pigs, which are an important species for diverse fields of biomedical research, may be useful for developing human-based iNKT cell therapies for cancer, infectious diseases, and other disorders. Our study also sequenced the expressed TCR repertoire of conventional porcine αβ T cells, which identified 48 Vα, 50 Jα, 18 Vβ, and 18 Jβ sequences, most of which correspond to human gene segments. These findings provide information on the αβ TCR usage of pigs, which is understudied and deserves further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Bianca L Artiaga
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Carrie L Lomelino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | | | - Ravi Sachidanandam
- Girihlet Inc., Oakland, CA 94609; and.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Robert Mckenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - John P Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611;
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31
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Singh AK, Tripathi P, Cardell SL. Type II NKT Cells: An Elusive Population With Immunoregulatory Properties. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1969. [PMID: 30210505 PMCID: PMC6120993 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are unique unconventional T cells that are reactive to lipid antigens presented on the non-polymorphic major histocompatibility class (MHC) I-like molecule CD1d. They have characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cells, and have potent immunoregulatory roles in tumor immunity, autoimmunity, and infectious diseases. Based on their T cell receptor (TCR) expression, NKT cells are divided into two subsets, type I NKT cells with an invariant TCRα-chain (Vα24 in humans, Vα14 in mice) and type II NKT cells with diverse TCRs. While type I NKT cells are well-studied, knowledge about type II NKT cells is still limited, and it is to date only possible to identify subsets of this population. However, recent advances have shown that both type I and type II NKT cells play important roles in many inflammatory situations, and can sometimes regulate the functions of each other. Type II NKT cells can be both protective and pathogenic. Here, we review current knowledge on type II NKT cells and their functions in different disease settings and how these cells can influence immunological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avadhesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Prabhanshu Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna L Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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32
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Trottein F, Paget C. Natural Killer T Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Lung Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1750. [PMID: 30116242 PMCID: PMC6082944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has been traditionally divided into two arms called innate and adaptive immunity. Typically, innate immunity refers to rapid defense mechanisms that set in motion within minutes to hours following an insult. Conversely, the adaptive immune response emerges after several days and relies on the innate immune response for its initiation and subsequent outcome. However, the recent discovery of immune cells displaying merged properties indicates that this distinction is not mutually exclusive. These populations that span the innate-adaptive border of immunity comprise, among others, CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells and MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T cells. These cells have the unique ability to swiftly activate in response to non-peptidic antigens through their T cell receptor and/or to activating cytokines in order to modulate many aspects of the immune response. Despite they recirculate all through the body via the bloodstream, these cells mainly establish residency at barrier sites including lungs. Here, we discuss the current knowledge into the biology of these cells during lung (viral and bacterial) infections including activation mechanisms and functions. We also discuss future strategies targeting these cell types to optimize immune responses against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, U1019 – UMR 8204 – CIIL – Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
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33
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Satoh M, Iwabuchi K. Role of Natural Killer T Cells in the Development of Obesity and Insulin Resistance: Insights From Recent Progress. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1314. [PMID: 29942311 PMCID: PMC6004523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells play important roles in adipose tissue inflammation, and thus influence the development of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. The interactions between cluster of differentiation (CD)1d and NKT T cell receptor are thought to be critical in this process, as demonstrated in two NKT cell-deficient mouse models-systemic CD1d gene knockout (KO) and prototypic Jα18 KO mice. The latter lacks some repertoires besides invariant (i)NKT cells due to manipulation of the Jα18 gene segment; therefore, the role of iNKT vs. variant NKT cells must be reinterpreted considering the availability of new Jα18 KO mice. NKT cells have varied roles in the development of obesity; indeed, studies have reported contradictory results depending on the mouse model, diet, and rearing conditions, all of which could affect the microbiome. In this mini-review, we discuss these points considering recent findings from our laboratory and others as well as the role of NKT cells in the development of obesity and insulin resistance based on data obtained from studies on conditional CD1d1 KO and new Jα18 KO mice generated through gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Satoh
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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34
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Schönrich G, Raftery MJ. CD1-Restricted T Cells During Persistent Virus Infections: "Sympathy for the Devil". Front Immunol 2018; 9:545. [PMID: 29616036 PMCID: PMC5868415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the clinically most important viruses persist in the human host after acute infection. In this situation, the host immune system and the viral pathogen attempt to establish an equilibrium. At best, overt disease is avoided. This attempt may fail, however, resulting in eventual loss of viral control or inadequate immune regulation. Consequently, direct virus-induced tissue damage or immunopathology may occur. The cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) family of non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules are known to present hydrophobic, primarily lipid antigens. There is ample evidence that both CD1-dependent and CD1-independent mechanisms activate CD1-restricted T cells during persistent virus infections. Sophisticated viral mechanisms subvert these immune responses and help the pathogens to avoid clearance from the host organism. CD1-restricted T cells are not only crucial for the antiviral host defense but may also contribute to tissue damage. This review highlights the two edged role of CD1-restricted T cells in persistent virus infections and summarizes the viral immune evasion mechanisms that target these fascinating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Schönrich
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Raftery
- Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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35
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Zaborsky N, Gassner FJ, Asslaber D, Reinthaler P, Denk U, Flenady S, Hofbauer JP, Danner B, Rebhandl S, Harrer A, Geisberger R, Greil R, Egle A. CD1d expression on chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells affects disease progression and induces T cell skewing in CD8 positive and CD4CD8 double negative T cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49459-49469. [PMID: 27385215 PMCID: PMC5226521 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia develops within a complex network driven by genetic mutations and microenvironmental interactions. Among the latter a complex interplay with the immune system is established by the clone. Next to a proposed recruitment of support from T and myeloid cells, potential anti-CLL immune reactions need to be subverted. By using TCL1 mice as a CLL model, we show that TCR-Vβ7+ NK1.1+ T cells are overrepresented in this disease model and constitute a main subset of peripheral CD3+ cells with biased TCR usage, showing that these cells account for a major part for T cell skewing in TCL1 mice. Moreover, we show that overrepresentation is dependent on CD1d expression in TCL1 mice, implicating that these cells belong to a NKT-like cell fraction which are restricted to antigen presented by the MHC-like surface marker CD1d. Accordingly, we observed a high fraction of CD161+ cells within overrepresented T cells in CLL patients and we found downregulation of CD1d on the surface of CLL cells, both in TCL1 mice and patients. Finally, we show that in TCL1 mice, CD1d deficiency resulted in shortened overall survival. Our results point to an interaction between CLL and CD161+ T cells that may represent a novel therapeutic target for immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Zaborsky
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Franz Josef Gassner
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Asslaber
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Petra Reinthaler
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ursula Denk
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sabine Flenady
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Danner
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Rebhandl
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Harrer
- Department of Neurology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roland Geisberger
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Egle
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
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36
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Kato S, Berzofsky JA, Terabe M. Possible Therapeutic Application of Targeting Type II Natural Killer T Cell-Mediated Suppression of Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:314. [PMID: 29520281 PMCID: PMC5827362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique T cell subset that exhibits characteristics from both the innate immune cells and T cells. There are at least two subsets of NKT cells, type I and type II. These two subsets of NKT cells have opposite functions in antitumor immunity. Type I NKT cells usually enhance and type II NKT cells suppress antitumor immunity. In addition, these two subsets of NKT cells cross-regulate each other. In this review, we mainly focus on immunosuppressive NKT cells, type II NKT cells. After summarizing their definition, experimental tools to study them, and subsets of them, we will discuss possible therapeutic applications of type II NKT cell pathway targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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37
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Kumar A, Suryadevara N, Hill TM, Bezbradica JS, Van Kaer L, Joyce S. Natural Killer T Cells: An Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology Perspective. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1858. [PMID: 29312339 PMCID: PMC5743650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the MHC class I-like protein CD1d. Agonistic activation of NKT cells leads to rapid pro-inflammatory and immune modulatory cytokine and chemokine responses. This property of NKT cells, in conjunction with their interactions with antigen-presenting cells, controls downstream innate and adaptive immune responses against cancers and infectious diseases, as well as in several inflammatory disorders. NKT cell properties are acquired during development in the thymus and by interactions with the host microbial consortium in the gut, the nature of which can be influenced by NKT cells. This latter property, together with the role of the host microbiota in cancer therapy, necessitates a new perspective. Hence, this review provides an initial approach to understanding NKT cells from an ecological evolutionary developmental biology (eco-evo-devo) perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Naveenchandra Suryadevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Timothy M Hill
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, United States
| | - Jelena S Bezbradica
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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38
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Nair S, Dhodapkar MV. Natural Killer T Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1178. [PMID: 29018445 PMCID: PMC5614937 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are specialized CD1d-restricted T cells that recognize lipid antigens. Following stimulation, NKT cells lead to downstream activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. This has impelled the development of NKT cell-targeted immunotherapies for treating cancer. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the stimulatory and regulatory functions of NKT cells in tumor immunity as well as highlight preclinical and clinical studies based on NKT cells. Finally, we discuss future perspectives to better harness the potential of NKT cells for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiny Nair
- Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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39
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Dhodapkar MV, Kumar V. Type II NKT Cells and Their Emerging Role in Health and Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1015-1021. [PMID: 28115591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells recognize lipid Ags presented by a class I MHC-like molecule CD1d, a member of the CD1 family. Although most initial studies on NKT cells focused on a subset with semi-invariant TCR termed invariant NKT cells, the majority of CD1d-restricted lipid-reactive human T cells express diverse TCRs and are termed type II NKT cells. These cells constitute a distinct population of circulating and tissue-resident effector T cells with immune-regulatory properties. They react to a growing list of self- as well as non-self-lipid ligands, and share some properties with both invariant NKT and conventional T cells. An emerging body of evidence points to their role in the regulation of immunity to pathogens/tumors and in autoimmune/metabolic disorders. An improved understanding of the biology of these cells and the ability to manipulate their function may be of therapeutic benefit in diverse disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT 06510; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT 06510.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
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40
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A brief review of clinical trials involving manipulation of invariant NKT cells as a promising approach in future cancer therapies. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 42:181-195. [PMID: 28860937 PMCID: PMC5573892 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2017.69361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent years researchers have put a lot of emphasis on the possible immunotherapeutic strategies able to target tumors. Many studies have proven that the key role in recognition and eradication of cancer cells, both for mice and humans, is being conducted by the invariant natural killer T-cells (NKT). This small subpopulation of lymphocytes can kill other cells, either directly or indirectly, through the natural killer cells’ (NK) activation. They can also swiftly release cytokines, causing the involvement of elements of the innate and acquired immune system. With the discovery of α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) – the first known agonist for iNKT cells – and its later subsequent analogs, it became possible to effectively stimulate iNKT cells, hence to keep control over the tumor progression. This article refers to the current knowledge concerning iNKT cells and the most important aspects of their antitumor activity. It also highlights the clinical trials that aim at increasing the amount of iNKT cells in general and in the microenvironment of the tumor. For sure, the iNKT-based immunotherapeutic approach holds a great potential and is highly probable to become a part of the cancer immunotherapy in the future.
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41
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Popovic ZV, Rabionet M, Jennemann R, Krunic D, Sandhoff R, Gröne HJ, Porubsky S. Glucosylceramide Synthase Is Involved in Development of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:848. [PMID: 28785267 PMCID: PMC5519558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells represent a unique population of CD1d-restricted T lymphocytes expressing an invariant T cell receptor encoded by Vα14-Jα18 and Vα24-Jα18 gene segments in mice and humans, respectively. Recognition of CD1d-loaded endogenous lipid antigen(s) on CD4/CD8-double positive (DP) thymocytes is essential for the development of iNKT cells. The lipid repertoire of DP thymocytes and the identity of the decisive endogenous lipid ligands have not yet been fully elucidated. Glycosphingolipids (GSL) were implicated to serve as endogenous ligands. However, further in vivo investigations were hampered by early embryonal lethality of mice deficient for the key GSL-synthesizing enzyme glucosylceramide (GlcCer) synthase [GlcCer synthase (GCS), EC 2.4.1.80]. We have now analyzed the GSL composition of DP thymocytes and shown that GlcCer represented the sole neutral GSL and the acidic fraction was composed of gangliosides. Furthermore, we report on a mouse model that by combination of Vav-promoter-driven iCre and floxed GCS alleles (VavCreGCSf/f) enabled an efficient depletion of GCS-derived GSL very early in the T cell development, reaching a reduction by 99.6% in DP thymocytes. Although the general T cell population remained unaffected by this depletion, iNKT cells were reduced by approximately 50% in thymus, spleen, and liver and showed a reduced proliferation and an increased apoptosis rate. The Vβ-chains repertoire and development of iNKT cells remained unaltered. The GSL-depletion neither interfered with expression of CD1d, SLAM, and Ly108 molecules nor impeded the antigen presentation on DP thymocytes. These results indicate that GlcCer-derived GSL, in particular GlcCer, contribute to the homeostatic development of iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran V Popovic
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mariona Rabionet
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Jennemann
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Damir Krunic
- Light Microscopy Facility, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roger Sandhoff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Porubsky
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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42
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Janiak MK, Wincenciak M, Cheda A, Nowosielska EM, Calabrese EJ. Cancer immunotherapy: how low-level ionizing radiation can play a key role. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:819-832. [PMID: 28361232 PMCID: PMC5489643 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-1993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cancer immunoediting hypothesis assumes that the immune system guards the host against the incipient cancer, but also "edits" the immunogenicity of surviving neoplastic cells and supports remodeling of tumor microenvironment towards an immunosuppressive and pro-neoplastic state. Local irradiation of tumors during standard radiotherapy, by killing neoplastic cells and generating inflammation, stimulates anti-cancer immunity and/or partially reverses cancer-promoting immunosuppression. These effects are induced by moderate (0.1-2.0 Gy) or high (>2 Gy) doses of ionizing radiation which can also harm normal tissues, impede immune functions, and increase the risk of secondary neoplasms. In contrast, such complications do not occur with exposures to low doses (≤0.1 Gy for acute irradiation or ≤0.1 mGy/min dose rate for chronic exposures) of low-LET ionizing radiation. Furthermore, considerable evidence indicates that such low-level radiation (LLR) exposures retard the development of neoplasms in humans and experimental animals. Here, we review immunosuppressive mechanisms induced by growing tumors as well as immunomodulatory effects of LLR evidently or likely associated with cancer-inhibiting outcomes of such exposures. We also offer suggestions how LLR may restore and/or stimulate effective anti-tumor immunity during the more advanced stages of carcinogenesis. We postulate that, based on epidemiological and experimental data amassed over the last few decades, whole- or half-body irradiations with LLR should be systematically examined for its potential to be a viable immunotherapeutic treatment option for patients with systemic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek K Janiak
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St., 01-163, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Wincenciak
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St., 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Cheda
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St., 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa M Nowosielska
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 4 Kozielska St., 01-163, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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43
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Clancy-Thompson E, Chen GZ, Tyler PM, Servos MM, Barisa M, Brennan PJ, Ploegh HL, Dougan SK. Monoclonal Invariant NKT (iNKT) Cell Mice Reveal a Role for Both Tissue of Origin and the TCR in Development of iNKT Functional Subsets. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:159-171. [PMID: 28576977 PMCID: PMC5518629 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cell functional subsets are defined by key transcription factors and output of cytokines, such as IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-10. To examine how TCR specificity determines iNKT function, we used somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate three lines of mice cloned from iNKT nuclei. Each line uses the invariant Vα14Jα18 TCRα paired with unique Vβ7 or Vβ8.2 subunits. We examined tissue homing, expression of PLZF, T-bet, and RORγt, and cytokine profiles and found that, although monoclonal iNKT cells differentiated into all functional subsets, the NKT17 lineage was reduced or expanded depending on the TCR expressed. We examined iNKT thymic development in limited-dilution bone marrow chimeras and show that higher TCR avidity correlates with higher PLZF and reduced T-bet expression. iNKT functional subsets showed distinct tissue distribution patterns. Although each individual monoclonal TCR showed an inherent subset distribution preference that was evident across all tissues examined, the iNKT cytokine profile differed more by tissue of origin than by TCR specificity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/immunology
- Nuclear Transfer Techniques
- Organ Specificity
- Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger Protein
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Clancy-Thompson
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Gui Zhen Chen
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Paul M Tyler
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mariah M Servos
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Marta Barisa
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02242; and
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02242; and
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215;
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02242; and
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44
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Belo R, Santarém N, Pereira C, Pérez-Cabezas B, Macedo F, Leite-de-Moraes M, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Leishmania infantum Exoproducts Inhibit Human Invariant NKT Cell Expansion and Activation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:710. [PMID: 28674535 PMCID: PMC5474685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is one of the major parasite species associated with visceral leishmaniasis, a severe form of the disease that can become lethal if untreated. This obligate intracellular parasite has developed diverse strategies to escape the host immune response, such as exoproducts (Exo) carrying a wide range of molecules, including parasite virulence factors, which are potentially implicated in early stages of infection. Herein, we report that L. infantum Exo and its two fractions composed of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and vesicle-depleted-exoproducts (VDEs) inhibit human peripheral blood invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell expansion in response to their specific ligand, the glycolipid α-GalactosylCeramide (α-GalCer), as well as their capacity to promptly produce IL-4 and IFNγ. Using plate-bound CD1d and α-GalCer, we found that Exo, EV, and VDE fractions reduced iNKT cell activation in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that they prevented α-GalCer presentation by CD1d molecules. This direct effect on CD1d was confirmed by the observation that CD1d:α-GalCer complex formation was impaired in the presence of Exo, EV, and VDE fractions. Furthermore, lipid extracts from the three compounds mimicked the inhibition of iNKT cell activation. These lipid components of L. infantum exoproducts, including EV and VDE fractions, might compete for CD1-binding sites, thus blocking iNKT cell activation. Overall, our results provide evidence for a novel strategy through which L. infantum can evade immune responses of mammalian host cells by preventing iNKT lymphocytes from recognizing glycolipids in a TCR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Belo
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Immunopathology, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, CNRS UMR 8253 and INSERM UMR 1151, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Pereira
- Cell Activation and Gene Expression, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal
| | - Begoña Pérez-Cabezas
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Macedo
- Cell Activation and Gene Expression, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Medical Science, Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Leite-de-Moraes
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Immunopathology, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, CNRS UMR 8253 and INSERM UMR 1151, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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45
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Banach M, Edholm ES, Robert J. Exploring the functions of nonclassical MHC class Ib genes in Xenopus laevis by the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Dev Biol 2017; 426:261-269. [PMID: 27318386 PMCID: PMC5501940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A large family of highly related and clustered Xenopus nonclassical MHC class Ib (XNC) genes influences Xenopus laevis immunity and potentially other physiological functions. Using RNA interference (RNAi) technology, we previously demonstrated that one of XNC genes, XNC10.1, is critical for the development and function of a specialized innate T (iT) cell population. However, RNAi limitation such as a variable and unstable degree of gene silencing in F0 and F1 generations is hampering a thorough functional analysis of XNC10.1 and other XNC genes. To overcome this obstacle, we adapted the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing technique for XNC genes. We efficiently and specifically generated single gene knockouts of XNC10.1, XNC11, and XNC1 as well as double gene knockouts of XNC10.1 and XNC11 in X. laevis. In single XNC10.1 knockout X. laevis tadpoles, the absence of XNC10.1 and Vα6-Jα1.43 invariant T cell receptor rearrangement transcripts indicated XNC10.1 loss-of-function and deficiency in Vα6-Jα1.43 iT cells. Notably, targeting XNC10.1 did not affect neighboring XNC genes exhibiting high sequence similarity. Furthermore, XNC1 gene disruption induced mortality during developmental stage 47, suggesting some non-immune but essential function of this gene. These data demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can be successfully adapted for genetic analysis in F0 generation of X. laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Banach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Eva-Stina Edholm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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46
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Keller CW, Freigang S, Lünemann JD. Reciprocal Crosstalk between Dendritic Cells and Natural Killer T Cells: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Front Immunol 2017; 8:570. [PMID: 28596767 PMCID: PMC5442181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells carrying a highly conserved, semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) [invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells] are a subset of unconventional T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipids presented by CD1d molecules. Although CD1d is expressed on a variety of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, dendritic cells (DCs) are key presenters of glycolipid antigen in vivo. When stimulated through their TCR, iNKT cells rapidly secrete copious amounts of cytokines and induce maturation of DCs, thereby facilitating coordinated stimulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The bidirectional crosstalk between DCs and iNKT cells determines the functional outcome of iNKT cell-targeted responses and iNKT cell agonists are used and currently being evaluated as adjuvants to enhance the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy. This review illustrates mechanistic underpinnings of reciprocal DCs and iNKT cell interactions and discusses how those can be harnessed for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Keller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Freigang
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory of Immunopathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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47
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Bagchi S, He Y, Zhang H, Cao L, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB, Gudjonsson JE, Wang CR. CD1b-autoreactive T cells contribute to hyperlipidemia-induced skin inflammation in mice. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2339-2352. [PMID: 28463230 DOI: 10.1172/jci92217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of human T cells are autoreactive to group 1 CD1 proteins, which include CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c. However, the physiological role of the CD1 proteins remains poorly defined. Here, we have generated a double-transgenic mouse model that expresses human CD1b and CD1c molecules (hCD1Tg) as well as a CD1b-autoreactive TCR (HJ1Tg) in the ApoE-deficient background (hCD1Tg HJ1Tg Apoe-/- mice) to determine the role of CD1-autoreactive T cells in hyperlipidemia-associated inflammatory diseases. We found that hCD1Tg HJ1Tg Apoe-/- mice spontaneously developed psoriasiform skin inflammation characterized by T cell and neutrophil infiltration and a Th17-biased cytokine response. Anti-IL-17A treatment ameliorated skin inflammation in vivo. Additionally, phospholipids and cholesterol preferentially accumulated in diseased skin and these autoantigens directly activated CD1b-autoreactive HJ1 T cells. Furthermore, hyperlipidemic serum enhanced IL-6 secretion by CD1b+ DCs and increased IL-17A production by HJ1 T cells. In psoriatic patients, the frequency of CD1b-autoreactive T cells was increased compared with that in healthy controls. Thus, this study has demonstrated the pathogenic role of CD1b-autoreactive T cells under hyperlipidemic conditions in a mouse model of spontaneous skin inflammation. As a large proportion of psoriatic patients are dyslipidemic, this finding is of clinical significance and indicates that self-lipid-reactive T cells might serve as a possible link between hyperlipidemia and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Bagchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ying He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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T-Bet independent development of IFNγ secreting natural T helper 1 cell population in the absence of Itk. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45935. [PMID: 28406139 PMCID: PMC5390256 DOI: 10.1038/srep45935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Th1, Th2, Th9 and Th17 cells are conventional CD4+ effector T cells identified as secretors of prototypical cytokines IFNγ, IL4, IL9, and IL-17A respectively. Recently, populations of natural Th17 and Th1 cells (nTh17 and nTh1) with innate-like phenotype have been identified in the thymus that are distinct from conventional Th17 and Th1 cells. The absence of the Tec family kinase Interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (Itk) results in T cell immunodeficiency in mice and humans. Here we show that Itk negatively regulates the development of nTh1 cells that express IFNγ in a Tbet independent manner, and whose expansion can be enhanced by IL4. Furthermore, we show that robust induction of IL4 responses during Trichinella spiralis infection enhance the presence of nTh1 cells. We conclude T cell receptor signaling via Itk controls the development of natural Th1 cells, which are expanded by the presence of IL4.
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Jacomet F, Cayssials E, Barbarin A, Desmier D, Basbous S, Lefèvre L, Levescot A, Robin A, Piccirilli N, Giraud C, Guilhot F, Roy L, Herbelin A, Gombert JM. The Hypothesis of the Human iNKT/Innate CD8(+) T-Cell Axis Applied to Cancer: Evidence for a Deficiency in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Front Immunol 2017; 7:688. [PMID: 28138330 PMCID: PMC5237805 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently identified a new human subset of NK-like [KIR/NKG2A(+)] CD8(+) T cells with a marked/memory phenotype, high Eomesodermin expression, potent antigen-independent cytotoxic activity, and the capacity to generate IFN-γ rapidly after exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines. These features support the hypothesis that this new member of the innate T cell family in humans, hereafter referred to as innate CD8(+) T cells, has a role in cancer immune surveillance analogous to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Here, we report the first quantitative and functional analysis of innate CD8(+) T cells in a physiopathological context in humans, namely chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a well-characterized myeloproliferative disorder. We have chosen CML based on our previous report that IL-4 production by iNKT cells was deficient in CML patients at diagnosis and considering the recent evidence in mice that IL-4 promotes the generation/differentiation of innate CD8(+) T cells. We found that the pool of innate CD8(+) T cells was severely reduced in the blood of CML patients at diagnosis. Moreover, like iNKT and NK cells, innate CD8(+) T cells were functionally impaired, as attested by their loss of antigen-independent cytotoxic activity and IFN-γ production in response to innate-like stimulation with IL-12 + IL-18. Remarkably, as previously reported for IL-4 production by iNKT cells, both quantitative and functional deficiencies of innate CD8(+) T cells were at least partially corrected in patients having achieved complete cytogenetic remission following tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Finally, direct correlation between the functional potential of innate CD8(+) T and iNKT cells was found when considering all healthy donors and CML patients in diagnosis and remission, in accordance with the iNKT cell-dependent generation of innate CD8(+) T cells reported in mice. All in all, our data demonstrate that CML is associated with deficiencies of innate CD8(+) T cells that are restored upon remission, thereby suggesting their possible contribution to disease control. More generally, our study strongly supports the existence of an innate iNKT/innate CD8(+) T-cell axis in humans and reveals its potential contribution to the restoration of tumor immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Jacomet
- INSERM 1082, Poitiers, France; Service d'Immunologie et Inflammation, Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Emilie Cayssials
- INSERM 1082, Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Service d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Biologique, Poitiers, France
| | - Alice Barbarin
- INSERM 1082, Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Deborah Desmier
- INSERM 1082, Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Service d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Biologique, Poitiers, France
| | - Sara Basbous
- INSERM 1082, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Lucie Lefèvre
- INSERM 1082, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Aurélie Robin
- INSERM 1082, Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Christine Giraud
- INSERM 1082, Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Etablissement Français du Sang Centre-Atlantique, Site de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - François Guilhot
- CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; INSERM CIC-1402, Poitiers, France
| | - Lydia Roy
- INSERM CIC-1402, Poitiers, France; Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - André Herbelin
- INSERM 1082, Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Marc Gombert
- INSERM 1082, Poitiers, France; Service d'Immunologie et Inflammation, Poitiers, France; CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Abstract
Peptide-specific conventional T cells have been major targets for designing most antimycobacterial vaccines. Immune responses mediated by conventional T cells exhibit a delayed onset upon primary infection and are highly variable in different human populations. In contrast, innate-like T cells quickly respond to pathogens and display effector functions without undergoing extensive clonal expansion. Specifically, the activation of innate-like T cells depends on the promiscuous interaction of highly conserved antigen-presenting molecules, non-peptidic antigens, and likely semi-invariant T cell receptors. In antimicrobial immune responses, mucosal-associated invariant T cells are activated by riboflavin precursor metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex-related protein I, while lipid-specific T cells including natural killer T cells are activated by lipid metabolites presented by CD1 proteins. Multiple innate-like T cell subsets have been shown to be protective or responsive in mycobacterial infections. Through rapid cytokine secretion, innate-like T cells function in early defense and memory response, offering novel advantages over conventional T cells in the design of anti-tuberculosis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH , USA
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