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Ancuța DL, Lovati AB, Coman C. The clinical significance of inflammatory biomarkers, IL6 cytokine, and systemic immune inflammatory index in rabbit model of acute and chronic Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis-induced osteomyelitis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0309145. [PMID: 39208074 PMCID: PMC11361425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Infections are a major complication of open fractures and fracture fixation. In this study, an innovative bioactive medical device was used to experimentally treat MRSE-induced osteomyelitis in rabbit tibia. This paper investigates the clinical significance of inflammatory biomarkers (NLR, PLR, MLR and PMR), SII and IL-6 and assesses their role in the development of osteomyelitis. The main objective is to identify the utility of hematological reports derived from neutrophils, leukocytes, monocytes and platelets in the evolution of implant-related osteomyelitis and the estimation of treatment efficiency. In particular, this study compares the response of these inflammatory markers to different treatments in the presence or absence of bioactive materials and/or topical antibiotics over time. The analysis of the threads showed that NLR, PLR and SII had high values in the acute phase of the disease, so that after chronicization, they decrease. The animals treated with vancomycin nano-functionalized peptide-enriched silk fibroin-coated implants showed lower levels of inflammatory biomarkers compared to the other groups (empty implants and peptide-enriched silk fibroin-coated implants). NLR, PLR and SII, complemented by IL-6 can be used as fairly accurate biomarkers for the diagnosis of osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Larisa Ancuța
- Cantacuzino National Medical Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Cristin Coman
- Cantacuzino National Medical Military Institute for Research and Development, Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Hayashizaki K, Kamii Y, Kinjo Y. Glycolipid antigen recognition by invariant natural killer T cells and its role in homeostasis and antimicrobial responses. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1402412. [PMID: 38863694 PMCID: PMC11165115 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1402412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the importance of developing effective vaccines has received more attention than ever before. To maximize the effects of vaccines, it is important to select adjuvants that induce strong and rapid innate and acquired immune responses. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, which constitute a small population among lymphocytes, bypass the innate and acquired immune systems through the rapid production of cytokines after glycolipid recognition; hence, their activation could be used as a vaccine strategy against emerging infectious diseases. Additionally, the diverse functions of iNKT cells, including enhancing antibody production, are becoming more understood in recent years. In this review, we briefly describe the functional subset of iNKT cells and introduce the glycolipid antigens recognized by them. Furthermore, we also introduce novel vaccine development taking advantages of iNKT cell activation against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hayashizaki
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamii
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinjo
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Liman N, Park JH. Markers and makers of NKT17 cells. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1090-1098. [PMID: 37258582 PMCID: PMC10317953 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are thymus-generated innate-like αβ T cells that undergo terminal differentiation in the thymus. Such a developmental pathway differs from that of conventional αβ T cells, which are generated in the thymus but complete their functional maturation in peripheral tissues. Multiple subsets of iNKT cells have been described, among which IL-17-producing iNKT cells are commonly referred to as NKT17 cells. IL-17 is considered a proinflammatory cytokine that can play both protective and pathogenic roles and has been implicated as a key regulatory factor in many disease settings. Akin to other iNKT subsets, NKT17 cells acquire their effector function during thymic development. However, the cellular mechanisms that drive NKT17 subset specification, and how iNKT cells in general acquire their effector function prior to antigen encounter, remain largely unknown. Considering that all iNKT cells express the canonical Vα14-Jα18 TCRα chain and all iNKT subsets display the same ligand specificity, i.e., glycolipid antigens in the context of the nonclassical MHC-I molecule CD1d, the conundrum is explaining how thymic NKT17 cell specification is determined. Mapping of the molecular circuitry of NKT17 cell differentiation, combined with the discovery of markers that identify NKT17 cells, has provided new insights into the developmental pathway of NKT17 cells. The current review aims to highlight recent advances in our understanding of thymic NKT17 cell development and to place these findings in the larger context of iNKT subset specification and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcin Liman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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4
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Korkmaz FT, Traber KE. Innate immune responses in pneumonia. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2023; 15:4. [PMID: 36829255 PMCID: PMC9957695 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-023-00106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The lungs are an immunologically unique environment; they are exposed to innumerable pathogens and particulate matter daily. Appropriate clearance of pathogens and response to pollutants is required to prevent overwhelming infection, while preventing tissue damage and maintaining efficient gas exchange. Broadly, the innate immune system is the collection of immediate, intrinsic immune responses to pathogen or tissue injury. In this review, we will examine the innate immune responses of the lung, with a particular focus on their role in pneumonia. We will discuss the anatomic barriers and antimicrobial proteins of the lung, pathogen and injury recognition, and the role of leukocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and innate lymphocytes) and lung stromal cells in innate immunity. Throughout the review, we will focus on new findings in innate immunity as well as features that are unique to the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz T Korkmaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology & Infectious Disease, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina E Traber
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Diagnostic Value of the Blood Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Tibia Fracture-Related Infection. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:6119583. [PMID: 35692886 PMCID: PMC9184170 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6119583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The diagnostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in predicting fracture-related infection (FRI) in tibia fracture patients remains to be explored. Methods. A retrospective controlled study was carried out with 170 tibia FRI patients and 162 control subjects. The following information was evaluated at admission: age, gender, clinical features, number of white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, level of hemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), as well as NLR, MLR, and PLR. Results. The number of lymphocytes, RBCs, and platelets in the FRI group was higher than those in the control group, while the number of neutrophils and ESR level was lower (
). The level of NLR and MLR was significantly lower in patients with tibia FRI than in control subjects (
). Both indicators were positively correlated with WBCs, CRP level, and ESR level (
). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that five variables including NLR, MLR, platelets, fracture pattern (closed or open fracture), and site pattern (single or multiple site) were used to construct the FRI risk predictor. The ROC curve analysis result showed that FRI risk predictor yielded the highest AUC, with a sensitivity of 91.2% and a specificity of 90.1%, and made the distinction efficiently between tibia FRI patients and non-FRI patients. Conclusion. NLR and MLR were decreased in tibia FRI patients compared to non-FRI patients. Both indicators had a positive correlation with WBCs, CRP level, and ESR level. FRI risk predictor constructed based on five variables including NLR and MLR had a high diagnostic value for tibia FRI.
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Burrello C, Strati F, Lattanzi G, Diaz-Basabe A, Mileti E, Giuffrè MR, Lopez G, Cribiù FM, Trombetta E, Kallikourdis M, Cremonesi M, Conforti F, Botti F, Porretti L, Rescigno M, Vecchi M, Fantini MC, Caprioli F, Facciotti F. IL10 Secretion Endows Intestinal Human iNKT Cells with Regulatory Functions Towards Pathogenic T Lymphocytes. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:1461-1474. [PMID: 35358301 PMCID: PMC9455792 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Invariant natural killer T [iNKT] cells perform pleiotropic functions in different tissues by secreting a vast array of pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic molecules. However, the presence and function of human intestinal iNKT cells capable of secreting immunomodulatory molecules such as IL-10 has never been reported so far. Here we describe for the first time the presence of IL10-producing iNKT cells [NKT10 cells] in the intestinal lamina propria of healthy individuals and of Crohn's disease [CD] patients. METHODS Frequency and phenotype of NKT10 cells were analysed ex vivo from intestinal specimens of Crohn's disease [n = 17] and controls [n = 7]. Stable CD-derived intestinal NKT10 cell lines were used to perform in vitro suppression assays and co-cultures with patient-derived mucosa-associated microbiota. Experimental colitis models were performed by adoptive cell transfer of splenic naïve CD4+ T cells in the presence or absence of IL10-sufficient or -deficient iNKT cells. In vivo induction of NKT10 cells was performed by administration of short chain fatty acids [SCFA] by oral gavage. RESULTS Patient-derived intestinal NKT10 cells demonstrated suppressive capabilities towards pathogenic CD4+ T cells. The presence of increased proportions of mucosal NKT10 cells associated with better clinical outcomes in CD patients. Moreover, an intestinal microbial community enriched in SCFA-producing bacteria sustained the production of IL10 by iNKT cells. Finally, IL10-deficient iNKT cells failed to control the pathogenic activity of adoptively transferred CD4+ T cells in an experimental colitis model. CONCLUSIONS These results describe an unprecedentd IL10-mediated immunoregulatory role of intestinal iNKT cells in controlling the pathogenic functions of mucosal T helper subsets and in maintaining the intestinal immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Burrello
- Current address: Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Erika Mileti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Giuffrè
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Lopez
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvia Milena Cribiù
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Trombetta
- Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marinos Kallikourdis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Cremonesi
- Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Conforti
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Botti
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- General and Emergency Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Porretti
- Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rescigno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo C Fantini
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Flavio Caprioli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Facciotti
- Corresponding author: Dr Federica Facciotti, Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20135, Milan, Italy.
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7
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Morozumi S, Ueda M, Okahashi N, Arita M. Structures and functions of the gut microbial lipidome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159110. [PMID: 34995792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microbial lipids provide signals that are responsible for maintaining host health and controlling disease. The differences in the structures of microbial lipids have been shown to alter receptor selectivity and agonist/antagonist activity. Advanced lipidomics is an emerging field that helps to elucidate the complex bacterial lipid diversity. The use of cutting-edge technologies is expected to lead to the discovery of new functional metabolites involved in host homeostasis. This review aims to describe recent updates on functional lipid metabolites derived from gut microbiota, their structure-activity relationships, and advanced lipidomics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Morozumi
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ueda
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; JSR Bioscience and Informatics R&D Center, JSR Corporation, 3-103-9 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Okahashi
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, 1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan; Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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8
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Tsubata T. Role of inhibitory B cell co-receptors in B cell self-tolerance to non-protein antigens. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:53-65. [PMID: 34989000 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to non-protein antigens such as nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and glycolipids play important roles in both host defense against microbes and development of autoimmune diseases. Although non-protein antigens are not recognized by T cells, antibody production to non-protein antigens involve T cell-independent mechanisms such as signaling through TLR7 and TLR9 in antibody production to nucleic acids. Although self-reactive B cells are tolerized by various mechanisms including deletion, anergy, and receptor editing, T cell tolerance is also crucial in self-tolerance of B cells to protein self-antigen because self-reactive T cells induce autoantibody production to these self-antigens. However, presence of T cell-independent mechanism suggests that T cell tolerance is not able to maintain B cell tolerance to non-protein self-antigens. Lines of evidence suggest that B cell response to non-protein self-antigens such as nucleic acids and gangliosides, sialic acid-containing glycolipids, are suppressed by inhibitory B cell co-receptors CD72 and Siglec-G, respectively. These inhibitory co-receptors recognize non-protein self-antigens and suppress BCR signaling induced by these antigens, thereby inhibiting B cell response to these self-antigens. Inhibitory B cell co-receptors appear to be involved in B cell self-tolerance to non-protein self-antigens that can activate B cells by T cell-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tsubata
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Kim JH, Kim SH, Lim JY, Kim D, Jeong IS, Lee DK, Jang YJ. Association between the sinus microbiota with eosinophilic inflammation and prognosis in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:978-987. [PMID: 32595207 PMCID: PMC7338545 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis of the sinus microbiome affects the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs). We investigated whether the sinus microbiota in CRSwNPs is associated with eosinophilic inflammation, especially in relation to innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), prognosis, and serum extracellular vesicles (EVs). Middle meatal swabs and serum from 31 CRSwNPs patients and six healthy controls were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. ILC2s and cytokines from sinonasal tissues were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. The relative abundances (RAs) of bacteria were compared based on eosinophilic inflammation and surgical outcome. The correlations between sinus bacteria and ILC2s, cytokines, and serum EVs were analyzed. The compositions of sinus bacteria were different between groups at the genus level. In eosinophilic CRSwNPs patients, the RA of Anaerococcus was significantly decreased (P = 0.010), whereas that of Lachnoclostridium was significantly increased (P = 0.038) compared with that in controls. The RA of Lachnoclostridium showed a significant positive correlation with interleukin (IL)-5-producing ILC2 populations (R = 0.340, P = 0.049), whereas the RA of Anaerococcus showed a negative correlation with IL-5-producing ILC2 populations (R = −0.332, P = 0.055). The RAs of Corynebacterium, Anaerococcus, and Tepidimonas were significantly decreased in patients with suboptimal outcomes compared with those in patients with optimal outcomes and control subjects. Some sinus bacteria and serum EVs showed positive correlations. CRSwNPs patients showed distinct microbiota compositions based on eosinophilic inflammation in relation to ILC2s and surgical outcome. These findings support a relationship between the microbiota and the host immune response in CRSwNPs. Microbes living in the sinonasal cavity seem to affect the immune responses and clinical outcomes of patients with an inflammatory disease that can cause lasting pain, pressure, and swelling in the sinuses. Ji Heui Kim from the Asan Medical Center in Seoul, South Korea, and colleagues collected nasal swabs and blood from 31 people suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and from six healthy control individuals. They identified several specific bacterial groups whose presence or absence was associated with the abundance of certain white blood cell populations, a sign of inflammation. Some of these groups were linked to patient outcomes after nasal surgery but additional groups were also observed. The findings could help lead to new treatment strategies or diagnostic biomarkers for patients with this sinus disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Heui Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Hee Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Youn Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Seong Jeong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ju Jang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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License to Kill: When iNKT Cells Are Granted the Use of Lethal Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113909. [PMID: 32486268 PMCID: PMC7312231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are a non-conventional, innate-like, T cell population that recognize lipid antigens presented by the cluster of differentiation (CD)1d molecule. Although iNKT cells are mostly known for mediating several immune responses due to their massive and diverse cytokine release, these cells also work as effectors in various contexts thanks to their cytotoxic potential. In this Review, we focused on iNKT cell cytotoxicity; we provide an overview of iNKT cell subsets, their activation cues, the mechanisms of iNKT cell cytotoxicity, the specific roles and outcomes of this activity in various contexts, and how iNKT killing functions are currently activated in cancer immunotherapies. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives for the better understanding and potential uses of iNKT cell killing functions in tumor immunosurveillance.
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11
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Li Y, Woods K, Parry-Strong A, Anderson RJ, Capistrano C, Gestin A, Painter GF, Hermans IF, Krebs J, Gasser O. Distinct Dysfunctional States of Circulating Innate-Like T Cells in Metabolic Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:448. [PMID: 32231670 PMCID: PMC7082397 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a significant role in controlling systemic metabolism. Innate-like T (ILT) cells in particular, such as mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and γδ T cell receptor expressing cells, have been reported to promote metabolic homeostasis. However, these different ILT cell subsets have, to date, been generally studied in isolation. Here we conducted a pilot study assessing the phenotype and function of circulating MAIT, iNKT, and Vδ2+ T cells in a small cohort of 10 people with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), 10 people with obesity but no diabetes, and 12 healthy individuals. We conducted phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry ex vivo, and then functional analysis after in vitro stimulation using either PMA/ionomycin or synthetic agonists, or precursors thereof, for each of the cell-types; use of the latter may provide important knowledge for the development of novel therapeutics aimed at activating human ILT cells. The results of our pilot study, conducted on circulating cells, show clear dysfunction of all three ILT cell subsets in obese and obese T2D patients, as compared to healthy controls. Importantly, while both iNKT and Vδ2+ T cell dysfunctions were characterized by diminished IL-2 and interferon-γ production, the distinct dysfunctional state of MAIT cells was instead defined by skewed subset composition, heightened sensitivity to T cell receptor engagement and unchanged production of all measured cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Li
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Katherine Woods
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Regan J Anderson
- Ferrier Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Aurelie Gestin
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F Painter
- Ferrier Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jeremy Krebs
- School of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Gasser
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Riffelmacher T, Kronenberg M. Metabolic Triggers of Invariant Natural Killer T-Cell Activation during Sterile Autoinflammatory Disease. Crit Rev Immunol 2020; 40:367-378. [PMID: 33463949 PMCID: PMC7116673 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2020035158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence exists for activation of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in a sterile manner by endogenous ligands or microbial antigens from the commensal flora, indicating that iNKT cells are not truly self-tolerant. Their controlled autoreactivity state is disturbed in many types of sterile inflammatory disease, resulting in their central role in modulating autoimmune responses. This review focuses on sterile iNKT-cell responses that are initiated by metabolic triggers, such as obesity-associated inflammation and fatty liver disease, as a manifestation of metabolic disease and dyslipidemia, as well as ischemia reperfusion injuries and sickle cell disease, characterized by acute lack of oxygen and oxidative stress response on reperfusion. In the intestine, inflammation and iNKT-cell response type are shaped by the microbiome as an extended "self". Disease- and organ-specific differences in iNKT-cell response type are summarized and help to define common pathways that shape iNKT-cell responses in the absence of exogenous antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Riffelmacher
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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13
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Bedard M, Shrestha D, Priestman DA, Wang Y, Schneider F, Matute JD, Iyer SS, Gileadi U, Prota G, Kandasamy M, Veerapen N, Besra G, Fritzsche M, Zeissig S, Shevchenko A, Christianson JC, Platt FM, Eggeling C, Blumberg RS, Salio M, Cerundolo V. Sterile activation of invariant natural killer T cells by ER-stressed antigen-presenting cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23671-23681. [PMID: 31690657 PMCID: PMC6876220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910097116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells have the unique ability to shape immunity during antitumor immune responses and other forms of sterile and nonsterile inflammation. Recent studies have highlighted a variety of classes of endogenous and pathogen-derived lipid antigens that can trigger iNKT cell activation under sterile and nonsterile conditions. However, the context and mechanisms that drive the presentation of self-lipid antigens in sterile inflammation remain unclear. Here we report that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stressed myeloid cells, via signaling events modulated by the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway, increase CD1d-mediated presentation of immunogenic endogenous lipid species, which results in enhanced iNKT cell activation both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we demonstrate that actin cytoskeletal reorganization during ER stress results in an altered distribution of CD1d on the cell surface, which contributes to enhanced iNKT cell activation. These results define a previously unidentified mechanism that controls iNKT cell activation during sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bedard
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dilip Shrestha
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David A Priestman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yuting Wang
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Falk Schneider
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juan D Matute
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gennaro Prota
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matheswaran Kandasamy
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Egdbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Egdbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, OX3 7LF Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - John C Christianson
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, OX3 7LD Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OX1 3QT Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Imaging, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technologies e.V., 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Mariolina Salio
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom;
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Ying G, Wang J, Mallevaey T, Van Calenbergh S, Zajonc DM. Structural basis of NKT cell inhibition using the T-cell receptor-blocking anti-CD1d antibody 1B1. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12947-12956. [PMID: 31296659 PMCID: PMC6721955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that recognize glycolipid antigens presented by the CD1d molecule (CD1d). They rapidly respond to antigen challenge and can activate both innate and adaptive immune cells. To study the role of antigen presentation in NKT cell activation, previous studies have developed several anti-CD1d antibodies that block CD1d binding to T-cell receptors (TCRs). Antibodies that are specific to both CD1d and the presented antigen can only be used to study the function of only a limited number of antigens. In contrast, antibodies that bind CD1d and block TCR binding regardless of the presented antigen can be widely used to assess the role of TCR-mediated NKT cell activation in various disease models. Here, we report the crystal structure of the widely used anti-mouse CD1d antibody 1B1 bound to CD1d at a resolution of 2.45 Å and characterized its binding to CD1d-presented glycolipids. We observed that 1B1 uses a long hydrophobic H3 loop that is inserted deep into the binding groove of CD1d where it makes intimate nonpolar contacts with the lipid backbone of an incorporated spacer lipid. Using an NKT cell agonist that has a modified sphingosine moiety, we further demonstrate that 1B1 in its monovalent form cannot block TCR-mediated NKT cell activation, because 1B1 fails to bind with high affinity to mCD1d. Our results suggest potential limitations of using 1B1 to assess antigen recognition by NKT cells, especially when investigating antigens that do not follow the canonical two alkyl-chain rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Ying
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Cancer Immunology Discovery, Pfizer, San Diego, CA 92121. E-mail:
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15
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Hwang YS, Yim J, Song H, Park SB. Improved Th17 Selectivity of α-Galactosylceramide via Noncovalent Interactions with Diether Moiety. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:720-725. [PMID: 31097989 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) is a typical antigen for invariant natural killer T cells that are a subset of T cells and play critical roles in regulating immune responses. To selectively induce the secretion of certain cytokines via introducing hydrogen-bonding interaction with polar amino acid residues in the binding pocket of CD1d, a series of α-GalCer analogues with diether moiety in the acyl chain were designed and synthesized. The subsequent in vitro biological evaluation of these analogues revealed the structure-activity relationship for the selective IL-17 secretion. Analogues 5 and 6 induced the significantly increased IL-17 secretion over other cytokines, suggesting protective effects against pathogens. In contrast, analogue 7 showed the highly reduced IL-17 secretion, which may indicate potential anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Soo Hwang
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junhyeong Yim
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Heebum Song
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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16
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Edholm ESI, De Jesús Andino F, Yim J, Woo K, Robert J. Critical Role of an MHC Class I-Like/Innate-Like T Cell Immune Surveillance System in Host Defense against Ranavirus (Frog Virus 3) Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040330. [PMID: 30959883 PMCID: PMC6521289 DOI: 10.3390/v11040330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the central role of classical Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class Ia-restricted conventional Cluster of Differentiation 8 (CD8) T cells in antiviral host immune response, the amphibian Xenopus laevis critically rely on MHC class I-like (mhc1b10.1.L or XNC10)-restricted innate-like (i)T cells (iVα6 T cells) to control infection by the ranavirus Frog virus 3 (FV3). To complement and extend our previous reverse genetic studies showing that iVα6 T cells are required for tadpole survival, as well as for timely and effective adult viral clearance, we examined the conditions and kinetics of iVα6 T cell response against FV3. Using a FV3 knock-out (KO) growth-defective mutant, we found that upregulation of the XNC10 restricting class I-like gene and the rapid recruitment of iVα6 T cells depend on detectable viral replication and productive FV3 infection. In addition, by in vivo depletion with XNC10 tetramers, we demonstrated the direct antiviral effector function of iVα6 T cells. Notably, the transitory iV6 T cell defect delayed innate interferon and cytokine gene response, resulting in long-lasting negative inability to control FV3 infection. These findings suggest that in Xenopus and likely other amphibians, an immune surveillance system based on the early activation of iT cells by non-polymorphic MHC class-I like molecules is important for efficient antiviral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Stina Isabella Edholm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, the Arctic university of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Francisco De Jesús Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Jinyeong Yim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Katherine Woo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Rowland AL, Xu JJ, Joswig AJ, Gregory CA, Antczak DF, Cummings KJ, Watts AE. In vitro MSC function is related to clinical reaction in vivo. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:295. [PMID: 30409211 PMCID: PMC6225557 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We recently demonstrated that intracellular xenogen-contaminated autologous MSCs (FBS) and non-xenogen-contaminated allogeneic (ALLO) MSCs caused an adverse clinical response after repeated intra-articular injection in horses, whereas autologous (AUTO) MSCs did not. Our current objective was to use clinical data from the previous study to compare MSC stemness against adverse response indicated by synovial total nucleated cell count (TNCC) following intra-articular MSC injection. Methods Stemness, quantified by a trilineage differentiation (TLD) score; immunomodulation, quantified by mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs); and degree of MHCI expression, quantified by mean fluorescent intensity (MFI); were correlated to the synovial TNCC 24 h after naïve and primed injection. Results There was a trend of a negative correlation (p = 0.21, r = − 0.44) between TLD score and TNCC after primed injection in the ALLO group. Within the ALLO group only, there was a significant positive correlation (p = 0.05, r = 0.77) between MHCI MFI and TNCC after naïve injection and a trend (p = 0.16, r = 0.49) of a positive association of MHCI MFI to TNCC after primed injection. Within the FBS group only, there was a positive correlation (p = 0.04, r = 1) between TNCC and lymphocyte proliferation after both injections. Conclusions The trend of a negative correlation of TLD score and TNCC in the ALLO, but not the FBS group, together with the association of MHCI expression and TNCC in the ALLO group, indicates that improved stemness is associated with reduced MSC immunogenicity. When inflammation was incited by xenogen, there was a strong correlation of lymphocyte activation in vitro to adverse response in vivo, confirming that MLRs in vitro reflect MSC immunomodulatory activity in vivo. The relationship of stemness in vitro, suppression of lymphocyte activation in vitro, MHCI expression in vitro, and clinical response in vivo should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen L Rowland
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jiajie Jessica Xu
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Amanda Jo Joswig
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Carl A Gregory
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Douglas F Antczak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ashlee E Watts
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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18
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Sztein MB. Is a Human CD8 T-Cell Vaccine Possible, and if So, What Would It Take? CD8 T-Cell-Mediated Protective Immunity and Vaccination against Enteric Bacteria. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029546. [PMID: 29254983 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although induction of CD8+ responses is widely accepted as critical in clearing viral infections and necessary for effective vaccines against viruses, much less is known regarding the role of these cells in bacterial and other infections, particularly those that enter the host via the gastrointestinal tract. In this commentary, I discuss the likelihood that CD8+ responses are also important in protection from intestinal Gram-negative bacteria, as well as the many factors that should be taken into consideration during the development of vaccines, based on eliciting long-term protection predominantly mediated by CD8+ responses against these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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19
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Trottein F, Paget C. Natural Killer T Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Lung Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1750. [PMID: 30116242 PMCID: PMC6082944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has been traditionally divided into two arms called innate and adaptive immunity. Typically, innate immunity refers to rapid defense mechanisms that set in motion within minutes to hours following an insult. Conversely, the adaptive immune response emerges after several days and relies on the innate immune response for its initiation and subsequent outcome. However, the recent discovery of immune cells displaying merged properties indicates that this distinction is not mutually exclusive. These populations that span the innate-adaptive border of immunity comprise, among others, CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells and MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T cells. These cells have the unique ability to swiftly activate in response to non-peptidic antigens through their T cell receptor and/or to activating cytokines in order to modulate many aspects of the immune response. Despite they recirculate all through the body via the bloodstream, these cells mainly establish residency at barrier sites including lungs. Here, we discuss the current knowledge into the biology of these cells during lung (viral and bacterial) infections including activation mechanisms and functions. We also discuss future strategies targeting these cell types to optimize immune responses against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, U1019 – UMR 8204 – CIIL – Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
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20
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Kinjo Y, Takatsuka S, Kitano N, Kawakubo S, Abe M, Ueno K, Miyazaki Y. Functions of CD1d-Restricted Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Antimicrobial Immunity and Potential Applications for Infection Control. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1266. [PMID: 29928278 PMCID: PMC5997780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-type lymphocytes that express a T-cell receptor (TCR) containing an invariant α chain encoded by the Vα14 gene in mice and Vα24 gene in humans. These iNKT cells recognize endogenous, microbial, and synthetic glycolipid antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecule CD1d. Upon TCR stimulation by glycolipid antigens, iNKT cells rapidly produce large amounts of cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFNγ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4). Activated iNKT cells contribute to host protection against a broad spectrum of microbial pathogens, and glycolipid-mediated stimulation of iNKT cells ameliorates many microbial infections by augmenting innate and acquired immunity. In some cases, however, antigen-activated iNKT cells exacerbate microbial infections by promoting pathogenic inflammation. Therefore, it is important to identify appropriate microbial targets for the application of iNKT cell activation as a treatment or vaccine adjuvant. Many studies have found that iNKT cell activation induces potent adjuvant activities promoting protective vaccine effects. In this review, we summarize the functions of CD1d-restricted iNKT cells in immune responses against microbial pathogens and describe the potential applications of glycolipid-mediated iNKT cell activation for preventing and controlling microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kinjo
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Takatsuka
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Kitano
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Kawakubo
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Abe
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Ueno
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Chemotherapy and Mycoses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Gras S, Van Rhijn I, Shahine A, Le Nours J. Molecular recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1623-1639. [PMID: 29340708 PMCID: PMC6328055 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect hosts from pathogens. T cells represent a critical component of the immune system by their engagement in host defence mechanisms against microbial infections. Our knowledge of the molecular recognition by T cells of pathogen-derived peptidic antigens that are presented by the major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins is now well established. However, lipids represent an additional, distinct chemical class of molecules that when presented by the family of CD1 antigen-presenting molecules can serve as antigens, and be recognized by specialized subsets of T cells leading to antigen-specific activation. Over the past decades, numerous CD1-presented self- and bacterial lipid-based antigens have been isolated and characterized. However, our understanding at the molecular level of T cell immunity to CD1 molecules presenting microbial lipid-based antigens is still largely unexplored. Here, we review the insights and the molecular basis underpinning the recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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22
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Torina A, Guggino G, La Manna MP, Sireci G. The Janus Face of NKT Cell Function in Autoimmunity and Infectious Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020440. [PMID: 29389901 PMCID: PMC5855662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKT) are a subset of T lymphocytes bridging innate and adaptive immunity. These cells recognize self and microbial glycolipids bound to non-polymorphic and highly conserved CD1d molecules. Three NKT cell subsets, type I, II, and NKT-like expressing different antigen receptors (TCR) were described and TCR activation promotes intracellular events leading to specific functional activities. NKT can exhibit different functions depending on the secretion of soluble molecules and the interaction with other cell types. NKT cells act as regulatory cells in the defense against infections but, on the other hand, their effector functions can be involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory disorders due to their exposure to different microbial or self-antigens, respectively. A deep understanding of the biology and functions of type I, II, and NKT-like cells as well as their interplay with cell types acting in innate (neuthrophils, innate lymphoid cells, machrophages, and dendritic cells) and adaptive immunity (CD4⁺,CD8⁺, and double negative T cells) should be important to design potential immunotherapies for infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Torina
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily, Via Marinuzzi 3, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Guggino
- Biomedical Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine, Rheumatology Section, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche 2, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Marco Pio La Manna
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, Section of General Pathology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
- Central Laboratory Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research, University Hospital, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Guido Sireci
- Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnology, Section of General Pathology, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
- Central Laboratory Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research, University Hospital, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy.
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23
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van Eijkeren RJ, Krabbe O, Boes M, Schipper HS, Kalkhoven E. Endogenous lipid antigens for invariant natural killer T cells hold the reins in adipose tissue homeostasis. Immunology 2017; 153:179-189. [PMID: 28898395 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The global obesity epidemic and its associated co-morbidities, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancers, have drawn attention to the pivotal role of adipocytes in health and disease. Besides their 'classical' function in energy storage and release, adipocytes interact with adipose-tissue-resident immune cells, among which are lipid-responsive invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. The iNKT cells are activated by lipid antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells as CD1d/lipid complexes. Upon activation, iNKT cells can rapidly secrete soluble mediators that either promote or oppose inflammation. In lean adipose tissue, iNKT cells elicit a predominantly anti-inflammatory immune response, whereas obesity is associated with declining iNKT cell numbers. Recent work showed that adipocytes act as non-professional antigen-presenting cells for lipid antigens. Here, we discuss endogenous lipid antigen processing and presentation by adipocytes, and speculate on how these lipid antigens, together with 'environmental factors' such as tissue/organ environment and co-stimulatory signals, are able to influence the fate of adipose-tissue-resident iNKT cells, and thereby the role of these cells in obesity and its associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J van Eijkeren
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Krabbe
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk S Schipper
- Department of Paediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Kalkhoven
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Lam PY, Nissen MD, Mattarollo SR. Invariant Natural Killer T Cells in Immune Regulation of Blood Cancers: Harnessing Their Potential in Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1355. [PMID: 29109728 PMCID: PMC5660073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a unique innate T lymphocyte population that possess cytolytic properties and profound immunoregulatory activities. iNKT cells play an important role in the immune surveillance of blood cancers. They predominantly recognize glycolipid antigens presented on CD1d, but their activation and cytolytic activities are not confined to CD1d expressing cells. iNKT cell stimulation and subsequent production of immunomodulatory cytokines serve to enhance the overall antitumor immune response. Crucially, the activation of iNKT cells in cancer often precedes the activation and priming of other immune effector cells, such as NK cells and T cells, thereby influencing the generation and outcome of the antitumor immune response. Blood cancers can evade or dampen iNKT cell responses by downregulating expression of recognition receptors or by actively suppressing or diverting iNKT cell functions. This review will discuss literature on iNKT cell activity and associated dysregulation in blood cancers as well as highlight some of the strategies designed to harness and enhance iNKT cell functions against blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Yeng Lam
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael D. Nissen
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen R. Mattarollo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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25
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Manzo E, Cutignano A, Pagano D, Gallo C, Barra G, Nuzzo G, Sansone C, Ianora A, Urbanek K, Fenoglio D, Ferrera F, Bernardi C, Parodi A, Pasquale G, Leonardi A, Filaci G, De Palma R, Fontana A. A new marine-derived sulfoglycolipid triggers dendritic cell activation and immune adjuvant response. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6286. [PMID: 28740080 PMCID: PMC5524952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic Cells (DCs) recognize infectious non-self molecules and engage the adaptive immune system thereby initiating long lasting, antigen-specific responses. As such, the ability to activate DCs is considered a key tool to enhance the efficacy and quality of vaccination. Here we report a novel immunomodulatory sulfolipid named β-SQDG18 that prototypes a class of natural-derived glycolipids able to prime human DCs by a TLR2/TLR4-independent mechanism and trigger an efficient immune response in vivo. β-SQDG18 induces maturation of DC with the upregulation of MHC II molecules and co-stimulatory proteins (CD83, CD86), as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-12 and INF-γ). Mice immunized with OVA associated to β-SQDG18 (1:500) produced a titer of anti-OVA Ig comparable to traditional adjuvants. In an experimental model of melanoma, vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with β-SQDG18-adjuvanted hgp10 peptide elicited a protective response with a reduction in tumour growth and increase in survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Manzo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, CNR- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, IT-80078, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Adele Cutignano
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, CNR- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, IT-80078, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Dario Pagano
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, CNR- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, IT-80078, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmela Gallo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, CNR- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, IT-80078, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giusi Barra
- University of Campania, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Dept. of Internal and Experimental Clinic, c/o II Policlinico (Bd. 3), Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Genoveffa Nuzzo
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, CNR- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, IT-80078, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Adrianna Ianora
- Stazione Zoologica "A. Dohrn", Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy
| | - Konrad Urbanek
- University of Campania, Dept. of Experimental Medicine, c/o II Policlinico (Bd. 3), Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Fenoglio
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrera
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bernardi
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessia Parodi
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pasquale
- University of Campania, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Dept. of Internal and Experimental Clinic, c/o II Policlinico (Bd. 3), Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Leonardi
- Univeristy of Naples "Federico II", Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, c/o II Policlinico (Bd. 3), Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Gilberto Filaci
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- University of Campania, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Dept. of Internal and Experimental Clinic, c/o II Policlinico (Bd. 3), Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, via P. Castellino, 111, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, CNR- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei 34, IT-80078, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy.
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26
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Tordesillas L, Cubells-Baeza N, Gómez-Casado C, Berin C, Esteban V, Barcik W, O'Mahony L, Ramirez C, Pacios LF, Garrido-Arandia M, Díaz-Perales A. Mechanisms underlying induction of allergic sensitization by Pru p 3. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1398-1408. [PMID: 28618148 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the nature of the lipid-ligand of Pru p 3, one of the most common plant food allergens in southern Europe, has been identified as a derivative of the alkaloid camptothecin bound to phytosphingosine. However, the origin of its immunological activity is still unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the role of the Pru p 3 lipid-ligand in the immunogenic activity of Pru p 3. METHODS In vitro cultures of different cell types (monocyte-derived dendritic cells [moDCs], PBMCs [peripheral blood mononuclear cells] and epithelial and iNKT-hybridoma cell lines) have been used to determine the immunological capacity of the ligand, by measuring cell proliferation, maturation markers and cytokine production. To study the capacity of the lipid-ligand to promote sensitization to Pru p 3 in vivo, a mouse model of anaphylaxis to peach has been produced and changes in the humoral and basophil responses have been analysed. RESULTS The lipid-ligand of Pru p 3 induced maturation of moDCsc and proliferation of PBMCs. Its immunological activity resided in the phytosphingosine tail of the ligand. The adjuvant activity of the ligand was also confirmed in vivo, where the complex of Pru p 3-ligand induced higher levels of IgE than Pru p 3 alone. The immunological capacity of the Pru p 3 ligand was mediated by CD1d, as maturation of moDCs was inhibited by anti-CD1d antibodies and Pru p 3-ligand co-localized with CD1d on epithelial cells. Finally, Pru p 3-ligand presented by CD1d was able to interact with iNKTs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The Pru p 3 lipid-ligand could act as an adjuvant to promote sensitization to Pru p 3, through its recognition by CD1d receptors. This intrinsic adjuvant activity of the accompanying lipid cargo could be a general essential feature of the mechanism underlying the phenomenon of allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tordesillas
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Cubells-Baeza
- Centre for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology (UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Gómez-Casado
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), CEU San Pablo University, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - C Berin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - V Esteban
- Fundacion Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - W Barcik
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - L O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - C Ramirez
- Centre for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology (UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biotechnology and Plant Biology, ETSI Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L F Pacios
- Centre for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology (UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Natural Systems and Resources, ETSI Montes, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Garrido-Arandia
- Centre for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology (UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Díaz-Perales
- Centre for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology (UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biotechnology and Plant Biology, ETSI Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Belo R, Santarém N, Pereira C, Pérez-Cabezas B, Macedo F, Leite-de-Moraes M, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Leishmania infantum Exoproducts Inhibit Human Invariant NKT Cell Expansion and Activation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:710. [PMID: 28674535 PMCID: PMC5474685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is one of the major parasite species associated with visceral leishmaniasis, a severe form of the disease that can become lethal if untreated. This obligate intracellular parasite has developed diverse strategies to escape the host immune response, such as exoproducts (Exo) carrying a wide range of molecules, including parasite virulence factors, which are potentially implicated in early stages of infection. Herein, we report that L. infantum Exo and its two fractions composed of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and vesicle-depleted-exoproducts (VDEs) inhibit human peripheral blood invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell expansion in response to their specific ligand, the glycolipid α-GalactosylCeramide (α-GalCer), as well as their capacity to promptly produce IL-4 and IFNγ. Using plate-bound CD1d and α-GalCer, we found that Exo, EV, and VDE fractions reduced iNKT cell activation in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that they prevented α-GalCer presentation by CD1d molecules. This direct effect on CD1d was confirmed by the observation that CD1d:α-GalCer complex formation was impaired in the presence of Exo, EV, and VDE fractions. Furthermore, lipid extracts from the three compounds mimicked the inhibition of iNKT cell activation. These lipid components of L. infantum exoproducts, including EV and VDE fractions, might compete for CD1-binding sites, thus blocking iNKT cell activation. Overall, our results provide evidence for a novel strategy through which L. infantum can evade immune responses of mammalian host cells by preventing iNKT lymphocytes from recognizing glycolipids in a TCR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Belo
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Immunopathology, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, CNRS UMR 8253 and INSERM UMR 1151, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Pereira
- Cell Activation and Gene Expression, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal
| | - Begoña Pérez-Cabezas
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Macedo
- Cell Activation and Gene Expression, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Medical Science, Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Leite-de-Moraes
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Immunopathology, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, CNRS UMR 8253 and INSERM UMR 1151, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Parasite Disease Group, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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28
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Stax AM, Tuengel J, Girardi E, Kitano N, Allan LL, Liu V, Zheng D, Panenka WJ, Guillaume J, Wong CH, van Calenbergh S, Zajonc DM, van den Elzen P. Autoreactivity to Sulfatide by Human Invariant NKT Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:97-106. [PMID: 28526683 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that recognize lipid Ags presented by CD1d. The prototypical Ag, α-galactosylceramide, strongly activates human and mouse iNKT cells, leading to the assumption that iNKT cell physiology in human and mouse is similar. In this article, we report the surprising finding that human, but not mouse, iNKT cells directly recognize myelin-derived sulfatide presented by CD1d. We propose that sulfatide is recognized only by human iNKT cells because of the unique positioning of the 3-O-sulfated β-galactose headgroup. Surface plasmon resonance shows that the affinity of human CD1d-sulfatide for the iNKT cell receptor is relatively low compared with CD1d-α-galactosylceramide (KD of 19-26 μM versus 1 μM). Apolipoprotein E isolated from human cerebrospinal fluid carries sulfatide that can be captured by APCs and presented by CD1d to iNKT cells. APCs from patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, who accumulate sulfatides due to a deficiency in arylsulfatase-A, directly activate iNKT cells. Thus, we have identified sulfatide as a self-lipid recognized by human iNKT cells and propose that sulfatide recognition by innate T cells may be an important pathologic feature of neuroinflammatory disease and that sulfatide in APCs may contribute to the endogenous pathway of iNKT cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelein M Stax
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Jessica Tuengel
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Enrico Girardi
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Naoki Kitano
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Lenka L Allan
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Victor Liu
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Dongjun Zheng
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - William J Panenka
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Joren Guillaume
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; and
| | - Serge van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter van den Elzen
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
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29
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Abos Gracia B, López Relaño J, Revilla A, Castro L, Villalba M, Martín Adrados B, Regueiro JR, Fernández-Malavé E, Martínez Naves E, Gómez Del Moral M. Human Invariant Natural Killer T Cells Respond to Antigen-Presenting Cells Exposed to Lipids from Olea europaea Pollen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2017; 173:12-22. [PMID: 28486236 DOI: 10.1159/000467394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic sensitization might be influenced by the lipids present in allergens, which can be recognized by natural killer T (NKT) cells on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of olive pollen lipids in human APCs, including monocytes as well as monocyte-derived macrophages (Mϕ) and dendritic cells (DCs). METHODS Lipids were extracted from olive (Olea europaea) pollen grains. Invariant (i)NKT cells, monocytes, Mϕ, and DCs were obtained from buffy coats of healthy blood donors, and their cell phenotype was determined by flow cytometry. iNKT cytotoxicity was measured using a lactate dehydrogenase assay. Gene expression of CD1A and CD1D was performed by RT-PCR, and the production of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α cytokines by monocytes, Mϕ, and DCs was measured by ELISA. RESULTS Our results showed that monocytes and monocyte-derived Mϕ treated with olive pollen lipids strongly activate iNKT cells. We observed several phenotypic modifications in the APCs upon exposure to pollen-derived lipids. Both Mϕ and monocytes treated with olive pollen lipids showed an increase in CD1D gene expression, whereas upregulation of cell surface CD1d protein occurred only in Mϕ. Furthermore, DCs differentiated in the presence of human serum enhance their surface CD1d expression when exposed to olive pollen lipids. Finally, olive pollen lipids were able to stimulate the production of IL-6 but downregulated the production of lipopolysaccharide- induced IL-10 by Mϕ. CONCLUSIONS Olive pollen lipids alter the phenotype of monocytes, Mϕ, and DCs, resulting in the activation of NKT cells, which have the potential to influence allergic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Abos Gracia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Bene K, Varga Z, Petrov VO, Boyko N, Rajnavolgyi E. Gut Microbiota Species Can Provoke both Inflammatory and Tolerogenic Immune Responses in Human Dendritic Cells Mediated by Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha Ligation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:427. [PMID: 28458670 PMCID: PMC5394128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are considered as the main coordinators of both mucosal and systemic immune responses, thus playing a determining role in shaping the outcome of effector cell responses. However, it is still uncovered how primary human monocyte-derived DC (moDC) populations drive the polarization of helper T (Th) cells in the presence of commensal bacteria harboring unique immunomodulatory properties. Furthermore, the individual members of the gut microbiota have the potential to modulate the outcome of immune responses and shape the immunogenicity of differentiating moDCs via the activation of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα). Here, we report that moDCs are able to mediate robust Th1 and Th17 responses upon stimulation by Escherichia coli Schaedler or Morganella morganii, while the probiotic Bacillus subtilis strain limits this effect. Moreover, physiological concentrations of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) are able to re-program the differentiation of moDCs resulting in altered gene expression profiles of the master transcription factors RARα and interferon regulatory factor 4, and concomitantly regulate the cell surface expression levels of CD1 proteins and also the mucosa-associated CD103 integrin to different directions. It was also demonstrated that the ATRA-conditioned moDCs exhibited enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion while reduced their co-stimulatory and antigen-presenting capacity thus reducing Th1 and presenting undetectable Th17 type responses against the tested microbiota strains. Importantly, these regulatory circuits could be prevented by the selective inhibition of RARα functionality. These results altogether demonstrate that selected commensal bacterial strains are able to drive strong effector immune responses by moDCs, while in the presence of ATRA, they support the development of both tolerogenic and inflammatory moDC in a RARα-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztian Bene
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Varga
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktor O Petrov
- Faculty of Medicine, R&D Centre of Molecular Microbiology and Mucosal Immunology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Nadiya Boyko
- Faculty of Medicine, R&D Centre of Molecular Microbiology and Mucosal Immunology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Eva Rajnavolgyi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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31
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32
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Abstract
Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to host glycans has also been studied for decades. But such biological roles can only explain some of the remarkable complexity and organismal diversity of glycans in nature. Reviewing the subject about two decades ago, one could find very few clear-cut instances of glycan-recognition-specific biological roles of glycans that were of intrinsic value to the organism expressing them. In striking contrast there is now a profusion of examples, such that this updated review cannot be comprehensive. Instead, a historical overview is presented, broad principles outlined and a few examples cited, representing diverse types of roles, mediated by various glycan classes, in different evolutionary lineages. What remains unchanged is the fact that while all theories regarding biological roles of glycans are supported by compelling evidence, exceptions to each can be found. In retrospect, this is not surprising. Complex and diverse glycans appear to be ubiquitous to all cells in nature, and essential to all life forms. Thus, >3 billion years of evolution consistently generated organisms that use these molecules for many key biological roles, even while sometimes coopting them for minor functions. In this respect, glycans are no different from other major macromolecular building blocks of life (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids), simply more rapidly evolving and complex. It is time for the diverse functional roles of glycans to be fully incorporated into the mainstream of biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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33
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Abstract
Peptide-specific conventional T cells have been major targets for designing most antimycobacterial vaccines. Immune responses mediated by conventional T cells exhibit a delayed onset upon primary infection and are highly variable in different human populations. In contrast, innate-like T cells quickly respond to pathogens and display effector functions without undergoing extensive clonal expansion. Specifically, the activation of innate-like T cells depends on the promiscuous interaction of highly conserved antigen-presenting molecules, non-peptidic antigens, and likely semi-invariant T cell receptors. In antimicrobial immune responses, mucosal-associated invariant T cells are activated by riboflavin precursor metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex-related protein I, while lipid-specific T cells including natural killer T cells are activated by lipid metabolites presented by CD1 proteins. Multiple innate-like T cell subsets have been shown to be protective or responsive in mycobacterial infections. Through rapid cytokine secretion, innate-like T cells function in early defense and memory response, offering novel advantages over conventional T cells in the design of anti-tuberculosis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati, OH , USA
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34
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Robles-Martinez L, Mendez TL, Apodaca J, Das S. Glucosylceramide transferase in Giardia preferentially catalyzes the synthesis of galactosylceramide during encystation. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 211:75-83. [PMID: 27840079 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The stage differentiation from trophozoite to cyst (i.e., encystation) is an essential step for Giardia to survive outside its human host and spread the infection via the fecal-oral route. We have previously shown that Giardia expresses glucosylceramide transferase 1 (GlcT1) enzyme, the activity of which is elevated during encystation. We have also reported that blocking the activity of gGlcT1 interferes with the biogenesis of encystation-specific vesicles (ESVs) and cyst viability in Giardia. To further understand the role of this enzyme and how it regulates encystation, we overexpressed, knocked down, and rescued the giardial GlcT1 (gGlcT1) gene and measured its enzymatic activity in live parasites as well as in isolated membrane fractions using NBD-ceramide and UDP-glucose or UDP-galactose. We observed that gGlcT1 is able to catalyze the synthesis of both glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and galactosylceramide (GalCer), however the synthesis of GalCer is 2-3 fold higher than of GlcCer. Although both activities follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the bindings of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose with the enzyme appear to be non-competitive and independent of each other. The modulation of gGlcT1 synthesis concomitantly influenced the expression cyst-wall protein (CWP) and overall encystation. We propose that gGlcT1 is a unique enzyme and that Giardia uses this enzyme to synthesize both GlcCer and GalCer to facilitate the process of encystation/cyst production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leobarda Robles-Martinez
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Cluster, Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥
| | - Tavis L Mendez
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Cluster, Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥
| | - Jennifer Apodaca
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Cluster, Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Cluster, Border Biomedical Research Center (BBRC), University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0519, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W. University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968-0519/USA, Tel: (915) 747-6896∥
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Features of the bronchial bacterial microbiome associated with atopy, asthma, and responsiveness to inhaled corticosteroid treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 140:63-75. [PMID: 27838347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compositional differences in the bronchial bacterial microbiota have been associated with asthma, but it remains unclear whether the findings are attributable to asthma, to aeroallergen sensitization, or to inhaled corticosteroid treatment. OBJECTIVES We sought to compare the bronchial bacterial microbiota in adults with steroid-naive atopic asthma, subjects with atopy but no asthma, and nonatopic healthy control subjects and to determine relationships of the bronchial microbiota to phenotypic features of asthma. METHODS Bacterial communities in protected bronchial brushings from 42 atopic asthmatic subjects, 21 subjects with atopy but no asthma, and 21 healthy control subjects were profiled by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacterial composition and community-level functions inferred from sequence profiles were analyzed for between-group differences. Associations with clinical and inflammatory variables were examined, including markers of type 2-related inflammation and change in airway hyperresponsiveness after 6 weeks of fluticasone treatment. RESULTS The bronchial microbiome differed significantly among the 3 groups. Asthmatic subjects were uniquely enriched in members of the Haemophilus, Neisseria, Fusobacterium, and Porphyromonas species and the Sphingomonodaceae family and depleted in members of the Mogibacteriaceae family and Lactobacillales order. Asthma-associated differences in predicted bacterial functions included involvement of amino acid and short-chain fatty acid metabolism pathways. Subjects with type 2-high asthma harbored significantly lower bronchial bacterial burden. Distinct changes in specific microbiota members were seen after fluticasone treatment. Steroid responsiveness was linked to differences in baseline compositional and functional features of the bacterial microbiome. CONCLUSION Even in subjects with mild steroid-naive asthma, differences in the bronchial microbiome are associated with immunologic and clinical features of the disease. The specific differences identified suggest possible microbiome targets for future approaches to asthma treatment or prevention.
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Fozo EM, Rucks EA. The Making and Taking of Lipids: The Role of Bacterial Lipid Synthesis and the Harnessing of Host Lipids in Bacterial Pathogenesis. Adv Microb Physiol 2016; 69:51-155. [PMID: 27720012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to survive environmental stressors, including those induced by growth in the human host, bacterial pathogens will adjust their membrane physiology accordingly. These physiological changes also include the use of host-derived lipids to alter their own membranes and feed central metabolic pathways. Within the host, the pathogen is exposed to many stressful stimuli. A resulting adaptation is for pathogens to scavenge the host environment for readily available lipid sources. The pathogen takes advantage of these host-derived lipids to increase or decrease the rigidity of their own membranes, to provide themselves with valuable precursors to feed central metabolic pathways, or to impact host signalling and processes. Within, we review the diverse mechanisms that both extracellular and intracellular pathogens employ to alter their own membranes as well as their use of host-derived lipids in membrane synthesis and modification, in order to increase survival and perpetuate disease within the human host. Furthermore, we discuss how pathogen employed mechanistic utilization of host-derived lipids allows for their persistence, survival and potentiation of disease. A more thorough understanding of all of these mechanisms will have direct consequences for the development of new therapeutics, and specifically, therapeutics that target pathogens, while preserving normal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Fozo
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.
| | - E A Rucks
- Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States.
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Zamora-Chimal J, Fernández-Figueroa EA, Ruiz-Remigio A, Wilkins-Rodríguez AA, Delgado-Domínguez J, Salaiza-Suazo N, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L, Becker I. NKT cell activation by Leishmania mexicana LPG: Description of a novel pathway. Immunobiology 2016; 222:454-462. [PMID: 27523746 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells have been associated with protection against Leishmania donovani, yet their role in infections with Leishmania mexicana has not been addressed, nor has the activation pathway been defined after stimulation with Leishmania mexicana lipophosphoglycan (LPG). We analyzed the activation of NKT cells and their cytokine production in response to Leishmania mexicana LPG. Additionally we compared NKT-cell numbers and cytokine profile in lymph nodes of skin lesions induced by Leishmania mexicana in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. We show that LPG activates NKT cells primarily through the indirect pathway, initiating with TLR2 stimulation of dendritic cells (DC), thereby enhancing TLR2, MHC II, and CD86 expressions and IL-12p70 production. This leads to IFN-γ production by NKT cells. C57BL/6 mice showed enhanced DC activation, which correlated with augmented IFN-γ production by NKT cells. Additionally, infected C57BL/6 mice showed elevated percentages of NKT cells with higher IFN-γ and IL-4 production in lymph nodes. We conclude that the response of NKT cells towards Leishmania mexicana LPG initiates with the indirect activation, after binding of LPG to TLR2 in DC. This indirect activation pathway enables NKT cells to produce IFN-γ during the innate phase of Leishmania infection, the magnitude of which differs between mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 06726, Mexico
| | - Edith A Fernández-Figueroa
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 06726, Mexico
| | - Adriana Ruiz-Remigio
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 06726, Mexico
| | - Arturo A Wilkins-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 06726, Mexico
| | - José Delgado-Domínguez
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 06726, Mexico
| | - Norma Salaiza-Suazo
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 06726, Mexico
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 06726, Mexico
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 06726, Mexico.
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Huang S, Moody DB. Donor-unrestricted T cells in the human CD1 system. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:577-96. [PMID: 27502318 PMCID: PMC5915868 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CD1 and MHC systems are specialized for lipid and peptide display, respectively. Here, we review evidence showing how cellular CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d proteins capture and display many cellular lipids to T cell receptors (TCRs). Increasing evidence shows that CD1-reactive T cells operate outside two classical immunogenetic concepts derived from the MHC paradigm. First, because CD1 proteins are non-polymorphic in human populations, T cell responses are not restricted to the donor's genetic background. Second, the simplified population genetics of CD1 antigen-presenting molecules can lead to simplified patterns of TCR usage. As contrasted with donor-restricted patterns of MHC-TCR interaction, the donor-unrestricted nature of CD1-TCR interactions raises the prospect that lipid agonists and antagonists of T cells could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxiong Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - D Branch Moody
- Divison of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Immunotherapeutic strategies targeting natural killer T cell responses in cancer. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:623-38. [PMID: 27393665 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique subset of lymphocytes that bridge the innate and adaptive immune system. NKT cells possess a classic αβ T cell receptor (TCR) that is able to recognize self and foreign glycolipid antigens presented by the nonclassical class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, CD1d. Type I NKT cells (referred to as invariant NKT cells) express a semi-invariant Vα14Jα18 TCR in mice and Vα24Jα18 TCR in humans. Type II NKT cells are CD1d-restricted T cells that express a more diverse set of TCR α chains. The two types of NKT cells often exert opposing effects especially in tumor immunity, where type II cells generally suppress tumor immunity while type I NKT cells can enhance anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on the role of NKT cells in cancer. We discuss their effector and suppressive functions, as well as describe preclinical and clinical studies utilizing therapeutic strategies focused on harnessing their potent anti-tumor effector functions, and conclude with a discussion on potential next steps for the utilization of NKT cell-targeted therapies for the treatment of cancer.
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40
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Zajonc DM. The CD1 family: serving lipid antigens to T cells since the Mesozoic era. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:561-76. [PMID: 27368414 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Class I-like CD1 molecules are in a family of antigen-presenting molecules that bind lipids and lipopeptides, rather than peptides for immune surveillance by T cells. Since CD1 lacks the high degree of polymorphism found in their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, different species express different numbers of CD1 isotypes, likely to be able to present structurally diverse classes of lipid antigens. In this review, we will present a historical overview of the structures of the different human CD1 isotypes and also discuss species-specific adaptations of the lipid-binding groove. We will discuss how single amino acid changes alter the shape and volume of the CD1 binding groove, how these minor changes can give rise to different numbers of binding pockets, and how these pockets affect the lipid repertoire that can be presented by any given CD1 protein. We will compare the structures of various lipid antigens and finally, we will discuss recognition of CD1-presented lipid antigens by antigen receptors on T cells (TCRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Zajonc
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Invariant natural killer T cells: front line fighters in the war against pathogenic microbes. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:639-48. [PMID: 27368411 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0933-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells constitute a unique subset of innate-like T cells that have been shown to have crucial roles in a variety of immune responses. iNKT cells are characterized by their expression of both NK cell markers and an invariant T cell receptor (TCR) α chain, which recognizes glycolipids presented by the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d. Despite having a limited antigen repertoire, the iNKT cell response can be very complex, and participate in both protective and harmful immune responses. The protective role of these cells against a variety of pathogens has been particularly well documented. Through the use of these pathogen models, our knowledge of the breadth of the iNKT cell response has been expanded. Specific iNKT cell antigens have been isolated from several different bacteria, from which iNKT cells are critical for protection in mouse models. These responses can be generated by direct, CD1d-mediated activation, or indirect, cytokine-mediated activation, or a combination of the two. This can lead to secretion of a variety of different Th1, Th2, or Th17 cytokines, which differentially impact the downstream immune response against these pathogens. This critical role is emphasized by the conservation of these cells between mice and humans, warranting further investigation into how iNKT cells participate in protective immune responses, with the ultimate goal of harnessing their potential for treatment.
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Webb TJ, Carey GB, East JE, Sun W, Bollino DR, Kimball AS, Brutkiewicz RR. Alterations in cellular metabolism modulate CD1d-mediated NKT-cell responses. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw055. [PMID: 27297969 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells play a critical role in the host's innate immune response. CD1d-mediated presentation of glycolipid antigens to NKT cells has been established; however, the mechanisms by which NKT cells recognize infected or cancerous cells remain unclear. 5(')-AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of lipogenic pathways. We hypothesized that activation of AMPK during infection and malignancy could alter the repertoire of antigens presented by CD1d and serve as a danger signal to NKT cells. In this study, we examined the effect of alterations in metabolism on CD1d-mediated antigen presentation to NKT cells and found that an infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus rapidly increased CD1d-mediated antigen presentation. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) enhance T-cell effector functions during infection, therefore antigen presenting cells pretreated with pharmacological agents that inhibit glycolysis, induce HIF and activate AMPK were assessed for their ability to induce NKT-cell responses. Pretreatment with 2-deoxyglucose, cobalt chloride, AICAR and metformin significantly enhanced CD1d-mediated NKT-cell activation. In addition, NKT cells preferentially respond to malignant B cells and B-cell lymphomas express HIF-1α. These data suggest that targeting cellular metabolism may serve as a novel means of inducing innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya J Webb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Gregory B Carey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James E East
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wenji Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dominique R Bollino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Amy S Kimball
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine and the Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Yasuoka T, Kuwahara M, Yamada T, Maruyama S, Suzuki J, Taniguchi M, Yasukawa M, Yamashita M. The Transcriptional Repressor Gfi1 Plays a Critical Role in the Development of NKT1- and NKT2-Type iNKT Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157395. [PMID: 27284976 PMCID: PMC4902269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gfi1 plays an important role in the development and maintenance of many hematopoietic linage cells. However, the impact of Gfi1-deficiency on the iNKT cell differentiation remains unclear. We herein demonstrate a critical role of Gfi1 in regulating the development of iNKT cell subsets. In the thymus of T cell-specific Gfi1-deficient mice, iNKT cells normally developed up to stage 2, while the number of stage 3 NK1.1pos iNKT cells was significantly reduced. Furthermore, CD4pos iNKT cells were selectively reduced in the peripheral organs of T cell-specific Gfi1-deficient mice. The α-GalCer-dependent production of IFN-γand Th2 cytokines, but not IL-17A, was severely reduced in T cell-specific Gfi1-deficient mice. In addition, a reduction of the α-GalCer-induced anti-tumor activity was observed in Gfi1-deficient mice. These findings demonstrate the important role of Gfi1 in regulating the development and function of NKT1- and NKT2-type iNKT cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yasuoka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuwahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Division of Immune Regulation, Department of Proteo-Inovation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Infection and Host Defenses, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Saho Maruyama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Junpei Suzuki
- Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masaru Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasukawa
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Yamashita
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Division of Immune Regulation, Department of Proteo-Inovation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Immune-inflammatory responses in atherosclerosis: Role of an adaptive immunity mainly driven by T and B cells. Immunobiology 2016; 221:1014-33. [PMID: 27262513 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immune response plays an important role in atherogenesis. In atherosclerosis, the proinflammatory immune response driven by Th1 is predominant but the anti-inflammatory response mediated mainly by regulatory T cells is also present. The role of Th2 and Th17 cells in atherogenesis is still debated. In the plaque, other T helper cells can be observed such as Th9 and Th22 but is little is known about their impact in atherosclerosis. Heterogeneity of CD4(+) T cell subsets presented in the plaque may suggest for plasticity of T cell that can switch the phenotype dependening on the local microenvironment and activating/blocking stimuli. Effector T cells are able to recognize self-antigens released by necrotic and apoptotic vascular cells and induce a humoral immune reaction. Tth cells resided in the germinal centers help B cells to switch the antibody class to the production of high-affinity antibodies. Humoral immunity is mediated by B cells that release antigen-specific antibodies. A variety of B cell subsets were found in human and murine atherosclerotic plaques. In mice, B1 cells could spontaneously produce atheroprotective natural IgM antibodies. Conventional B2 lymphocytes secrete either proatherogenic IgG, IgA, and IgE or atheroprotective IgG and IgM antibodies reactive with oxidation-specific epitopes on atherosclerosis-associated antigens. A small population of innate response activator (IRA) B cells, which is phenotypically intermediate between B1 and B2 cells, produces IgM but possesses proatherosclerotic properties. Finally, there is a minor subset of splenic regulatory B cells (Bregs) that protect against atherosclerotic inflammation through support of generation of Tregs and production of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β and proapoptotic molecules.
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Valls Serón M, Ferwerda B, Engelen-Lee J, Geldhoff M, Jaspers V, Zwinderman AH, Tanck MW, Baas F, van der Ende A, Brouwer MC, van de Beek D. V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 3 (AKT3) contributes to poor disease outcome in humans and mice with pneumococcal meningitis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:50. [PMID: 27193124 PMCID: PMC4870776 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal meningitis is the most common and severe form of bacterial meningitis. Fatality rates are substantial, and long-term sequelae develop in about half of survivors. Here, we have performed a prospective nationwide genetic association study using the Human Exome BeadChip and identified gene variants in encoding dynactin 4 (DCTN4), retinoic acid early transcript 1E (RAET1E), and V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 3 (AKT3) to be associated with unfavourable outcome in patients with pneumococcal meningitis. No clinical replication cohort is available, so we validated the role of one of these targets, AKT3, in a pneumococcal meningitis mouse model. Akt3 deficient mice had worse survival and increased histopathology scores for parenchymal damage (infiltration) and vascular infiltration (large meningeal artery inflammation) but similar bacterial loads, cytokine responses, compared to wild-type mice. We found no differences in cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels between patients with risk or non-risk alleles. Patients with the risk genotype (rs10157763, AA) presented with low scores on the Glasgow Coma Scale and high rate of epileptic seizures. Thus, our results show that AKT3 influences outcome of pneumococcal meningitis.
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Horst AK, Neumann K, Diehl L, Tiegs G. Modulation of liver tolerance by conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells and regulatory immune cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:277-92. [PMID: 27041638 PMCID: PMC4856800 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a tolerogenic organ with exquisite mechanisms of immune regulation that ensure upkeep of local and systemic immune tolerance to self and foreign antigens, but that is also able to mount effective immune responses against pathogens. The immune privilege of liver allografts was recognized first in pigs in spite of major histo-compatibility complex mismatch, and termed the "liver tolerance effect". Furthermore, liver transplants are spontaneously accepted with only low-dose immunosuppression, and induce tolerance for non-hepatic co-transplanted allografts of the same donor. Although this immunotolerogenic environment is favorable in the setting of organ transplantation, it is detrimental in chronic infectious liver diseases like hepatitis B or C, malaria, schistosomiasis or tumorigenesis, leading to pathogen persistence and weak anti-tumor effects. The liver is a primary site of T-cell activation, but it elicits poor or incomplete activation of T cells, leading to their abortive activation, exhaustion, suppression of their effector function and early death. This is exploited by pathogens and can impair pathogen control and clearance or allow tumor growth. Hepatic priming of T cells is mediated by a number of local conventional and nonconventional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which promote tolerance by immune deviation, induction of T-cell anergy or apoptosis, and generating and expanding regulatory T cells. This review will focus on the communication between classical and nonclassical APCs and lymphocytes in the liver in tolerance induction and will discuss recent insights into the role of innate lymphocytes in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kristina Horst
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg D-20246, Germany
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg D-20246, Germany
| | - Linda Diehl
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg D-20246, Germany
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology Center for Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg D-20246, Germany
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Aggarwal N, Swerdlow SH, TenEyck SP, Boyiadzis M, Felgar RE. Natural killer cell (NK) subsets and NK-like T-cell populations in acute myeloid leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 90:349-57. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Aggarwal
- Department of Pathology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - S. H. Swerdlow
- Department of Pathology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - S. P. TenEyck
- Department of Pathology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - M. Boyiadzis
- Department of Medicine; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - R. E. Felgar
- Department of Pathology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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Haeryfar SMM, Mallevaey T. Editorial: CD1- and MR1-Restricted T Cells in Antimicrobial Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:611. [PMID: 26697007 PMCID: PMC4666986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S M Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Centre for Human Immunology, Western University , London, ON , Canada ; Lawson Health Research Institute , London, ON , Canada
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada
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