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Sharma S, Dasgupta M, Vadaga BS, Kodgire P. Unfolding the symbiosis of AID, chromatin remodelers, and epigenetics-The ACE phenomenon of antibody diversity. Immunol Lett 2024; 269:106909. [PMID: 39128629 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is responsible for the initiation of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR), which result in antibody affinity maturation and isotype switching, thus producing pathogen-specific antibodies. Chromatin dynamics and accessibility play a significant role in determining AID expression and its targeting. Chromatin remodelers contribute to the accessibility of the chromatin structure, thereby influencing the targeting of AID to Ig genes. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNA expression, profoundly impact the regulation of AID and chromatin remodelers targeting Ig genes. Additionally, epigenetic modifications lead to chromatin rearrangement and thereby can change AID expression levels and its preferential targeting to Ig genes. This interplay is symbolized as the ACE phenomenon encapsulates three interconnected aspects: AID, Chromatin remodelers, and Epigenetic modifications. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding the intricate relationship between these aspects to unlock the therapeutic potential of these molecular processes and molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Mallar Dasgupta
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Bindu Sai Vadaga
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Prashant Kodgire
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India.
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2
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Fekrvand S, Abolhassani H, Rezaei N. An overview of early genetic predictors of IgA deficiency. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:715-727. [PMID: 39087770 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2024.2385521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) refer to a heterogeneous category of diseases with defects in the number and/or function of components of the immune system. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency is the most prevalent IEI characterized by low serum level of IgA and normal serum levels of IgG and/or IgM. Most of the individuals with IgA deficiency are asymptomatic and are only identified through routine laboratory tests. Others may experience a wide range of clinical features including mucosal infections, allergies, and malignancies as the most important features. IgA deficiency is a multi-complex disease, and the exact pathogenesis of it is still unknown. AREAS COVERED This review compiles recent research on genetic and epigenetic factors that may contribute to the development of IgA deficiency. These factors include defects in B-cell development, IgA class switch recombination, synthesis, secretion, and the long-term survival of IgA switched memory B cells and plasma cells. EXPERT OPINION A better and more comprehensive understanding of the cellular pathways involved in IgA deficiency could lead to personalized surveillance and potentially curative strategies for affected patients, especially those with severe symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Fekrvand
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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3
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Song Z, Jin M, Wang S, Wu Y, Huang Q, Xu W, Fan Y, Tian F. Reciprocal regulation of SIRT1 and AMPK by Ginsenoside compound K impedes the conversion from plasma cells to mitigate for podocyte injury in MRL/ lpr mice in a B cell-specific manner. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:190-201. [PMID: 38465215 PMCID: PMC10920007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Deposition of immune complexes drives podocyte injury acting in the initial phase of lupus nephritis (LN), a process mediated by B cell involvement. Accordingly, targeting B cell subsets represents a potential therapeutic approach for LN. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a bioavailable component of ginseng, possesses nephritis benefits in lupus-prone mice; however, the underlying mechanisms involving B cell subpopulations remain elusive. Methods Female MRL/lpr mice were administered CK (40 mg/kg) intragastrically for 10 weeks, followed by measurements of anti-dsDNA antibodies, inflammatory chemokines, and metabolite profiles on renal samples. Podocyte function and ultrastructure were detected. Publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data and flow cytometry analysis were employed to investigate B cell subpopulations. Metabolomics analysis was adopted. SIRT1 and AMPK expression were analyzed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays. Results CK reduced proteinuria and protected podocyte ultrastructure in MRL/lpr mice by suppressing circulating anti-dsDNA antibodies and mitigating systemic inflammation. It activated B cell-specific SIRT1 and AMPK with Rhamnose accumulation, hindering the conversion of renal B cells into plasma cells. This cascade facilitated the resolution of local renal inflammation. CK facilitated the clearance of deposited immune complexes, thus reinstating podocyte morphology and mobility by normalizing the expression of nephrin and SYNPO. Conclusions Our study reveals the synergistic interplay between SIRT1 and AMPK, orchestrating the restoration of renal B cell subsets. This process effectively mitigates immune complex deposition and preserves podocyte function. Accordingly, CK emerges as a promising therapeutic agent, potentially alleviating the hyperactivity of renal B cell subsets during LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Song
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Jin
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Wang
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanzuo Wu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wangda Xu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Fan
- College of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengyuan Tian
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- General Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Chandnani N, Mandal A, Gupta I, Mukherjee O, Rakshit S, Shanmugam G, George M, Sarkar K. Association of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) in epigenetic regulation of B cell differentiation in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Med Oncol 2023; 41:28. [PMID: 38146020 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer which is the deadliest type of cancer for both men and women. Previous studies already showed that cell-intrinsic loss of WASp causes B cell tolerance and WASp deficiency in T helper (TH) cells is linked to negative effects on cytokine gene transcription necessary for TH1 differentiation. In the current study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in WASp-mediated epigenetic regulation of B cell differentiation during NSCLC. Our ChIP-qPCR data suggest the less percentage enrichment of the B cell differentiating factors (Ikaros, Pax5, PU.1, BATF) and WASp across the WAS gene in the B cells of NSCLC patients in comparison with normal healthy donors and overexpression of WASp showed the reverse effects. WASp-depleted B cells while co-culturing with respective PBMCs isolated from normal healthy donors and NSCLC patients, we observed upregulation of TH2-, TH17-, and Treg-specific cytokines (IL4, ILI7A, IL10) & transcription factors (GATA3, RORC, FOXP3) and downregulation of TH1-specific cytokine (IFNγ) & transcription factor (TBX21). Our study showed that the overexpression of WASp resulted into upregulation of B cell differentiating factors, tumor suppressor protein (p53), histone methylation marker (H3K4me3) with concomitant downregulation of tumor-promoting factors (Notch 1, β-Catenin, DNAPKcs) and histone deacetylation marker (HDAC2) and increase in percentage cytotoxicity of NSCLC-specific cells (A549). Successful overexpression of WASp not only helps in epigenetic regulation of B cell differentiation but also supports tumor suppression in NSCLC. Thus, WASp can be targeted for therapeutic intervention of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Chandnani
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Ayush Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Ishika Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Oishi Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Sudeshna Rakshit
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Geetha Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Melvin George
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Koustav Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Zhong Z, Zhang H, Nan K, Zhong J, Wu Q, Lu L, Yue Y, Zhang Z, Guo M, Wang Z, Xia J, Xing Y, Fu Y, Yu B, Zhou W, Sun X, Shen Y, Chen W, Zhang J, Zhang J, Ma D, Chu Y, Liu R, Miao C. Fasting-Mimicking Diet Drives Antitumor Immunity against Colorectal Cancer by Reducing IgA-Producing Cells. Cancer Res 2023; 83:3529-3543. [PMID: 37602826 PMCID: PMC10618736 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
As a safe, feasible, and inexpensive dietary intervention, fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) exhibits excellent antitumor efficacy by regulating metabolism and boosting antitumor immunity. A better understanding of the specific mechanisms underlying the immunoregulatory functions of FMD could help improve and expand the clinical application of FMD-mediated immunotherapeutic strategies. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of metabolic reprogramming induced by FMD in activation of antitumor immunity against colorectal cancer. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of intratumoral immune cells revealed that tumor-infiltrating IgA+ B cells were significantly reduced by FMD treatment, leading to the activation of antitumor immunity and tumor regression in murine colorectal cancer models. Mechanistically, FMD delayed tumor growth by repressing B-cell class switching to IgA. Therefore, FMD-induced reduction of IgA+ B cells overcame the suppression of CD8+ T cells. The immunoregulatory and antitumor effects of FMD intervention were reversed by IgA+ B-cell transfer. Moreover, FMD boosted fatty acid oxidation (FAO) to trigger RUNX3 acetylation, thus inactivating Cα gene transcription and IgA class switching. IgA+ B-cell expansion was also impeded in patients placed on FMD, while B-cell expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A), the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, was increased. Furthermore, CPT1A expression was negatively correlated with both IgA+ B cells and IgA secretion within colorectal cancer. Together, these results highlight that FMD holds great promise for treating colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the degree of IgA+ B cell infiltration and FAO-associated metabolic status are potential biomarkers for evaluating FMD efficacy. SIGNIFICANCE Metabolic reprogramming of B cells induced by fasting-mimicking diet suppresses IgA class switching and production to activate antitumor immunity and inhibit tumor growth. See related commentary by Bush and Perry, p. 3493.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Nan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Qichao Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xia
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Xing
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baichao Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingfeng Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Wankun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Perioperative Stress and Protection, Shanghai, China
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Hui-Yuen J, Jiang K, Malkiel S, Eberhard BA, Walters H, Diamond B, Jarvis J. B lymphocytes in treatment-naive paediatric patients with lupus are epigenetically distinct from healthy children. Lupus Sci Med 2023; 10:10/1/e000921. [PMID: 37202122 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2023-000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SLE is likely triggered by gene-environment interactions. We have shown that most SLE-associated haplotypes encompass genomic regions enriched for epigenetic marks associated with enhancer function in lymphocytes, suggesting genetic risk is exerted through altered gene regulation. Data remain scarce on how epigenetic variance contributes to disease risk in paediatric SLE (pSLE). We aim to identify differences in epigenetically regulated chromatin architecture in treatment-naive patients with pSLE compared with healthy children. METHODS Using the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATACseq), we surveyed open chromatin in 10 treatment-naive patients with pSLE, with at least moderate disease severity, and 5 healthy children. We investigated whether regions of open chromatin unique to patients with pSLE demonstrate enrichment for specific transcriptional regulators, using standard computational approaches to identify unique peaks and a false discovery rate of <0.05. Further analyses for histone modification enrichment and variant calling were performed using bioinformatics packages in R and Linux. RESULTS We identified 30 139 differentially accessible regions (DAR) unique to pSLE B cells; 64.3% are more accessible in pSLE than healthy children. Many DAR are found in distal, intergenic regions and enriched for enhancer histone marks (p=0.027). B cells from adult patients with SLE contain more regions of inaccessible chromatin than those in pSLE. In pSLE B cells, 65.2% of the DAR are located within or near known SLE haplotypes. Further analysis revealed enrichment of transcription factor binding motifs within these DAR that may regulate genes involved in pro-inflammatory responses and cellular adhesion. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate an epigenetically distinct profile in pSLE B cells when compared with healthy children and adults with lupus, indicating that pSLE B cells are predisposed for disease onset/development. Increased chromatin accessibility in non-coding genomic regions controlling activation of inflammation suggest that transcriptional dysregulation by regulatory elements controlling B cell activation plays an important role in pSLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Hui-Yuen
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Northwell Health, Lake Success, New York, USA
- Pediatrics, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal, and Hematopoietic Diseases Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Kaiyu Jiang
- Pediatrics, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Susan Malkiel
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal, and Hematopoietic Diseases Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Anne Eberhard
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Northwell Health, Lake Success, New York, USA
- Pediatrics, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Heather Walters
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Northwell Health, Lake Success, New York, USA
- Pediatrics, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine at Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal, and Hematopoietic Diseases Research, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - James Jarvis
- Pediatrics, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Haque F, Honjo T, Begum NA. XLID syndrome gene Med12 promotes Ig isotype switching through chromatin modification and enhancer RNA regulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd1466. [PMID: 36427307 PMCID: PMC9699684 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator Med12 regulates gene expression through its kinase module. Here, we show a kinase module-independent function of Med12 in CSR. Med12 is essential for super-enhancer activation by collaborating with p300-Jmjd6/Carm1 coactivator complexes. Med12 loss decreases H3K27 acetylation and eRNA transcription with concomitant impairment of AID-induced DNA breaks, S-S synapse formation, and 3'RR-Eμ interaction. CRISPR-dCas9-mediated enhancer activation reestablishes the epigenomic and transcriptional hallmarks of the super-enhancer and fully restores the Med12 depletion defects. Moreover, 3'RR-derived eRNAs are critical for promoting S region epigenetic regulation, synapse formation, and recruitment of Med12 and AID to the IgH locus. We find that XLID syndrome-associated Med12 mutations are defective in both 3'RR eRNA transcription and CSR, suggesting that B and neuronal cells may have cell-specific super-enhancer dysfunctions. We conclude that Med12 is essential for IgH 3'RR activation/eRNA transcription and plays a central role in AID-induced antibody gene diversification and genomic instability in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farazul Haque
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tasuku Honjo
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nasim A Begum
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Epigenetic regulation of B cells and its role in autoimmune pathogenesis. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1215-1234. [PMID: 36220996 PMCID: PMC9622816 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Although previous studies have shown many genetic polymorphisms associated with B-cell activation in patients with various autoimmune disorders, progress in epigenetic research has revealed new mechanisms leading to B-cell hyperactivation. Epigenetic mechanisms, including those involving histone modifications, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNAs, regulate B-cell responses, and their dysregulation can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Patients with autoimmune diseases show epigenetic alterations that lead to the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune inflammation. Moreover, many clinical and animal model studies have shown the promising potential of epigenetic therapies for patients. In this review, we present an up-to-date overview of epigenetic mechanisms with a focus on their roles in regulating functional B-cell subsets. Furthermore, we discuss epigenetic dysregulation in B cells and highlight its contribution to the development of autoimmune diseases. Based on clinical and preclinical evidence, we discuss novel epigenetic biomarkers and therapies for patients with autoimmune disorders.
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9
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Liotti A, Ferrara AL, Loffredo S, Galdiero MR, Varricchi G, Di Rella F, Maniscalco GT, Belardo M, Vastano R, Prencipe R, Pignata L, Romano R, Spadaro G, de Candia P, Pezone A, De Rosa V. Epigenetics: an Opportunity to Shape Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. Immunol Suppl 2022; 167:451-470. [PMID: 36043705 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics connects genetic and environmental factors: it includes DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications and the regulation of chromatin accessibility by non-coding RNAs, all of which control constitutive or inducible gene transcription. This plays a key role in harnessing the transcriptional programs of both innate and adaptive immune cells due to its plasticity and environmental-driven nature, piloting myeloid and lymphoid cell fate decision with no change in their genomic sequence. In particular, epigenetic marks at the site of lineage specific transcription factors and maintenance of cell type-specific epigenetic modifications, referred to as "epigenetic memory", dictate cell differentiation, cytokine production and functional capacity following repeated antigenic exposure in memory T cells. Moreover, metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming occurring during a primary innate immune response leads to enhanced responses to secondary challenges, a phenomenon known as "trained immunity". Here we discuss how stable and dynamic epigenetic states control immune cell identity and plasticity in physiological and pathological conditions. Dissecting the regulatory circuits of cell fate determination and maintenance is of paramount importance for understanding the delicate balance between immune cell activation and tolerance, in healthy conditions and in autoimmune diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Liotti
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Anne Lise Ferrara
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Rella
- Department of Breast and Thoracic Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Teresa Maniscalco
- Neurological Clinic and Stroke Unit and Multiple Sclerosis Center "A. Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Belardo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Vastano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Prencipe
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Pignata
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Roberta Romano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Pediatric Section, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Paola de Candia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pezone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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10
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Deletion of Mettl3 at the Pro-B Stage Marginally Affects B Cell Development and Profibrogenic Activity of B Cells in Liver Fibrosis. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:8118577. [PMID: 35747688 PMCID: PMC9213183 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8118577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays a pivotal role in cell fate determination. Previous studies show that eliminating m6A using Mb1-Cre dramatically impairs B cell development. However, whether disturbing m6A modification at later stages affects B cell development and function remains elusive. Here, we deleted m6A methyltransferase Mettl3 from the pro-B stage on using Cd19-Cre (Mettl3 cKO) and found that the frequency of total B cells in peripheral blood, peritoneal cavity, and liver is comparable between Mettl3 cKO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates, while the percentage of whole splenic B cells slightly increases in Mettl3 cKO individuals. The proportion of pre-pro-B, pro-B, pre-B, immature, and mature B cells in the bone marrow were minimally affected. Loss of Mettl3 resulted in increased apoptosis but barely affected B cells' proliferation and IgG production upon LPS, CD40L, anti-IgM, or TNF-α stimulation. Different stimuli had different effects on B cell activation. In addition, B cell-specific Mettl3 knockout had no influence on the pro-fibrogenic activity of B cells in liver fibrosis, evidenced by comparable fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4-) treated Mettl3 cKO mice and WT controls. In summary, our study demonstrated that deletion of Mettl3 from the pro-B stage on has minimal effects on B cell development and function, as well as profibrogenic activity of B cells in liver fibrosis, revealing a stage-specific dependence on Mettl3-mediated m6A of B cell development.
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11
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Kania AK, Price MJ, George-Alexander LE, Patterson DG, Hicks SL, Scharer CD, Boss JM. H3K27me3 Demethylase UTX Restrains Plasma Cell Formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 208:1873-1885. [PMID: 35346967 PMCID: PMC9012698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cell differentiation is associated with substantial transcriptional, metabolic, and epigenetic remodeling, including redistribution of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), which is associated with a repressive chromatin state and gene silencing. Although the role of the methyltransferase EZH2 (Enhancer of zeste homolog 2) in B cell fate decisions has been well established, it is not known whether H3K27me3 demethylation is equally important. In this study, we showed that simultaneous genetic deletion of the two H3K27 demethylases UTX and JMJD3 (double-knockout [Utx fl/fl Jmjd3 fl/fl Cd19 cre/+] [dKO]) led to a significant increase in plasma cell (PC) formation after stimulation with the T cell-independent Ags LPS and NP-Ficoll. This phenotype occurred in a UTX-dependent manner as UTX single-knockout mice, but not JMJD3 single-knockout mice, mimicked the dKO. Although UTX- and JMJD3-deficient marginal zone B cells showed increased proliferation, dKO follicular B cells also showed increased PC formation. PCs from dKO mice upregulated genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation and exhibited increased spare respiratory capacity. Mechanistically, deletion of Utx and Jmjd3 resulted in higher levels of H3K27me3 at proapoptotic genes and resulted in reduced apoptosis of dKO PCs in vivo. Furthermore, UTX regulated chromatin accessibility at regions containing ETS and IFN regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factor family motifs, including motifs of known repressors of PC fate. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the H3K27me3 demethylases restrain B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Madeline J Price
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Dillon G Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sakeenah L Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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12
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Liu X, Zhao Y, Qi H. T-independent antigen induces humoral memory through germinal centers. J Exp Med 2022; 219:212958. [PMID: 35019947 PMCID: PMC8759593 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T-dependent humoral responses generate long-lived memory B cells and plasma cells (PCs) predominantly through germinal center (GC) reaction. In human and mouse, memory B cells and long-lived PCs are also generated during immune responses to T-independent antigen, including bacterial polysaccharides, although the underlying mechanism for such T-independent humoral memory is not clear. While T-independent antigen can induce GCs, they are transient and thought to be nonproductive. Unexpectedly, by genetic fate-mapping, we find that these GCs actually output memory B cells and PCs. Using a conditional BCL6 deletion approach, we show memory B cells and PCs fail to last when T-independent GCs are precluded, suggesting that the GC experience per se is important for programming longevity of T-independent memory B cells and PCs. Consistent with the fact that infants cannot mount long-lived humoral memory to T-independent antigen, B cells from young animals intrinsically fail to form T-independent GCs. Our results suggest that T-independent GCs support humoral memory, and GC induction may be key to effective vaccines with T-independent antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongshan Zhao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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13
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Adams DE, Shao WH. Epigenetic Alterations in Immune Cells of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030506. [PMID: 35159315 PMCID: PMC8834103 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by autoantibody production and dysregulated immune cell activation. Although the exact etiology of SLE remains unknown, genetic, hormonal, and complex environmental factors are known to be critical for pathologic immune activation. In addition to the inherited genetic predisposition, epigenetic processes that do not change the genomic code, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNAs are increasingly appreciated to play important roles in lupus pathogenesis. We herein focus on the up-to-date findings of lupus-associated epigenetic alterations and their pathophysiology in lupus development. We also summarize the therapeutic potential of the new findings. It is likely that advances in the epigenetic study will help to predict individual disease outcomes, promise diagnostic accuracy, and design new target-directed immunotherapies.
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14
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Li J, Li L, Wang Y, Huang G, Li X, Xie Z, Zhou Z. Insights Into the Role of DNA Methylation in Immune Cell Development and Autoimmune Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:757318. [PMID: 34790667 PMCID: PMC8591242 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.757318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, nearly 100 autoimmune diseases have been an area of focus, and these diseases bring health challenges to approximately 5% of the population worldwide. As a type of disease caused by tolerance breakdown, both environmental and genetic risk factors contribute to autoimmune disease development. However, in most cases, there are still gaps in our understanding of disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Therefore, more detailed knowledge of disease pathogenesis and potential therapies is indispensable. DNA methylation, which does not affect the DNA sequence, is one of the key epigenetic silencing mechanisms and has been indicated to play a key role in gene expression regulation and to participate in the development of certain autoimmune diseases. Potential epigenetic regulation via DNA methylation has garnered more attention as a disease biomarker in recent years. In this review, we clarify the basic function and distribution of DNA methylation, evaluate its effects on gene expression and discuss related key enzymes. In addition, we summarize recent aberrant DNA methylation modifications identified in the most important cell types related to several autoimmune diseases and then provide potential directions for better diagnosing and monitoring disease progression driven by epigenetic control, which may broaden our understanding and contribute to further epigenetic research in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lifang Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Casali P, Li S, Morales G, Daw CC, Chupp DP, Fisher AD, Zan H. Epigenetic Modulation of Class-Switch DNA Recombination to IgA by miR-146a Through Downregulation of Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4. Front Immunol 2021; 12:761450. [PMID: 34868004 PMCID: PMC8635144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.761450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA is the predominant antibody isotype at intestinal mucosae, where it plays a critical role in homeostasis and provides a first line of immune protection. Dysregulation of IgA production, however, can contribute to immunopathology, particularly in kidneys in which IgA deposition can cause nephropathy. Class-switch DNA recombination (CSR) to IgA is directed by TGF-β signaling, which activates Smad2 and Smad3. Activated Smad2/Smad3 dimers are recruited together with Smad4 to the IgH α locus Iα promoter to activate germline Iα-Cα transcription, the first step in the unfolding of CSR to IgA. Epigenetic factors, such as non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs, have been shown to regulate T cells, dendritic cells and other immune elements, as well as modulate the antibody response, including CSR, in a B cell-intrinsic fashion. Here we showed that the most abundant miRNA in resting B cells, miR-146a targets Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 mRNA 3'UTRs and keeps CSR to IgA in check in resting B cells. Indeed, enforced miR-146a expression in B cells aborted induction of IgA CSR by decreasing Smad levels. By contrast, upon induction of CSR to IgA, as directed by TGF-β, B cells downregulated miR-146a, thereby reversing the silencing of Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4, which, once expressed, led to recruitment of Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 to the Iα promoter for activation of germline Iα-Cα transcription. Deletion of miR-146a in miR-146a-/- mice significantly increased circulating levels of steady state total IgA, but not IgM, IgG or IgE, and heightened the specific IgA antibody response to OVA. In miR-146a-/- mice, the elevated systemic IgA levels were associated with increased IgA+ B cells in intestinal mucosae, increased amounts of fecal free and bacteria-bound IgA as well as kidney IgA deposition, a hallmark of IgA nephropathy. Increased germline Iα-Cα transcription and CSR to IgA in miR-146a-/- B cells in vitro proved that miR-146a-induced Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 repression is B cell intrinsic. The B cell-intrinsic role of miR-146a in the modulation of CSR to IgA was formally confirmed in vivo by construction and OVA immunization of mixed bone marrow μMT/miR-146a-/- chimeric mice. Thus, by inhibiting Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 expression, miR-146a plays an important and B cell intrinsic role in modulation of CSR to IgA and the IgA antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
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16
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Mueller AL, Payandeh Z, Mohammadkhani N, Mubarak SMH, Zakeri A, Alagheband Bahrami A, Brockmueller A, Shakibaei M. Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: New Treatment Strategies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113017. [PMID: 34831240 PMCID: PMC8616543 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered a chronic systemic, multi-factorial, inflammatory, and progressive autoimmune disease affecting many people worldwide. While patients show very individual courses of disease, with RA focusing on the musculoskeletal system, joints are often severely affected, leading to local inflammation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. To prevent joint damage and physical disability as one of many symptoms of RA, early diagnosis is critical. Auto-antibodies play a pivotal clinical role in patients with systemic RA. As biomarkers, they could help to make a more efficient diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment decision. Besides auto-antibodies, several other factors are involved in the progression of RA, such as epigenetic alterations, post-translational modifications, glycosylation, autophagy, and T-cells. Understanding the interplay between these factors would contribute to a deeper insight into the causes, mechanisms, progression, and treatment of the disease. In this review, the latest RA research findings are discussed to better understand the pathogenesis, and finally, treatment strategies for RA therapy are presented, including both conventional approaches and new methods that have been developed in recent years or are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Mueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (A.-L.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166-15731, Iran;
| | - Niloufar Mohammadkhani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
- Children’s Medical Center, Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Shaden M. H. Mubarak
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf 1967365271, Iraq;
| | - Alireza Zakeri
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 1678815811, Iran;
| | - Armina Alagheband Bahrami
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
| | - Aranka Brockmueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (A.-L.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (A.-L.M.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-2180-72624
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17
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DNA Methylation and Immune Memory Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112943. [PMID: 34831166 PMCID: PMC8616503 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of memory is a cardinal feature of the adaptive immune response, involving different factors in a complex process of cellular differentiation. This process is essential for protecting the second encounter with pathogens and is the mechanism by which vaccines work. Epigenetic changes play important roles in the regulation of cell differentiation events. There are three types of epigenetic regulation: DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA expression. One of these epigenetic changes, DNA methylation, occurs in cytosine residues, mainly in CpG dinucleotides. This brief review aimed to analyse the literature to verify the involvement of DNA methylation during memory T and B cell development. Several studies have highlighted the importance of the DNA methyltransferases, enzymes that catalyse the methylation of DNA, during memory differentiation, maintenance, and function. The methylation profile within different subsets of naïve activated and memory cells could be an interesting tool to help monitor immune memory response.
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18
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Narayanan B, Prado de Maio D, La Porta J, Voskoboynik Y, Ganapathi U, Xie P, Covey LR. A Posttranscriptional Pathway of CD40 Ligand mRNA Stability Is Required for the Development of an Optimal Humoral Immune Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2552-2565. [PMID: 34031147 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L) mRNA stability is dependent on an activation-induced pathway that is mediated by the binding complexes containing the multifunctional RNA-binding protein, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) to a 3' untranslated region of the transcript. To understand the relationship between regulated CD40L and the requirement for variegated expression during a T-dependent response, we engineered a mouse lacking the CD40L stability element (CD40LΔ5) and asked how this mutation altered multiple aspects of the humoral immunity. We found that CD40LΔ5 mice expressed CD40L at 60% wildtype levels, and lowered expression corresponded to significantly decreased levels of T-dependent Abs, loss of germinal center (GC) B cells and a disorganized GC structure. Gene expression analysis of B cells from CD40LΔ5 mice revealed that genes associated with cell cycle and DNA replication were significantly downregulated and genes linked to apoptosis upregulated. Importantly, somatic hypermutation was relatively unaffected although the number of cells expressing high-affinity Abs was greatly reduced. Additionally, a significant loss of plasmablasts and early memory B cell precursors as a percentage of total GL7+ B cells was observed, indicating that differentiation cues leading to the development of post-GC subsets was highly dependent on a threshold level of CD40L. Thus, regulated mRNA stability plays an integral role in the optimization of humoral immunity by allowing for a dynamic level of CD40L expression on CD4 T cells that results in the proliferation and differentiation of pre-GC and GC B cells into functional subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitha Narayanan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and
| | - Diego Prado de Maio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and
| | - James La Porta
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and
| | | | - Usha Ganapathi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Lori R Covey
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ; and .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ
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19
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Niazi V, Taheri M. Role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. Noncoding RNA Res 2021; 6:8-14. [PMID: 33385102 PMCID: PMC7770514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have diverse roles in the differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Among these transcripts, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have especial contribution in this regard particularly by affecting levels of transcription factors that define differentiation of each linage. miR-222, miR-10a, miR-126, miR-106, miR-10b, miR-17, miR-20, miR-146, miR-155, miR-223, miR-221, miR-92, miR-150, miR-126 and miR-142 are among miRNAs that partake in the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Meanwhile, this process is controlled by a number of lncRNAs such as PU.1-AS, AlncRNA-EC7, EGO, HOTAIRM1, Fas-AS1, LincRNA-EPS and lncRNA-CSR. Manipulation of expression of these transcripts has functional significance in the treatment of cancers and in cell therapy. In this paper, we have provided a brief summary of the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Niazi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Tonon S, Martinis E, Pucillo CEM, Mion F. il-10 Gene Locus DNA Methylation in Regulatory B Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2270:323-339. [PMID: 33479907 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1237-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic studies are becoming increasingly common in the immunology field thanks to the support of cutting edge technology and to their potential of providing a large amount of data at the single cell level. Moreover, epigenetic modifications were shown to play a role in autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, paving the way for the possibility of using the results of epigenetic studies for therapeutic purposes. In recent years, epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and nucleosome positioning were shown to regulate B cell fate and function during an immune response, but very little has been done in the context of one of the most recently discovered B cell subsets, that is regulatory B cells. Although no consensus has yet been found on the identity of these immunosuppressive B cells, the role of the IL-10 cytokine is consolidated, both in the murine and human setting. In this chapter we will focus on the analysis of the methylation profile of a gene of interest and we will specifically describe cloning and pyrosequencing bisulphite sequencing PCR (BSP). Given the specific context, we will provide tips and tricks for the analysis of the il-10 gene locus. Nonetheless, the methods presented are valid for the study of any gene of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tonon
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
| | | | | | - Francesca Mion
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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21
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Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently been discovered and are increasingly recognized as vital components of modern molecular biology. Accumulating evidence shows that lncRNAs have emerged as important mediators in diverse biological processes such as cell differentiation, pluripotency, and tumorigenesis, while the function of lncRNAs in the field of normal and malignant hematopoiesis remains to be further elucidated. Here, we widely reviewed recent advances and summarize the characteristics and basic mechanisms of lncRNAs and keep abreast of developments of lncRNAs within the field of normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Based on gene regulatory networks at different levels of lncRNAs participation, lncRNAs have been shown to regulate gene expression from epigenetics, transcription and post transcription. The expression of lncRNAs is highly cell-specific and critical for the development and activation of hematopoiesis. Moreover, we also summarized the role of lncRNAs involved in hematological malignancies in recent years. LncRNAs have been found to play an emerging role in normal and malignant hematopoiesis, which may provide novel ideas for the diagnosis and therapeutic targets of hematological diseases in the foreseeable future.
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22
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Qi T, Sun M, Zhang C, Chen P, Xiao C, Chang X. Ascorbic Acid Promotes Plasma Cell Differentiation through Enhancing TET2/3-Mediated DNA Demethylation. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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23
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Moroney JB, Chupp DP, Xu Z, Zan H, Casali P. Epigenetics of the antibody and autoantibody response. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 67:75-86. [PMID: 33176228 PMCID: PMC7744442 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
B cell differentiation driven by microbial antigens leads to production of anti-microbial antibodies, such as those neutralizing viruses, bacteria or bacterial toxin, that are class-switched (IgG and IgA) and somatically hypermutated (maturation of the antibody response) as well as secreted in large volume by plasma cells. Similar features characterize pathogenic antibodies to self-antigens in autoimmunity, reflecting the critical role of class switch DNA recombination (CSR), somatic hypermutation (SHM) and plasma cell differentiation in the generation of antibodies to not only foreign antigens but also self-antigens (autoantibodies). Central to CSR/SHM and plasma cell differentiation are AID, a potent DNA cytidine deaminase encoded by Aicda, and Blimp-1, a transcription factor encoded by Prdm1. B cell-intrinsic expression of Aicda and Prdm1 is regulated by epigenetic elements and processes, including DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications and non-coding RNAs, particularly miRNAs. Here, we will discuss: B cell-intrinsic epigenetic processes that regulate antibody and autoantibody responses; how epigenetic dysregulation alters CSR/SHM and plasma cell differentiation, thereby leading to autoantibody responses, as in systemic lupus; and, how these can be modulated by nutrients, metabolites, and hormones through changes in B cell-intrinsic epigenetic mechanisms, which can provide therapeutic targets in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Moroney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Daniel P Chupp
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Moroney JB, Vasudev A, Pertsemlidis A, Zan H, Casali P. Integrative transcriptome and chromatin landscape analysis reveals distinct epigenetic regulations in human memory B cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5435. [PMID: 33116135 PMCID: PMC7595102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are long-lived and produce high-affinity, generally, class-switched antibodies. Here, we use a multiparameter approach involving CD27 to segregate naïve B cells (NBC), IgD+ unswitched (unsw)MBCs and IgG+ or IgA+ class-switched (sw)MBCs from humans of different age, sex and race. Conserved antibody variable gene expression indicates that MBCs emerge through unbiased selection from NBCs. Integrative analyses of mRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, chromatin accessibility and cis-regulatory elements uncover a core mRNA-ncRNA transcriptional signature shared by IgG+ and IgA+ swMBCs and distinct from NBCs, while unswMBCs display a transitional transcriptome. Some swMBC transcriptional signature loci are accessible but not expressed in NBCs. Profiling miRNAs reveals downregulated MIR181, and concomitantly upregulated MIR181 target genes such as RASSF6, TOX, TRERF1, TRPV3 and RORα, in swMBCs. Finally, lncRNAs differentially expressed in swMBCs cluster proximal to the IgH chain locus on chromosome 14. Our findings thus provide new insights into MBC transcriptional programs and epigenetic regulation, opening new investigative avenues on these critical cell elements in human health and disease. Human memory B cells differentiate from naïve B cells and can express different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes resulted from class-switch recombination. Here the authors describe, using transcriptional and epigenetic data from human memory B cells and integrated multi-omics analyses, the differentiation regulation and trajectory of IgG+, IgA+ and IgD+ memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Moroney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Anusha Vasudev
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Alexander Pertsemlidis
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Yen WF, Sharma R, Cols M, Lau CM, Chaudhry A, Chowdhury P, Yewdell WT, Vaidyanathan B, Sun A, Coffre M, Pucella JN, Chen CC, Jasin M, Sun JC, Rudensky AY, Koralov SB, Chaudhuri J. Distinct Requirements of CHD4 during B Cell Development and Antibody Response. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1472-1486.e5. [PMID: 31042474 PMCID: PMC6527137 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) locus features a dynamic chromatin landscape to promote class switch recombination (CSR), yet the mechanisms that regulate this landscape remain poorly understood. CHD4, a component of the chromatin remodeling NuRD complex, directly binds H3K9me3, an epigenetic mark present at the Igh locus during CSR. We find that CHD4 is essential for early B cell development but is dispensable for the homeostatic maintenance of mature, naive B cells. However, loss of CHD4 in mature B cells impairs CSR because of suboptimal targeting of AID to the Igh locus. Additionally, we find that CHD4 represses p53 expression to promote B cell proliferation. This work reveals distinct roles for CHD4 in B cell development and CSR and links the H3K9me3 epigenetic mark with AID recruitment to the Igh locus. Yen et al. demonstrate that CHD4, a component of the NuRD remodeling complex, is essential for early B cell development, represses p53 expression in mature B cells, and influences the recruitment of AID to DNA during class switch recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Yen
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Montserrat Cols
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Colleen M Lau
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashutosh Chaudhry
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priyanka Chowdhury
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - William T Yewdell
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bharat Vaidyanathan
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Sun
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maryaline Coffre
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph N Pucella
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chun-Chin Chen
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Jasin
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergei B Koralov
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayanta Chaudhuri
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.
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26
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Savage P. Chemotherapy Curability in Leukemia, Lymphoma, Germ Cell Tumors and Gestational Malignancies: A Reflection of the Unique Physiology of Their Cells of Origin. Front Genet 2020; 11:426. [PMID: 32582272 PMCID: PMC7295948 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic DNA damaging chemotherapy brings clinical benefits in the treatment of many metastatic malignancies. However routine curative treatment remains restricted to a small number of malignancies including acute leukemia, high grade lymphoma, germ cell tumors, gestational malignancies and some of the rare childhood cancers. The detailed explanation for this dramatic divergence in outcomes remains to be elucidated. However, we have previously argued that there is a strong correlation between presence of the unique genetic events of immunoglobulin gene variable/diversity/joining (VDJ) recombination, somatic hypermutation (SHM), meiosis, nuclear fusion and gastrulation occurring in cells of origin of these malignancies and their high sensitivity to DNA damaging chemotherapy. In this study we have reviewed some of the basic physiological information relating to the specialized activity and sensitivity to DNA damage mediated apoptosis of normal cells undergoing these processes. In each of unique genetic events there are dramatic changes in apoptotic sensitivity. In VDJ recombination and somatic hypermutation over 95% of the cells involved undergo apoptosis, whilst in meiosis and nuclear fusion there are dramatic short term increases in the apoptotic sensitivity to DNA damage. It is apparent that each of the malignancies arising during these processes retains some of the unique phenotype associated with it. The impact of the physiological differences is most clearly seen in the two non-mutational malignancies. Gestational choriocarcinoma which arises shortly after nuclear fusion is routinely curable with chemotherapy whilst CIMP-positive ependymomas which is not linked to any of the unique genetic events is highly resistant. A similar pattern is found in a pair of malignancies driven by a single driver mutation. Infantile acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) arises in a cell undergoing the early stages of VDJ recombination and has a 40% cure rate in contrast pediatric rhabdoid malignancy which is not linked to a unique genetic event responds very poorly to chemotherapy treatment. The physiological changes occurring in cancer cells at the time of the malignant transformation appear to have a major impact on the subsequent sensitivity to chemotherapy and curability. New therapies that impact on these pathways may be of therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Savage
- Department of Oncology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Brighton, United Kingdom
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27
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Abstract
In mammals, adaptive immunity is mediated by a broadly diverse repertoire of naive B and T lymphocytes that recirculate between secondary lymphoid organs. Initial antigen exposure promotes lymphocyte clonal expansion and differentiation, including the formation of memory cells. Antigen-specific memory cells are maintained at higher frequencies than their naive counterparts and have different functional and homing abilities. Importantly, a subset of memory cells, known as tissue-resident memory cells, is maintained without recirculating in nonlymphoid tissues, often at barrier surfaces, where they can be reactivated by antigen and rapidly perform effector functions that help protect the tissue in which they reside. Although antigen-experienced B cells are abundant at many barrier surfaces, their characterization as tissue-resident memory B (BRM) cells is not well developed. In this study, we describe the characteristics of memory B cells in various locations and discuss their possible contributions to immunity and homeostasis as bona fide BRM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Rameeza Allie
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Troy D. Randall
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Wang F, Luo L, Gu Z, Yang N, Wang L, Gao C. Integrative Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs in Patients with Graft-versus-Host Disease. Acta Haematol 2020; 143:533-551. [PMID: 32289782 DOI: 10.1159/000505255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) remains a major cause of late non-recurrence mortality despite remarkable improvements in the field of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although recent studies have found that B-cell receptor (BCR)-activated B cells contribute to pathogenesis in cGVHD, the specific molecular mechanisms of B cells in this process remain unclear. METHODS In our study, human long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) microarrays and bioinformatic analysis were performed to identify different expressions of lncRNAs in peripheral blood B cells from cGVHD patients compared with healthy ones. The differential expression of lncRNA was confirmed in additional samples by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS The microarray analysis revealed that 106 of 198 differentially expressed lncRNAs were upregulated and 92 were downregulated in cGVHD patients compared with healthy controls. Intergenic lncRNAs accounted for the majority of differentially expressed lncRNAs. A KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis showed that the differentially expressed mRNAs, which were coexpressed with lncRNA, between the cGVHD group and the healthy group were significantly enriched in the BCR signaling pathway. Further analysis of the BCR signaling pathway and its coexpression network identified three lncRNAs with the strongest correlation with BCR signaling and cGVHD, as well as a series of protein-coding genes and transcription factors associated with them. The three candidate lncRNAs were further validated in another group of cGVHD patients by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study on the correlation between lncRNA and cGVHD using lncRNA microarray analysis. Our study provides novel enlightenment in exploring the molecular pathogenesis of cGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Wang
- Medical School, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Hematology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Department of Hematology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyang Gu
- Department of Hematology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Hematology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Laoshan Branch, Chinese PLA 401 Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunji Gao
- Medical School, Nankai University, Tianjin, China,
- Department of Hematology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China,
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Gan H, Shen T, Chupp DP, Taylor JR, Sanchez HN, Li X, Xu Z, Zan H, Casali P. B cell Sirt1 deacetylates histone and non-histone proteins for epigenetic modulation of AID expression and the antibody response. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay2793. [PMID: 32270032 PMCID: PMC7112761 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) mediates immunoglobulin class switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM), critical processes for maturation of the antibody response. Epigenetic factors, such as histone deacetylases (HDACs), would underpin B cell differentiation stage-specific AID expression. Here, we showed that NAD+-dependent class III HDAC sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) is highly expressed in resting B cells and down-regulated by stimuli inducing AID. B cell Sirt1 down-regulation, deprivation of NAD+ cofactor, or genetic Sirt1 deletion reduced deacetylation of Aicda promoter histones, Dnmt1, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and increased AID expression. This promoted class-switched and hypermutated T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses or led to generation of autoantibodies. Genetic Sirt1 overexpression, Sirt1 boost by NAD+, or allosteric Sirt1 enhancement by SRT1720 repressed AID expression and CSR/SHM. By deacetylating histone and nonhistone proteins (Dnmt1 and NF-κB p65), Sirt1 transduces metabolic cues into epigenetic changes to play an important B cell-intrinsic role in modulating antibody and autoantibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel P. Chupp
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Julia R. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Helia N. Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Casali P, Shen T, Xu Y, Qiu Z, Chupp DP, Im J, Xu Z, Zan H. Estrogen Reverses HDAC Inhibitor-Mediated Repression of Aicda and Class-Switching in Antibody and Autoantibody Responses by Downregulation of miR-26a. Front Immunol 2020; 11:491. [PMID: 32265934 PMCID: PMC7105609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen contributes to females' strong antibody response to microbial vaccines and proneness to autoimmunity, particularly antibody-mediated systemic autoimmunity, in females. We have hypothesized that this is due to estrogen-mediated potentiation of class switch DNA recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). As we have shown, estrogen boosts AID expression, which is critical for both CSR and SHM, through upregulation of HoxC4, which together with NF-κB critically mediates Aicda (AID gene) promoter activation. We contend here that additional regulation of Aicda expression by estrogen occurs through epigenetic mechanisms. As we have shown, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate and propionate as well as the pharmacologic HDI valproic acid upregulate miRNAs that silence AID expression, thereby modulating specific antibody responses in C57BL/6 mice and autoantibody responses in lupus-prone MRL/Faslpr/lpr mice. Here, using constitutive knockout Esr1-/- mice and B cells as well as conditional knockout Aicdacre/creEsr1flox/flox mice and B cells, we showed that the HDI-mediated downregulation of Aicda expression as well as the maturation of antibody and autoantibody responses is reversed by estrogen and enhanced by deletion of ERα or E2 inhibition. Estrogen's reversion of HDI-mediated inhibition of Aicda and CSR in antibody and autoantibody responses occurred through downregulation of B cell miR-26a, which, as we showed, targets Aicda mRNA 3'UTR. miR-26a was significantly upregulated by HDIs. Accordingly, enforced expression of miR-26a reduced Aicda expression and CSR, while miR-26a-sponges (competitive inhibitors of miR-26a) increased Aicda expression and CSR. Thus, our findings show that estrogen reverses the HDI-mediated downregulation of AID expression and CSR through selective modulation of miR-26a. They also provide mechanistic insights into the immunomodulatory activity of this hormone and a proof-of-principle for using combined ER inhibitor-HDI as a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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The epigenetic face of lupus: Focus on antigen-presenting cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106262. [PMID: 32045873 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, epigenetic mechanisms became widely known due to their ability to regulate and maintain physiological processes such as cell growth, development, differentiation and genomic stability. When dysregulated, epigenetic mechanisms, may introduce gene expression changes and disturbance in immune homeostasis leading to autoimmune diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the most extensively studied autoimmune disorder, has already been correlated with epigenetic modifications, especially in T cells. Since these cell rely on antigen presentation, it may be assumed that erroneous activity of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), culminates in T cell abnormalities. In this review we summarize and discuss the epigenetic modifications in SLE affected APCs, with the focus on dendritic cells (DCs), B cells and monocytes. Unravelling this aspect of SLE pathogenesis, might result in identification of new disease biomarkers and putative therapeutic approaches.
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Sanchez HN, Moroney JB, Gan H, Shen T, Im JL, Li T, Taylor JR, Zan H, Casali P. B cell-intrinsic epigenetic modulation of antibody responses by dietary fiber-derived short-chain fatty acids. Nat Commun 2020; 11:60. [PMID: 31896754 PMCID: PMC6940392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) butyrate and propionate are metabolites from dietary fiber's fermentation by gut microbiota that can affect differentiation or functions of T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. We show here that at low doses these SCFAs directly impact B cell intrinsic functions to moderately enhance class-switch DNA recombination (CSR), while decreasing at higher doses over a broad physiological range, AID and Blimp1 expression, CSR, somatic hypermutation and plasma cell differentiation. In human and mouse B cells, butyrate and propionate decrease B cell Aicda and Prdm1 by upregulating select miRNAs that target Aicda and Prdm1 mRNA-3′UTRs through inhibition of histone deacetylation (HDAC) of those miRNA host genes. By acting as HDAC inhibitors, not as energy substrates or through GPR-engagement signaling in these B cell-intrinsic processes, these SCFAs impair intestinal and systemic T-dependent and T-independent antibody responses. Their epigenetic impact on B cells extends to inhibition of autoantibody production and autoimmunity in mouse lupus models. Dietary fiber-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) act as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors on Tregs and innate immune cells, promoting immune tolerance by altering gene expression. Here the authors show that SCFA HDAC inhibitor activity impacts B cell differentiation, antibody responses and antibody-driven autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helia N Sanchez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Justin B Moroney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Huoqun Gan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Tian Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - John L Im
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Tianbao Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Julia R Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Long School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Martínez-Cano J, Campos-Sánchez E, Cobaleda C. Epigenetic Priming in Immunodeficiencies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:125. [PMID: 31355198 PMCID: PMC6635466 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficiencies (IDs) are disorders of the immune system that increase susceptibility to infections and cancer, and are therefore associated with elevated morbidity and mortality. IDs can be primary (not caused by other condition or exposure) or secondary due to the exposure to different agents (infections, chemicals, aging, etc.). Most primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are of genetic origin, caused by mutations affecting genes with key roles in the development or function of the cells of the immune system. A large percentage of PIDs are associated with a defective development and/or function of lymphocytes and, especially, B cells, the ones in charge of generating the different types of antibodies. B-cell development is a tightly regulated process in which many different factors participate. Among the regulators of B-cell differentiation, a correct epigenetic control of cellular identity is essential for normal cell function. With the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, more and more alterations in different types of epigenetic regulators are being described at the root of PIDs, both in humans and in animal models. At the same time, it is becoming increasingly clear that epigenetic alterations triggered by the exposure to environmental agents have a key role in the development of secondary immunodeficiencies (SIDs). Due to their largely reversible nature, epigenetic modifications are quickly becoming key therapeutic targets in other diseases where their contribution has been known for more time, like cancer. Here, we establish a parallelism between IDs and the nowadays accepted role of epigenetics in cancer initiation and progression, and propose that epigenetics forms a "third axis" (together with genetics and external agents) to be considered in the etiology of IDs, and linking PIDs and SIDs at the molecular level. We therefore postulate that IDs arise due to a variable contribution of (i) genetic, (ii) environmental, and (iii) epigenetic causes, which in fact form a continuum landscape of all possible combinations of these factors. Additionally, this implies the possibility of a fully epigenetically triggered mechanism for some IDs. This concept would have important prophylactic and translational implications, and would also imply a more blurred frontier between primary and secondary immunodeficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - César Cobaleda
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas –Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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Tóth DM, Ocskó T, Balog A, Markovics A, Mikecz K, Kovács L, Jolly M, Bukiej AA, Ruthberg AD, Vida A, Block JA, Glant TT, Rauch TA. Amelioration of Autoimmune Arthritis in Mice Treated With the DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor 5'-Azacytidine. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:1265-1275. [PMID: 30835944 DOI: 10.1002/art.40877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Disease-associated, differentially hypermethylated regions have been reported in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but no DNA methyltransferase inhibitors have been evaluated in either RA or any animal models of RA. The present study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of 5'-azacytidine (5'-azaC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, and explore the cellular and gene regulatory networks involved in the context of autoimmune arthritis. METHODS A disease-associated genome-wide DNA methylation profile was explored by methylated CpG island recovery assay-chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in arthritic B cells. Mice with proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) were treated with 5'-azaC. The effect of 5'-azaC on the pathogenesis of PGIA was explored by measuring serum IgM and IgG1 antibody levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, investigating the efficiency of class-switch recombination (CSR) and Aicda gene expression using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, monitoring germinal center (GC) formation by immunohistochemistry, and determining alterations in B cell subpopulations by flow cytometry. The 5'-azaC-induced regulation of the Aicda gene was explored using RNA interference, ChIP, and luciferase assays. RESULTS We explored arthritis-associated hypermethylated regions in mouse B cells and demonstrated that DNA demethylation had a beneficial effect on autoimmune arthritis. The 5'-azaC-mediated demethylation of the epigenetically inactivated Ahr gene resulted in suppressed expression of the Aicda gene, reduced CSR, and compromised GC formation. Ultimately, this process led to diminished IgG1 antibody production and amelioration of autoimmune arthritis in mice. CONCLUSION DNA hypermethylation plays a leading role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis and its targeted inhibition has therapeutic potential in arthritis management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timea Ocskó
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Attila Balog
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | - László Kovács
- Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - András Vida
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joel A Block
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Tibor A Rauch
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, and University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Lio CWJ, Shukla V, Samaniego-Castruita D, González-Avalos E, Chakraborty A, Yue X, Schatz DG, Ay F, Rao A. TET enzymes augment activation-induced deaminase (AID) expression via 5-hydroxymethylcytosine modifications at the Aicda superenhancer. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaau7523. [PMID: 31028100 PMCID: PMC6599614 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau7523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
TET enzymes are dioxygenases that promote DNA demethylation by oxidizing the methyl group of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Here, we report a close correspondence between 5hmC-marked regions, chromatin accessibility and enhancer activity in B cells, and a strong enrichment for consensus binding motifs for basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors at TET-responsive genomic regions. Functionally, Tet2 and Tet3 regulate class switch recombination (CSR) in murine B cells by enhancing expression of Aicda, which encodes the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) enzyme essential for CSR. TET enzymes deposit 5hmC, facilitate DNA demethylation, and maintain chromatin accessibility at two TET-responsive enhancer elements, TetE1 and TetE2, located within a superenhancer in the Aicda locus. Our data identify the bZIP transcription factor, ATF-like (BATF) as a key transcription factor involved in TET-dependent Aicda expression. 5hmC is not deposited at TetE1 in activated Batf-deficient B cells, indicating that BATF facilitates TET recruitment to this Aicda enhancer. Our study emphasizes the importance of TET enzymes for bolstering AID expression and highlights 5hmC as an epigenetic mark that captures enhancer dynamics during cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Wang J Lio
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Vipul Shukla
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Xiaojing Yue
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David G Schatz
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ferhat Ay
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anjana Rao
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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36
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Exploring the Drug Repurposing Versatility of Valproic Acid as a Multifunctional Regulator of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:9678098. [PMID: 31001564 PMCID: PMC6437734 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9678098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is widely recognized for its use in the control of epilepsy and other neurological disorders in the past 50 years. Recent evidence has shown the potential of VPA in the control of certain cancers, owed in part to its role in modulating epigenetic changes through the inhibition of histone deacetylases, affecting the expression of genes involved in the cell cycle, differentiation, and apoptosis. The direct impact of VPA in cells of the immune system has only been explored recently. In this review, we discuss the effects of VPA in the suppression of some activation mechanisms in several immune cells that lead to an anti-inflammatory response. As expected, immune cells are not exempt from the effect of VPA, as it also affects the expression of genes of the cell cycle and apoptosis through epigenetic modifications. In addition to inhibiting histone deacetylases, VPA promotes RNA interference, activates histone methyltransferases, or represses the activation of transcription factors. However, during the infectious process, the effectiveness of VPA is subject to the biological nature of the pathogen and the associated immune response; this is because VPA can promote the control or the progression of the infection. Due to its various effects, VPA is a promising alternative for the control of autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity and needs to be further explored.
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37
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EZH2 is overexpressed in transitional preplasmablasts and is involved in human plasma cell differentiation. Leukemia 2019; 33:2047-2060. [PMID: 30755708 PMCID: PMC6756037 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) play a major role in the defense of the host organism against pathogens. We have shown that PC generation can be modeled using multi-step culture systems that reproduce the sequential cell differentiation occurring in vivo. Using this unique model, we investigated the role of EZH2 during PC differentiation (PCD) using H3K27me3 and EZH2 ChIP-binding profiles. We then studied the effect of the inhibition of EZH2 enzymatic activity to understand how EZH2 regulates the key functions involved in PCD. EZH2 expression significantly increases in preplasmablasts with H3K27me3 mediated repression of genes involved in B cell and plasma cell identity. EZH2 was also found to be recruited to H3K27me3-free promoters of transcriptionally active genes known to regulate cell proliferation. Inhibition the catalytic activity of EZH2 resulted in B to PC transcriptional changes associated with PC maturation induction, as well as higher immunoglobulin secretion. Altogether, our data suggest that EZH2 is involved in the maintenance of preplasmablast transitory immature proliferative state that supports their amplification.
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38
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Lai L, Zhou X, Chen H, Luo Y, Sui W, Zhang J, Tang D, Yan Q, Dai Y. Composition and diversity analysis of the B-cell receptor immunoglobulin heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 repertoire in patients with acute rejection after kidney transplantation using high-throughput sequencing. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2206-2220. [PMID: 30867706 PMCID: PMC6395953 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the genetic diversity of the B-cell receptor (BCR) in kidney transplant recipients with acute rejection. A total of three patients with acute rejection after kidney transplantation were examined by performing a composition and diversity analysis of the BCR immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) complementarity-determining region 3 (H-CDR3) repertoire. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients were collected at 1 day prior to (Pre1), as well as 1 day (Post1) and 7 days (Post7) after the transplantation, and DNA was extracted. High-throughput sequencing technology was applied to determine the BCR repertoire. Raw sequences in FASTQ format were analyzed with the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. The diversity of the BCR repertoire was assessed by calculating Shannon entropy, Simpson's diversity index, the Gini coefficient and highly expanded clone distributions. The diversity of the BCR repertoire at Pre1 was greater than that at Post1 or Post7. The diversity of the BCR repertoire was the lowest at Post1 and increased at Post7 but failed to reach the pre-transplantation levels. Patients exhibited the loss of seven IGH variable (IGHV)3 family genes, while five new genes were expressed at a low frequency. Furthermore, five IGHV-IGH joining (IGHJ) gene pairings, including IGHJ6-IGHV3-11, were detected in the patients. Up- and downregulated genes were assessed by calculating the expression frequencies of the IGH diversity and IGHV gene families at Post1 and Post7. The results of the H-CDR3 length distribution and H-CDR3 amino acid (AA) usage analyses indicated that in Case 1 and 2, the AA length was similar at mostly 14–18 AA, while that in Case 3 was relatively stable at 12–16 AA. In conclusion, the present results illustrate the diversity of H-CDR3 in patients with acute rejection after kidney transplantation may provide novel ideas, methods and means of monitoring and analyzing the immune status of patients under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liusheng Lai
- Department of Nephrology, Guilin No. 924 Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research, Guilin Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Xianqing Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Guilin No. 924 Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research, Guilin Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Huaizhou Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Guilin No. 924 Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research, Guilin Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Yadan Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Guilin No. 924 Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research, Guilin Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Sui
- Department of Nephrology, Guilin No. 924 Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research, Guilin Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Guilin No. 924 Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research, Guilin Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Donge Tang
- Clinical Medical Research Center of The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Guilin No. 924 Hospital, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease Research, Guilin Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, Guilin, Guangxi 541002, P.R. China
| | - Yong Dai
- Clinical Medical Research Center of The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, P.R. China
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Andrews JM, Payton JE. Epigenetic dynamics in normal and malignant B cells: die a hero or live to become a villain. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 57:15-22. [PMID: 30342313 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Normal B cell development, activation, and terminal differentiation depend on the intricate dynamics of cooperating epigenetic and non-coding components to control the level and timing of expression of thousands of genes. Recent genome-wide studies have integratively mapped changes in the chromatin landscape, DNA methylome, 3-dimensional interactome, and coding and non-coding transcriptomes of normal and malignant B cells. Genetic ablation in human cells and mouse models has begun to elucidate the coordinated roles of essential epigenetic modifiers, key transcription factors, and long non-coding RNAs in B cell biology. Perturbation of these stewards of the epigenome drive B cell oncogenesis, but may be exploited to develop new avenues of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Payton
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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40
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Arama C, Quin JE, Kouriba B, Östlund Farrants AK, Troye-Blomberg M, Doumbo OK. Epigenetics and Malaria Susceptibility/Protection: A Missing Piece of the Puzzle. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1733. [PMID: 30158923 PMCID: PMC6104485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of stable changes in regulation of gene expression that result from epigenetic events is of great relevance in the development of strategies to prevent and treat infectious diseases. Histone modification and DNA methylation are key epigenetic mechanisms that can be regarded as marks, which ensure an accurate transmission of the chromatin states and gene expression profiles over generations of cells. There is an increasing list of these modifications, and the complexity of their action is just beginning to be understood. It is clear that the epigenetic landscape plays a fundamental role in most biological processes that involve the manipulation and expression of DNA. Although the molecular mechanism of gene regulation is relatively well understood, the hierarchical order of events and dependencies that lead to protection against infection remain largely unknown. In this review, we propose that host epigenetics is an essential, though relatively under studied, factor in the protection or susceptibility to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Arama
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Jaclyn E Quin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bourèma Kouriba
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Marita Troye-Blomberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ogobara K Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
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41
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Zhao X, Pang X, Wang F, Cui F, Wang L, Zhang W. Maternal folic acid supplementation and antibody persistence 5 years after hepatitis B vaccination among infants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2478-2484. [PMID: 29923793 PMCID: PMC6284482 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1482168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal exposure to dietary factors during pregnancy may modulate the immunity of offspring by epigenetic programming. But the relationship between intrauterine environment and persistence of protective antibody after hepatitis B vaccination has not been reported. This study was to investigate the 5-year persistence of protective antibody response after primary hepatitis B vaccination, and its relationship with maternal folic acid supplementation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1461 children who completed a 3-dose 10 μg recombinant hepatitis B vaccine at birth and did not infect hepatitis B virus were followed up. Logistic regression and mediation analysis was used to explore the relationship between 5-year persistence of protective antibody and maternal nutrition. RESULTS Of 1403 children who did not revaccinated during the follow-up, 76.1% had protective hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) levels. Twenty percent of mothers did not take folate during pregnancy. Mediation analysis showed a total effect of folic acid supplementation on good persistence (odds ratio: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03-1.17, p = 0.0010), a direct effect was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.01-1.13, p = 0.0128) and an indirect effect was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00-1.06, p = 0.0672); the proportion of good persistence mediated by primary response was 30.3%. CONCLUSION This study indicated a good protective anti-HBs persistence at year 5 after 10 μg recombination hepatitis B vaccination in infants. Maternal folic acid supplementation may improve the persistence of protective antibodies through other pathways. Multi-center cohort studies should be conducted to verify this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghuo Pang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fuzhen Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Dept of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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42
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Ratajczak W, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła W. Immunological memory cells. Cent Eur J Immunol 2018; 43:194-203. [PMID: 30135633 PMCID: PMC6102609 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2018.77390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews immunological memory cells, currently represented by T and B lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, which determine a rapid and effective response against a second encounter with the same antigen. Among T lymphocytes, functions of memory cells are provided by their subsets: central memory, effector memory, tissue-resident memory, regulatory memory and stem memory T cells. Memory T and B lymphocytes have an essential role in the immunity against microbial pathogens but are also involved in autoimmunity and maternal-fetal tolerance. Furthermore, the evidence of immunological memory has been established for NK cells. NK cells can respond to haptens or viruses, which results in generation of antigen-specific memory cells. T, B and NK cells, which have a role in immunological memory, have been characterized phenotypically and functionally. During the secondary immune response, these cells are involved in the reaction against foreign antigens, including pathogens, and take part in autoimmune diseases, but also are crucial to immunological tolerance and vaccine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Ratajczak
- Scientific Circle of Microbiologists, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Beata Tokarz-Deptuła
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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43
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Li R, Patterson KR, Bar-Or A. Reassessing B cell contributions in multiple sclerosis. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:696-707. [PMID: 29925992 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that B cell contributions to normal immune responses extend well beyond their potential to become antibody-producing cells, including roles at the innate-adaptive interface and their potential to modulate the responses of other immune cells such as T cells and myeloid cells. These B cell functions can have both pathogenic and protective effects in the context of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. Here, we review recent advances in the field of multiple sclerosis (MS), which has traditionally been viewed as primarily a T cell-mediated disease, and we consider antibody-dependent and, particularly, emerging antibody-independent functions of B cells that may be relevant in both the peripheral and CNS disease compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET) and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristina R Patterson
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET) and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Center for Neuroinflammation and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET) and Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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44
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Farnsworth CW, Schott EM, Benvie A, Kates SL, Schwarz EM, Gill SR, Zuscik MJ, Mooney RA. Exacerbated Staphylococcus aureus Foot Infections in Obese/Diabetic Mice Are Associated with Impaired Germinal Center Reactions, Ig Class Switching, and Humoral Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:560-572. [PMID: 29858265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at an increased risk of foot infection, with impaired immune function believed to be a critical factor in the infectious process. In this study, we test the hypothesis that humoral immune defects contribute to exacerbated foot infection in a murine model of obesity/T2D. C57BL/6J mice were rendered obese and T2D by a high-fat diet for 3 mo and were compared with controls receiving a low-fat diet. Following injection of Staphylococcus aureus into the footpad, obese/T2D mice had greater foot swelling and reduced S. aureus clearance than controls. Obese/T2D mice also had impaired humoral immune responses as indicated by lower total IgG levels and lower anti-S. aureus Ab production. Within the draining popliteal lymph nodes of obese/T2D mice, germinal center formation was reduced, and the percentage of germinal center T and B cells was decreased by 40-50%. Activation of both T and B lymphocytes was similarly suppressed in obese/T2D mice. Impaired humoral immunity in obesity/T2D was independent of active S. aureus infection, as a similarly impaired humoral immune response was demonstrated when mice were administered an S. aureus digest. Isolated splenic B cells from obese/T2D mice activated normally but had markedly suppressed expression of Aicda, with diminished IgG and IgE responses. These results demonstrate impaired humoral immune responses in obesity/T2D, including B cell-specific defects in Ab production and class-switch recombination. Together, the defects in humoral immunity may contribute to the increased risk of foot infection in obese/T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Farnsworth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Eric M Schott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Abigail Benvie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Stephen L Kates
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298; and
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Steven R Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Michael J Zuscik
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Robert A Mooney
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642; .,Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
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45
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Kadelka C, Liechti T, Ebner H, Schanz M, Rusert P, Friedrich N, Stiegeler E, Braun DL, Huber M, Scherrer AU, Weber J, Uhr T, Kuster H, Misselwitz B, Cavassini M, Bernasconi E, Hoffmann M, Calmy A, Battegay M, Rauch A, Yerly S, Aubert V, Klimkait T, Böni J, Kouyos RD, Günthard HF, Trkola A. Distinct, IgG1-driven antibody response landscapes demarcate individuals with broadly HIV-1 neutralizing activity. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1589-1608. [PMID: 29794117 PMCID: PMC5987927 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kadelka et al. show that parameters linked with HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) development shape HIV-1–binding antibody responses in an antigen and IgG subclass dependent manner. Identified HIV-1 antibody signature landscapes reveal a shift toward IgG1-driven responses in bnAb developers. Understanding pathways that promote HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) induction is crucial to advance bnAb-based vaccines. We recently demarcated host, viral, and disease parameters associated with bnAb development in a large HIV-1 cohort screen. By establishing comprehensive antibody signatures based on IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 activity to 13 HIV-1 antigens in 4,281 individuals in the same cohort, we now show that the same four parameters that are significantly linked with neutralization breadth, namely viral load, infection length, viral diversity, and ethnicity, also strongly influence HIV-1–binding antibody responses. However, the effects proved selective, shaping binding antibody responses in an antigen and IgG subclass–dependent manner. IgG response landscapes in bnAb inducers indicated a differentially regulated, IgG1-driven HIV-1 antigen response, and IgG1 binding of the BG505 SOSIP trimer proved the best predictor of HIV-1 neutralization breadth in plasma. Our findings emphasize the need to unravel immune modulators that underlie the differentially regulated IgG response in bnAb inducers to guide vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Kadelka
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Liechti
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Ebner
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merle Schanz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolas Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Stiegeler
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique L Braun
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra U Scherrer
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Weber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Therese Uhr
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Kuster
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Calmy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Battegay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andri Rauch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Aubert
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Klimkait
- Department of Biomedicine-Petersplatz, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland .,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland .,Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Jasiulionis MG. Abnormal Epigenetic Regulation of Immune System during Aging. Front Immunol 2018; 9:197. [PMID: 29483913 PMCID: PMC5816044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to the study of mechanisms controlling the chromatin structure, which has fundamental role in the regulation of gene expression and genome stability. Epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, are established during embryonic development and epigenetic profiles are stably inherited during mitosis, ensuring cell differentiation and fate. Under the effect of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as metabolic profile, hormones, nutrition, drugs, smoke, and stress, epigenetic marks are actively modulated. In this sense, the lifestyle may affect significantly the epigenome, and as a result, the gene expression profile and cell function. Epigenetic alterations are a hallmark of aging and diseases, such as cancer. Among biological systems compromised with aging is the decline of immune response. Different regulators of immune response have their promoters and enhancers susceptible to the modulation by epigenetic marks, which is fundamental to the differentiation and function of immune cells. Consistent evidence has showed the regulation of innate immune cells, and T and B lymphocytes by epigenetic mechanisms. Therefore, age-dependent alterations in epigenetic marks may result in the decline of immune function and this might contribute to the increased incidence of diseases in old people. In order to maintain health, we need to better understand how to avoid epigenetic alterations related to immune aging. In this review, the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to the loss of immune function during aging will be discussed, and the promise of new means of disease prevention and management will be pointed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam G Jasiulionis
- Laboratory of Ontogeny and Epigenetics, Pharmacology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Glaesener S, Jaenke C, Habener A, Geffers R, Hagendorff P, Witzlau K, Imelmann E, Krueger A, Meyer-Bahlburg A. Decreased production of class-switched antibodies in neonatal B cells is associated with increased expression of miR-181b. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192230. [PMID: 29389970 PMCID: PMC5794184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased susceptibility to infections of neonates is caused by an immaturity of the immune system as a result of both qualitative and quantitative differences between neonatal and adult immune cells. With respect to B cells, neonatal antibody responses are known to be decreased. Accountable for this is an altered composition of the neonatal B cell compartment towards more immature B cells. However, it remains unclear whether the functionality of individual neonatal B cell subsets is altered as well. In the current study we therefore compared phenotypical and functional characteristics of corresponding neonatal and adult B cell subpopulations. No phenotypic differences could be identified with the exception of higher IgM expression in neonatal B cells. Functional analysis revealed differences in proliferation, survival, and B cell receptor signaling. Most importantly, neonatal B cells showed severely impaired class-switch recombination (CSR) to IgG and IgA. This was associated with increased expression of miR-181b in neonatal B cells. Deficiency of miR-181b resulted in increased CSR. With this, our results highlight intrinsic differences that contribute to weaker B cell antibody responses in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Glaesener
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Jaenke
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anika Habener
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Hagendorff
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katrin Witzlau
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Esther Imelmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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48
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Wang X, Xu H. Potential Epigenetic Regulation in the Germinal Center Reaction of Lymphoid Tissues in HIV/SIV Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:159. [PMID: 29449847 PMCID: PMC5799247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of high-affinity and broadly neutralizing antibodies plays a key role in the defense against pathogens. These antibody responses require effective germinal center (GC) reaction within anatomical niches of GCs, where follicular helper T (Tfh) cells provide cognate help to B cells for T cell-dependent antibody responses. Emerging evidences indicate that GC reaction in normal state and perhaps establishment of latent Tfh cell reservoir in HIV/SIV infection are tightly regulated by epigenetic histone modifications, which are responsible for activating or silencing chromatin. A better understanding of the mechanisms behind GC responses at cellular and molecular levels thus provides necessary knowledge for vaccination and immunotherapy. In this review, we discussed the epigenetic regulation of GC responses, especially for GC B and Tfh cell under normal state or HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States
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Haralambieva IH, Kennedy RB, Simon WL, Goergen KM, Grill DE, Ovsyannikova IG, Poland GA. Differential miRNA expression in B cells is associated with inter-individual differences in humoral immune response to measles vaccination. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191812. [PMID: 29381765 PMCID: PMC5790242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs are important mediators of post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression through RNA degradation and translational repression, and are emerging biomarkers of immune system activation/response after vaccination. Methods We performed Next Generation Sequencing (mRNA-Seq) of intracellular miRNAs in measles virus-stimulated B and CD4+ T cells from high and low antibody responders to measles vaccine. Negative binomial generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used for miRNA assessment and the DIANA tool was used for gene/target prediction and pathway enrichment analysis. Results We identified a set of B cell-specific miRNAs (e.g., miR-151a-5p, miR-223, miR-29, miR-15a-5p, miR-199a-3p, miR-103a, and miR-15a/16 cluster) and biological processes/pathways, including regulation of adherens junction proteins, Fc-receptor signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling pathway, growth factor signaling pathway/pathways, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis and virus-related processes, significantly associated with neutralizing antibody titers after measles vaccination. No CD4+ T cell-specific miRNA expression differences between high and low antibody responders were found. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that miRNA expression directly or indirectly influences humoral immunity to measles vaccination and suggests that B cell-specific miRNAs may serve as useful predictive biomarkers of vaccine humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana H. Haralambieva
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Whitney L. Simon
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Krista M. Goergen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Grill
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Inna G. Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Epigenetic regulation in B-cell maturation and its dysregulation in autoimmunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:676-684. [PMID: 29375128 PMCID: PMC6123482 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells have a critical role in the initiation and acceleration of autoimmune diseases, especially those mediated by autoantibodies. In the peripheral lymphoid system, mature B cells are activated by self or/and foreign antigens and signals from helper T cells for differentiating into either memory B cells or antibody-producing plasma cells. Accumulating evidence has shown that epigenetic regulations modulate somatic hypermutation and class switch DNA recombination during B-cell activation and differentiation. Any abnormalities in these complex regulatory processes may contribute to aberrant antibody production, resulting in autoimmune pathogenesis such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Newly generated knowledge from advanced modern technologies such as next-generation sequencing, single-cell sequencing and DNA methylation sequencing has enabled us to better understand B-cell biology and its role in autoimmune development. Thus this review aims to summarize current research progress in epigenetic modifications contributing to B-cell activation and differentiation, especially under autoimmune conditions such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes.
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