1
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Campos-Mora M, Jacot W, Garcin G, Depondt ML, Constantinides M, Alexia C, Villalba M. NK cells in peripheral blood carry trogocytosed tumor antigens from solid cancer cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199594. [PMID: 37593736 PMCID: PMC10427869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune lymphocyte lineage natural killer (NK) cell infiltrates tumor environment where it can recognize and eliminate tumor cells. NK cell tumor infiltration is linked to patient prognosis. However, it is unknown if some of these antitumor NK cells leave the tumor environment. In blood-borne cancers, NK cells that have interacted with leukemic cells are recognized by the co-expression of two CD45 isoforms (CD45RARO cells) and/or the plasma membrane presence of tumor antigens (Ag), which NK cells acquire by trogocytosis. We evaluated solid tumor Ag uptake by trogocytosis on NK cells by performing co-cultures in vitro. We analyzed NK population subsets by unsupervised dimensional reduction techniques in blood samples from breast tumor (BC) patients and healthy donors (HD). We confirmed that NK cells perform trogocytosis from solid cancer cells in vitro. The extent of trogocytosis depends on the target cell and the antigen, but not on the amount of Ag expressed by the target cell or the sensitivity to NK cell killing. We identified by FlowSOM (Self-Organizing Maps) several NK cell clusters differentially abundant between BC patients and HD, including anti-tumor NK subsets with phenotype CD45RARO+CD107a+. These analyses showed that bona-fide NK cells that have degranulated were increased in patients and, additionally, these NK cells exhibit trogocytosis of solid tumor Ag on their surface. However, the frequency of NK cells that have trogocytosed is very low and much lower than that found in hematological cancer patients, suggesting that the number of NK cells that exit the tumor environment is scarce. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the presence of solid tumor markers on circulating NK subsets from breast tumor patients. This NK cell immune profiling could lead to generate novel strategies to complement established therapies for BC patients or to the use of peripheral blood NK cells in the theranostic of solid cancer patients after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Jacot
- Institut du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM) Val d’Aurelle, Montpellier University, INSERM U1194, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
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2
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Kumar A, Lee SJ, Liu Q, Chan AK, Pokharel SP, Yu J, Chen CW, Swaminathan S. Generation and validation of CRISPR-engineered human natural killer cell lines for research and therapeutic applications. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100874. [PMID: 34746857 PMCID: PMC8551845 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic natural killer cells kill tumors and infected cells. We carried out CRISPR-based gene editing and transcriptional regulation in hard-to-manipulate NK-92 cells. NK-92-based therapies were found to be safe and efficacious in preclinical studies of cancers. Here, we have pioneered the generation and validation of NK-92 cells constitutively expressing Cas9 or dCas9 for knockout (CRISPRko), transcriptional activation (CRISPRa), or transcriptional repression (CRISPRi) of genes. Our CRISPR-engineered NK-92 cell platforms can be modified for research and off-the-shelf therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Sung June Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Qiao Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Anthony K.N. Chan
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Sheela Pangeni Pokharel
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Srividya Swaminathan
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
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3
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Rascle P, Jacquelin B, Petitdemange C, Contreras V, Planchais C, Lazzerini M, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Le Grand R, Mouquet H, Huot N, Müller-Trutwin M. NK-B cell cross talk induces CXCR5 expression on natural killer cells. iScience 2021; 24:103109. [PMID: 34622162 PMCID: PMC8479784 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell follicles (BCFs) in lymph nodes (LNs) are generally exempt of CD8+ T and NK cells. African green monkeys (AGMs), a natural host of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), display NK cell-mediated viral control in BCF. NK cell migration into BCF in chronically SIVagm-infected AGM is associated with CXCR5+ NK cells. We aimed to identify the mechanism leading to CXCR5 expression on NK cells. We show that CXCR5+ NK cells in LN were induced following SIVagm infection. CXCR5+ NK cells accumulated preferentially in BCF with proliferating B cells. Autologous NK-B cell co-cultures in transwell chambers induced CXCR5+ NK cells. Transcriptome analysis of CXCR5+ NK cells revealed expression of bcl6 and IL6R. IL-6 induced CXCR5 on AGM and human NK cells. IL6 mRNA was detected in LN at higher levels during SIVagm than SIVmac infection and often produced by plasma cells. Our study reveals a mechanism of B cell-dependent NK cell regulation. IL-6 can induce CXCR5 on NK cells CXCR5+ NK cells expressed high levels of bcl6 and IL6R More IL-6+ plasmablast/plasma cells in lymph nodes in SIVagm than SIVmac infection B cells participate in the regulation of NK cell migration into BCF
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Rascle
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Jacquelin
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Caroline Petitdemange
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Paris, France.,INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Marie Lazzerini
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT, IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Paris, France.,INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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4
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Gardner G, Fraker CA. Natural Killer Cells as Key Mediators in Type I Diabetes Immunopathology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:722979. [PMID: 34489972 PMCID: PMC8417893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunopathology of type I diabetes (T1D) presents a complicated case in part because of the multifactorial origin of this disease. Typically, T1D is thought to occur as a result of autoimmunity toward islets of Langerhans, resulting in the destruction of insulin-producing cells (β cells) and thus lifelong reliance on exogenous insulin. However, that explanation obscures much of the underlying mechanism, and the actual precipitating events along with the associated actors (latent viral infection, diverse immune cell types and their roles) are not completely understood. Notably, there is a malfunctioning in the regulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that target endocrine cells through antigen-mediated attack. Further examination has revealed the likelihood of an imbalance in distinct subpopulations of tolerogenic and cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells that may be the catalyst of adaptive immune system malfunction. The contributions of components outside the immune system, including environmental factors such as chronic viral infection also need more consideration, and much of the recent literature investigating the origins of this disease have focused on these factors. In this review, the details of the immunopathology of T1D regarding NK cell disfunction is discussed, along with how those mechanisms stand within the context of general autoimmune disorders. Finally, the rarer cases of latent autoimmune, COVID-19 (viral), and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) induced diabetes are discussed as their exceptional pathology offers insight into the evolution of the disease as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A. Fraker
- Tissue and Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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5
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Phenotypic and Functional Characteristics of a Novel Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin-Specific Memory NK Cell. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00165-21. [PMID: 33827945 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00165-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune memory represents the most efficient defense against invasion and transmission of infectious pathogens. In contrast to memory T and B cells, the roles of innate immunity in recall responses remain inconclusive. In this study, we identified a novel mouse spleen NK cell subset expressing NKp46 and NKG2A induced by intranasal influenza virus infection. These memory NK cells specifically recognize N-linked glycosylation sites on influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Different from memory-like NK cells reported previously, these NKp46+ NKG2A+ memory NK cells exhibited HA-specific silence of cytotoxicity but increase of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response against influenza virus-infected cells, which could be reversed by pifithrin-μ, a p53-heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) signaling inhibitor. During recall responses, splenic NKp46+ NKG2A+ NK cells were recruited to infected lung and modulated viral clearance of virus and CD8+ T cell distribution, resulting in improved clinical outcomes. This long-lived NK memory bridges innate and adaptive immune memory response and promotes the homeostasis of local environment during recall response.IMPORTANCE In this study, we demonstrate a novel hemagglutinin (HA)-specific NKp46+ NKG2A+ NK cell subset induced by influenza A virus infection. These memory NK cells show virus-specific decreased cytotoxicity and increased gamma interferon (IFN-γ) on reencountering the same influenza virus antigen. In addition, they modulate host recall responses and CD8 T cell distribution, thus bridging the innate immune and adaptive immune responses during influenza virus infection.
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6
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Ma L, Li Q, Cai S, Peng H, Huyan T, Yang H. The role of NK cells in fighting the virus infection and sepsis. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3236-3248. [PMID: 34400893 PMCID: PMC8364442 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.59898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells, one of the important types of innate immune cells, play a pivotal role in the antiviral process in vivo. It has been shown that increasing NK cell activity may promote the alleviation of viral infections, even severe infection-induced sepsis. Given the current state of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) global pandemic, clarifying the anti-viral function of NK cells would be helpful for revealing the mechanism of host immune responses and decipher the progression of COVID-19 and providing important clues for combating this pandemic. In this review, we summarize the roles of NK cells in viral infection and sepsis as well as the potential possibilities of NK cell-based immunotherapy for treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- The Hengyang Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Suna Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hourong Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Ting Huyan
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
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7
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Vo DN, Constantinides M, Allende-Vega N, Alexia C, Cartron G, Villalba M. Dissecting the NK Cell Population in Hematological Cancers Confirms the Presence of Tumor Cells and Their Impact on NK Population Function. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040727. [PMID: 33276644 PMCID: PMC7761578 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphocyte lineage natural killer (NK) cell is part of the innate immune system and protects against pathogens and tumor cells. NK cells are the main cell effectors of the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that mediates antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). Hence, it is relevant to understand NK physiology and status to investigate the biological effect of mAbs in the clinic. NK cells are heterogeneous with multiple subsets that may have specific activity against different attacks. The presence of viral-sculpted NK cell populations has already been described, but the presence of cancer-sculpted NK cells remains unknown. Cancer induces a broad NK cell dysfunction, which has not been linked to a specific population. Here, we investigated the NK cell population by Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) embed maps in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients at diagnosis and at least 30 days after treatment, which correlates with tumor cell clearance. We found that the NK lineage largely responded to the tumor by generating antitumor NK cells and renewing the population with a subset of immature NK cells. However, we failed to identify a specific "memory-like" subset with the NK cell markers used. Moreover, in patients in relapse, we found essentially the same NK populations as those found at diagnosis, suggesting that NK cells equally respond to the first or second tumor rise. Finally, we observed that previous cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection largely affects the tumor-associated changes in NK population, but the CMV-associated CD57+NKG2C+ NK cell population does not appear to play any role in tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang-Nghiem Vo
- IRMB, University Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.-N.V.); (M.C.); (N.A.-V.); (C.A.)
| | - Michael Constantinides
- IRMB, University Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.-N.V.); (M.C.); (N.A.-V.); (C.A.)
- IRMB, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Nerea Allende-Vega
- IRMB, University Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.-N.V.); (M.C.); (N.A.-V.); (C.A.)
| | - Catherine Alexia
- IRMB, University Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.-N.V.); (M.C.); (N.A.-V.); (C.A.)
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Département d’Hématologie Clinique, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France;
| | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, University Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France; (D.-N.V.); (M.C.); (N.A.-V.); (C.A.)
- IRMB, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- IRMB, University Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-467-330465; Fax: +33-467-330113
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8
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Diaz-Salazar C, Sun JC. Natural killer cell responses to emerging viruses of zoonotic origin. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:97-111. [PMID: 32784125 PMCID: PMC7415341 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging viral diseases pose a major threat to public health worldwide. Nearly all emerging viruses, including Ebola, Dengue, Nipah, West Nile, Zika, and coronaviruses (including SARS-Cov2, the causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic), have zoonotic origins, indicating that animal-to-human transmission constitutes a primary mode of acquisition of novel infectious diseases. Why these viruses can cause profound pathologies in humans, while natural reservoir hosts often show little evidence of disease is not completely understood. Differences in the host immune response, especially within the innate compartment, have been suggested to be involved in this divergence. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play a critical role in the early antiviral response, secreting effector cytokines and clearing infected cells. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms through which NK cells interact with viruses, their contribution towards maintaining equilibrium between the virus and its natural host, and their role in disease progression in humans and other non-natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Diaz-Salazar
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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9
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Ranganath T, Simpson LJ, Ferreira AM, Seiler C, Vendrame E, Zhao N, Fontenot JD, Holmes S, Blish CA. Characterization of the Impact of Daclizumab Beta on Circulating Natural Killer Cells by Mass Cytometry. Front Immunol 2020; 11:714. [PMID: 32391016 PMCID: PMC7194113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Daclizumab beta is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to CD25 and selectively inhibits high-affinity IL-2 receptor signaling. As a former treatment for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS), daclizumab beta induces robust expansion of the CD56bright subpopulation of NK cells that is correlated with the drug’s therapeutic effects. As NK cells represent a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes with a range of phenotypes and functions, the goal of this study was to better understand how daclizumab beta altered the NK cell repertoire to provide further insight into the possible mechanism(s) of action in RMS. We used mass cytometry to evaluate expression patterns of NK cell markers and provide a comprehensive assessment of the NK cell repertoire in individuals with RMS treated with daclizumab beta or placebo over the course of 1 year. Treatment with daclizumab beta significantly altered the NK cell repertoire compared to placebo treatment. As previously reported, daclizumab beta significantly increased expression of CD56 on total NK cells. Within the CD56bright NK cells, treatment was associated with multiple phenotypic changes, including increased expression of NKG2A and NKp44, and diminished expression of CD244, CD57, and NKp46. These alterations occurred broadly across the CD56bright population, and were not associated with a specific subset of CD56bright NK cells. While the changes were less dramatic, CD56dim NK cells responded distinctly to daclizumab beta treatment, with higher expression of CD2 and NKG2A, and lower expression of FAS-L, HLA-DR, NTB-A, NKp30, and Perforin. Together, these data indicate that the expanded CD56bright NK cells share features of both immature and mature NK cells. These findings show that daclizumab beta treatment is associated with unique changes in NK cells that may enhance their ability to kill autoreactive T cells or to exert immunomodulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanmayi Ranganath
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Laura J Simpson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Anne-Maud Ferreira
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Christof Seiler
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Elena Vendrame
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nancy Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
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10
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Villalba M, Alexia C, Bellin-Robert A, Fayd'herbe de Maudave A, Gitenay D. Non-Genetically Improving the Natural Cytotoxicity of Natural Killer (NK) Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3026. [PMID: 31998309 PMCID: PMC6970430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate lymphocyte lineage natural killer (NK) is now the target of multiple clinical applications, although none has received an agreement from any regulatory agency yet. Transplant of naïve NK cells has not proven efficient enough in the vast majority of clinical trials. Hence, new protocols wish to improve their medical use by producing them from stem cells and/or modifying them by genetic engineering. These techniques have given interesting results but these improvements often hide that natural killers are mainly that: natural. We discuss here different ways to take advantage of NK physiology to improve their clinical activity without the need of additional modifications except for in vitro activation and expansion and allograft in patients. Some of these tactics include combination with monoclonal antibodies (mAb), drugs that change metabolism and engraftment of specific NK subsets with particular activity. Finally, we propose to use specific NK cell subsets found in certain patients that show increase activity against a specific disease, including the use of NK cells derived from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Villalba
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Alexia
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Delphine Gitenay
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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11
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Alexia C, Cren M, Louis-Plence P, Vo DN, El Ahmadi Y, Dufourcq-Lopez E, Lu ZY, Hernandez J, Shamilov F, Chernysheva O, Vasilieva M, Vorotnikov I, Vishnevskay Y, Tupitsyn N, Rossi JF, Villalba M. Polyoxidonium ® Activates Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Responses Through Dendritic Cell Maturation: Clinical Effects in Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2693. [PMID: 31849934 PMCID: PMC6892947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, which is seen as a major tool for cancer treatment, requires, in some cases, the presence of several agents to maximize its effects. Adjuvants can enhance the effect of other agents. However, despite their long-time use, only a few adjuvants are licensed today, and their use in cancer treatment is rare. Azoximer bromide, marketed under the trade name Polyoxidonium® (PO), is a copolymer of N-oxidized 1,4-ethylenepiperazine and (N-carboxyethyl)-1,4-ethylene piperazinium bromide. It has been described as an immune adjuvant and immunomodulator that is clinically used with excellent tolerance. PO is used in the treatment and prophylaxis of diseases connected with damage to the immune system, and there is interest in testing it in antitumor therapy. We show here that PO treatment for 1 week induced positive pathological changes in 6 out of 20 patients with breast cancer, including complete response in a triple-negative patient. This correlated with an increased tumor CD4+ T-lymphocyte infiltration. The immune effects of PO are associated with myeloid cell activation, and little is known about the action of PO on lymphocyte lineages, such as natural killer (NK) and T cells. We reveal that PO increases T-cell proliferation in vitro without negative effects on any activation marker. PO does not affect dendritic cell (DC) viability and increases the expansion of immature DC (iDC) and mature DC (mDC) at 100 μg/ml, and it stimulates expression of several DC co-stimulatory molecules, inducing the proliferation of allogeneic T cells. In contrast, PO decreases DC viability when added at day 5 post-expansion. PO is not toxic for NK cells at doses up to 100 μM and does not affect their activation, maturation, and cytotoxicity but tends to increase degranulation. This could be beneficial against target cells that show low sensitivity to NK cells, e.g., solid tumor cells. Finally, we have found great variability in PO response between donors. In summary, our in vitro results show that PO increases the number of costimulatory molecules on DC that prime T cells, favoring the production of effector T cells. This may support the future clinical development of PO in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mailys Cren
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Dang-Nghiem Vo
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Zhao-Yang Lu
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Farkhad Shamilov
- Federal State Budgetary Institute "N.N. Blokhin National Oncology Research Center" of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Chernysheva
- Federal State Budgetary Institute "N.N. Blokhin National Oncology Research Center" of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Vasilieva
- Voronezh Oncology Dispansery, Vronezh, Russia
| | - I Vorotnikov
- Federal State Budgetary Institute "N.N. Blokhin National Oncology Research Center" of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana Vishnevskay
- Federal State Budgetary Institute "N.N. Blokhin National Oncology Research Center" of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Tupitsyn
- Federal State Budgetary Institute "N.N. Blokhin National Oncology Research Center" of the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jean-François Rossi
- Institut Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France.,Université de Montpellier I, UFR Médecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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12
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DNAM-1 Activating Receptor and Its Ligands: How Do Viruses Affect the NK Cell-Mediated Immune Surveillance during the Various Phases of Infection? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153715. [PMID: 31366013 PMCID: PMC6695959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells play a critical role in host defense against viral infections. The mechanisms of recognition and killing of virus-infected cells mediated by NK cells are still only partially defined. Several viruses induce, on the surface of target cells, the expression of molecules that are specifically recognized by NK cell-activating receptors. The main NK cell-activating receptors involved in the recognition and killing of virus-infected cells are NKG2D and DNAM-1. In particular, ligands for DNAM-1 are nectin/nectin-like molecules involved also in mechanisms allowing viral infection. Viruses adopt several immune evasion strategies, including those affecting NK cell-mediated immune surveillance, causing persistent viral infection and the development of virus-associated diseases. The virus's immune evasion efficacy depends on molecules differently expressed during the various phases of infection. In this review, we overview the molecular strategies adopted by viruses, specifically cytomegalovirus (CMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), herpes virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), aiming to evade NK cell-mediated surveillance, with a special focus on the modulation of DNAM-1 activating receptor and its ligands in various phases of the viral life cycle. The increasing understanding of mechanisms involved in the modulation of activating ligands, together with those mediating the viral immune evasion strategies, would provide critical tools leading to design novel NK cell-based immunotherapies aiming at viral infection control, thus improving cure strategies of virus-associated diseases.
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13
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Strunz B, Hengst J, Deterding K, Manns MP, Cornberg M, Ljunggren HG, Wedemeyer H, Björkström NK. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection irreversibly impacts human natural killer cell repertoire diversity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2275. [PMID: 29891939 PMCID: PMC5995831 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity is a central requirement for the immune system’s capacity to adequately clear a variety of different infections. As such, natural killer (NK) cells represent a highly diverse population of innate lymphocytes important in the early response against viruses. Yet, the extent to which a chronic pathogen affects NK cell diversity is largely unknown. Here we study NK cell functional diversification in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. High-dimensional flow cytometer assays combined with stochastic neighbor embedding analysis reveal that chronic HCV infection induces functional imprinting on human NK cells that is largely irreversible and persists long after successful interventional clearance of the virus. Furthermore, HCV infection increases inter-individual, but decreases intra-individual, NK cell diversity. Taken together, our results provide insights into how the history of infections affects human NK cell diversity. Natural killer (NK) cells are important immune cells for mediating antiviral immunity. Here the authors show that chronic hepatitis C virus infection in human can imprint lasting functional phenotypes in NK cells to increase their inter-individual but decrease intra-individual diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Strunz
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Hengst
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katja Deterding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Essen University Hospital, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Wilk AJ, Blish CA. Diversification of human NK cells: Lessons from deep profiling. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:629-641. [PMID: 29350874 PMCID: PMC6133712 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6ri0917-390r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes with important roles in immunoregulation, immunosurveillance, and cytokine production. Originally defined on the functional basis of their "natural" ability to lyse tumor targets and thought to be a relatively homogeneous group of lymphocytes, NK cells possess a remarkable degree of phenotypic and functional diversity due to the combinatorial expression of an array of activating and inhibitory receptors. Diversification of NK cells is multifaceted: mechanisms of NK cell education that promote self-tolerance result in a heterogeneous repertoire that further diversifies upon encounters with viral pathogens. Here, we review the genetic, developmental, and environmental sources of NK cell diversity with a particular focus on deep profiling and single-cell technologies that will enable a more thorough and accurate dissection of this intricate and poorly understood lymphocyte lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Wilk
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, and Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Abstract
Classically, natural killer (NK) cells have been defined by nonspecific innate killing of virus-infected and tumor cells. However, burgeoning evidence suggests that the functional repertoire of NK cells is far more diverse than has been previously appreciated, thus raising the possibility that there may be unexpected functional specialization and even adaptive capabilities among NK cell subpopulations. Some of the first evidence that NK cells respond in an antigen-specific fashion came from experiments revealing that subpopulations of murine NK cells were able to respond to a specific murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) protein and that in the absence of T and B cells, murine NK cells also mediated adaptive immune responses to a secondary challenge with specific haptens. These data have been followed by demonstrations of NK cell memory of viruses and viral antigens in mice and primates. Herein, we discuss different forms of NK cell antigen specificity and how these responses may be tuned to specific viral pathogens, and we provide assessment of the current literature that may explain molecular mechanisms of the novel phenomenon of NK cell memory.
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16
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Wang Y, Li T, Chen Y, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z. Involvement of NK Cells in IL-28B-Mediated Immunity against Influenza Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28637903 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IL-28B is a member of the newly discovered type III IFN family and exhibits unique antiviral properties compared with other family members. NK cells play a critical role in defending against viruses; however, little is known about the role of IL-28B in NK cell function. In a mouse model of influenza A virus (mouse adapted influenza A/PR/8/34 strain) infection, long-term overexpression of IL-28B induced by hepatocyte-specific gene delivery exerted a strong antiviral effect in the presence of NK cells. In IL-28B-overexpressing wild-type mice, the percentages and absolute numbers of NK cells in the spleen, liver, and lung were markedly increased, with higher proliferation and accelerated NK cell maturation based on phenotypes staining with CD11b and CD27 or CD11b and KLRG1. Furthermore, the effect of IL-28B on NK cells was macrophage dependent, as confirmed in an in vitro coculture assay and in in vivo macrophage- or alveolar macrophage-depletion experiments. Transwell studies demonstrated that CFSE-labeled NK cell proliferation was driven, in a dose-dependent manner, by unknown soluble factor(s) secreted by IL-28B-stimulated alveolar macrophages, without requiring direct cell-cell contact. An understanding of the NK cell-promoting features of IL-28B will facilitate future clinical application of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshi Wang
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and
| | - Tingting Li
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, The Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; and .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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17
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García-Cuesta EM, Esteso G, Ashiru O, López-Cobo S, Álvarez-Maestro M, Linares A, Ho MM, Martínez-Piñeiro L, T Reyburn H, Valés-Gómez M. Characterization of a human anti-tumoral NK cell population expanded after BCG treatment of leukocytes. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1293212. [PMID: 28507799 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1293212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, via intra-vesical instillations of BCG, is the therapy of choice for patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. The subsequent recruitment of lymphocytes and myeloid cells, as well as the release of cytokines and chemokines, is believed to induce a local immune response that eliminates these tumors, but the detailed mechanisms of action of this therapy are not well understood. Here, we have studied the phenotype and function of the responding lymphocyte populations as well as the spectrum of cytokines and chemokines produced in an in vitro model of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultured with BCG. Natural killer (NK) cell activation was a prominent feature of this immune response and we have studied the expansion of this lymphocyte population in detail. We show that, after BCG stimulation, CD56dim NK cells proliferate, upregulate CD56, but maintain the expression of CD16 and the ability to mediate ADCC. CD56bright NK cells also contribute to this expansion by increasing CD16 and KIR expression. These unconventional CD56bright cells efficiently degranulated against bladder cancer cells and the expansion of this population required the release of soluble factors by other immune cells in the context of BCG. Consistent with these in vitro data, a small, but significant increase in the intensity of CD16 expression was noted in peripheral blood CD56bright cells from bladder cancer patients undergoing BCG therapy, that was not observed in patients treated with mitomycin-C instillations. These observations suggest that activation of NK cells may be an important component of the anti-tumoral immune response triggered by BCG therapy in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M García-Cuesta
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Esteso
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Omodele Ashiru
- Division of Bacteriology, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency-National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (MHRA-NIBSC), PottersBar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Sheila López-Cobo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Linares
- Urology Unit, Infanta Sofia Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mei M Ho
- Division of Bacteriology, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency-National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (MHRA-NIBSC), PottersBar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Hugh T Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Abstract
Natural killer cells are a diverse group of innate lymphocytes that are specialized to rapidly respond to cancerous or virus-infected cells. NK cell function is controlled by the integration of signals from activating and inhibitory receptors expressed at the cell surface. Variegated expression patterns of these activating and inhibitory receptors at the single cell level leads to a highly diverse NK cell repertoire. Here I review the factors that influence NK cell repertoire diversity and its functional consequences for our ability to fight viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 ; Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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