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Nowak TA, Burke RL, Diuk-Wasser MA, Lin YP. Lizards and the enzootic cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:1262-1272. [PMID: 38830767 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging pathogens often stem from zoonotic origins, cycling between humans and animals, and are frequently vectored and maintained by hematophagous arthropod vectors. The efficiency by which these disease agents are successfully transmitted between vertebrate hosts is influenced by many factors, including the host on which a vector feeds. The Lyme disease bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato has adapted to survive in complex host environments, vectored by Ixodes ticks, and maintained in multiple vertebrate hosts. The versatility of Lyme borreliae in disparate host milieus is a compelling platform to investigate mechanisms dictating pathogen transmission through complex networks of vertebrates and ticks. Squamata, one of the most diverse clade of extant reptiles, is comprised primarily of lizards, many of which are readily fed upon by Ixodes ticks. Yet, lizards are one of the least studied taxa at risk of contributing to the transmission and life cycle maintenance of Lyme borreliae. In this review, we summarize the current evidence, spanning from field surveillance to laboratory infection studies, supporting their contributions to Lyme borreliae circulation. We also summarize the current understanding of divergent lizard immune responses that may explain the underlying molecular mechanisms to confer Lyme spirochete survival in vertebrate hosts. This review offers a critical perspective on potential enzootic cycles existing between lizard-tick-Borrelia interactions and highlights the importance of an eco-immunology lens for zoonotic pathogen transmission studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Nowak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Russell L Burke
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Maria A Diuk-Wasser
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Rabeeah I, Billington E, Nal B, Sadeyen JR, Pathan AA, Iqbal M, Temperton NJ, Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Kishore U, Shelton H. Mapping the interaction sites of human and avian influenza A viruses and complement factor H. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352022. [PMID: 38698856 PMCID: PMC11064062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an innate immune mechanism against microbial infections. It involves a cascade of effector molecules that is activated via classical, lectin and alternative pathways. Consequently, many pathogens bind to or incorporate in their structures host negative regulators of the complement pathways as an evasion mechanism. Factor H (FH) is a negative regulator of the complement alternative pathway that protects "self" cells of the host from non-specific complement attack. FH has been shown to bind viruses including human influenza A viruses (IAVs). In addition to its involvement in the regulation of complement activation, FH has also been shown to perform a range of functions on its own including its direct interaction with pathogens. Here, we show that human FH can bind directly to IAVs of both human and avian origin, and the interaction is mediated via the IAV surface glycoprotein haemagglutinin (HA). HA bound to common pathogen binding footprints on the FH structure, complement control protein modules, CCP 5-7 and CCP 15-20. The FH binding to H1 and H3 showed that the interaction overlapped with the receptor binding site of both HAs, but the footprint was more extensive for the H3 HA than the H1 HA. The HA - FH interaction impeded the initial entry of H1N1 and H3N2 IAV strains but its impact on viral multicycle replication in human lung cells was strain-specific. The H3N2 virus binding to cells was significantly inhibited by preincubation with FH, whereas there was no alteration in replicative rate and progeny virus release for human H1N1, or avian H9N2 and H5N3 IAV strains. We have mapped the interaction between FH and IAV, the in vivo significance of which for the virus or host is yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Rabeeah
- Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Béatrice Nal
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | | | - Ansar A. Pathan
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Centre for Biomedical Sciences, U.A.E. University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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González-Alsina A, Martín-Merinero H, Mateu-Borrás M, Verd M, Doménech-Sánchez A, Goldberg JB, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Albertí S. Factor H-related protein 1 promotes complement-mediated opsonization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1328185. [PMID: 38510967 PMCID: PMC10951071 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1328185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important human opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections. The complement system is the main early host defense mechanism to control these infections. P. aeruginosa counteracts complement attack by binding Factor H (FH), a complement regulator that inactivates C3b, preventing the formation of the C3-convertase and complement amplification on the bacterial surface. Factor H-related proteins (FHRs) are a group of plasma proteins evolutionarily related to FH that have been postulated to interfere in this bacterial mechanism of resisting complement. Here, we show that FHR-1 binds to P. aeruginosa via the outer membrane protein OprG in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigen-dependent manner. Binding assays with purified components or with FHR-1-deficient serum supplemented with FHR-1 show that FHR-1 competes with FH for binding to P. aeruginosa. Blockage of FH binding to C3b deposited on the bacteria reduces FH-mediated cofactor activity of C3b degradation, increasing the opsonization of the bacteria and the formation of the potent chemoattractant C5a. Overall, our findings indicate that FHR-1 is a host factor that promotes complement activation, facilitating clearance of P. aeruginosa by opsonophagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex González-Alsina
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universidad de las Islas Baleares and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Héctor Martín-Merinero
- Center for Biological Research-Margarita Salas and Centro Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margalida Mateu-Borrás
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universidad de las Islas Baleares and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - María Verd
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universidad de las Islas Baleares and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonio Doménech-Sánchez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universidad de las Islas Baleares and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Santiago Rodríguez de Córdoba
- Center for Biological Research-Margarita Salas and Centro Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sebastián Albertí
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS), Universidad de las Islas Baleares and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IDISBA), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Yasmin H, Agostinis C, Toffoli M, Roy T, Pegoraro S, Balduit A, Zito G, Di Simone N, Ricci G, Madan T, Kishore U, Bulla R. Protective role of complement factor H against the development of preeclampsia. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1351898. [PMID: 38464530 PMCID: PMC10920295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1351898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is an immunologically regulated, complex process. A tightly controlled complement system plays a crucial role in the successful establishment of pregnancy and parturition. Complement inhibitors at the feto-maternal interface are likely to prevent inappropriate complement activation to protect the fetus. In the present study, we aimed to understand the role of Factor H (FH), a negative regulator of complement activation, in normal pregnancy and in a model of pathological pregnancy, i.e. preeclampsia (PE). The distribution and expression of FH was investigated in placental tissues, various placental cells, and in the sera of healthy (CTRL) or PE pregnant women via immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, ELISA, and Western blot. Our results showed a differential expression of FH among the placental cell types, decidual stromal cells (DSCs), decidual endothelial cells (DECs), and extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs). Interestingly, FH was found to be considerably less expressed in the placental tissues of PE patients compared to normal placental tissue both at mRNA and protein levels. Similar results were obtained by measuring circulating FH levels in the sera of third trimester CTRL and PE mothers. Syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles, isolated from the placental tissues of PE and CTRL women, downregulated FH expression by DECs. The present study appears to suggest that FH is ubiquitously present in the normal placenta and plays a homeostatic role during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Chiara Agostinis
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Miriam Toffoli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tamali Roy
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Silvia Pegoraro
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Balduit
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriella Zito
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Di Simone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Taruna Madan
- Department of Innate Immunity, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health (NIRRCH), Mumbai, India
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, U.A.E. University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Roberta Bulla
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Sándor N, Schneider AE, Matola AT, Barbai VH, Bencze D, Hammad HH, Papp A, Kövesdi D, Uzonyi B, Józsi M. The human factor H protein family - an update. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1135490. [PMID: 38410512 PMCID: PMC10894998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1135490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Complement is an ancient and complex network of the immune system and, as such, it plays vital physiological roles, but it is also involved in numerous pathological processes. The proper regulation of the complement system is important to allow its sufficient and targeted activity without deleterious side-effects. Factor H is a major complement regulator, and together with its splice variant factor H-like protein 1 and the five human factor H-related (FHR) proteins, they have been linked to various diseases. The role of factor H in inhibiting complement activation is well studied, but the function of the FHRs is less characterized. Current evidence supports the main role of the FHRs as enhancers of complement activation and opsonization, i.e., counter-balancing the inhibitory effect of factor H. FHRs emerge as soluble pattern recognition molecules and positive regulators of the complement system. In addition, factor H and some of the FHR proteins were shown to modulate the activity of immune cells, a non-canonical function outside the complement cascade. Recent efforts have intensified to study factor H and the FHRs and develop new tools for the distinction, quantification and functional characterization of members of this protein family. Here, we provide an update and overview on the versatile roles of factor H family proteins, what we know about their biological functions in healthy conditions and in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Sándor
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Veronika H. Barbai
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Bencze
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hani Hashim Hammad
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Papp
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Kövesdi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Uzonyi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-ELTE Complement Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Menon SS, Ramirez-Toloza G, Wycoff KL, Ehinger S, Shaughnessy J, Ram S, Ferreira VP. Mechanisms by which Factor H protects Trypanosoma cruzi from the alternative pathway of complement. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1152000. [PMID: 38361922 PMCID: PMC10867245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1152000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, a chronic disabling disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, has no standardized treatment or preventative vaccine. The infective trypomastigote form of T. cruzi is highly resistant to killing by the complement immune system. Factor H (FH), a negative regulator of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement on cell surfaces and in blood, contains 20 short consensus repeat domains. The four N-terminal domains of FH inactivate the AP, while the other domains interact with C3b/d and glycan markers on cell surfaces. Various pathogens bind FH to inactivate the AP. T. cruzi uses its trans-sialidase enzyme to transfer host sialic acids to its own surface, which could be one of the approaches it uses to bind FH. Previous studies have shown that FH binds to complement-opsonized T. cruzi and parasite desialylation increases complement-mediated lysis of trypomastigotes. However, the molecular basis of FH binding to T. cruzi remain unknown. Only trypomastigotes, but not epimastigotes (non-infective, complement susceptible) bound FH directly, independent of C3 deposition, in a dose-dependent manner. Domain mapping experiments using 3-5 FH domain fragments showed that domains 5-8 competitively inhibited FH binding to the trypomastigotes by ~35% but did not decrease survival in complement. FH-Fc or mutant FH-Fc fusion proteins (3-11 contiguous FH domains fused to the IgG Fc) also did not kill trypomastigotes. FH-related protein-5, whose domains bear significant sequence identity to all known polyanion-binding FH domains (6-7, 10-14, 19-20), fully inhibited FH binding to trypomastigotes and reduced trypomastigote survival to < 24% in the presence of serum. In conclusion, we have elucidated the role of FH in complement resistance of trypomastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrithi S. Menon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Galia Ramirez-Toloza
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Animal Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Sean Ehinger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Jutamas Shaughnessy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Viviana P. Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
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Wiens GD, Marancik DP, Chadwick CC, Osbourn K, Reid RM, Leeds TD. Plasma proteomic profiling of bacterial cold water disease-resistant and -susceptible rainbow trout lines and biomarker discovery. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1265386. [PMID: 37928534 PMCID: PMC10623068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation for disease resistance is present in salmonid fish; however, the molecular basis is poorly understood, and biomarkers of disease susceptibility/resistance are unavailable. Previously, we selected a line of rainbow trout for high survival following standardized challenge with Flavobacterium psychrophilum (Fp), the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease. The resistant line (ARS-Fp-R) exhibits over 60 percentage points higher survival compared to a reference susceptible line (ARS-Fp-S). To gain insight into the differential host response between genetic lines, we compared the plasma proteomes from day 6 after intramuscular challenge. Pooled plasma from unhandled, PBS-injected, and Fp-injected groups were simultaneously analyzed using a TMT 6-plex label, and the relative abundance of 513 proteins was determined. Data are available via ProteomeXchange, with identifier PXD041308, and the relative protein abundance values were compared to mRNA measured from a prior, whole-body RNA-seq dataset. Our results identified a subset of differentially abundant intracellular proteins was identified, including troponin and myosin, which were not transcriptionally regulated, suggesting that these proteins were released into plasma following pathogen-induced tissue damage. A separate subset of high-abundance, secreted proteins were transcriptionally regulated in infected fish. The highest differentially expressed protein was a C1q family member (designated complement C1q-like protein 3; C1q-LP3) that was upregulated over 20-fold in the infected susceptible line while only modestly upregulated, 1.8-fold, in the infected resistant line. Validation of biomarkers was performed using immunoassays and C1q-LP3, skeletal muscle troponin C, cathelcidin 2, haptoglobin, leptin, and growth and differentiation factor 15 exhibited elevated concentration in susceptible line plasma. Complement factor H-like 1 exhibited higher abundance in the resistant line compared to the susceptible line in both control and challenged fish and thus was a baseline differentiator between lines. C1q-LP3 and STNC were elevated in Atlantic salmon plasma following experimental challenge with Fp. In summary, these findings further the understanding of the differential host response to Fp and identifies salmonid biomarkers that may have use for genetic line evaluation and on-farm health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D. Wiens
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - David P. Marancik
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, True Blue, Grenada
| | | | - Keira Osbourn
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Ross M. Reid
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Timothy D. Leeds
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Kearneysville, WV, United States
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Marcinkiewicz AL, Brangulis K, Dupuis AP, Hart TM, Zamba‐Campero M, Nowak TA, Stout JL, Akopjana I, Kazaks A, Bogans J, Ciota AT, Kraiczy P, Kolokotronis SO, Lin YP. Structural evolution of an immune evasion determinant shapes pathogen host tropism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301549120. [PMID: 37364114 PMCID: PMC10319004 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301549120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern infectious disease outbreaks often involve changes in host tropism, the preferential adaptation of pathogens to specific hosts. The Lyme disease-causing bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) is an ideal model to investigate the molecular mechanisms of host tropism, because different variants of these tick-transmitted bacteria are distinctly maintained in rodents or bird reservoir hosts. To survive in hosts and escape complement-mediated immune clearance, Bb produces the outer surface protein CspZ that binds the complement inhibitor factor H (FH) to facilitate bacterial dissemination in vertebrates. Despite high sequence conservation, CspZ variants differ in human FH-binding ability. Together with the FH polymorphisms between vertebrate hosts, these findings suggest that minor sequence variation in this bacterial outer surface protein may confer dramatic differences in host-specific, FH-binding-mediated infectivity. We tested this hypothesis by determining the crystal structure of the CspZ-human FH complex, and identifying minor variation localized in the FH-binding interface yielding bird and rodent FH-specific binding activity that impacts infectivity. Swapping the divergent region in the FH-binding interface between rodent- and bird-associated CspZ variants alters the ability to promote rodent- and bird-specific early-onset dissemination. We further linked these loops and respective host-specific, complement-dependent phenotypes with distinct CspZ phylogenetic lineages, elucidating evolutionary mechanisms driving host tropism emergence. Our multidisciplinary work provides a novel molecular basis for how a single, short protein motif could greatly modulate pathogen host tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Marcinkiewicz
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY12208
| | - Kalvis Brangulis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, RigaLV-1067, Latvia
- Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradins University, RigaLV-1007, Latvia
| | - Alan P. Dupuis
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY12208
| | - Thomas M. Hart
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY12208
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York Albany, Albany, NY12222
| | - Maxime Zamba‐Campero
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY12208
| | - Tristan A. Nowak
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY12208
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York Albany, Albany, NY12222
| | - Jessica L. Stout
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY12208
| | - Inara Akopjana
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, RigaLV-1067, Latvia
| | - Andris Kazaks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, RigaLV-1067, Latvia
| | - Janis Bogans
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, RigaLV-1067, Latvia
| | - Alexander T. Ciota
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY12208
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York Albany, Albany, NY12222
| | - Peter Kraiczy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt60596, Germany
| | - Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Brooklyn, NY 11203-2098
- Institute for Genomics in Health, Brooklyn, NY11203-2098
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY11203-2098
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY11203-2098
| | - Yi-Pin Lin
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY12208
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York Albany, Albany, NY12222
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9
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Dubowsky JG, Estevez JJ, Craig JE, Appukuttan B, Carr JM. Disease profiles in the Indigenous Australian population are suggestive of a common complement control haplotype. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023:105453. [PMID: 37245779 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People (respectfully referred to as Indigenous Australians herein) are disparately burdened by many infectious and chronic diseases relative to Australians with European genetic ancestry. Some of these diseases are described in other populations to be influenced by the inherited profile of complement genes. These include complement factor B, H, I and complement factor H-related (CFHR) genes that can contribute to a polygenic complotype. Here the focus is on the combined deletion of CFHR1 and 3 to form a common haplotype (CFHR3-1Δ). The prevalence of CFHR3-1Δ is high in people with Nigerian and African American genetic ancestry and correlates to a higher frequency and severity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) but a lower prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and IgA-nephropathy (IgAN). This pattern of disease is similarly observed among Indigenous Australian communities. Additionally, the CFHR3-1Δ complotype is also associated with increased susceptibility to infection with pathogens, such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pyogenes, which also have high incidences in Indigenous Australian communities. The prevalence of these diseases, while likely influenced by social, political, environmental and biological factors, including variants in other components of the complement system, may also be suggestive of the CFHR3-1Δ haplotype in Indigenous Australians. These data highlight a need to define the Indigenous Australian complotypes, which may lead to the discovery of new risk factors for common diseases and progress towards precision medicines for treating complement-associated diseases in Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. Herein, the disease profiles suggestive of a common complement CFHR3-1Δ control haplotype are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Dubowsky
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Public Health, and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jose J Estevez
- Wardliparingga Aboriginal Health Equity Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia; Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Optometry and Vision Science, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Flinders Centre for Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Binoy Appukuttan
- Molecular Medical Science, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jillian M Carr
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Public Health, and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
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10
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Heeger PS, Cravedi P. Cleaving It All Behind: ADAMTS7 Degrades Factor H. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:182-183. [PMID: 36735370 PMCID: PMC10103082 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Heeger
- Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paolo Cravedi
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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11
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Pathogenesis of Anemia in Canine Babesiosis: Possible Contribution of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines-A Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020166. [PMID: 36839438 PMCID: PMC9962459 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne protozoan disease caused by intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia. The infection may lead to anemia in infected dogs. However, anemia is not directly caused by the pathogen. The parasite's developmental stages only have a marginal role in contributing to a decreased red blood cell (RBC) count. The main cause of anemia in affected dogs is the immune response to the infection. This response includes antibody production, erythrophagocytosis, oxidative damage of RBCs, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Moreover, both infected and uninfected erythrocytes are retained in the spleen and sequestered in micro-vessels. All these actions are driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. Additionally, imbalance between the actions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a role in patho-mechanisms leading to anemia in canine babesiosis. This article is a review of the studies on the pathogenesis of anemia in canine babesiosis and related diseases, such as bovine or murine babesiosis and human or murine malaria, and the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the mechanisms leading to anemia in infected dogs.
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12
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Evaluating the clinical utility of measuring levels of factor H and the related proteins. Mol Immunol 2022; 151:166-182. [PMID: 36162225 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After years of disappointing clinical results, the tide has finally changed and complement targeted-therapies have become a validated and accepted treatment option for several diseases. These accomplishments have revitalized the field and brought renewed attention to the prospects that complement therapeutics can offer. Streamlining diagnostics and therapeutics is imperative in this new era of clinical use of complement therapeutics. However, the incredible success in therapeutics has not been accompanied by the development of novel standardized tools for complement testing. Complement biomarkers can assist in the risk assessment and diagnosis of diseases as well as the prediction of disease progression and treatment response. Recently, a group of complement proteins has been suggested to be highly relevant in various complement-associated disorders, namely the human factor H (FH) protein family. This family of closely related proteins consists of FH, FH-like protein 1, and five factor H-related proteins, and they have been linked to eye, kidney, infectious, vascular, and autoimmune diseases as well as cancer. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the available data on circulating levels of FH and its related proteins in different pathologies. In addition, we examined the current literature to determine the clinical utility of measuring levels of the FH protein family in health and disease. Finally, we discuss future steps that are needed to make their clinical translation a reality.
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13
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Edwardsiella tarda TraT is an anti-complement factor and a cellular infection promoter. Commun Biol 2022; 5:637. [PMID: 35768577 PMCID: PMC9243006 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is a well-known bacterial pathogen with a broad range of host, including fish, amphibians, and mammals. One eminent virulence feature of E. tarda is its strong ability to resist the killing of host serum complement, but the involving mechanism is unclear. In this report, we identified E. tarda TraT as a key player in both complement resistance and cellular invasion. TraT, a surface-localized protein, bound and recruited complement factor H onto E. tarda, whereby inhibiting complement activation via the alternative pathway. TraT also interacted with host CD46 in a specific complement control protein domain-dependent manner, whereby facilitating the cellular infection and tissue dissemination of E. tarda. Thus, by acting as an anti-complement factor and a cellular infection promoter, TraT makes an important contribution to the complement evasion and systemic infection of E. tarda. These results add insights into the pathogen-host interaction mechanism during E. tarda infection. Edwardsiella tarda TraT promotes cellular infection and serves as an anti-complement factor, shedding light on the mechanisms of E. tarda’s strong evasion of killing by the host.
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14
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Complement Factor H related protein 1 and immune inflammatory disorders. Mol Immunol 2022; 145:43-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.03.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Xu X, Marffy ALL, Keightley A, McCarthy AJ, Geisbrecht BV. Group B Streptococcus Surface Protein β: Structural Characterization of a Complement Factor H-Binding Motif and Its Contribution to Immune Evasion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1232-1247. [PMID: 35110419 PMCID: PMC8881398 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The β protein from group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a ∼132-kDa, cell-surface exposed molecule that binds to multiple host-derived ligands, including complement factor H (FH). Many details regarding this interaction and its significance to immune evasion by GBS remain unclear. In this study, we identified a three-helix bundle domain within the C-terminal half of the B75KN region of β as the major FH-binding determinant and determined its crystal structure at 2.5 Å resolution. Analysis of this structure suggested a role in FH binding for a loop region connecting helices α1 and α2, which we confirmed by mutagenesis and direct binding studies. Using a combination of protein cross-linking and mass spectrometry, we observed that B75KN bound to complement control protein (CCP)3 and CCP4 domains of FH. Although this binding site lies within a complement regulatory region of FH, we determined that FH bound by β retained its decay acceleration and cofactor activities. Heterologous expression of β by Lactococcus lactis resulted in recruitment of FH to the bacterial surface and a significant reduction of C3b deposition following exposure to human serum. Surprisingly, we found that FH binding by β was not required for bacterial resistance to phagocytosis by neutrophils or killing of bacteria by whole human blood. However, loss of the B75KN region significantly diminished bacterial survival in both assays. Although our results show that FH recruited to the bacterial surface through a high-affinity interaction maintains key complement-regulatory functions, they raise questions about the importance of FH binding to immune evasion by GBS as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS U.S.A
| | - Alexander L. Lewis Marffy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Molecular Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & Infection, Imperial College London; London, U.K
| | - Andrew Keightley
- Department of Opthamology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City; Kansas City, MO U.S.A
| | - Alex J. McCarthy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Molecular Microbiology, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & Infection, Imperial College London; London, U.K
| | - Brian V. Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS U.S.A.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Brian V. Geisbrecht, Ph.D., Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, 1711 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS 66506, PH: 785.532.3154,
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16
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Cortes C, Desler C, Mazzoli A, Chen JY, Ferreira VP. The role of properdin and Factor H in disease. Adv Immunol 2022; 153:1-90. [PMID: 35469595 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The complement system consists of three pathways (alternative, classical, and lectin) that play a fundamental role in immunity and homeostasis. The multifunctional role of the complement system includes direct lysis of pathogens, tagging pathogens for phagocytosis, promotion of inflammatory responses to control infection, regulation of adaptive cellular immune responses, and removal of apoptotic/dead cells and immune complexes from circulation. A tight regulation of the complement system is essential to avoid unwanted complement-mediated damage to the host. This regulation is ensured by a set of proteins called complement regulatory proteins. Deficiencies or malfunction of these regulatory proteins may lead to pro-thrombotic hematological diseases, renal and ocular diseases, and autoimmune diseases, among others. This review focuses on the importance of two complement regulatory proteins of the alternative pathway, Factor H and properdin, and their role in human diseases with an emphasis on: (a) characterizing the main mechanism of action of Factor H and properdin in regulating the complement system and protecting the host from complement-mediated attack, (b) describing the dysregulation of the alternative pathway as a result of deficiencies, or mutations, in Factor H and properdin, (c) outlining the clinical findings, management and treatment of diseases associated with mutations and deficiencies in Factor H, and (d) defining the unwanted and inadequate functioning of properdin in disease, through a discussion of various experimental research findings utilizing in vitro, mouse and human models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cortes
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States.
| | - Caroline Desler
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Amanda Mazzoli
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Jin Y Chen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States.
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17
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Kamala O, Malik TH, Hallam TM, Cox TE, Yang Y, Vyas F, Luli S, Connelly C, Gibson B, Smith-Jackson K, Denton H, Pappworth IY, Huang L, Kavanagh D, Pickering MC, Marchbank KJ. Homodimeric Minimal Factor H: In Vivo Tracking and Extended Dosing Studies in Factor H Deficient Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752916. [PMID: 34956184 PMCID: PMC8696033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is associated with dysregulation of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement and treatment options remain inadequate. Factor H (FH) is a potent regulator of the AP. An in-depth analysis of FH-related protein dimerised minimal (mini)-FH constructs has recently been published. This analysis showed that addition of a dimerisation module to mini-FH not only increased serum half-life but also improved complement regulatory function, thus providing a potential treatment option for C3G. Herein, we describe the production of a murine version of homodimeric mini-FH [mHDM-FH (mFH1-5^18-20^R1-2)], developed to reduce the risk of anti-drug antibody formation during long-term experiments in murine models of C3G and other complement-driven pathologies. Our analysis of mHDM-FH indicates that it binds with higher affinity and avidity to WT mC3b when compared to mouse (m)FH (mHDM-FH KD=505 nM; mFH KD=1370 nM) analogous to what we observed with the respective human proteins. The improved binding avidity resulted in enhanced complement regulatory function in haemolytic assays. Extended interval dosing studies in CFH-/- mice (5mg/kg every 72hrs) were partially effective and bio-distribution analysis in CFH-/- mice, through in vivo imaging technologies, demonstrates that mHDM-FH is preferentially deposited and remains fixed in the kidneys (and liver) for up to 4 days. Extended dosing using an AAV- human HDM-FH (hHDM-FH) construct achieved complete normalisation of C3 levels in CFH-/- mice for 3 months and was associated with a significant reduction in glomerular C3 staining. Our data demonstrate the ability of gene therapy delivery of mini-FH constructs to enhance complement regulation in vivo and support the application of this approach as a novel treatment strategy in diseases such as C3G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Kamala
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Talat H. Malik
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Hallam
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Cox
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Yang
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Falguni Vyas
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Saimir Luli
- Preclinical In Vivo Imaging, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe Connelly
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Gibson
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Smith-Jackson
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Denton
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Y. Pappworth
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Huang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David Kavanagh
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Pickering
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Marchbank
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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18
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Evasion of the complement system by Leishmania through the uptake of factor H, a complement regulatory protein. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106152. [PMID: 34599886 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Escaping the complement system is an important step in the establishment of infections. Some pathogens have acquired the ability to inactivate the complement system to ensure successful infection. This has been observed in parasites from the genus Leishmania, which inactivate C3b molecules deposited on their surface through the membrane protease GP63. In the present study, we describe a new mechanism that also acts through C3b inactivation. This mechanism involves the binding of the complement regulatory molecule factor H from serum. Factor H signals a plasma protease (factor I) to inactivate C3b molecules deposited on the surface of the parasites. According to our results, Leishmania infantum, L. amazonensis, and L. braziliensis recruit factor H from human serum. The absorption of factor H by L. infantum was studied in detail to better understand how it works. L. infantum binds factor H from human serum and factor H-like proteins from dog serum. When exposed to purified factor H, promastigotes bind this regulatory molecule and inactivate C3b in the presence of factor I. This indicates the existence of an as yet unidentified factor H-binding outer surface molecule functioning as a receptor. The two mechanisms (GP63 and factor H binding) work independently, as Leishmania promastigotes with inhibited GP63 can easily inactivate C3b molecules on the surface of the parasite. The identification of the factor H receptor could lead to the development of a vaccine target for leishmaniasis control, as blocking antibodies to factor H binding could impair the mechanism of C3b inactivation, making the parasite more susceptible to the complement system.
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19
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Gyapon-Quast F, Goicoechea de Jorge E, Malik T, Wu N, Yu J, Chai W, Feizi T, Liu Y, Pickering MC. Defining the Glycosaminoglycan Interactions of Complement Factor H-Related Protein 5. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:534-541. [PMID: 34193601 PMCID: PMC8313009 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Complement activation is an important mediator of kidney injury in glomerulonephritis. Complement factor H (FH) and FH-related protein 5 (FHR-5) influence complement activation in C3 glomerulopathy and IgA nephropathy by differentially regulating glomerular complement. FH is a negative regulator of complement C3 activation. Conversely, FHR-5 in vitro promotes C3 activation either directly or by competing with FH for binding to complement C3b. The FH-C3b interaction is enhanced by surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and the FH-GAG interaction is well-characterized. In contrast, the contributions of carbohydrates to the interaction of FHR-5 and C3b are unknown. Using plate-based and microarray technologies we demonstrate that FHR-5 interacts with sulfated GAGs and that this interaction is influenced by the pattern and degree of GAG sulfation. The FHR-5-GAG interaction that we identified has functional relevance as we could show that the ability of FHR-5 to prevent binding of FH to surface C3b is enhanced by surface kidney heparan sulfate. Our findings are important in understanding the molecular basis of the binding of FHR-5 to glomerular complement and the role of FHR-5 in complement-mediated glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Gyapon-Quast
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;,Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elena Goicoechea de Jorge
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Talat Malik
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nian Wu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jin Yu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Liu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Pickering
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
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20
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Mannes M, Schmidt CQ, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN, Huber-Lang M. Complement as driver of systemic inflammation and organ failure in trauma, burn, and sepsis. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:773-788. [PMID: 34191093 PMCID: PMC8243057 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complement is one of the most ancient defense systems. It gets strongly activated immediately after acute injuries like trauma, burn, or sepsis and helps to initiate regeneration. However, uncontrolled complement activation contributes to disease progression instead of supporting healing. Such effects are perceptible not only at the site of injury but also systemically, leading to systemic activation of other intravascular cascade systems eventually causing dysfunction of several vital organs. Understanding the complement pathomechanism and its interplay with other systems is a strict requirement for exploring novel therapeutic intervention routes. Ex vivo models exploring the cross-talk with other systems are rather limited, which complicates the determination of the exact pathophysiological roles that complement has in trauma, burn, and sepsis. Literature reporting on these three conditions is often controversial regarding the importance, distribution, and temporal occurrence of complement activation products further hampering the deduction of defined pathophysiological pathways driven by complement. Nevertheless, many in vitro experiments and animal models have shown beneficial effects of complement inhibition at different levels of the cascade. In the future, not only inhibition but also a complement reconstitution therapy should be considered in prospective studies to expedite how meaningful complement-targeted interventions need to be tailored to prevent complement augmented multi-organ failure after trauma, burn, and sepsis. This review summarizes clinically relevant studies investigating the role of complement in the acute diseases trauma, burn, and sepsis with important implications for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mannes
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 8/2, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christoph Q Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bo Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina N Ekdahl
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology (IGP), Rudbeck Laboratory C5:3, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Linnaeus Center of Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 8/2, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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21
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McCormack M, Talbot A, Dillon E, O’Connor I, MacCarthy E. Host Response of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Re-Inoculated with Paramoeba perurans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050993. [PMID: 34062978 PMCID: PMC8147987 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In aquaculture, recurrence rates of amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the ectoparasite Paramoeba perurans are high and no prophylactic strategies exist for disease prevention. In this study, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were initially inoculated with P. perurans and following the development of amoebic gill disease were treated with freshwater immersion on day 21 and day 35 post inoculation. Fish were re-inoculated following a negative qPCR analysis for the presence of P. perurans. The gill host immune response was investigated at 7, 14, and 18 days post re-inoculation. Differential proteome expression of immune related proteins was assessed by comparison of each time point against naïve controls. In the gill, some proteins of the innate immune system were expressed in response to gill re-colonization by P. perurans, while no features of adaptive immunity were found to be differentially expressed. Many of the proteins identified are novel in the context of AGD and their expression profiles suggest that their roles in the response to disease development and progression in single or multiple infections warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle McCormack
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (A.T.); (I.O.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anita Talbot
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (A.T.); (I.O.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugene Dillon
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Ian O’Connor
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (A.T.); (I.O.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugene MacCarthy
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (A.T.); (I.O.); (E.M.)
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22
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McCormack M, Dillon E, O’Connor I, MacCarthy E. Investigation of the Initial Host Response of Naïve Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Inoculated with Paramoeba perurans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040746. [PMID: 33918228 PMCID: PMC8066739 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD), caused by the ectoparasite Paramoeba perurans is characterised by hyperplasia of the gill epithelium and lamellar fusion. In this study, the initial host response of naïve Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) inoculated with P. perurans was investigated. Using gel-free proteomic techniques and mass spectrometry gill and serum samples were analysed at 7 timepoints (2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11 and 14 days) post-inoculation with P. perurans. Differential expression of immune related proteins was assessed by comparison of protein expression from each time point against naïve controls. Few host immune molecules associated with innate immunity showed increased expression in response to gill colonisation by amoebae. Furthermore, many proteins with roles in immune signalling, phagocytosis and T-cell proliferation were found to be inhibited upon disease progression. Initially, various immune factors demonstrated the anticipated increase in expression in response to infection in the serum while some immune inhibition became apparent at the later stages of disease progression. Taken together, the pro-immune trend observed in serum, the lack of a robust early immune response in the gill and the diversity of those proteins in the gill whose altered expression negatively impact the immune response, support the concept of a pathogen-derived suppression of the host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle McCormack
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (I.O.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eugene Dillon
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Ian O’Connor
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (I.O.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugene MacCarthy
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, H91 TRNW Galway, Ireland; (I.O.); (E.M.)
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23
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Poppelaars F, Goicoechea de Jorge E, Jongerius I, Baeumner AJ, Steiner MS, Józsi M, Toonen EJM, Pauly D. A Family Affair: Addressing the Challenges of Factor H and the Related Proteins. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660194. [PMID: 33868311 PMCID: PMC8044877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a common denominator of diseases. The complement system, an intrinsic part of the innate immune system, is a key driver of inflammation in numerous disorders. Recently, a family of proteins has been suggested to be of vital importance in conditions characterized by complement dysregulation: the human Factor H (FH) family. This group of proteins consists of FH, Factor H-like protein 1 and five Factor H-related proteins. The FH family has been linked to infectious, vascular, eye, kidney and autoimmune diseases. In contrast to FH, the functions of the other highly homologous proteins are largely unknown and, hence, their role in the different disease-specific pathogenic mechanisms remains elusive. In this perspective review, we address the major challenges ahead in this emerging area, including 1) the controversies about the functional roles of the FH protein family, 2) the discrepancies in quantification of the FH protein family, 3) the unmet needs for validated tools and 4) limitations of animal models. Next, we also discuss the opportunities that exist for the immunology community. A strong multidisciplinary approach is required to solve these obstacles and is only possible through interdisciplinary collaboration between biologists, chemists, geneticists and physicians. We position this review in light of our own perspective, as principal investigators of the SciFiMed Consortium, a consortium aiming to create a comprehensive analytical system for the quantitative and functional assessment of the entire FH protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Poppelaars
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Elena Goicoechea de Jorge
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ilse Jongerius
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Antje J. Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo-and Biosensors, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Complement Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Diana Pauly
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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24
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Moore SR, Menon SS, Cortes C, Ferreira VP. Hijacking Factor H for Complement Immune Evasion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:602277. [PMID: 33717083 PMCID: PMC7947212 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.602277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an essential player in innate and adaptive immunity. It consists of three pathways (alternative, classical, and lectin) that initiate either spontaneously (alternative) or in response to danger (all pathways). Complement leads to numerous outcomes detrimental to invaders, including direct killing by formation of the pore-forming membrane attack complex, recruitment of immune cells to sites of invasion, facilitation of phagocytosis, and enhancement of cellular immune responses. Pathogens must overcome the complement system to survive in the host. A common strategy used by pathogens to evade complement is hijacking host complement regulators. Complement regulators prevent attack of host cells and include a collection of membrane-bound and fluid phase proteins. Factor H (FH), a fluid phase complement regulatory protein, controls the alternative pathway (AP) both in the fluid phase of the human body and on cell surfaces. In order to prevent complement activation and amplification on host cells and tissues, FH recognizes host cell-specific polyanionic markers in combination with complement C3 fragments. FH suppresses AP complement-mediated attack by accelerating decay of convertases and by helping to inactivate C3 fragments on host cells. Pathogens, most of which do not have polyanionic markers, are not recognized by FH. Numerous pathogens, including certain bacteria, viruses, protozoa, helminths, and fungi, can recruit FH to protect themselves against host-mediated complement attack, using either specific receptors and/or molecular mimicry to appear more like a host cell. This review will explore pathogen complement evasion mechanisms involving FH recruitment with an emphasis on: (a) characterizing the structural properties and expression patterns of pathogen FH binding proteins, as well as other strategies used by pathogens to capture FH; (b) classifying domains of FH important in pathogen interaction; and (c) discussing existing and potential treatment strategies that target FH interactions with pathogens. Overall, many pathogens use FH to avoid complement attack and appreciating the commonalities across these diverse microorganisms deepens the understanding of complement in microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Moore
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Smrithi S Menon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Claudio Cortes
- Department of Foundational Medical Sciences, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
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25
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Dopler A, Stibitzky S, Hevey R, Mannes M, Guariento M, Höchsmann B, Schrezenmeier H, Ricklin D, Schmidt CQ. Deregulation of Factor H by Factor H-Related Protein 1 Depends on Sialylation of Host Surfaces. Front Immunol 2021; 12:615748. [PMID: 33732239 PMCID: PMC7959842 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.615748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To discriminate between self and non-self surfaces and facilitate immune surveillance, the complement system relies on the interplay between surface-directed activators and regulators. The dimeric modulator FHR-1 is hypothesized to competitively remove the complement regulator FH from surfaces that strongly fix opsonic C3b molecules—a process known as “deregulation.” The C-terminal regions of FH and FHR-1 provide the basis of this competition. They contain binding sites for C3b and host surface markers and are identical except for two substitutions: S1191L and V1197A (i.e., FH “SV”; FHR-1 “LA”). Intriguingly, an FHR-1 variant featuring the “SV” combination of FH predisposes to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). The functional impact of these mutations on complement (de)regulation, and their pathophysiological consequences, have largely remained elusive. We have addressed these questions using recombinantly expressed wildtype, mutated, and truncated versions of FHR-1 and FH. The “SV” to “LA” substitutions did not affect glycosaminoglycan recognition and had only a small effect on C3b binding. In contrast, the two amino acids substantially affected the binding of FH and FHR-1 to α2,3-linked sialic acids as host surfaces markers, with the S-to-L substitution causing an almost complete loss of recognition. Even with sialic acid-binding constructs, notable deregulation was only detected on host and not foreign cells. The aHUS-associated “SV” mutation converts FHR-1 into a sialic acid binder which, supported by its dimeric nature, enables excessive FH deregulation and, thus, complement activation on host surfaces. While we also observed inhibitory activities of FHR-1 on C3 and C5 convertases, the high concentrations required render the physiological impact uncertain. In conclusion, the SV-to-LA substitution in the C-terminal regions of FH and FHR-1 diminishes its sialic acid-binding ability and results in an FHR-1 molecule that only moderately deregulates FH. Such FH deregulation by FHR-1 only occurs on host/host-like surfaces that recruit FH. Conversion of FHR-1 into a sialic acid binder potentiates the deregulatory capacity of FHR-1 and thus explains the pathophysiology of the aHUS-associated FHR-1 “SV” variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Dopler
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Selina Stibitzky
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rachel Hevey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Mannes
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mara Guariento
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Britta Höchsmann
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service and University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service and University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Q Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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26
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Hevey R, Pouw RB, Harris C, Ricklin D. Sweet turning bitter: Carbohydrate sensing of complement in host defence and disease. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:2802-2822. [PMID: 33140840 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system plays a major role in threat recognition and in orchestrating responses to microbial intruders and accumulating debris. This immune surveillance is largely driven by lectins that sense carbohydrate signatures on foreign, diseased and healthy host cells and act as complement activators, regulators or receptors to shape appropriate immune responses. While carbohydrate sensing protects our bodies, misguided or impaired recognition can contribute to disease. Moreover, pathogenic microbes have evolved to evade complement by mimicking host signatures. While complement is recognized as a disease factor, we only slowly start to appreciate the role of carbohydrate interactions in the underlying processes. A better understanding of complement's sweet side will contribute to a better description of disease mechanisms and enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic options. This review introduces the key components in complement-mediated carbohydrate sensing, discusses their role in health and disease, and touches on the potential effects of carbohydrate-related disease intervention. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Canonical and non-canonical functions of the complement system in health and disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hevey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard B Pouw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claire Harris
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Skerka C, Pradel G, Halder LD, Zipfel PF, Zipfel SLH, Strauß O. Factor H-related protein 1: a complement regulatory protein and guardian of necrotic-type surfaces. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:2823-2831. [PMID: 33085794 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor H-related protein 1 (FHR-1) is a member of the factor H protein family, which is involved in regulating innate immune complement reactions. Genetic modification of the encoding gene, CFHR1 on human chromosome 1, is involved in diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, C3 glomerulopathy and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome, indicating an important role for FHR-1 in human health. Recent research data demonstrate that FHR-1 levels increase in IgA nephropathy and anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) vasculitis and that FHR-1 induces strong inflammation in monocytes on necrotic-type surfaces, suggesting a complement-independent role. These new results increase our knowledge about the role of this complement protein in pathology and provide a new therapeutic target, particularly in the context of inflammatory diseases induced by necrosis. This review summarizes current knowledge about FHR-1 and discusses its role in complement reactions and inflammation. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Canonical and non-canonical functions of the complement system in health and disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pradel
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Luke D Halder
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Svante L H Zipfel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Strauß
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow Clinic, Berlin, Germany
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28
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de Boer ECW, van Mourik AG, Jongerius I. Therapeutic Lessons to be Learned From the Role of Complement Regulators as Double-Edged Sword in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:578069. [PMID: 33362763 PMCID: PMC7758290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.578069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an important part of the innate immune system, providing a strong defense against pathogens and removing apoptotic cells and immune complexes. Due to its strength, it is important that healthy human cells are protected against damage induced by the complement system. To be protected from complement, each cell type relies on a specific combination of both soluble and membrane-bound regulators. Their importance is indicated by the amount of pathologies associated with abnormalities in these complement regulators. Here, we will discuss the current knowledge on complement regulatory protein polymorphisms and expression levels together with their link to disease. These diseases often result in red blood cell destruction or occur in the eye, kidney or brain, which are tissues known for aberrant complement activity or regulation. In addition, complement regulators have also been associated with different types of cancer, although their mechanisms here have not been elucidated yet. In most of these pathologies, treatments are limited and do not prevent the complement system from attacking host cells, but rather fight the consequences of the complement-mediated damage, using for example blood transfusions in anemic patients. Currently only few drugs targeting the complement system are used in the clinic. With further demand for therapeutics rising linked to the wide range of complement-mediated disease we should broaden our horizon towards treatments that can actually protect the host cells against complement. Here, we will discuss the latest insights on how complement regulators can benefit therapeutics. Such therapeutics are currently being developed extensively, and can be categorized into full-length complement regulators, engineered complement system regulators and antibodies targeting complement regulators. In conclusion, this review provides an overview of the complement regulatory proteins and their links to disease, together with their potential in the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther C W de Boer
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anouk G van Mourik
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ilse Jongerius
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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29
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Willems E, Lorés-Motta L, Zanichelli A, Suffritti C, van der Flier M, van der Molen RG, Langereis JD, van Drongelen J, van den Heuvel LP, Volokhina E, van de Kar NC, Keizer-Garritsen J, Levin M, Herberg JA, Martinon-Torres F, Wessels HJ, de Breuk A, Fauser S, Hoyng CB, den Hollander AI, de Groot R, van Gool AJ, Gloerich J, de Jonge MI. Quantitative multiplex profiling of the complement system to diagnose complement-mediated diseases. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1225. [PMID: 33318796 PMCID: PMC7724921 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Complement deficiencies are difficult to diagnose because of the variability of symptoms and the complexity of the diagnostic process. Here, we applied a novel ‘complementomics’ approach to study the impact of various complement deficiencies on circulating complement levels. Methods Using a quantitative multiplex mass spectrometry assay, we analysed 44 peptides to profile 34 complement proteins simultaneously in 40 healthy controls and 83 individuals with a diagnosed deficiency or a potential pathogenic variant in 14 different complement proteins. Results Apart from confirming near or total absence of the respective protein in plasma of complement‐deficient patients, this mass spectrometry‐based profiling method led to the identification of additional deficiencies. In many cases, partial depletion of the pathway up‐ and/or downstream of the absent protein was measured. This was especially found in patients deficient for complement inhibitors, such as angioedema patients with a C1‐inhibitor deficiency. The added value of complementomics was shown in three patients with poorly defined complement deficiencies. Conclusion Our study shows the potential clinical utility of profiling circulating complement proteins as a comprehensive read‐out of various complement deficiencies. Particularly, our approach provides insight into the intricate interplay between complement proteins due to functional coupling, which contributes to the better understanding of the various disease phenotypes and improvement of care for patients with complement‐mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Willems
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Laura Lorés-Motta
- Department of Ophthalmology Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Zanichelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Chiara Suffritti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Michiel van der Flier
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands.,Amalia Children's Hospital Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Renate G van der Molen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D Langereis
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Joris van Drongelen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Lambert P van den Heuvel
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Amalia Children's Hospital Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Elena Volokhina
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Amalia Children's Hospital Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Caj van de Kar
- Amalia Children's Hospital Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Keizer-Garritsen
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Medicine Section for Paediatrics Imperial College London London UK
| | - Jethro A Herberg
- Department of Medicine Section for Paediatrics Imperial College London London UK
| | - Federico Martinon-Torres
- Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Hans Jtc Wessels
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Anita de Breuk
- Department of Ophthalmology Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Fauser
- Department of Ophthalmology University Hospital Cologne Koln Germany.,F. Hoffmann - La Roche AG Basel Switzerland
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ronald de Groot
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Alain J van Gool
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jolein Gloerich
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology Department of Laboratory Medicine Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands.,Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
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30
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Conway EM, Pryzdial ELG. Is the COVID-19 thrombotic catastrophe complement-connected? J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2812-2822. [PMID: 32762081 PMCID: PMC7436532 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, the world was introduced to a new betacoronavirus, referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for its propensity to cause rapidly progressive lung damage, resulting in high death rates. As fast as the virus spread, it became evident that the novel coronavirus causes a multisystem disease (COVID-19) that may involve multiple organs and has a high risk of thrombosis associated with striking elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines, D-dimer, and fibrinogen, but without disseminated intravascular coagulation. Postmortem studies have confirmed the high incidence of venous thromboembolism, but also notably revealed diffuse microvascular thrombi with endothelial swelling, consistent with a thrombotic microangiopathy, and inter-alveolar endothelial deposits of complement activation fragments. The clinicopathologic presentation of COVID-19 thus parallels that of other thrombotic diseases, such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), that are caused by dysregulation of the complement system. This raises the specter that many of the thrombotic complications arising from SARS-CoV-2 infections may be triggered and/or exacerbated by excess complement activation. This is of major potential clinical relevance, as currently available anti-complement therapies that are highly effective in protecting against thrombosis in aHUS, could be efficacious in COVID-19. In this review, we provide mounting evidence for complement participating in the pathophysiology underlying the thrombotic diathesis associated with pathogenic coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Based on current knowledge of complement, coagulation and the virus, we suggest lines of study to identify novel therapeutic targets and the rationale for clinical trials with currently available anti-complement agents for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Conway
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Edward L G Pryzdial
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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31
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Kárpáti É, Papp A, Schneider AE, Hajnal D, Cserhalmi M, Csincsi ÁI, Uzonyi B, Józsi M. Interaction of the Factor H Family Proteins FHR-1 and FHR-5 With DNA and Dead Cells: Implications for the Regulation of Complement Activation and Opsonization. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1297. [PMID: 32765490 PMCID: PMC7378360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement plays an essential role in the opsonophagocytic clearance of apoptotic/necrotic cells. Dysregulation of this process may lead to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Factor H (FH), a major soluble complement inhibitor, binds to dead cells and inhibits excessive complement activation on their surface, preventing lysis, and the release of intracellular material, including DNA. The FH-related (FHR) proteins share common ligands with FH, due to their homology with this complement regulator, but they lack the domains that mediate the complement inhibitory activity of FH. Because their roles in complement regulation is controversial and incompletely understood, we studied the interaction of FHR-1 and FHR-5 with DNA and dead cells and investigated whether they influence the regulatory role of FH and the complement activation on DNA and dead cells. FH, FHR-1, and FHR-5 bound to both plasmid DNA and human genomic DNA, where both FHR proteins inhibited FH-DNA interaction. The FH cofactor activity was inhibited by FHR-1 and FHR-5 due to the reduced binding of FH to DNA in the presence of the FHRs. Both FHRs caused increased complement activation on DNA. FHR-1 and FHR-5 bound to late apoptotic and necrotic cells and recruited monomeric C-reactive protein and pentraxin 3, and vice versa. Interactions of the FHRs with pentraxins resulted in enhanced activation of both the classical and the alternative complement pathways on dead cells when exposed to human serum. Altogether, our results demonstrate that FHR-1 and FHR-5 are competitive inhibitors of FH on DNA; moreover, FHR-pentraxin interactions promote opsonization of dead cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Kárpáti
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Papp
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea E Schneider
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Hajnal
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marcell Cserhalmi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám I Csincsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Uzonyi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Kumar D, Romero Y, Schuck KN, Smalley H, Subedi B, Fleming SD. Drivers and regulators of humoral innate immune responses to infection and cancer. Mol Immunol 2020; 121:99-110. [PMID: 32199212 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complement cascade consists of cell bound and serum proteins acting together to protect the host from pathogens, remove cancerous cells and effectively links innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite its usefulness in microbial neutralization and clearance of cancerous cells, excessive complement activation causes an immune imbalance and tissue damage in the host. Hence, a series of complement regulatory proteins present at a higher concentration in blood plasma and on cell surfaces tightly regulate the cascade. The complement cascade can be initiated by B-1 B cell production of natural antibodies. Natural antibodies arise spontaneously without any known exogenous antigenic or microbial stimulus and protect against invading pathogens, clear apoptotic cells, provide tissue homeostasis, and modulate adaptive immune functions. Natural IgM antibodies recognize microbial and cancer antigens and serve as an activator of complement mediated lysis. This review will discuss advances in complement activation and regulation in bacterial and viral infections, and cancer. We will also explore the crosstalk of natural antibodies with bacterial populations and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yeni Romero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kaitlynn N Schuck
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Haley Smalley
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Bibek Subedi
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Sherry D Fleming
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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Regulation of regulators: Role of the complement factor H-related proteins. Semin Immunol 2019; 45:101341. [PMID: 31757608 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The complement system, while being an essential and very efficient effector component of innate immunity, may cause damage to the host and result in various inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious diseases or cancer, when it is improperly activated or regulated. Factor H is a serum glycoprotein and the main regulator of the activity of the alternative complement pathway. Factor H, together with its splice variant factor H-like protein 1 (FHL-1), inhibits complement activation at the level of the central complement component C3 and beyond. In humans, there are also five factor H-related (FHR) proteins, whose function is poorly characterized. While data indicate complement inhibiting activity for some of the FHRs, there is increasing evidence that FHRs have an opposite role compared with factor H and FHL-1, namely, they enhance complement activation directly and also by competing with the regulators FH and FHL-1. This review summarizes the current stand and recent data on the roles of factor H family proteins in health and disease, with focus on the function of FHR proteins.
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Abstract
Aspartyl proteases are present in various organisms and, among virulent species, are considered major virulence factors. Host tissue and cell damage, hijacking of immune responses, and hiding from innate immune cells are the most common behaviors of fungal secreted proteases enabling pathogen survival and invasion. C. parapsilosis, an opportunistic human-pathogenic fungus mainly threatening low-birth weight neonates and children, possesses three SAPP protein-encoding genes that could contribute to the invasiveness of the species. Our results suggest that SAPP1 and SAPP2, but not SAPP3, influence host evasion by regulating cell damage, phagocytosis, phagosome-lysosome maturation, killing, and cytokine secretion. Furthermore, SAPP1 and SAPP2 also effectively contribute to complement evasion. Candida parapsilosis is an emerging non-albicans Candida species that largely affects low-birth-weight infants and immunocompromised patients. Fungal pathogenesis is promoted by the dynamic expression of diverse virulence factors, with secreted proteolytic enzymes being linked to the establishment and progression of disease. Although secreted aspartyl proteases (Sap) are critical for Candida albicans pathogenicity, their role in C. parapsilosis is poorly elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to examine the contribution of C. parapsilosisSAPP genes SAPP1, SAPP2, and SAPP3 to the virulence of the species. Our results indicate that SAPP1 and SAPP2, but not SAPP3, influence adhesion, host cell damage, phagosome-lysosome maturation, phagocytosis, killing capacity, and cytokine secretion by human peripheral blood-derived macrophages. Purified Sapp1p and Sapp2p were also shown to efficiently cleave host complement component 3b (C3b) and C4b proteins and complement regulator factor H. Additionally, Sapp2p was able to cleave factor H-related protein 5 (FHR-5). Altogether, these data demonstrate the diverse, significant contributions that SAPP1 and SAPP2 make to the establishment and progression of disease by C. parapsilosis through enabling the attachment of the yeast cells to mammalian cells and modulating macrophage biology and disruption of the complement cascade. IMPORTANCE Aspartyl proteases are present in various organisms and, among virulent species, are considered major virulence factors. Host tissue and cell damage, hijacking of immune responses, and hiding from innate immune cells are the most common behaviors of fungal secreted proteases enabling pathogen survival and invasion. C. parapsilosis, an opportunistic human-pathogenic fungus mainly threatening low-birth weight neonates and children, possesses three SAPP protein-encoding genes that could contribute to the invasiveness of the species. Our results suggest that SAPP1 and SAPP2, but not SAPP3, influence host evasion by regulating cell damage, phagocytosis, phagosome-lysosome maturation, killing, and cytokine secretion. Furthermore, SAPP1 and SAPP2 also effectively contribute to complement evasion.
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Ermert D, Ram S, Laabei M. The hijackers guide to escaping complement: Lessons learned from pathogens. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:49-61. [PMID: 31336249 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens that invade the human host are confronted by a multitude of defence mechanisms aimed at preventing colonization, dissemination and proliferation. The most frequent outcome of this interaction is microbial elimination, in which the complement system plays a major role. Complement, an essential feature of the innate immune machinery, rapidly identifies and marks pathogens for efficient removal. Consequently, this creates a selective pressure for microbes to evolve strategies to combat complement, permitting host colonization and access to resources. All successful pathogens have developed mechanisms to resist complement activity which are intimately aligned with their capacity to cause disease. In this review, we describe the successful methods various pathogens use to evade complement activation, shut down inflammatory signalling through complement, circumvent opsonisation and override terminal pathway lysis. This review summarizes how pathogens undermine innate immunity: 'The Hijackers Guide to Complement'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ermert
- Department of Preclinical Research, BioInvent International AB, Lund, Sweden; Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Maisem Laabei
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
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36
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Structural determination of the complement inhibitory domain of Borrelia burgdorferi BBK32 provides insight into classical pathway complement evasion by Lyme disease spirochetes. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007659. [PMID: 30897158 PMCID: PMC6445466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The carboxy-terminal domain of the BBK32 protein from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, termed BBK32-C, binds and inhibits the initiating serine protease of the human classical complement pathway, C1r. In this study we investigated the function of BBK32 orthologues of the Lyme-associated Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, designated BAD16 from B. afzelii strain PGau and BGD19 from B. garinii strain IP90. Our data show that B. afzelii BAD16-C exhibits BBK32-C-like activities in all assays tested, including high-affinity binding to purified C1r protease and C1 complex, and potent inhibition of the classical complement pathway. Recombinant B. garinii BGD19-C also bound C1 and C1r with high-affinity yet exhibited significantly reduced in vitro complement inhibitory activities relative to BBK32-C or BAD16-C. Interestingly, natively produced BGD19 weakly recognized C1r relative to BBK32 and BAD16 and, unlike these proteins, BGD19 did not confer significant protection from serum killing. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to convert BBK32-C to resemble BGD19-C at three residue positions that are identical between BBK32 and BAD16 but different in BGD19. The resulting chimeric protein was designated BXK32-C and this BBK32-C variant mimicked the properties observed for BGD19-C. To query the disparate complement inhibitory activities of BBK32 orthologues, the crystal structure of BBK32-C was solved to 1.7Å limiting resolution. BBK32-C adopts an anti-parallel four-helix bundle fold with a fifth alpha-helix protruding from the helical core. The structure revealed that the three residues targeted in the BXK32-C chimera are surface-exposed, further supporting their potential relevance in C1r binding and inhibition. Additional binding assays showed that BBK32-C only recognized C1r fragments containing the serine protease domain. The structure-function studies reported here improve our understanding of how BBK32 recognizes and inhibits C1r and provide new insight into complement evasion mechanisms of Lyme-associated spirochetes of the B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex.
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37
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Shao S, Sun X, Chen Y, Zhan B, Zhu X. Complement Evasion: An Effective Strategy That Parasites Utilize to Survive in the Host. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:532. [PMID: 30949145 PMCID: PMC6435963 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections induce host immune responses that eliminate the invading parasites. However, parasites have evolved to develop many strategies to evade host immune attacks and survive in a hostile environment. The complement system acts as the first line of immune defense to eliminate the invading parasites by forming the membrane attack complex (MAC) and promoting an inflammatory reaction on the surface of invading parasites. To date, the complement activation pathway has been precisely delineated; however, the manner in which parasites escape complement attack, as a survival strategy in the host, is not well understood. Increasing evidence has shown that parasites develop sophisticated strategies to escape complement-mediated killing, including (i) recruitment of host complement regulatory proteins on the surface of the parasites to inhibit complement activation; (ii) expression of orthologs of host RCA to inhibit complement activation; and (iii) expression of parasite-encoded proteins, specifically targeting different complement components, to inhibit complement function and formation of the MAC. In this review, we compiled information regarding parasitic abilities to escape host complement attack as a survival strategy in the hostile environment of the host and the mechanisms underlying complement evasion. Effective escape of host complement attack is a crucial step for the survival of parasites within the host. Therefore, those proteins expressed by parasites and involved in the regulation of the complement system have become important targets for the development of drugs and vaccines against parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ximeng Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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38
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Yang Y, Back CR, Gräwert MA, Wahid AA, Denton H, Kildani R, Paulin J, Wörner K, Kaiser W, Svergun DI, Sartbaeva A, Watts AG, Marchbank KJ, van den Elsen JMH. Utilization of Staphylococcal Immune Evasion Protein Sbi as a Novel Vaccine Adjuvant. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3139. [PMID: 30687332 PMCID: PMC6336717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-ligation of the B cell antigen receptor with complement receptor 2 on B-cells via a C3d-opsonised antigen complex significantly lowers the threshold required for B cell activation. Consequently, fusions of antigens with C3d polymers have shown great potential in vaccine design. However, these linear arrays of C3d multimers do not mimic the natural opsonisation of antigens with C3d. Here we investigate the potential of using the unique complement activating characteristics of Staphylococcal immune-evasion protein Sbi to develop a pro-vaccine approach that spontaneously coats antigens with C3 degradation products in a natural way. We show that Sbi rapidly triggers the alternative complement pathway through recruitment of complement regulators, forming tripartite complexes that act as competitive antagonists of factor H, resulting in enhanced complement consumption. These functional results are corroborated by the structure of the complement activating Sbi-III-IV:C3d:FHR-1 complex. Finally, we demonstrate that Sbi, fused with Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen Ag85b, causes efficient opsonisation with C3 fragments, thereby enhancing the immune response significantly beyond that of Ag85b alone, providing proof of concept for our pro-vaccine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine R Back
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa A Gräwert
- Hamburg Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ayla A Wahid
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet Denton
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Kildani
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Paulin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Dmitri I Svergun
- Hamburg Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Asel Sartbaeva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Watts
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Marchbank
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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Mohamed M, Abu Lila AS, Shimizu T, Alaaeldin E, Hussein A, Sarhan HA, Szebeni J, Ishida T. PEGylated liposomes: immunological responses. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019; 20:710-724. [PMID: 31275462 PMCID: PMC6598536 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2019.1627174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A commonly held view is that nanocarriers conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG) are non-immunogenic. However, many studies have reported that unexpected immune responses have occurred against PEG-conjugated nanocarriers. One unanticipated response is the rapid clearance of PEGylated nanocarriers upon repeat administration, called the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon. ABC involves the production of antibodies toward nanocarrier components, including PEG, which reduces the safety and effectiveness of encapsulated therapeutic agents. Another immune response is the hypersensitivity or infusion reaction referred to as complement (C) activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA). Such immunogenicity and adverse reactivities of PEGylated nanocarriers may be of potential concern for the clinical use of PEGylated therapeutics. Accordingly, screening of the immunogenicity and CARPA reactogenicity of nanocarrier-based therapeutics should be a prerequisite before they can proceed into clinical studies. This review presents PEGylated liposomes, immunogenicity of PEG, the ABC phenomenon, C activation and lipid-induced CARPA from a toxicological point of view, and also addresses the factors that influence these adverse interactions with the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Amr S. Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Hail University, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Eman Alaaeldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Amal Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | | | - Janos Szebeni
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Institute of Pathophysiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- SeroScience LCC., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- CONTACT Tatsuhiro Ishida Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima770-8505, Japan
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40
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Complement factor H family proteins in their non-canonical role as modulators of cellular functions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 85:122-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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41
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Reiss T, Rosa TFDA, Blaesius K, Bobbert RP, Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Pradel G. Cutting Edge: FHR-1 Binding Impairs Factor H-Mediated Complement Evasion by the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3497-3502. [PMID: 30455399 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human complement is the first line of defense against invading pathogens, including the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum We previously demonstrated that human complement represents a particular threat for the clinically relevant blood stages of the parasite. To evade complement-mediated destruction, the parasites acquire factor H (FH) via specific receptors. We now report that the FH-related protein FHR-1 competes with FH for binding to the parasites. FHR-1, which is composed of five complement control protein domains with variable homology to FH but lacks C3b regulatory activity, accumulates on the surfaces of intraerythrocytic schizonts and free merozoites. Although binding of FH to schizont-infected RBCs and merozoites is increased in FHR-1-deficient human serum, the addition of recombinant FHR-1 decreases FH binding. The presence of FHR-1 consequently impairs C3b inactivation and parasite viability. We conclude that FHR-1 acts as a protective factor in human immunity by counteracting FH-mediated microbial complement evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Reiss
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Thiago F de A Rosa
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Katharina Blaesius
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Rebecca P Bobbert
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pradel
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; and
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42
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Dasari P, Shopova IA, Stroe M, Wartenberg D, Martin-Dahse H, Beyersdorf N, Hortschansky P, Dietrich S, Cseresnyés Z, Figge MT, Westermann M, Skerka C, Brakhage AA, Zipfel PF. Aspf2 From Aspergillus fumigatus Recruits Human Immune Regulators for Immune Evasion and Cell Damage. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1635. [PMID: 30166981 PMCID: PMC6106110 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus can cause life-threatening infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Most pathogenic microbes control host innate immune responses at the earliest time, already before infiltrating host immune cells arrive at the site of infection. Here, we identify Aspf2 as the first A. fumigatus Factor H-binding protein. Aspf2 recruits several human plasma regulators, Factor H, factor-H-like protein 1 (FHL-1), FHR1, and plasminogen. Factor H contacts Aspf2 via two regions located in SCRs6–7 and SCR20. FHL-1 binds via SCRs6–7, and FHR1 via SCRs3–5. Factor H and FHL-1 attached to Aspf2-maintained cofactor activity and assisted in C3b inactivation. A Δaspf2 knockout strain was generated which bound Factor H with 28% and FHL-1 with 42% lower intensity. In agreement with less immune regulator acquisition, when challenged with complement-active normal human serum, Δaspf2 conidia had substantially more C3b (>57%) deposited on their surface. Consequently, Δaspf2 conidia were more efficiently phagocytosed (>20%) and killed (44%) by human neutrophils as wild-type conidia. Furthermore, Aspf2 recruited human plasminogen and, when activated by tissue-type plasminogen activator, newly generated plasmin cleaved the chromogenic substrate S2251 and degraded fibrinogen. Furthermore, plasmin attached to conidia damaged human lung epithelial cells, induced cell retraction, and caused matrix exposure. Thus, Aspf2 is a central immune evasion protein and plasminogen ligand of A. fumigatus. By blocking host innate immune attack and by disrupting human lung epithelial cell layers, Aspf2 assists in early steps of fungal infection and likely allows tissue penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Dasari
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Iordana A Shopova
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Stroe
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Wartenberg
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Hans Martin-Dahse
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hortschansky
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dietrich
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Faculty for Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Zoltán Cseresnyés
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Research Group Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Faculty for Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Westermann
- Electron Microscopy Center of the University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Faculty for Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter F Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Faculty for Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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43
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Zwarthoff SA, Berends ETM, Mol S, Ruyken M, Aerts PC, Józsi M, de Haas CJC, Rooijakkers SHM, Gorham RD. Functional Characterization of Alternative and Classical Pathway C3/C5 Convertase Activity and Inhibition Using Purified Models. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1691. [PMID: 30083158 PMCID: PMC6064732 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is essential for the protection against infections; however, dysregulation of complement activation can cause onset and progression of numerous inflammatory diseases. Convertase enzymes play a central role in complement activation and produce the key mediators of complement: C3 convertases cleave C3 to generate chemoattractant C3a and label target cells with C3b, which promotes phagocytosis; C5 convertases cleave C5 into chemoattractant C5a, and C5b, which drives formation of the membrane attack complex. Since convertases mediate nearly all complement effector functions, they are ideal targets for therapeutic complement inhibition. A unique feature of convertases is their covalent attachment to target cells, which effectively confines complement activation to the cell surface. However, surface localization precludes detailed analysis of convertase activation and inhibition. In our previous work, we developed a model system to form purified alternative pathway (AP) C5 convertases on C3b-coated beads and quantify C5 conversion via functional analysis of released C5a. Here, we developed a C3aR cell reporter system that enables functional discrimination between C3 and C5 convertases. By regulating the C3b density on the bead surface, we observe that high C3b densities are important for conversion of C5, but not C3, by AP convertases. Screening of well-characterized complement-binding molecules revealed that differential inhibition of AP C3 convertases (C3bBb) and C5 convertases [C3bBb(C3b)n] is possible. Although both convertases contain C3b, the C3b-binding molecules Efb-C/Ecb and FHR5 specifically inhibit C5 conversion. Furthermore, using a new classical pathway convertase model, we show that these C3b-binding proteins not only block AP C3/C5 convertases but also inhibit formation of a functional classical pathway C5 convertase under well-defined conditions. Our models enable functional characterization of purified convertase enzymes and provide a platform for the identification and development of specific convertase inhibitors for treatment of complement-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seline A Zwarthoff
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Evelien T M Berends
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Mol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maartje Ruyken
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Piet C Aerts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Carla J C de Haas
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ronald D Gorham
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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van Beek AE, Sarr I, Correa S, Nwakanma D, Brouwer MC, Wouters D, Secka F, Anderson STB, Conway DJ, Walther M, Levin M, Kuijpers TW, Cunnington AJ. Complement Factor H Levels Associate With Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Susceptibility and Severity. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy166. [PMID: 30087905 PMCID: PMC6059171 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum may evade complement-mediated host defense by hijacking complement Factor H (FH), a negative regulator of the alternative complement pathway. Plasma levels of FH vary between individuals and may therefore influence malaria susceptibility and severity. Methods We measured convalescent FH plasma levels in 149 Gambian children who had recovered from uncomplicated or severe P. falciparum malaria and in 173 healthy control children. We compared FH plasma levels between children with malaria and healthy controls, and between children with severe (n = 82) and uncomplicated malaria (n = 67). We determined associations between FH plasma levels and laboratory features of severity and used multivariate analyses to examine associations with FH when accounting for other determinants of severity. Results FH plasma levels differed significantly between controls, uncomplicated malaria cases, and severe malaria cases (mean [95% confidence interval], 257 [250 to 264], 288 [268 to 309], and 328 [313 to 344] µg/mL, respectively; analysis of variance P < .0001). FH plasma levels correlated with severity biomarkers, including lactate, parasitemia, and parasite density, but did not correlate with levels of PfHRP2, which represent the total body parasite load. Associations with severity and lactate remained significant when adjusting for age and parasite load. Conclusions Natural variation in FH plasma levels is associated with malaria susceptibility and severity. A prospective study will be needed to strengthen evidence for causation, but our findings suggest that interfering with FH binding by P. falciparum might be useful for malaria prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E van Beek
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Isatou Sarr
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Simon Correa
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Davis Nwakanma
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Mieke C Brouwer
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Diana Wouters
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fatou Secka
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Suzanne T B Anderson
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - David J Conway
- Department of Pathogen and Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Walther
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Michael Levin
- Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Sánchez-Corral P, Pouw RB, López-Trascasa M, Józsi M. Self-Damage Caused by Dysregulation of the Complement Alternative Pathway: Relevance of the Factor H Protein Family. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1607. [PMID: 30050540 PMCID: PMC6052053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternative pathway is a continuously active surveillance arm of the complement system, and it can also enhance complement activation initiated by the classical and the lectin pathways. Various membrane-bound and plasma regulatory proteins control the activation of the potentially deleterious complement system. Among the regulators, the plasma glycoprotein factor H (FH) is the main inhibitor of the alternative pathway and its powerful amplification loop. FH belongs to a protein family that also includes FH-like protein 1 and five factor H-related (FHR-1 to FHR-5) proteins. Genetic variants and abnormal rearrangements involving the FH protein family have been linked to numerous systemic and organ-specific diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, and the renal pathologies atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, C3 glomerulopathies, and IgA nephropathy. This review covers the known and recently emerged ligands and interactions of the human FH family proteins associated with disease and discuss the very recent experimental data that suggest FH-antagonistic and complement-activating functions for the FHR proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Sánchez-Corral
- Complement Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard B Pouw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Margarita López-Trascasa
- Complement Research Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mihály Józsi
- Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE Research Group of Immunology and Hematology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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46
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Goicoechea de Jorge E, López Lera A, Bayarri-Olmos R, Yebenes H, Lopez-Trascasa M, Rodríguez de Córdoba S. Common and rare genetic variants of complement components in human disease. Mol Immunol 2018; 102:42-57. [PMID: 29914697 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variability in the complement system and its association with disease has been known for more than 50 years, but only during the last decade have we begun to understand how this complement genetic variability contributes to the development of diseases. A number of reports have described important genotype-phenotype correlations that associate particular diseases with genetic variants altering specific aspects of the activation and regulation of the complement system. The detailed functional characterization of some of these genetic variants provided key insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these pathologies, which is facilitating the design of specific anti-complement therapies. Importantly, these analyses have sometimes revealed unknown features of the complement proteins. As a whole, these advances have delineated the functional implications of genetic variability in the complement system, which supports the implementation of a precision medicine approach based on the complement genetic makeup of the patients. Here we provide an overview of rare complement variants and common polymorphisms associated with disease and discuss what we have learned from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Goicoechea de Jorge
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto López Lera
- Research Institute Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain; Ciber de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Bayarri-Olmos
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hugo Yebenes
- Ciber de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain; Molecular Pathology and Complement Genetics Unit. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Santiago Rodríguez de Córdoba
- Ciber de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Spain; Molecular Pathology and Complement Genetics Unit. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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47
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Yang Y, Denton H, Davies OR, Smith-Jackson K, Kerr H, Herbert AP, Barlow PN, Pickering MC, Marchbank KJ. An Engineered Complement Factor H Construct for Treatment of C3 Glomerulopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1649-1661. [PMID: 29588430 PMCID: PMC6054357 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017091006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) is associated with dysregulation of the alternative pathway of complement activation, and treatment options for C3G remain limited. Complement factor H (FH) is a potent regulator of the alternative pathway and might offer a solution, but the mass and complexity of FH makes generation of full-length FH far from trivial. We previously generated a mini-FH construct, with FH short consensus repeats 1-5 linked to repeats 18-20 (FH1-5^18-20), that was effective in experimental C3G. However, the serum t1/2 of FH1-5^18-20 was significantly shorter than that of serum-purified FH.Methods We introduced the oligomerization domain of human FH-related protein 1 (denoted by R1-2) at the carboxy or amino terminus of human FH1-5^18-20 to generate two homodimeric mini-FH constructs (FHR1-2^1-5^18-20 and FH1-5^18-20^R1-2, respectively) in Chinese hamster ovary cells and tested these constructs using binding, fluid-phase, and erythrocyte lysis assays, followed by experiments in FH-deficient Cfh-/- mice.Results FHR1-2^1-5^18-20 and FH1-5^18-20^R1-2 homodimerized in solution and displayed avid binding profiles on clustered C3b surfaces, particularly FHR1-2^1-5^18-20 Each construct was >10-fold more effective than FH at inhibiting cell surface complement activity in vitro and restricted glomerular basement membrane C3 deposition in vivo significantly better than FH or FH1-5^18-20 FH1-5^18-20^R1-2 had a C3 breakdown fragment binding profile similar to that of FH, a >5-fold increase in serum t1/2 compared with that of FH1-5^18-20, and significantly better retention in the kidney than FH or FH1-5^18-20Conclusions FH1-5^18-20^R1-2 may have utility as a treatment option for C3G or other complement-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Harriet Denton
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Owen R Davies
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kate Smith-Jackson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Heather Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK; and
| | - Andrew P Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK; and
| | - Paul N Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK; and
| | | | - Kevin J Marchbank
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK;
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Thiriard A, Raze D, Locht C. Diversion of complement-mediated killing by Bordetella. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:512-520. [PMID: 29454132 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The complement cascade participates in protection against bacterial infections, and pathogens, including Bordetella pertussis, have developed complement-evading strategies. Here we discuss current knowledge on B. pertussis complement evasion strategies and the role of antibody-dependent complement-mediated killing in protection against B. pertussis infection pointing out important knowledge gaps for further research to improve current pertussis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Thiriard
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Dominique Raze
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Camille Locht
- Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, Inserm U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Crystal structure of a tripartite complex between C3dg, C-terminal domains of factor H and OspE of Borrelia burgdorferi. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188127. [PMID: 29190743 PMCID: PMC5708776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is an important part of innate immunity. The alternative pathway of complement is activated when the main opsonin, C3b coats non-protected surfaces leading to opsonisation, phagocytosis and cell lysis. The alternative pathway is tightly controlled to prevent autoactivation towards host cells. The main regulator of the alternative pathway is factor H (FH), a soluble glycoprotein that terminates complement activation in multiple ways. FH recognizes host cell surfaces via domains 19-20 (FH19-20). All microbes including Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, must evade complement activation to allow the infectious agent to survive in its host. One major mechanism that Borrelia uses is to recruit FH from host. Several outer surface proteins (Osp) have been described to bind FH via the C-terminus, and OspE is one of them. Here we report the structure of the tripartite complex formed by OspE, FH19-20 and C3dg at 3.18 Å, showing that OspE and C3dg can bind simultaneously to FH19-20. This verifies that FH19-20 interacts via the "common microbial binding site" on domain 20 with OspE and simultaneously and independently via domain 19 with C3dg. The spatial organization of the tripartite complex explains how OspE on the bacterial surface binds FH19-20, leaving FH fully available to protect the bacteria against complement. Additionally, formation of tripartite complex between FH, microbial protein and C3dg might enable enhanced protection, particularly on those regions on the bacteria where previous complement activation led to deposition of C3d. This might be especially important for slow-growing bacteria that cause chronic disease like Borrelia burgdorferi.
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50
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Cserhalmi M, Csincsi ÁI, Mezei Z, Kopp A, Hebecker M, Uzonyi B, Józsi M. The Murine Factor H-Related Protein FHR-B Promotes Complement Activation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1145. [PMID: 28974948 PMCID: PMC5610720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor H-related (FHR) proteins consist of varying number of complement control protein domains that display various degrees of sequence identity to respective domains of the alternative pathway complement inhibitor factor H (FH). While such FHR proteins are described in several species, only human FHRs were functionally investigated. Their biological role is still poorly understood and in part controversial. Recent studies on some of the human FHRs strongly suggest a role for FHRs in enhancing complement activation via competing with FH for binding to certain ligands and surfaces. The aim of the current study was the functional characterization of a murine FHR, FHR-B. To this end, FHR-B was expressed in recombinant form. Recombinant FHR-B bound to human C3b and was able to compete with human FH for C3b binding. FHR-B supported the assembly of functionally active C3bBb alternative pathway C3 convertase via its interaction with C3b. This activity was confirmed by demonstrating C3 activation in murine serum. In addition, FHR-B bound to murine pentraxin 3 (PTX3), and this interaction resulted in murine C3 fragment deposition due to enhanced complement activation in mouse serum. FHR-B also induced C3 deposition on C-reactive protein, the extracellular matrix (ECM) extract Matrigel, and endothelial cell-derived ECM when exposed to mouse serum. Moreover, mouse C3 deposition was strongly enhanced on necrotic Jurkat T cells and the mouse B cell line A20 by FHR-B. FHR-B also induced lysis of sheep erythrocytes when incubated in mouse serum with FHR-B added in excess. Altogether, these data demonstrate that, similar to human FHR-1 and FHR-5, mouse FHR-B modulates complement activity by promoting complement activation via interaction with C3b and via competition with murine FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell Cserhalmi
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám I Csincsi
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Mezei
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anne Kopp
- Junior Research Group for Cellular Immunobiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Hebecker
- Junior Research Group for Cellular Immunobiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Uzonyi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Józsi
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Complement Research Group, Department of Immunology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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