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Li C, Yao QQ, Li J. Druggability properties of a L309K mutation in the antibody CH2 domain. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:152. [PMID: 38742229 PMCID: PMC11088599 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In the early stages of antibody drug development, it is imperative to conduct a comprehensive assessment and enhancement of the druggability attributes of potential molecules by considering their fundamental physicochemical properties. This study specifically concentrates on the surface-exposed hydrophobic region of the candidate antibody aPDL1-WT and explores the effectiveness of the L309K mutation strategy. The resulting aPDL1-LK variant demonstrates a notable enhancement over the original antibody in addressing the issue of aggregation and formation of large molecular impurities under accelerated high-temperature conditions. The mutated molecule, aPDL1-LK, exhibits excellent physicochemical properties such as hydrophilicity, conformational stability, charge variant stability, post-translational modifications, and serum stability. In terms of biological function, aPDL1-LK maintains the same glycosylation pattern as the original antibody and shows no significant difference in affinity for antigen hPDL1 protein, CD16a-F158, CD64, CD32a-H131, and complement C1q, compared to aPDL1-WT. The L309K mutation results in an approximately twofold reduction in its affinity for CD16a-V158 and CD32a-R131. In vitro biological assays, including antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), reveal that the L309K mutation may decrease CD16a-V158-mediated ADCC activity due to the mutation-induced decrease in ligand affinity, while not affect CD32a-R131-mediated ADCP activity. In conclusion, the L309K mutation offers a promising strategy to enhance the druggability properties of candidate antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
| | - Qing-qing Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
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2
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Pisuttinusart N, Shanmugaraj B, Srisaowakarn C, Ketloy C, Prompetchara E, Thitithanyanont A, Phoolcharoen W. Immunogenicity of a recombinant plant-produced respiratory syncytial virus F subunit vaccine in mice. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 41:e00826. [PMID: 38234330 PMCID: PMC10793081 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2023.e00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a highly infectious respiratory virus that causes serious illness, particularly in young children, elderly people, and those with immunocompromised individuals. RSV infection is the leading cause of infant hospitalization and can lead to serious complications such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Currently, there is an RSV vaccine approved exclusively for the elderly population, but no approved vaccine specifically designed for infants or any other age groups. Therefore, it is crucial to continue the development of an RSV vaccine specifically tailored for these populations. In this study, the immunogenicity of the two plant-produced RSV-F Fc fusion proteins (Native construct and structural stabilized construct) were examined to assess them as potential vaccine candidates for RSV. The RSV-F Fc fusion proteins were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana and purified using protein A affinity column chromatography. The recombinant RSV-F Fc fusion protein was recognized by the monoclonal antibody Motavizumab specific against RSV-F protein. Moreover, the immunogenicity of the two purified RSV-F Fc proteins were evaluated in mice by formulating with different adjuvants. According to our results, the plant-produced RSV-F Fc fusion protein is immunogenic in mice. These preliminary findings, demonstrate the immunogenicity of plant-based RSV-F Fc fusion protein, however, further preclinical studies such as antigen dose and adjuvant optimization, safety, toxicity, and challenge studies in animal models are necessary in order to prove the vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuttapat Pisuttinusart
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Balamurugan Shanmugaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore - 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
- Baiya Phytopharm Co., Ltd, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanya Srisaowakarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutitorn Ketloy
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Eakachai Prompetchara
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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3
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Pastrana B, Culyba E, Nieves S, Sazinsky SL, Canto EI, Noda I. Streamlined Multi-Attribute Assessment of an Array of Clinical-Stage Antibodies: Relationship Between Degradation and Stability. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024:37028241231824. [PMID: 38419510 DOI: 10.1177/00037028241231824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Clinical antibodies are an important class of drugs for the treatment of both chronic and acute diseases. Their manufacturability is subject to evaluation to ensure product quality and efficacy. One critical quality attribute is deamidation, a non-enzymatic process that is observed to occur during thermal stress, at low or high pH, or a combination thereof. Deamidation may induce antibody instability and lead to aggregation, which may pose immunogenicity concerns. The introduction of a negative charge via deamidation may impact the desired therapeutic function (i) within the complementarity-determining region, potentially causing loss of efficacy; or (ii) within the fragment crystallizable region, limiting the effector function involving antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Here we describe a transformative solution that allows for a comparative assessment of deamidation and its impact on stability and aggregation. The innovative streamlined method evaluates the intact protein in its formulation conditions. This breakthrough platform technology is comprised of a quantum cascade laser microscope, a slide cell array that allows for flexibility in the design of experiments, and dedicated software. The enhanced spectral resolution is achieved using two-dimensional correlation, co-distribution, and two-trace two-dimensional correlation spectroscopies that reveal the molecular impact of deamidation. Eight re-engineered immunoglobulin G4 scaffold clinical antibodies under control and forced degradation conditions were evaluated for deamidation and aggregation. We determined the site of deamidation, the overall extent of deamidation, and where applicable, whether the deamidation event led to self-association or aggregation of the clinical antibody and the molecular events that led to the instability. The results were confirmed using orthogonal techniques for four of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Pastrana
- Research and Development, Protein Dynamic Solutions, Inc., Wakefield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth Culyba
- Research and Development, Protein Dynamic Solutions, Inc., Wakefield, Massachusetts, USA
- Antibody Discovery, Verseau Therapeutics, Inc., Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sherly Nieves
- Research and Development, Protein Dynamic Solutions, Inc., Wakefield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen L Sazinsky
- Antibody Discovery, Verseau Therapeutics, Inc., Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eduardo I Canto
- Translational Sciences, Auxilio BioLab, Auxilio Mutuo Hospital, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Isao Noda
- Infectious Disease Research, Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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4
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Zare H, Farkhondeh T, Bakherad H, Sharifi H, Shirzeyli MH, Samarghandian S, Ghasemi F. Covid-19 Prevention and Treatment by Targeting Fc-fusion Proteins: An Experience to Fight Emerging Diseases. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:428-434. [PMID: 37038291 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230410093243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has been considered a major threat to human health. Effective therapeutic approaches are urgently required. Spike protein and the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors have critical roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a result, these two proteins are considered potential targets for the development of a wide variety of biotherapeutics and vaccines for controlling Covid-19. The fusion proteins have desirable medicinal properties, including high serum half-life, stability, and solubility in the body. Moreover, other Fc-fusion proteins used to treat other diseases have no known side effects. These Fc-fusion proteins are valuable biopharmaceuticals and have been proposed as therapeutic candidates for the treatment and prevention of Covid-19 owing to their potential therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Zare
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Hamid Bakherad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hengame Sharifi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Maryam Hosseinzade Shirzeyli
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur. Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ghasemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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5
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Keri D, Walker M, Singh I, Nishikawa K, Garces F. Next generation of multispecific antibody engineering. Antib Ther 2024; 7:37-52. [PMID: 38235376 PMCID: PMC10791046 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Multispecific antibodies recognize two or more epitopes located on the same or distinct targets. This added capability through protein design allows these man-made molecules to address unmet medical needs that are no longer possible with single targeting such as with monoclonal antibodies or cytokines alone. However, the approach to the development of these multispecific molecules has been met with numerous road bumps, which suggests that a new workflow for multispecific molecules is required. The investigation of the molecular basis that mediates the successful assembly of the building blocks into non-native quaternary structures will lead to the writing of a playbook for multispecifics. This is a must do if we are to design workflows that we can control and in turn predict success. Here, we reflect on the current state-of-the-art of therapeutic biologics and look at the building blocks, in terms of proteins, and tools that can be used to build the foundations of such a next-generation workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keri
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Matt Walker
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Isha Singh
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Kyle Nishikawa
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Fernando Garces
- Department of Protein Therapeutics, Research, Gilead Research, 324 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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Trentin-Sonoda M, Zimpelmann J, Tailor K, Gillard JW, Yoganathan N, Sulea T, Burns KD. Effects of Two Soluble ACE2-Fc Variants on Blood Pressure and Albuminuria in Hypertensive Mice: Research Letter. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2023; 10:20543581231207146. [PMID: 37881406 PMCID: PMC10594958 DOI: 10.1177/20543581231207146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) hydrolyzes angiotensin (Ang) II to Ang-(1-7), promoting vasodilatation, and inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. Plasma membrane ACE2 is the receptor for all known SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) viral variants. In COVID-19 infection, soluble ACE2 variants may act as decoys to bind and neutralize the coronavirus, reducing its tissue infectivity. Furthermore, soluble ACE2 variants have been proposed as potential therapeutics for kidney disease and hypertensive disorders. Objective Soluble ACE2 variants conjugated to human Fc domains and selected for high-potency viral SARS-CoV-2 neutralization were prepared and evaluated for ACE2 activity in vitro. Lead candidates were then tested for systemic ACE2 activity, stability, and effects on blood pressure and albuminuria in mice with Ang II-induced hypertension. Methods ACE2 activity of 10 soluble ACE2 variants was first assessed in cell-free conditions using a fluorogenic substrate, or by Ang II hydrolysis to Ang-(1-7). Hypertension was induced in male or female mice by implantation of osmotic minipumps containing Ang II. Two lead ACE2 variants were injected intravenously (i.v.) into hypertensive mice, followed by measurements of blood pressure (tail-cuff plethysmography), albuminuria, and tissue ACE2 activity and protein (immunoblots). Results Soluble ACE2-Fc variants demonstrated significant ACE2 enzymatic activity, with kinetics comparable with human recombinant ACE2. In hypertensive mice, single dose i.v. injection of ACE2-Fc variant K (10 mg/kg) significantly decreased systolic blood pressure at 24 hours, with partial lowering sustained to 48 hours, and tendency to reduce albuminuria at 72 hours. By contrast, ACE2-Fc variant I had no effect on blood pressure or albuminuria in hypertensive mice; ACE2-Fc variant K was detected by immunoblotting in plasma, kidney, heart, lung, liver, and spleen lysates 72 hours after injection, associated with significantly increased ACE2 activity in all tissues except kidney and spleen. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-Fc variant I had no effect on plasma ACE2 activity. Conclusions Soluble ACE2-Fc variant K reduces blood pressure and tends to lower albuminuria in hypertensive mice. Furthermore, soluble ACE2-Fc variant K has prolonged tissue retention, associated with increased tissue ACE2 activity. The results support further studies directed at the therapeutic potential of soluble ACE2-Fc variant K for cardiovascular and kidney protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Trentin-Sonoda
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph Zimpelmann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karishma Tailor
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Traian Sulea
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin D. Burns
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kidney Research Centre, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Kiyoshi M, Nakakido M, Rafique A, Tada M, Aoyama M, Terao Y, Nagatoishi S, Shibata H, Ide T, Tsumoto K, Ito Y, Ishii-Watabe A. Specific peptide conjugation to a therapeutic antibody leads to enhanced therapeutic potency and thermal stability by reduced Fc dynamics. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16561. [PMID: 37783706 PMCID: PMC10545826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates are powerful tools for combatting a wide array of cancers. Drug conjugation to a therapeutic antibody often alters molecular characteristics, such as hydrophobicity and effector function, resulting in quality deterioration. To develop a drug conjugation methodology that maintains the molecular characteristics of the antibody, we engineered a specific peptide for conjugation to the Fc region. We used trastuzumab and the chelator (DOTA) as model antibody and payload, respectively. Interestingly, peptide/DOTA-conjugated trastuzumab exhibited enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and increased thermal stability. Detailed structural and thermodynamic analysis clarified that the conjugated peptide blocks the Fc dynamics like a "wedge." We revealed that (1) decreased molecular entropy results in enhanced ADCC, and (2) blockade of Fc denaturation results in increased thermal stability. Thus, we believe that our methodology is superior not only for drug conjugation but also as for reinforcing therapeutic antibodies to enhance ADCC and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abdur Rafique
- Chemistry Program, Department of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michihiko Aoyama
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shibata
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- Chemistry Program, Department of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Jung JW, Park PG, Lee WK, Shin JH, Jang MH, Seo EH, An T, Kim YB, Moon MH, Choi SK, Yun JS, Hong KJ, Kim SR. Production of Plant-Derived Japanese Encephalitis Virus Multi-Epitope Peptide in Nicotiana benthamiana and Immunological Response in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11643. [PMID: 37511402 PMCID: PMC10380836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The current production of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine is based on animal cells, where various risk factors for human health should be resolved. This study used a transient expression system to express the chimeric protein composed of antigenic epitopes from the JEV envelope (E) protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. JEV multi-epitope peptide (MEP) sequences fused with FLAG-tag or 6× His-tag at the C- or N-terminus for the purification were introduced into plant expression vectors and used for transient expression. Among the constructs, vector pSK480, which expresses MEP fused with a FLAG-tag at the C-terminus, showed the highest level of expression and yield in purification. Optimization of transient expression procedures further improved the target protein yield. The purified MEP protein was applied to an ICR mouse and successfully induced an antibody against JEV, which demonstrates the potential of the plant-produced JEV MEP as an alternative vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Wan Jung
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
- PhytoMab Co., Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Gu Park
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hye Shin
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
- PhytoMab Co., Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hwa Jang
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
- PhytoMab Co., Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy An
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Beom Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jee Sun Yun
- Eubiologics Co., Seoul 06026, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Jong Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ryong Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
- PhytoMab Co., Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
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9
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Laotee S, Duangkaew M, Jivapetthai A, Tharakhet K, Kaewpang P, Prompetchara E, Phumiamorn S, Sapsutthipas S, Trisiriwanich S, Somsaard T, Roytrakul S, Duangkhae P, Ongpipattanakul B, Limpikirati P, Pornputtapong N, Arunmanee W. CHO-produced RBD-Fc subunit vaccines with alternative adjuvants generate immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288486. [PMID: 37450510 PMCID: PMC10348575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Subunit vaccines feature critical advantages over other vaccine platforms such as stability, price, and minimal adverse effects. To maximize immunological protection of subunit vaccines, adjuvants are considered as main components that are formulated within the subunit vaccine. They can modulate adverse effects and enhance immune outcomes. However, the most suitable formulation providing the best immunological outcomes and safety are still under investigation. In this report, we combined recombinant RBD with human IgG1 Fc to create an RBD dimer. This fusion protein was expressed in CHO and formulated with alternative adjuvants with different immune activation including Montanide ISA51, Poly (I:C), and MPLA/Quil-A® as potential vaccine candidate formulations. Using the murine model, a potent induction of anti-RBD IgG antibodies in immunized mice sera were observed. IgG subclass analyses (IgG1/IgG2a) illustrated that all adjuvanted formulations could stimulate both Th1 and Th2-type immune responses in particular Poly (I:C) and MPLA/Quil-A®, eliciting greater balance. In addition, Montanide ISA51-formulated RBD-Fc vaccination provided a promising level of neutralizing antibodies against live wild-type SARS-CoV-2 in vitro followed by Poly (I:C) and MPLA/Quil-A®, respectively. Also, mice sera from adjuvanted formulations could strongly inhibit RBD:ACE2 interaction. This study offers immunogenicity profiles, forecasted safety based on Vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) caused by Th1-skewed immunity, and neutralizing antibody analysis of candidates of RBD-Fc-based subunit vaccine formulations to obtain an alternative subunit vaccine formulation against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedthawut Laotee
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Methawee Duangkaew
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Araya Jivapetthai
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittipan Tharakhet
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Papatsara Kaewpang
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eakachai Prompetchara
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Integrated Frontier Biotechnology for Emerging Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Phumiamorn
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sompong Sapsutthipas
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sakalin Trisiriwanich
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Thitiporn Somsaard
- Institute of Biological Products, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Parichat Duangkhae
- Viral Vaccine Unit, Biologics Research Group, Research and Development Institute, The Government Pharmaceutical Organization, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonsri Ongpipattanakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patanachai Limpikirati
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natapol Pornputtapong
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanatchaporn Arunmanee
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Hiranyakorn M, Iwamoto S, Hoshinoo A, Tsumura R, Takashima H, Yasunaga M, Manabe S. Chromatographic Analysis of the N-Glycan Profile on Therapeutic Antibodies Using FcγRIIIa Affinity Column Chromatography. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:16513-16518. [PMID: 37179638 PMCID: PMC10173337 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
N-Linked glycosylation on IgG has a profound impact on antibody functions. The relationship between the N-glycan structure and the binding affinity of FcγRIIIa, relating to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, is important for the efficient development of a therapeutic antibody. Here, we report an influence of the N-glycan structure of IgGs, Fc fragments, and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) on FcγRIIIa affinity column chromatography. We compared the retention time of several IgGs with heterogeneous and homogeneous N-glycans. IgGs with a heterogeneous N-glycan structure provided several peaks in column chromatography. On the other hand, homogeneous IgGs and ADCs gave a single peak in column chromatography. The length of glycan on IgG also affected the retention time of the FcγRIIIa column, suggesting that the length of glycan is also impacted by binding affinity to FcγRIIIa, resulting in ADCC activity. This analytic methodology provides evaluation of the binding affinity of FcγRIIIa and ADCC activity, not only full-length IgG but also Fc fragments, which are difficult to measure in a cell-based assay. Furthermore, we showed that the glycan-remodeling strategy controls the ADCC activity of IgGs, Fc fragment, and ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Methanee Hiranyakorn
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecule Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Department, Hoshi University, Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Shogo Iwamoto
- Fushimi
Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nakatsu, Marugame, Kagawa 763-8605 Japan
| | - Asako Hoshinoo
- Fushimi
Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nakatsu, Marugame, Kagawa 763-8605 Japan
| | - Ryo Tsumura
- Division
of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory
Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa City 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takashima
- Division
of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory
Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa City 277-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yasunaga
- Division
of Developmental Therapeutics, Exploratory
Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa City 277-8577, Japan
| | - Shino Manabe
- Laboratory
of Functional Molecule Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Department, Hoshi University, Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Institute
of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
- Research
Center for Pharmaceutical Development Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences & Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- ; . Tel.: + 81-3-5498-5770. Fax: +81-3-5498-5837
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11
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Wilkinson I, Hale G. Systematic analysis of the varied designs of 819 therapeutic antibodies and Fc fusion proteins assigned international nonproprietary names. MAbs 2022; 14:2123299. [PMID: 36109838 PMCID: PMC9481088 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2123299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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12
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Pomarici ND, Fernández-Quintero ML, Quoika PK, Waibl F, Bujotzek A, Georges G, Liedl KR. Bispecific antibodies-effects of point mutations on CH3-CH3 interface stability. Protein Eng Des Sel 2022; 35:6873150. [PMID: 36468666 PMCID: PMC9741699 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new format of therapeutic proteins is bispecific antibodies, in which two different heavy chains heterodimerize to obtain two different binding sites. Therefore, it is crucial to understand and optimize the third constant domain (CH3-CH3) interface to favor heterodimerization over homodimerization, and to preserve the physicochemical properties, as thermal stability. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dissociation process of 19 CH3-CH3 crystal structures that differ from each other in few point mutations. We describe the dissociation of the dimeric interface as a two-steps mechanism. As confirmed by a Markov state model, apart from the bound and the dissociated state, we observe an additional intermediate state, which corresponds to an encounter complex. The analysis of the interdomain contacts reveals key residues that stabilize the interface. We expect that our results will improve the understanding of the CH3-CH3 interface interactions and thus advance the developability and design of new antibodies formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D Pomarici
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monica L Fernández-Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick K Quoika
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria,Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA), Department of Physics, Chair of Theoretical Biophysics, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 8, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Franz Waibl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Bujotzek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
| | - Guy Georges
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, 82377, Germany
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13
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Chen L, Zhang H, Li M, Wu B, Zhang Z, Gong R. An intranasal vaccine targeting the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 elicits a protective immune response. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1005321. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen responsible for COVID-19, has caused an ongoing worldwide pandemic. Due to the rapid emergence of variants of concern (VOCs), novel vaccines and vaccination strategies are urgently needed. We developed an intranasal vaccine consisting of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) fused to the antibody Fc fragment (RBD-Fc). RBD-Fc could induce strong humoral immune responses via intranasal vaccination. Notably, this immunogen could efficiently induce IgG and IgA and establish mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract. The induced antibodies could efficiently neutralize wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and currently identified SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, including the Omicron variant. In a mouse model, intranasal immunization could provide complete protection against a lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Unfortunately, the limitation of our study is the small number of animals used in the immune response analysis. Our results suggest that recombinant RBD-Fc delivered via intranasal vaccination has considerable potential as a mucosal vaccine that may reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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14
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Mark JKK, Lim CSY, Nordin F, Tye GJ. Expression of mammalian proteins for diagnostics and therapeutics: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10593-10608. [PMID: 35674877 PMCID: PMC9175168 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07651-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies have proven to be remarkably successful for biomedical applications. They play important roles in epidemiology and medicine from diagnostics of diseases to therapeutics, treating diseases from incessant chronic diseases such as rheumatology to pandemic outbreaks. With no end in sight for the demand for antibody products, optimizations and new techniques must be expanded to accommodate this. METHODS AND RESULTS This review discusses optimizations and techniques for antibody production through choice of discovery platforms, expression systems, cell culture mediums, and other strategies to increase expression yield. Each system has its own merits and demerits, and the strategy chosen is critical in addressing various biological aspects. CONCLUSIONS There is still insufficient evidence to validate the efficacy of some of these techniques, and further research is needed to consolidate these industrial production systems. There is no doubt that more strategies, systems, and pipelines will contribute to enhance biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kar Kei Mark
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Minden, Malaysia
| | - Crystale Siew Ying Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No 1 Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Taman Connaught, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Fazlina Nordin
- Tissue Engineering Centre (TEC), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC), 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Minden, Malaysia.
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15
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Cavallero GJ, Wang Y, Nwosu C, Gu S, Meiyappan M, Zaia J. O-Glycoproteomic analysis of engineered heavily glycosylated fusion proteins using nanoHILIC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7855-7863. [PMID: 36136114 PMCID: PMC9568489 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant protein engineering design affects therapeutic properties including protein efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity. Importantly, glycosylation modulates glycoprotein therapeutic pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and effector functions. Furthermore, the development of fusion proteins requires in-depth characterization of the protein integrity and its glycosylation to evaluate their critical quality attributes. Fc-fusion proteins can be modified by complex glycosylation on the active peptide, the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain, and the linker peptides. Moreover, the type of glycosylation and the glycan distribution at a given glycosite depend on the host cell line and the expression system conditions that significantly impact safety and efficacy. Because of the inherent heterogeneity of glycosylation, it is necessary to assign glycan structural detail for glycoprotein quality control. Using conventional reversed-phase LC-MS methods, the different glycoforms at a given glycosite elute over a narrow retention time window, and glycopeptide ionization is suppressed by co-eluting non-modified peptides. To overcome this drawback, we used nanoHILIC-MS to characterize the complex glycosylation of UTI-Fc, a fusion protein that greatly increases the half-life of ulinastatin. By this methodology, we identified and characterized ulinastatin glycopeptides at the Fc domain and linker peptide. The results described herein demonstrate the advantages of nanoHILIC-MS to elucidate glycan features on glycotherapeutics that fail to be detected using traditional reversed-phase glycoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo J Cavallero
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Charles Nwosu
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Sheng Gu
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Muthuraman Meiyappan
- Analytical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., Lexington, MA, 02421, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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16
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Obeng EM, Fianu I, Danquah MK. Multivalent ACE2 engineering-A promising pathway for advanced coronavirus nanomedicine development. NANO TODAY 2022; 46:101580. [PMID: 35942040 PMCID: PMC9350675 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The spread of coronavirus diseases has resulted in a clarion call to develop potent drugs and vaccines even as different strains appear beyond human prediction. An initial step that is integral to the viral entry into host cells results from an active-targeted interaction of the viral spike (S) proteins and the cell surface receptor, called angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Thus, engineered ACE2 has been an interesting decoy inhibitor against emerging coronavirus infestation. This article discusses promising innovative ACE2 engineering pathways for current and emerging coronavirus therapeutic development. First, we provide a brief discussion of some ACE2-associated human coronaviruses and their cell invasion mechanism. Then, we describe and contrast the individual spike proteins and ACE2 receptor interactions, highlighting crucial hotspots across the ACE2-associated coronaviruses. Lastly, we address the importance of multivalency in ACE2 nanomedicine engineering and discuss novel approaches to develop and achieve multivalent therapeutic outcomes. Beyond coronaviruses, these approaches will serve as a paradigm to develop new and improved treatment technologies against pathogens that use ACE2 receptor for invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene M Obeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Isaac Fianu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee, 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, United States
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17
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Lou H, Cao X. Antibody variable region engineering for improving cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:804-827. [PMID: 35822503 PMCID: PMC9456695 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy and specificity of conventional monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs in the clinic require further improvement. Currently, the development and application of novel antibody formats for improving cancer immunotherapy have attracted much attention. Variable region-retaining antibody fragments, such as antigen-binding fragment (Fab), single-chain variable fragment (scFv), bispecific antibody, and bi/trispecific cell engagers, are engineered with humanization, multivalent antibody construction, affinity optimization and antibody masking for targeting tumor cells and killer cells to improve antibody-based therapy potency, efficacy and specificity. In this review, we summarize the application of antibody variable region engineering and discuss the future direction of antibody engineering for improving cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hantao Lou
- Ludwig Institute of Cancer ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7DRUK
- Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7FZUK
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Chinese Academy for Medical Sciences Oxford InstituteNuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX3 7FZUK
- Department of ImmunologyCentre for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical SciencesChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing100005P. R. China
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18
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Lau D, Corrie PG, Gallagher FA. MRI techniques for immunotherapy monitoring. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004708. [PMID: 36122963 PMCID: PMC9486399 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI is a widely available clinical tool for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. MRI provides excellent soft tissue imaging, using a wide range of contrast mechanisms, and can non-invasively detect tissue metabolites. These approaches can be used to distinguish cancer from normal tissues, to stratify tumor aggressiveness, and to identify changes within both the tumor and its microenvironment in response to therapy. In this review, the role of MRI in immunotherapy monitoring will be discussed and how it could be utilized in the future to address some of the unique clinical questions that arise from immunotherapy. For example, MRI could play a role in identifying pseudoprogression, mixed response, T cell infiltration, cell tracking, and some of the characteristic immune-related adverse events associated with these agents. The factors to be considered when developing MRI imaging biomarkers for immunotherapy will be reviewed. Finally, the advantages and limitations of each approach will be discussed, as well as the challenges for future clinical translation into routine clinical care. Given the increasing use of immunotherapy in a wide range of cancers and the ability of MRI to detect the microstructural and functional changes associated with successful response to immunotherapy, the technique has great potential for more widespread and routine use in the future for these applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Lau
- Centre for Immuno-Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pippa G Corrie
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Awad RM, Meeus F, Ceuppens H, Ertveldt T, Hanssens H, Lecocq Q, Mateusiak L, Zeven K, Valenta H, De Groof TWM, De Vlaeminck Y, Krasniqi A, De Veirman K, Goyvaerts C, D'Huyvetter M, Hernot S, Devoogdt N, Breckpot K. Emerging applications of nanobodies in cancer therapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 369:143-199. [PMID: 35777863 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease, requiring treatment tailored to the unique phenotype of the patient's tumor. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and variants thereof have enabled targeted therapies to selectively target cancer cells. Cancer cell-specific mAbs have been used for image-guided surgery and targeted delivery of radionuclides or toxic agents, improving classical treatment strategies. Cancer cell-specific mAbs can further inhibit tumor cell growth or can stimulate immune-mediated destruction of cancer cells, a feature that has also been achieved through mAb-mediated manipulation of immune cells and pathways. Drawbacks of mAbs and their variants, together with the discovery of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies and the many advantageous features of their variable domains, referred to as VHHs, single domain antibodies or nanobodies (Nbs), resulted in the exploration of Nbs as an alternative targeting moiety. We therefore review the state-of-the-art as well as novel exploitation strategies of Nbs for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Maximilian Awad
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fien Meeus
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Ceuppens
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Ertveldt
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heleen Hanssens
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Quentin Lecocq
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lukasz Mateusiak
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katty Zeven
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hana Valenta
- Lab for Nanobiology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Timo W M De Groof
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yannick De Vlaeminck
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahmet Krasniqi
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kim De Veirman
- Laboratory for Hematology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cleo Goyvaerts
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthias D'Huyvetter
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Hernot
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick Devoogdt
- In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medical Imaging, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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20
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Advances of research of Fc-fusion protein that activate NK cells for tumor immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108783. [PMID: 35561479 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of bioengineering technology has introduced Fc-fusion proteins, representing a novel kind of recombinant protein, as promising biopharmaceutical products in tumor therapy. Numerous related anti-tumor Fc-fusion proteins have been investigated and are in different stages of development. Fc-fusion proteins are constructed by fusing the Fc-region of the antibody with functional proteins or peptides. They retain the bioactivity of the latter and partial properties of the former. This structural and functional advantage makes Fc-fusion proteins an effective tool in tumor immunotherapy, especially for the recruitment and activation of natural killer (NK) cells, which play a critical role in tumor immunotherapy. Even though tumor cells have developed mechanisms to circumvent the cytotoxic effect of NK cells or induce defective NK cells, Fc-fusion proteins have been proven to effectively activate NK cells to kill tumor cells in different ways, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), activate NK cells in different ways in order to promote killing of tumor cells. In this review, we focus on NK cell-based immunity for cancers and current research progress of the Fc-fusion proteins for anti-tumor therapy by activating NK cells.
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21
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Zhou K, Hong H, Lin H, Gong L, Li D, Shi J, Zhou Z, Xu F, Wu Z. Chemical Synthesis of Antibody-Hapten Conjugates Capable of Recruiting the Endogenous Antibody to Magnify the Fc Effector Immunity of Antibody for Cancer Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2021; 65:323-332. [PMID: 34962121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with enhanced effector functions in cancer immunotherapy, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), could improve the clinical performance. Here, we develop an mAb-hapten conjugate strategy to augment the mAb effector functions with the engagement of endogenous antibodies. An "off-the-shelf" mAb, rituximab, is site-specifically conjugated with the rhamnose (Rha) hapten to generate rituximab-Rha conjugates. The octopus-like conjugates could recruit anti-Rha antibodies onto the cancer cell surface and further form an immune complex that is able to provide multivalent Fc domains to interact with immune cells or complement protein C1q, leading to magnified ADCC and CDC simultaneously. One optimal conjugate R2 with PEG2 as a linker exhibits the most potent in vitro cancer cell killing activity and significant in vivo antitumor efficacy in a xenograft model. This is a general and cost-effective approach to generate mAb with improved effector functions that may have broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - HaoFei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Han Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
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22
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Ruck T, Nimmerjahn F, Wiendl H, Lünemann JD. Next generation antibody-based therapies in neurology. Brain 2021; 145:1229-1241. [PMID: 34928330 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody (Ab)-based therapeutics are now standard in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases, and the spectrum of neurological diseases targeted by those approaches continues to grow. The efficacy of Ab-based drug-platforms is largely determined by the specificity-conferring antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and the crystallizable fragment (Fc) driving antibody function. The latter provides specific instructions to the immune system by interacting with cellular Fc receptors and complement components. Extensive engineering efforts enabled tuning of Fc functions to modulate effector functions and to prolong or reduce Ab serum half-lives. Technologies that improve bioavailability of Ab-based treatment platforms within the central nervous system parenchyma are being developed and could invigorate drug discovery for a number of brain diseases for which current therapeutic options are limited. These powerful approaches are currently being tested in clinical trials or have been successfully translated into the clinic. Here, we review recent developments in the design and implementation of Ab-based treatment modalities in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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23
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Nawab DH. Vaccinal antibodies: Fc antibody engineering to improve the antiviral antibody response and induce vaccine-like effects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:5532-5545. [PMID: 34844516 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1985891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the urgent clinical need for efficient virus therapies and vaccines. Although the functional importance of antibodies is indisputable in viral infections, there are still significant unmet needs that require vast improvements in antibody-based therapeutics. The IgG Fc domain can be engineered to produce antibodies with tailored and potent responses that will meet these clinical demands. Engaging Fc receptors (FcRs) to perform effector functions as cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, complement activation, intracellular neutralization and controlling antibody persistence. Furthermore, it produces vaccine-like effects by activating signals to stimulate T-cell responses, have proven to be required for protection, as neutralization alone does not off the full protection capacity of antibodies. This review highlights antiviral Fc functions and FcRs' contributions in linking innate and adaptive immunity against viral threats. Moreover, it provides the latest Fc engineering strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of human antiviral antibodies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhuha H Nawab
- Pharmacy Department, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Generation of a Novel High-Affinity Antibody Binding to PCSK9 Catalytic Domain with Slow Dissociation Rate by CDR-Grafting, Alanine Scanning and Saturated Site-Directed Mutagenesis for Favorably Treating Hypercholesterolemia. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121783. [PMID: 34944600 PMCID: PMC8698692 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has become an attractive therapeutic strategy for lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In this study, a novel high affinity humanized IgG1 mAb (named h5E12-L230G) targeting the catalytic domain of human PCSK9 (hPCSK9) was generated by using CDR-grafting, alanine-scanning mutagenesis, and saturated site-directed mutagenesis. The heavy-chain constant region of h5E12-L230G was modified to eliminate the cytotoxic effector functions and mitigate the heterogeneity. The biolayer interferometry (BLI) binding assay and molecular docking study revealed that h5E12-L230G binds to the catalytic domain of hPCSK9 with nanomolar affinity (KD = 1.72 nM) and an extremely slow dissociation rate (koff, 4.84 × 10−5 s−1), which interprets its quite low binding energy (−54.97 kcal/mol) with hPCSK9. Additionally, h5E12-L230G elevated the levels of LDLR and enhanced the LDL-C uptake in HepG2 cells, as well as reducing the serum LDL-C and total cholesterol (TC) levels in hyperlipidemic mouse model with high potency comparable to the positive control alirocumab. Our data indicate that h5E12-L230G is a high-affinity anti-PCSK9 antibody candidate with an extremely slow dissociation rate for favorably treating hypercholesterolemia and relevant cardiovascular diseases.
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Abstract
The aggregation of therapeutic antibodies is a major issue for the pharmaceutical industry leading to loss of drug quality, increased dosage, and unwanted immune responses such as the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADA). As aggregation can occur at various stages of development and storage, much work has been performed to reduce or eliminate it. In this report we analyzed four antibodies available in the PDB (1IGT, 1IGY, 1HZH, and 5DK3) using the online software UCSF Chimera to study the structural features of the proteins and the associated N-linked glycans in the CH2 domains of the Fc region. To study antibody aggregation in silico we used the online software TANGO and AGGRESCAN to identify aggregation prone regions (APR) in the antibodies and the influence of the Fc glycans on hydrophobic and aromatic residues present in the APRs. In the 3D structures of 1IGT and 1IGY the glycan chains are in close enough proximity to influence and protect these hydrophobic regions. However, in the 3D structures of 1HZH and 5DK3 the glycans do not appear to influence the likely APRs of the antibodies. Therefore, in these structures we modified the Fc glycan regions by adjusting the glycosylated asparagine side chains and glycosidic bonds. We successfully adjusted the glycan chains of 1HZH and 5DK3 and reduced the distance between them and the APRs to show potential influence on aggregation. However, similar to 5DK3, the influence of glycosylation on the APRs of the antibody was limited due to the size of the glycans present in the 3D structure. This report is based on in silico studies to show how antibody glycans can influence aggregation.
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Precision medicine in clinical oncology: the journey from IgG antibody to IgE. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 20:282-289. [PMID: 32349107 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and the incidence rates are constantly rising. The heterogeneity of tumors poses a big challenge for the treatment of the disease and natural antibodies additionally affect disease progression. The introduction of engineered mAbs for anticancer immunotherapies has substantially improved progression-free and overall survival of cancer patients, but little efforts have been made to exploit other antibody isotypes than IgG. RECENT FINDINGS In order to improve these therapies, 'next-generation antibodies' were engineered to enhance a specific feature of classical antibodies and form a group of highly effective and precise therapy compounds. Advanced antibody approaches include among others antibody-drug conjugates, glyco-engineered and Fc-engineered antibodies, antibody fragments, radioimmunotherapy compounds, bispecific antibodies and alternative (non-IgG) immunoglobulin classes, especially IgE. SUMMARY The current review describes solutions for the needs of next-generation antibody therapies through different approaches. Careful selection of the best-suited engineering methodology is a key factor in developing personalized, more specific and more efficient mAbs against cancer to improve the outcomes of cancer patients. We highlight here the large evidence of IgE exploiting a highly cytotoxic effector arm as potential next-generation anticancer immunotherapy.
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Sánchez-Trasviña C, Flores-Gatica M, Enriquez-Ochoa D, Rito-Palomares M, Mayolo-Deloisa K. Purification of Modified Therapeutic Proteins Available on the Market: An Analysis of Chromatography-Based Strategies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:717326. [PMID: 34490225 PMCID: PMC8417561 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.717326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins, which have inherent biorecognition properties, have long been used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of a wide variety of clinical indications. Protein modification through covalent attachment to different moieties improves the therapeutic's pharmacokinetic properties, affinity, stability, confers protection against proteolytic degradation, and increases circulation half-life. Nowadays, several modified therapeutic proteins, including PEGylated, Fc-fused, lipidated, albumin-fused, and glycosylated proteins have obtained regulatory approval for commercialization. During its manufacturing, the purification steps of the therapeutic agent are decisive to ensure the quality, effectiveness, potency, and safety of the final product. Due to the robustness, selectivity, and high resolution of chromatographic methods, these are recognized as the gold standard in the downstream processing of therapeutic proteins. Moreover, depending on the modification strategy, the protein will suffer different physicochemical changes, which must be considered to define a purification approach. This review aims to deeply analyze the purification methods employed for modified therapeutic proteins that are currently available on the market, to understand why the selected strategies were successful. Emphasis is placed on chromatographic methods since they govern the purification processes within the pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, to discuss how the modification type strongly influences the purification strategy, the purification processes of three different modified versions of coagulation factor IX are contrasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calef Sánchez-Trasviña
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Miguel Flores-Gatica
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Daniela Enriquez-Ochoa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Karla Mayolo-Deloisa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico
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The Role of Fc Receptors on the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168947. [PMID: 34445651 PMCID: PMC8396266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) in 1986, a huge effort has been made to guarantee safety and efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. As of July 2021, 118 mAbs are approved for the European market for a broad range of clinical indications. In order to ensure clinical efficacy and safety aspects, (pre-)clinical experimental approaches evaluate the respective modes of action (MoA). In addition to antigen-specificity including binding affinity and -avidity, MoA comprise Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the closely related antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). For this reason, a variety of cell-based assays have been established investigating effector functions of therapeutic mAbs with different effector/target-cell combinations and several readouts including Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated lysis, fluorescence, or luminescence. Optimized FcγR-mediated effector functions regarding clinical safety and efficacy are addressed with modification strategies such as point mutations, altered glycosylation patterns, combination of different Fc subclasses (cross isotypes), and Fc-truncation of the mAb. These strategies opened the field for a next generation of therapeutic mAbs. In conclusion, it is of major importance to consider FcγR-mediated effector functions for the efficacy of therapeutic mAbs.
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Shou Y, Koroleva E, Spencer CM, Shein SA, Korchagina AA, Yusoof KA, Parthasarathy R, Leadbetter EA, Akopian AN, Muñoz AR, Tumanov AV. Redefining the Role of Lymphotoxin Beta Receptor in the Maintenance of Lymphoid Organs and Immune Cell Homeostasis in Adulthood. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712632. [PMID: 34335629 PMCID: PMC8320848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR) is a promising therapeutic target in autoimmune and infectious diseases as well as cancer. Mice with genetic inactivation of LTβR display multiple defects in development and organization of lymphoid organs, mucosal immune responses, IgA production and an autoimmune phenotype. As these defects are imprinted in embryogenesis and neonate stages, the impact of LTβR signaling in adulthood remains unclear. Here, to overcome developmental defects, we generated mice with inducible ubiquitous genetic inactivation of LTβR in adult mice (iLTβRΔ/Δ mice) and redefined the role of LTβR signaling in organization of lymphoid organs, immune response to mucosal bacterial pathogen, IgA production and autoimmunity. In spleen, postnatal LTβR signaling is required for development of B cell follicles, follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), recruitment of neutrophils and maintenance of the marginal zone. Lymph nodes of iLTβRΔ/Δ mice were reduced in size, lacked FDCs, and had disorganized subcapsular sinus macrophages. Peyer`s patches were smaller in size and numbers, and displayed reduced FDCs. The number of isolated lymphoid follicles in small intestine and colon were also reduced. In contrast to LTβR-/- mice, iLTβRΔ/Δ mice displayed normal thymus structure and did not develop signs of systemic inflammation and autoimmunity. Further, our results suggest that LTβR signaling in adulthood is required for homeostasis of neutrophils, NK, and iNKT cells, but is dispensable for the maintenance of polyclonal IgA production. However, iLTβRΔ/Δ mice exhibited an increased sensitivity to C. rodentium infection and failed to develop pathogen-specific IgA responses. Collectively, our study uncovers new insights of LTβR signaling in adulthood for the maintenance of lymphoid organs, neutrophils, NK and iNKT cells, and IgA production in response to mucosal bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Shou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States,Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ekaterina Koroleva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Sergey A. Shein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Anna A. Korchagina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kizil A. Yusoof
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Raksha Parthasarathy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Leadbetter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Armen N. Akopian
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Amanda R. Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tumanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Alexei V. Tumanov,
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30
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Yu L, Huang N, Ge L, Sun H, Fu Y, Liu C, Wang J. Structural design of tetravalent T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies: improve developability by engineering disulfide bonds. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:18. [PMID: 34187511 PMCID: PMC8243740 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the advances in protein engineering and manufacture, over the last 30 years, antibody-based immunotherapeutic has become a powerful strategy to treat diseases. The T-cell engaging bispecific antibody (BsAb) by combining the Fab binding domain of tumor antigens and Fab or single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) binding domain of CD3 molecules, could redirect cytotoxic T cells to kill tumor cells. The IgG-scFv format of BsAb is a dual bivalent and asymmetrical design, which adds the benefit of potent cytotoxicity and less complicated for manufacture but limits the stability and production. Here, we engineered a series of interchain disulfide bonds in the Fab region of IgG-svFv BsAbs and evaluated its biophysical and biological properties. We found that simultaneously replaced the position of VH44-VL100 and CH1126-CL121 residues with cysteine, to form two additional disulfide bonds, could markedly increase monomeric BsAb formation and yield. The thermostability and stability against aggregation and degradation also performed better than BsAbs without extra disulfide bonds introduction. Besides, the affinity of engineered BsAbs was maintained, and the h8B-BsAb antibody had a slight enhancement in an inhibitory effect on target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, 400044, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, China
| | - Nan Huang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, 402460, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center for Medical Animal Resources Development and Application, 402460, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, 402460, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering Technology Research Center for Medical Animal Resources Development and Application, 402460, Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, 400044, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuna Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, 400044, Chongqing, China
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, China
| | - Chundong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, 400044, Chongqing, China.
- Qiuzhen College, Huzhou University, No.1 Xueshi Road, Wuxing District, 313000, Huzhou, China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, 400044, Chongqing, China.
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400044, Chongqing, China.
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31
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The Different Colors of mAbs in Solution. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10020021. [PMID: 34073775 PMCID: PMC8161444 DOI: 10.3390/antib10020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The color of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody solution is a critical quality attribute. Consistency of color is typically assessed at time of release and during stability studies against preset criteria for late stage clinical and commercial products. A therapeutic protein solution's color may be determined by visual inspection or by more quantitative methods as per the different geographical area compendia. The nature and intensity of the color of a therapeutic protein solution is typically determined relative to calibrated standards. This review covers the analytical methodologies used for determining the color of a protein solution and presents an overview of protein variants and impurities known to contribute to colored recombinant therapeutic protein solutions.
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32
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Sales-Dias J, Ferreira A, Lamy M, Domenici G, Monteiro SMS, Pires A, Lemos AR, Kucheryava K, Nobre LS, Sousa PMF, Bandeiras TM, Silva G, Barbas A. Development of antibodies against the notch ligand Delta-Like-1 by phage display with activity against breast cancer cells. N Biotechnol 2021; 64:17-26. [PMID: 33992842 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Notch signalling is a well-established oncogenic pathway, and its ligand Delta-like 1 (DLL1) is overexpressed in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers and associated with poor patient prognosis. Hence, DLL1 has become an interesting therapeutic target for breast cancer. Here, the development of specific functional blocking anti-DLL1 antibodies with potential activity against ER+ breast cancer cells is reported. Human DLL1 proteins, containing the essential regions for binding to the Notch receptor and Notch signalling activation, were produced and used to select specific scFv antibody fragments by phage display. Fifteen unique scFvs were identified and reformatted into full IgGs. Characterization of these antibodies by ELISA, surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry enabled selection of three specific anti-DLL1 IgGs, sharing identical VH regions, with nM affinities. Cellular assays on ER+ breast cancer MCF-7 cells showed that one of the IgGs (IgG-69) was able to partially impair DLL1-mediated activation of the Notch pathway, as determined by Notch reporter and RT-qPCR assays, and to attenuate cell growth. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with IgG-69 reduced mammosphere formation, suggesting that it decreases the breast cancer stem cell subpopulation. These results support the use of this strategy to develop and identify potential anti-DLL1 antibodies candidates against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Sales-Dias
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, (Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology), Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, (Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology António Xavier), Nova University Lisbon, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Andreia Ferreira
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, (Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Márcia Lamy
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, (Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Giacomo Domenici
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, (Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology), Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, (Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology António Xavier), Nova University Lisbon, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sandra M S Monteiro
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, (Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António Pires
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, (Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana R Lemos
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, (Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology), Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, (Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology António Xavier), Nova University Lisbon, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Khrystyna Kucheryava
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, (Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lígia S Nobre
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, (Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro M F Sousa
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, (Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology), Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, (Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology António Xavier), Nova University Lisbon, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Bandeiras
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, (Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology), Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, (Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology António Xavier), Nova University Lisbon, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Silva
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, (Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Barbas
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, (Institute of Experimental and Technological Biology), Oeiras, Portugal; Bayer Portugal, LDA, Rua Quinta Do Pinheiro, Carnaxide, 2790-143, Portugal.
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Siriwattananon K, Manopwisedjaroen S, Shanmugaraj B, Rattanapisit K, Phumiamorn S, Sapsutthipas S, Trisiriwanich S, Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Buranapraditkun S, Wijagkanalan W, Tharakhet K, Kaewpang P, Leetanasaksakul K, Kemthong T, Suttisan N, Malaivijitnond S, Ruxrungtham K, Thitithanyanont A, Phoolcharoen W. Plant-Produced Receptor-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Elicits Potent Neutralizing Responses in Mice and Non-human Primates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:682953. [PMID: 34054909 PMCID: PMC8158422 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.682953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected global public health and economy. Despite the substantial efforts, only few vaccines are currently approved and some are in the different stages of clinical trials. As the disease rapidly spreads, an affordable and effective vaccine is urgently needed. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity of plant-produced receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 in order to use as a subunit vaccine. In this regard, RBD of SARS-CoV-2 was fused with Fc fragment of human IgG1 and transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana by agroinfiltration. The plant-produced RBD-Fc fusion protein was purified from the crude extract by using protein A affinity column chromatography. Two intramuscular administration of plant-produced RBD-Fc protein formulated with alum as an adjuvant have elicited high neutralization titers in immunized mice and cynomolgus monkeys. Further it has induced a mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses and vaccine-specific T-lymphocyte responses which was confirmed by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Altogether, our results demonstrated that the plant-produced SARS-CoV-2 RBD has the potential to be used as an effective vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the immunogenicity of plant-produced SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein in mice and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konlavat Siriwattananon
- Research Unit for Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Supaporn Phumiamorn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Institute of Biological Products, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sompong Sapsutthipas
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Institute of Biological Products, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Sakalin Trisiriwanich
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Institute of Biological Products, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Eakachai Prompetchara
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutitorn Ketloy
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kittipan Tharakhet
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Papatsara Kaewpang
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kantinan Leetanasaksakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Taratorn Kemthong
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand-Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
| | - Nutchanat Suttisan
- National Primate Research Center of Thailand-Chulalongkorn University, Saraburi, Thailand
| | | | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Newman
- From Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
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Development of a novel, fully human, anti-PCSK9 antibody with potent hypolipidemic activity by utilizing phage display-based strategy. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103250. [PMID: 33647772 PMCID: PMC7921758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulates serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by facilitating the degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) and is an attractive therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia intervention. Herein, we generated a novel fully human antibody with favourable druggability by utilizing phage display-based strategy. Methods A potent single-chain variable fragment (scFv) named AP2M21 was obtained by screening a fully human scFv phage display library with hPCSK9, and performing two in vitro affinity maturation processes including CDR-targeted tailored mutagenesis and cross-cloning. Thereafter, it was transformed to a full-length Fc-silenced anti-PCSK9 antibody FAP2M21 by fusing to a modified human IgG1 Fc fragment with L234A/L235A/N297G mutations and C-terminal lysine deletion, thus eliminating its immune effector functions and mitigating mAb heterogeneity. Findings Our data showed that the generated full-length anti-PCSK9 antibody FAP2M21 binds to hPCSK9 with a KD as low as 1.42 nM, and a dramatically slow dissociation rate (koff, 4.68 × 10−6 s−1), which could be attributed to its lower binding energy (-47.51 kcal/mol) than its parent counterpart FAP2 (-30.39 kcal/mol). We verified that FAP2M21 potently inhibited PCSK9-induced reduction of LDL-C uptake in HepG2 cells, with an EC50 of 43.56 nM. Further, in hPCSK9 overexpressed C57BL/6 mice, a single tail i.v. injection of FAP2M21 at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, dose-dependently up-regulated hepatic LDLR levels, and concomitantly reduced serum LDL-C by 3.3% (P = 0.658, unpaired Student's t-test), 30.2% (P = 0.002, Mann-Whitney U-test) and 37.2% (P = 0.002, Mann-Whitney U-test), respectively. Interpretation FAP2M21 with potent inhibitory effect on PCSK9 may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for treating hypercholesterolemia and associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Sivaccumar J, Sandomenico A, Vitagliano L, Ruvo M. Monoclonal Antibodies: A Prospective and Retrospective View. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:435-471. [PMID: 32072887 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200219142231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) represent one of the most important classes of biotherapeutic agents. They are used to cure many diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, angiogenesis-related diseases and, more recently also haemophilia. They can be highly varied in terms of format, source, and specificity to improve efficacy and to obtain more targeted applications. This can be achieved by leaving substantially unchanged the basic structural components for paratope clustering. OBJECTIVES The objective was to trace the most relevant findings that have deserved prestigious awards over the years, to report the most important clinical applications and to emphasize their latest emerging therapeutic trends. RESULTS We report the most relevant milestones and new technologies adopted for antibody development. Recent efforts in generating new engineered antibody-based formats are briefly reviewed. The most important antibody-based molecules that are (or are going to be) used for pharmacological practice have been collected in useful tables. CONCLUSION The topics here discussed prove the undisputed role of mAbs as innovative biopharmaceuticals molecules and as vital components of targeted pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwala Sivaccumar
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Annamaria Sandomenico
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Luigi Vitagliano
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
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Cao G, Gao X, Zhan Y, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Dimitrov DS, Gong R. An engineered human IgG1 CH2 domain with decreased aggregation and nonspecific binding. MAbs 2021; 12:1689027. [PMID: 31795802 PMCID: PMC6927756 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1689027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin (Ig) CH2 domain is a promising scaffold for the development of candidate therapeutics. We have previously shown that the stability of isolated CH2 could be increased by the introduction of an additional disulfide bond and removal of seven N-terminal residues (m01s). However, both isolated CH2 and m01s aggregate, likely due to the existence of aggregation-prone regions (APRs) that we identified by using computational methods. This knowledge was used to generate a phage display library of mutants. The library was incubated at high temperature to remove aggregating CH2 domains, and then panned against a mouse anti-human CH2 monoclonal antibody targeting a conformational epitope to remove misfolded CH2s. After two rounds of panning, one clone, m01s5, with smaller APRs, was identified. After additional mutagenesis one clone, m01s5.4, which aggregated much less than m01s as measured by a turbidity assay and dynamic light scattering, was identified. m01s5.4 also exhibited much lower nonspecific binding than m01s. Engineering of a previously identified m01s-based tumor antigen-specific binder led to a dramatic reduction of its aggregation without affecting its binding. In summary, we describe a new approach for reducing aggregation based on a combination of computational and phage display methodologies, and show that aggregation of CH2-based scaffolds can be significantly reduced by the newly identified mutants, which can improve the developability of potential CH2-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yancheng Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingguang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rui Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Carrara SC, Ulitzka M, Grzeschik J, Kornmann H, Hock B, Kolmar H. From cell line development to the formulated drug product: The art of manufacturing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Int J Pharm 2020; 594:120164. [PMID: 33309833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and related products have steadily grown to become the dominant product class within the biopharmaceutical market. Production of antibodies requires special precautions to ensure safety and efficacy of the product. In particular, minimizing antibody product heterogeneity is crucial as drug substance variants may impair the activity, efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties of an antibody, consequently resulting in the failure of a product in pre-clinical and clinical development. This review will cover the manufacturing and formulation challenges and advances of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, focusing on improved processes to minimize variants and ensure batch-to-batch consistency. Processes put in place by regulatory agencies, such as Quality-by-Design (QbD) and current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), and how their implementation has aided drug development in pharmaceutical companies will be reviewed. Advances in formulation and considerations on the intended use of a therapeutic antibody, including the route of administration and patient compliance, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania C Carrara
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Ulitzka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Henri Kornmann
- Ferring International Center SA, CH-1162 Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Björn Hock
- Ferring International Center SA, CH-1162 Saint-Prex, Switzerland.
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Tandale JB, Badgujar SB, Tandale BU, Angre U, Daftary SB, Lala S, Gaur VP. An improved protocol for large scale production of high purity 'Fc' fragment of human immunoglobulin G (IgG-Fc). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1159:122400. [PMID: 33126073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simplified approach for purification and characterization of human 'IgG-Fc' fragment used widely as immunochemical tool and for therapeutic purposes. The 'Fc' fragment was purified from human IgG in a 3-stage column chromatography. The purified 'Fc' fragment appeared as a dimer glycoprotein with an apparent molecular mass of 52,981 Dalton (Ultraflex MALDI TOF/TOF). The Size-exclusion HPLC profile of the purified 'Fc' fragment of human IgG matched that of a commercially procured reference 'Fc' fragment material. The purity of the 'Fc' fragments was >99% by SDS-PAGE and size-exclusion HPLC. The results of Western blotting, immunoelectrophoresis, and mass spectrometry analysis indicate a high purity of the 'Fc' fragment. Peptide mass fingerprint analysis of the purified 'Fc' protein yielded peptides that partially match the known database sequences of FCG3B_HUMAN (Uniprot ID: O75015). This method of purification of the 'Fc' fragment is suitable for achieving high purity level of 'Fc' fragment protein. With this purification approach, the cost of the purified 'Fc' fragment of human IgG is significantly reduced as compared with the current market price of IgG-Fc fragment protein in international market. The purified 'IgG-Fc' fragment protein was found to be negative for major viral markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin B Tandale
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shamkant B Badgujar
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Babasaheb U Tandale
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Unmesh Angre
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddharth B Daftary
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjeev Lala
- Laboratory of Native Antigens, Research and Development Division, Advy Chemical Private Limited, Thane 400604, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinod P Gaur
- Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories (NWRL), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 401 Queen Anne Ave North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Lee YR, Lim CY, Lim S, Park SR, Hong JP, Kim J, Lee HE, Ko K, Kim DS. Expression of Colorectal Cancer Antigenic Protein Fused to IgM Fc in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111466. [PMID: 33143243 PMCID: PMC7693566 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a tumor-associated antigen and a potential target for tumor vaccine. The EpCAM is a cell-surface glycoprotein highly expressed in colorectal carcinomas. The objective of the present study is to develop an edible vaccine system through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa). For the transformation, two plant expression vectors containing genes encoding for the EpCAM recombinant protein along with the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Joining (J)-chain tagged with the KDEL endoplasmic reticulum retention motif (J-chain K) were constructed. The vectors were successfully transformed and expressed in the Chinese cabbage individually using Agrobacterium. The transgenic Chinese cabbages were screened using genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in T0 transgenic plant lines generated from both transformants. Similarly, the immunoblot analysis revealed the expression of recombinant proteins in the transformants. Further, the T1 transgenic plants were generated by selfing the transgenic plants (T0) carrying EpCAM-IgM Fc and J-chain K proteins, respectively. Subsequently, the T1 plants generated from EpCAM-IgM Fc and J-chain K transformants were crossed to generate F1 plants carrying both transgenes. The presence of both transgenes was validated using PCR in the F1 plants. In addition, the expression of Chinese cabbage-derived EpCAM-IgM Fc × J-chain K was evaluated using immunoblot and ELISA analyses in the F1 plants. The outcomes of the present study can be utilized for the development of a potential anti-cancer vaccine candidate using Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Rin Lee
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (Y.-R.L.); (C.-Y.L.); (J.-P.H.); (J.K.); (H.-E.L.)
| | - Chae-Yeon Lim
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (Y.-R.L.); (C.-Y.L.); (J.-P.H.); (J.K.); (H.-E.L.)
| | - Sohee Lim
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.L.); (S.R.P.)
| | - Se Ra Park
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.L.); (S.R.P.)
| | - Jong-Pil Hong
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (Y.-R.L.); (C.-Y.L.); (J.-P.H.); (J.K.); (H.-E.L.)
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (Y.-R.L.); (C.-Y.L.); (J.-P.H.); (J.K.); (H.-E.L.)
| | - Hye-Eun Lee
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (Y.-R.L.); (C.-Y.L.); (J.-P.H.); (J.K.); (H.-E.L.)
| | - Kisung Ko
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (S.L.); (S.R.P.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (D.-S.K.); Tel.: +82-63-238-6670 (K.K.); +82-63-238-6670 (D.-S.K.)
| | - Do-Sun Kim
- Vegetable Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (Y.-R.L.); (C.-Y.L.); (J.-P.H.); (J.K.); (H.-E.L.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (D.-S.K.); Tel.: +82-63-238-6670 (K.K.); +82-63-238-6670 (D.-S.K.)
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42
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Chen YM, Qi S, Perrino S, Hashimoto M, Brodt P. Targeting the IGF-Axis for Cancer Therapy: Development and Validation of an IGF-Trap as a Potential Drug. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051098. [PMID: 32365498 PMCID: PMC7290707 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-axis was implicated in cancer progression and identified as a clinically important therapeutic target. Several IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) targeting drugs including humanized monoclonal antibodies have advanced to phase II/III clinical trials, but to date, have not progressed to clinical use, due, at least in part, to interference with insulin receptor signaling and compensatory signaling by the insulin receptor (IR) isoform A that can bind IGF-II and initiate mitogenic signaling. Here we briefly review the current state of IGF-targeting biologicals, discuss some factors that may be responsible for their poor performance in the clinic and outline the stepwise bioengineering and validation of an IGF-Trap—a novel anti-cancer therapeutic that could bypass these limitations. The IGF-Trap is a heterotetramer, consisting of the entire extracellular domain of the IGF-IR fused to the Fc portion of human IgG1. It binds human IGF-I and IGF-II with a three-log higher affinity than insulin and could inhibit IGF-IR driven cellular functions such as survival, proliferation and invasion in multiple carcinoma cell models in vitro. In vivo, the IGF-Trap has favorable pharmacokinetic properties and could markedly reduce metastatic outgrowth of colon and lung carcinoma cells in the liver, outperforming IGF-IR and ligand-binding monoclonal antibodies. Moreover, IGF-Trap dose-response profiles correlate with their bio-availability profiles, as measured by the IGF kinase receptor-activation (KIRA) assay, providing a novel, surrogate biomarker for drug efficacy. Our studies identify the IGF-Trap as a potent, safe, anti-cancer therapeutic that could overcome some of the obstacles encountered by IGF-targeting biologicals that have already been evaluated in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhsuan Michely Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Shu Qi
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Stephanie Perrino
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Masakazu Hashimoto
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Pnina Brodt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-934-1934
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Amel Jamehdar S, Tabaei S, Mashkani B, Karimi R, Motallebnezhad M, Esmaili A. Construction of Epstein-Bar virus cocktail peptide fused with Fcγ of IgG: as a potential delivery system for vaccine development. Bioengineered 2020; 10:689-696. [PMID: 31739735 PMCID: PMC8530268 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2019.1694388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) associated with several diseases such as contagious mononucleosis chronic active EBV infection, and diverse sorts of malignant tumors. Therefore, using applicable vaccines could be advantageous for public health. Yet, the vaccine has been unavailable to protect from EBV so far. In the current study, to develop a multi-peptide vaccine for EBV and assess its expression in Pichia pastoris yeast system, three immunodominant sequences in glycoprotein (gp) 85, gp350 and latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) were chosen. To construct fusion peptide, -GGGGS- liker was applied. After cloning the fusion peptide in the pPICZαA expression vector, this recombinant vector processed and transfected into Pichia pastoris host cells. The expression of high level of EBV fusion peptide was confirmed by dot blot and SDS-PAGE procedures. The Pichia pastoris is capable of supporting EBV fusion peptide expression. The application of this fusion peptide as a peptide vaccine to fight EBV is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samira Tabaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Baratali Mashkani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Karimi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Morteza Motallebnezhad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Esmaili
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
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Marques AC, Costa PJ, Velho S, Amaral MH. Functionalizing nanoparticles with cancer-targeting antibodies: A comparison of strategies. J Control Release 2020; 320:180-200. [PMID: 31978444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Standard cancer therapies sometimes fail to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs to tumor cells in a safe and effective manner. Nanotechnology takes the lead in providing new therapeutic options for cancer due to major potential for selective targeting and controlled drug release. Antibodies and antibody fragments are attracting much attention as a source of targeting ligands to bind specific receptors that are overexpressed on cancer cells. Therefore, researchers are devoting time and effort to develop targeting strategies based on nanoparticles functionalized with antibodies, which hold great promise to enhance therapeutic efficacy and circumvent severe side effects. Several methods have been described to immobilize antibodies on the surface of nanoparticles. However, selecting the most appropriate for each application is challenging but also imperative to preserve antigen binding ability and yield stable antibody-conjugated nanoparticles. From this perspective, we aim to provide considerable knowledge on the most widely used methods of functionalization that can be helpful for decision-making and design of conjugation protocols as well. This review summarizes adsorption, covalent conjugation (carbodiimide, maleimide and "click" chemistries) and biotin-avidin interaction, while discussing the advantages, limitations and relevant therapeutic approaches currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Marques
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - P J Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - S Velho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, R. Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - M H Amaral
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Vázquez NAR. Adsorption of terbium ion on Fc/dymethylacrylamide: application of Monte Carlo simulation. POLIMEROS 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.08419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tada M, Aoyama M, Ishii-Watabe A. Fcγ Receptor Activation by Human Monoclonal Antibody Aggregates. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:576-583. [PMID: 31676270 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregates are a potential risk factor for immunogenicity. The measurement, characterization, and control of protein aggregates in drug products are indispensable for the development of biopharmaceuticals, including therapeutic mAbs. In this study, Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-expressing reporter cell lines were used to analyze the FcγR-activation properties of mAb aggregates. Comparison of aggregates of mAbs harboring different IgG subclasses revealed that the FcγR-activation profiles of the mAb aggregates were dependent on IgG subclass. In addition, aggregates of Fc-engineered mAb with enhanced FcγR-activation properties exhibited stronger activation of FcγRs than was observed in the wild-type aggregates, whereas aggregates of Fc-engineered mAb with decreased FcγR-activation properties showed reduced activation. These results suggest that FcγR activation by mAb aggregates depends greatly on the Fc functions of the native (nonaggregated) mAbs. We also showed that aggregates of mAbs smaller than 1 μm in size have the potential to directly activate FcγRs. Unintended immune cell activation can be induced on account of FcγR activation by mAb aggregates and such FcγR activation may contribute to immunogenicity, and therefore, analysis of the FcγR-activation properties of mAb aggregates using FcγR-expressing reporter cell lines is a promising approach for the characterization of mAb aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Michihiko Aoyama
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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The potential of engineered antibodies for HIV-1 therapy and cure. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 38:70-80. [PMID: 31421319 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are currently under investigation as a therapy for HIV-1 infection and recent clinical trials have shown prolonged viral suppression by bnAbs during antiretroviral treatment interruption. Interestingly, these bnAbs also showed the ability to activate the host immune system to clear HIV-1 infected cells. There are many possibilities to further increase the potential efficacy of bnAbs. Most notably, Fc domain engineering to improve half-life and increase engagement of effector cells will augment two advantages of bnAbs. Moreover, antibody engineering can improve affinity and recognition of conserved epitopes and allows the combination of multiple epitope specificities in a single molecule. These increasingly potent and broad antibodies may prove valuable as alternative HIV-1 therapeutic and possibly in curative approaches.
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Schifferli A, Nimmerjahn F, Kühne T. Immunomodulation in Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Possible Role of the Fc Fragment of Romiplostim? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1196. [PMID: 31214173 PMCID: PMC6557984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc fusion proteins and Fc fusion peptides or peptibodies are chimeric molecules composed of an active pharmacological protein or peptide and the Fc fragment of an immunoglobulin. The primary aim of this drug construct is to prolong the half-life of the active component. This molecular architecture is seen in drugs, such as etanercept, romiplostim, and the recombinant factor VIII (efmoroctocog alfa). A considerable number of Fc fusion proteins and peptibodies are currently in pre-clinical and clinical development. The isolated effect of the Fc fragment has been studied intensively during last years, but is still poorly understood in the clinical setting and in relation with the active drug and underlying disease. In this short review, we will propose new hypotheses of possible immunomodulatory functions of the Fc fragment of romiplostim in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schifferli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kühne
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Yang C, Zeng F, Gao X, Zhao S, Li X, Liu S, Li N, Deng C, Zhang B, Gong R. Characterization of two engineered dimeric Zika virus envelope proteins as immunogens for neutralizing antibody selection and vaccine design. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10638-10648. [PMID: 31138647 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The envelope protein of Zika virus (ZIKV) exists as a dimer on the mature viral surface and is an attractive antiviral target because it mediates viral entry. However, recombinant soluble wild-type ZIKV envelope (wtZE) might preferentially exist as monomer (monZE). Recently, it has been shown that the A264C substitution could promote formation of dimeric ZIKV envelope protein (ZEA264C), requiring further characterization of purified ZEA264C for its potential applications in vaccine development. We also noted that ZEA264C, connected by disulfide bond, might be different from the noncovalent native envelope dimer on the virion surface. Because the antibody Fc fragment exists as dimer and is widely used for fusion protein construction, here we fused wtZE to human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) Fc fragment (ZE-Fc) for noncovalent wtZE dimerization. Using a multistep purification procedure, we separated dimeric ZEA264C and ZE-Fc, revealing that they both exhibit typical β-sheet-rich secondary structures and stabilities similar to those of monZE. The binding activities of monZE, ZEA264C, and ZE-Fc to neutralizing antibodies targeting different epitopes indicated that ZEA264C and ZE-Fc could better mimic the native dimeric status, especially in terms of the formation of tertiary and quaternary epitopes. Both ZEA264C and ZE-Fc recognize a ZIKV-sensitive cell line as does monZE, indicating that the two constructs are still functional. Furthermore, a murine immunization assay disclose that ZEA264C and ZE-Fc elicit more neutralizing antibody responses than monZE does. These results suggest that the two immunogen candidates ZEA264C and ZE-Fc have potential utility for neutralizing antibody selection and vaccine design against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpeng Yang
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Fang Zeng
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Xinyu Gao
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Shaojuan Zhao
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Xuan Li
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Na Li
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Chenglin Deng
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Rui Gong
- From the CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China,
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50
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Herron LR, Pridans C, Turnbull ML, Smith N, Lillico S, Sherman A, Gilhooley HJ, Wear M, Kurian D, Papadakos G, Digard P, Hume DA, Gill AC, Sang HM. A chicken bioreactor for efficient production of functional cytokines. BMC Biotechnol 2018; 18:82. [PMID: 30594166 PMCID: PMC6311007 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-018-0495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global market for protein drugs has the highest compound annual growth rate of any pharmaceutical class but their availability, especially outside of the US market, is compromised by the high cost of manufacture and validation compared to traditional chemical drugs. Improvements in transgenic technologies allow valuable proteins to be produced by genetically-modified animals; several therapeutic proteins from such animal bioreactors are already on the market after successful clinical trials and regulatory approval. Chickens have lagged behind mammals in bioreactor development, despite a number of potential advantages, due to the historic difficulty in producing transgenic birds, but the production of therapeutic proteins in egg white of transgenic chickens would substantially lower costs across the entire production cycle compared to traditional cell culture-based production systems. This could lead to more affordable treatments and wider markets, including in developing countries and for animal health applications. RESULTS Here we report the efficient generation of new transgenic chicken lines to optimize protein production in eggs. As proof-of-concept, we describe the expression, purification and functional characterization of three pharmaceutical proteins, the human cytokine interferon α2a and two species-specific Fc fusions of the cytokine CSF1. CONCLUSION Our work optimizes and validates a transgenic chicken system for the cost-effective production of pure, high quality, biologically active protein for therapeutics and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissa R. Herron
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
- Roslin Technologies Limited, Roslin Innovation Centre, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
- Centre for Inflammation Research at the University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Matthew L. Turnbull
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
- Medical Research Council University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research (CVR), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - Nikki Smith
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Simon Lillico
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Adrian Sherman
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Hazel J. Gilhooley
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Martin Wear
- Edinburgh Protein Production Facility, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology (WTCCB), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR UK
| | - Dominic Kurian
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Grigorios Papadakos
- Roslin Technologies Limited, Roslin Innovation Centre, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
- Centre for Inflammation Research at the University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ UK
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Andrew C. Gill
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Banks Laboratories, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire LN6 7DL UK
| | - Helen M. Sang
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
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