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Maharaj AV, Ishida M, Rybak A, Elfeky R, Andrews A, Joshi A, Elmslie F, Joensuu A, Kantojärvi K, Jia RY, Perry JRB, O'Toole EA, McGuffin LJ, Hwa V, Storr HL. QSOX2 Deficiency-induced short stature, gastrointestinal dysmotility and immune dysfunction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8420. [PMID: 39341815 PMCID: PMC11439042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Postnatal growth failure is often attributed to dysregulated somatotropin action, however marked genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity exist. We report five patients from three families who present with short stature, immune dysfunction, atopic eczema and gastrointestinal pathology associated with recessive variants in QSOX2. QSOX2 encodes a nuclear membrane protein linked to disulphide isomerase and oxidoreductase activity. Loss of QSOX2 disrupts Growth hormone-mediated STAT5B nuclear translocation despite enhanced Growth hormone-induced STAT5B phosphorylation. Moreover, patient-derived dermal fibroblasts demonstrate Growth hormone-induced mitochondriopathy and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Located at the nuclear membrane, QSOX2 acts as a gatekeeper for regulating stabilisation and import of phosphorylated-STAT5B. Altogether, QSOX2 deficiency modulates human growth by impairing Growth hormone-STAT5B downstream activities and mitochondrial dynamics, which contribute to multi-system dysfunction. Furthermore, our work suggests that therapeutic recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1 may circumvent the Growth hormone-STAT5B dysregulation induced by pathological QSOX2 variants and potentially alleviate organ specific disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinaash V Maharaj
- Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK.
| | - Miho Ishida
- Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Anna Rybak
- Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Reem Elfeky
- Immunology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Afiya Andrews
- Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Aakash Joshi
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Frances Elmslie
- Genomics Clinical Academic Group, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anni Joensuu
- THL Biobank, the Department of Knowledge Brokers, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Kantojärvi
- THL Biobank, the Department of Knowledge Brokers, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raina Y Jia
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edel A O'Toole
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Liam J McGuffin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
- Premium Research Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Helen L Storr
- Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK.
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2
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Wang H, Chen Q, Liu Q, Luo C. Master regulator: p53's pivotal role in steering NK-cell tumor patrol. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1428653. [PMID: 39185404 PMCID: PMC11344261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1428653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein, encoded by TP53, is a tumor suppressor that plays a critical role in regulating apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and angiogenesis in tumor cells via controlling various downstream signals. Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immune surveillance is a vital self-defense mechanism against cancer and other diseases, with NK cell activity regulated by various mechanisms. Among these, p53 plays a significant role in immune regulation by maintaining the homeostasis and functionality of NK cells. It enhances the transcriptional activity of NK cell-activating ligands and downregulates inhibitory ligands to boost NK cell activation and tumor-killing efficacy. Additionally, p53 influences NK cell cytotoxicity by promoting apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis in different tumor cells. p53 is involved in the regulation of NK cell activity and effector functions through multiple pathways. p53 also plays a pivotal role in the tumor microenvironment (TME), regulating the activity of NK cells. NK cells are critical components of the TME and are capable of directly killing tumor cells. And p53 mutates in numerous cancers, with the most common alteration being a missense mutation. These mutations are commonly associated with poor survival rates in patients with cancer. This review details p53's role in NK cell tumor immunosurveillance, summarizing how p53 enhances NK cell recognition and tumor destruction. We also explore the potential applications of p53 in tumor immunotherapy, discussing strategies for modulating p53 to enhance NK cell function and improve the efficacy of tumor immunotherapy, along with the associated challenges. Understanding the interaction between p53 and NK cells within the TME is crucial for advancing NK cell-based immunotherapy and developing p53-related novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Changjiang Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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3
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Lykhopiy V, Malviya V, Humblet-Baron S, Schlenner SM. "IL-2 immunotherapy for targeting regulatory T cells in autoimmunity". Genes Immun 2023; 24:248-262. [PMID: 37741949 PMCID: PMC10575774 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-023-00221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are indispensable for immune homoeostasis and for the prevention of autoimmune diseases. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) signalling is critical in all aspects of Treg biology. Consequences of defective IL-2 signalling are insufficient numbers or dysfunction of Treg and hence autoimmune disorders in human and mouse. The restoration and maintenance of immune homoeostasis remain central therapeutic aims in the field of autoimmunity. Historically, broadly immunosuppressive drugs with serious side-effects have been used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases or prevention of organ-transplant rejection. More recently, ex vivo expanded or in vivo stimulated Treg have been shown to induce effective tolerance in clinical trials supporting the clinical benefit of targeting natural immunosuppressive mechanisms. Given the central role of exogenous IL-2 in Treg homoeostasis, a new and promising focus in drug development are IL-2-based approaches for in vivo targeted expansion of Treg or for enhancement of their suppressive activity. In this review, we summarise the role of IL-2 in Treg biology and consequences of dysfunctional IL-2 signalling pathways. We then examine evidence of efficacy of IL-2-based biological drugs targeting Treg with specific focus on therapeutic candidates in clinical trials and discuss their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lykhopiy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- argenx BV, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vanshika Malviya
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan M Schlenner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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4
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Catli G, Gao W, Foley C, Özyilmaz B, Edeer N, Diniz G, Losekoot M, van Doorn J, Dauber A, Dundar BN, Wit JM, Hwa V. Atypical STAT5B deficiency, severe short stature and mild immunodeficiency associated with a novel homozygous STAT5B Variant. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 559:111799. [PMID: 36265659 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
STAT5B deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) and immunodeficiency, can manifest as fatal pulmonary complications. We describe atypical STAT5B deficiency associated with a novel homozygous frame-shift STAT5B variant [c.1453delG, p.(Asp485Thrfs*29)] identified in a young 17.6 yr old female subject who had severe postnatal growth impairment, biochemistries typical of GHI, an immune profile notable for hypergammaglobulinaemia and elevated B lymphocytes, and lack of pulmonary disease. Marked elevation of serum prolactin and pathologically diagnosed eczema were evident. In reconstitution studies, the STAT5B p.(Asp485Thrfs*29) was expressed although expression was reduced compared to wild-type STAT5B and a previously identified STAT5B p.(Gln368Profs*9) variant. Both truncated STAT5B peptides could not be activated by GH, nor mobilize to the nucleus. We conclude that an intact, functional, STAT5B is essential for normal GH-mediated growth, while expressed loss-of-function STAT5B variants may alleviate severe immune and pulmonary issues normally associated with STAT5B deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonul Catli
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, Istinye University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Wen Gao
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Corinne Foley
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Berk Özyilmaz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Neslihan Edeer
- Department of Paediatric Immunology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Gulden Diniz
- Department of Pathology, Izmir Democracy University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Monique Losekoot
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jaap van Doorn
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Andrew Dauber
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Bumin N Dundar
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Jan M Wit
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Paediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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5
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Planas R, Felber M, Vavassori S, Pachlopnik Schmid J. The hyperinflammatory spectrum: from defects in cytotoxicity to cytokine control. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1163316. [PMID: 37187762 PMCID: PMC10175623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes kill target cells through polarized release of the content of cytotoxic granules towards the target cell. The importance of this cytotoxic pathway in immune regulation is evidenced by the severe and often fatal condition, known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) that occurs in mice and humans with inborn errors of lymphocyte cytotoxic function. The clinical and preclinical data indicate that the damage seen in severe, virally triggered HLH is due to an overwhelming immune system reaction and not the direct effects of the virus per se. The main HLH-disease mechanism, which links impaired cytotoxicity to excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines is a prolongation of the synapse time between the cytotoxic effector cell and the target cell, which prompts the former to secrete larger amounts of cytokines (including interferon gamma) that activate macrophages. We and others have identified novel genetic HLH spectrum disorders. In the present update, we position these newly reported molecular causes, including CD48-haploinsufficiency and ZNFX1-deficiency, within the pathogenic pathways that lead to HLH. These genetic defects have consequences on the cellular level on a gradient model ranging from impaired lymphocyte cytotoxicity to intrinsic activation of macrophages and virally infected cells. Altogether, it is clear that target cells and macrophages may play an independent role and are not passive bystanders in the pathogenesis of HLH. Understanding these processes which lead to immune dysregulation may pave the way to novel ideas for medical intervention in HLH and virally triggered hypercytokinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Planas
- Division of Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthias Felber
- Division of Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Vavassori
- Division of Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jana Pachlopnik Schmid
- Division of Immunology, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Pediatric Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Jana Pachlopnik Schmid,
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6
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Hernandez JD, Hsieh EW. A great disturbance in the force: IL-2 receptor defects disrupt immune homeostasis. Curr Opin Pediatr 2022; 34:580-588. [PMID: 36165614 PMCID: PMC9633542 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review highlights how inborn errors of immunity (IEI) due to IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) subunit defects may result in children presenting with a wide variety of infectious and inflammatory presentations beyond typical X-linked severe combined immune deficiency (X-SCID) associated with IL-2Rγ. RECENT FINDINGS Newborn screening has made diagnosis of typical SCID presenting with severe infections less common. Instead, infants are typically diagnosed in the first days of life when they appear healthy. Although earlier diagnosis has improved clinical outcomes for X-SCID, atypical SCID or other IEI not detected on newborn screening may present with more limited infectious presentations and/or profound immune dysregulation. Early management to prevent/control infections and reduce inflammatory complications is important for optimal outcomes of definitive therapies. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is curative for IL-2Rα, IL-2Rβ, and IL-2Rγ defects, but gene therapy may yield comparable results for X-SCID. SUMMARY Defects in IL-2R subunits present with infectious and inflammatory phenotypes that should raise clinician's concern for IEI. Immunophenotyping may support the suspicion for diagnosis, but ultimately genetic studies will confirm the diagnosis and enable family counseling. Management of infectious and inflammatory complications will determine the success of gene therapy or HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital
| | - Elena W.Y. Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Children’s Hospital Colorado
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado
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7
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Hernandez R, Põder J, LaPorte KM, Malek TR. Engineering IL-2 for immunotherapy of autoimmunity and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:614-628. [PMID: 35217787 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies of the T cell growth factor activity of IL-2 resulted in this cytokine becoming the first immunotherapy to be approved nearly 30 years ago by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cancer. Since then, we have learnt the important role of IL-2 in regulating tolerance through regulatory T cells (Treg cells) besides promoting immunity through its action on effector T cells and memory T cells. Another pivotal event in the history of IL-2 research was solving the crystal structure of IL-2 bound to its tripartite receptor, which spurred the development of cell type-selective engineered IL-2 products. These new IL-2 analogues target Treg cells to counteract the dysregulated immune system in the context of autoimmunity and inflammatory disorders or target effector T cells, memory T cells and natural killer cells to enhance their antitumour responses. IL-2 biologics have proven to be effective in preclinical studies and clinical assessment of some is now underway. These studies will soon reveal whether engineered IL-2 biologics are truly capable of harnessing the IL-2-IL-2 receptor pathway as effective monotherapies or combination therapies for autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosmely Hernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Janika Põder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kathryn M LaPorte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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8
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Liu Z, Qing P, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Marion TN. Combined Mutation of the GATA2 Gene and STAT5B Gene in a Patient with Hypogammaglobulinemia and Autoimmunity. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 255:143-146. [PMID: 34670919 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.255.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibody deficiency is a type of primary immunodeficiency that often manifests as primary hypogammaglobulinemia, with or without repeated infections. Although primary immunodeficiency appears to be contrary to autoimmunity, they usually occur simultaneously, and the specific pathogenesis remains unknown. We herein describe an adult patient with autoimmune manifestations and recurrent infections. The case was characterized by a sustained decrease in serum immunoglobulin A, accompanied by decreased T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets in the peripheral blood and the presence of antinuclear and anti-SSA antibodies. Whole-exome sequencing for the patient revealed two spontaneous mutations in GATA2 (c.1084C>T) and STAT5B (c.1924A>C). This case report provides evidence that mutations in the GATA2 and STAT5B genes may be pathogenic in primary immunodeficiency and provides genetic evidence for the possible pathogenesis of primary immunodeficiency with autoimmune symptoms. However, further studies are needed to confirm the causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Pingying Qing
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Tony N Marion
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center
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9
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Hsieh EW, Hernandez JD. Clean up by aisle 2: roles for IL-2 receptors in host defense and tolerance. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 72:298-308. [PMID: 34479098 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although IL-2 was first recognized as growth factor for T cells, it is now also appreciated to be a key regulator of T cells through its effects on regulatory T cells (Treg). The IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) subunits' different (i) ligand affinities, (ii) dimerization or trimerization relationships with other cytokine subunits, (iii) expression across multiple cell types, and (iv) downstream signaling effects, largely dictate cellular tolerance and antimicrobial processes. Defects in IL-2Rγ result in profound and almost universally fatal immune deficiency, unless treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Defects in IL-2Rα and IL-2Rβ result in more limited infection susceptibility, particularly to herpesviruses. However, the most prominent clinical symptomatology for IL-2Rα and IL-2Rβ defects include multi-organ autoimmunity and inflammation, consistent with the critical role of IL-2 in establishing and maintaining immune tolerance. Here, we review how we have arrived at our current understanding of the complex roles of IL-2/2R in host defense and tolerance focusing on the insights gained from human clinical immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Wy Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, United States.
| | - Joseph D Hernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, United States
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10
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Dehbashi M, Hojati Z, Motovali-Bashi M, Ganjalikhany MR, Cho WC, Shimosaka A, Navabi P, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M. A Novel CAR Expressing NK Cell Targeting CD25 With the Prospect of Overcoming Immune Escape Mechanism in Cancers. Front Oncol 2021; 11:649710. [PMID: 34055618 PMCID: PMC8160382 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.649710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, high-affinity subunit of IL-2 receptor (CD25) has been considered as a promising therapeutic target for different pathologic conditions like allograft rejection, autoimmunity, and cancers. Although CD25 is transiently expressed by newly-activated T cells, it is the hallmark of regulatory T (Treg) cells which are the most important immunosuppressive elements in tumor microenvironment. Thus, Tregs can be considered as a potential target for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based therapeutic approaches. On the other hand, due to some profound adverse effects pertaining to the use of CAR T cells, CAR NK cells have caught researchers’ attention as a safer choice. Based on these, the aim of this study was to design and develop a CAR NK cell against CD25 as the most prominent biomarker of Tregs with the prospect of overcoming immune escape mechanism in solid and liquid cancers. In the current study, an anti-CD25 CAR was designed and evaluated by comprehensive in silico analyses. Then, using lentiviral transduction system, NK-92 cell line was engineered to express this anti-CD25 CAR construct. In vitro functional analyses of anti-CD25 CAR for its reactivity against CD25 antigen as well as for cytotoxicity and cytokine production assays against CD25 bearing Jurkat cell line were done. In silico analyses demonstrated that the anti-CD25 CAR transcript and scFv protein structures were stable and had proper interaction with the target. Also, in vitro analyses showed that the anti-CD25 CAR-engineered NK-92 cells were able to specifically detect and lyse target cells with an appropriate cytokine production and cytotoxic activity. To conclude, the results showed that this novel CAR NK cell is functional and warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Dehbashi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zohreh Hojati
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Motovali-Bashi
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Ganjalikhany
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Akihiro Shimosaka
- Institute of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Parnian Navabi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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11
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Hwa V. Human growth disorders associated with impaired GH action: Defects in STAT5B and JAK2. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 519:111063. [PMID: 33122102 PMCID: PMC7736371 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) promotes postnatal human growth primarily by regulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I production through activation of the GH receptor (GHR)-JAK2-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-5B signaling pathway. Inactivating STAT5B mutations, both autosomal recessive (AR) and dominant-negative (DN), are causal of a spectrum of GH insensitivity (GHI) syndrome, IGF-I deficiency and postnatal growth failure. Only AR STAT5B defects, however, confer additional characteristics of immune dysfunction which can manifest as chronic, potentially fatal, pulmonary disease. Somatic activating STAT5B and JAK2 mutations are associated with a plethora of immune abnormalities but appear not to impact human linear growth. In this review, molecular defects associated with STAT5B deficiency is highlighted and insights towards understanding human growth and immunity is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hwa
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, United States.
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12
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Caldirola MS, Martínez MP, Bezrodnik L, Zwirner NW, Gaillard MI. Immune Monitoring of Patients With Primary Immune Regulation Disorders Unravels Higher Frequencies of Follicular T Cells With Different Profiles That Associate With Alterations in B Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2020; 11:576724. [PMID: 33193371 PMCID: PMC7658009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immune regulation disorders lead to autoimmunity, allergy and inflammatory conditions due to defects in the immune homeostasis affecting different T, B and NK cell subsets. To improve our understanding of these conditions, in this work we analyzed the T and B cell compartments of 15 PID patients with dysregulation, including 3 patients with STAT1 GOF mutation, 7 patients with CVID with dysregulation, 3 patients with mutations in CTLA4, 1 patient with CD25 mutation and 1 patient with STAT5b mutation and compared them with healthy donors and with CVID patients without dysregulation. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from the patients exhibited a significant decreased frequency of naïve and regulatory T cells with increased frequencies of activated cells, central memory CD4+ T cells, effector memory CD8+ T cells and terminal effector CD8+ T cells. Patients also exhibited a significantly increased frequency of circulating CD4+ follicular helper T cells, with altered frequencies of cTfh cell subsets. Such cTfh cells were skewed toward cTfh1 cells in STAT1 GOF, CTLA4, and CVID patients, while the STAT5b deficient patient presented a skew toward cTfh17 cells. These alterations confirmed the existence of an imbalance in the cTfh1/cTfh17 ratio in these diseases. In addition, we unraveled a marked dysregulation in the B cell compartment, characterized by a prevalence of transitional and naïve B cells in STAT1 GOF and CVID patients, and of switched-memory B cells and plasmablast cells in the STAT5b deficient patient. Moreover, we observed a significant positive correlation between the frequencies cTfh17 cells and switched-memory B cells and between the frequency of switched-memory B cells and the serum IgG. Therefore, primary immunodeficiencies with dysregulation are characterized by a skew toward an activated/memory phenotype within the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell compartment, accompanied by abnormal frequencies of Tregs, cTfh, and their cTfh1 and cTfh17 subsets that likely impact on B cell help for antibody production, which likely contributes to their autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Therefore, assessment of these alterations by flow cytometry constitutes a simple and straightforward manner to improve diagnosis of these complex clinical entities that may impact early diagnosis and patients' treatment. Also, our findings unravel phenotypic alterations that might be associated, at least in part, with some of the clinical manifestations observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Caldirola
- Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP- CONICET-GCBA)-Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Paula Martínez
- Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP- CONICET-GCBA)-Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Bezrodnik
- Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP- CONICET-GCBA)-Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Inmunología Clínica Dra. Bezrodnik, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norberto Walter Zwirner
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Gaillard
- Inmunología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP- CONICET-GCBA)-Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Sección Citometría-Laboratorio Stamboulian, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Zwirner NW, Domaica CI, Fuertes MB. Regulatory functions of NK cells during infections and cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:185-194. [PMID: 33095941 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0820-685r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
After recognition, NK cells can kill susceptible target cells through perforin-dependent mechanisms or by inducing death receptor-mediated apoptosis, and they can also secrete cytokines that are pivotal for immunomodulation. Despite the critical role as effector cells against tumors and virus-infected cells, NK cells have been implicated in the regulation of T cell-mediated responses in different models of autoimmunity, transplantation, and viral infections. Here, we review the mechanisms described for NK cell-mediated inhibition of adaptive immune responses, with spotlight on the emerging evidence of their regulatory role that shapes antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto W Zwirner
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carolina I Domaica
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes B Fuertes
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Cifaldi C, Cotugno N, Di Cesare S, Giliani S, Di Matteo G, Amodio D, Piano Mortari E, Chiriaco M, Buonsenso D, Zangari P, Pagliara D, Gaspari S, Carsetti R, Palma P, Finocchi A, Locatelli F, Rossi P, Doria M, Cancrini C. Partial T cell defects and expanded CD56 bright NK cells in an SCID patient carrying hypomorphic mutation in the IL2RG gene. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:739-748. [PMID: 32392633 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ma0220-239r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) caused by full mutation of the IL2RG gene leads to T- B+ NK- phenotype and is usually associated with severe opportunistic infections, diarrhea, and failure to thrive. When IL2RG hypomorphic mutation occurs, diagnosis could be delayed and challenging since only moderate reduction of T and NK cells may be present. Here, we explored phenotypic insights and the impact of the p.R222C hypomorphic mutation (IL2RGR222C ) in distinct cell subsets in an 8-month-old patient with atypical X-SCID. We found reduced CD4+ T cell counts, a decreased frequency of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and an expansion of B cells. Ex vivo STAT5 phosphorylation was impaired in CD4+ CD45RO+ T cells, yet compensated by supraphysiological doses of IL-2. Sanger sequencing on purified cell subsets showed a partial reversion of the mutation in total CD3+ cells, specifically in recent thymic emigrants (RTE), effector memory (EM), and CD45RA+ terminally differentiated EM (EMRA) CD4+ T cells. Of note, patient's NK cells had a normal frequency compared to age-matched healthy subjects, but displayed an expansion of CD56bright cells with higher perforin content and cytotoxic potential, associated with accumulation of NK-cell stimulatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-7, IL-15). Overall, this report highlights an alteration in the NK-cell compartment that, together with the high disease-phenotype variability, should be considered in the suspicion of X-SCID with hypomorphic IL2RG mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cifaldi
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital-Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital-Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital-Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Giliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, A. Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital-Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Amodio
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital-Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- Immunology Research Division, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiriaco
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital-Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Zangari
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital-Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Pagliara
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Gaspari
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- Immunology Research Division, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palma
- Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital-Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital-Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital-Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital-Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infection, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital-Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Unit of Immune and Infectious Diseases, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Childrens' Hospital-Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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15
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Tuovinen EA, Grönholm J, Öhman T, Pöysti S, Toivonen R, Kreutzman A, Heiskanen K, Trotta L, Toiviainen-Salo S, Routes JM, Verbsky J, Mustjoki S, Saarela J, Kere J, Varjosalo M, Hänninen A, Seppänen MRJ. Novel Hemizygous IL2RG p.(Pro58Ser) Mutation Impairs IL-2 Receptor Complex Expression on Lymphocytes Causing X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:503-514. [PMID: 32072341 PMCID: PMC7142052 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypomorphic IL2RG mutations may lead to milder phenotypes than X-SCID, named variably as atypical X-SCID or X-CID. We report an 11-year-old boy with a novel c. 172C>T;p.(Pro58Ser) mutation in IL2RG, presenting with atypical X-SCID phenotype. We also review the growing number of hypomorphic IL2RG mutations causing atypical X-SCID. We studied the patient's clinical phenotype, B, T, NK, and dendritic cell phenotypes, IL2RG and CD25 cell surface expression, and IL-2 target gene expression, STAT tyrosine phosphorylation, PBMC proliferation, and blast formation in response to IL-2 stimulation, as well as protein-protein interactions of the mutated IL2RG by BioID proximity labeling. The patient suffered from recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections, bronchiectasis, and reactive arthritis. His total lymphocyte counts have remained normal despite skewed T and B cells subpopulations, with very low numbers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Surface expression of IL2RG was reduced on his lymphocytes. This led to impaired STAT tyrosine phosphorylation in response to IL-2 and IL-21, reduced expression of IL-2 target genes in patient CD4+ T cells, and reduced cell proliferation in response to IL-2 stimulation. BioID proximity labeling showed aberrant interactions between mutated IL2RG and ER/Golgi proteins causing mislocalization of the mutated IL2RG to the ER/Golgi interface. In conclusion, IL2RG p.(Pro58Ser) causes X-CID. Failure of IL2RG plasma membrane targeting may lead to atypical X-SCID. We further identified another carrier of this mutation from newborn SCID screening, lost to closer scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Tuovinen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Grönholm
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tiina Öhman
- Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Pöysti
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raine Toivonen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna Kreutzman
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaarina Heiskanen
- Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luca Trotta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Toiviainen-Salo
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John M Routes
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James Verbsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janna Saarela
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Medical Genetics, Helsinki Central University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Varjosalo
- Systems Biology Research Group and Proteomics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arno Hänninen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Turku University Hospital and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko R J Seppänen
- Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Rare Diseases Center and Pediatric Research Center, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and HUS Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Cabral-Marques O, Schimke LF, de Oliveira EB, El Khawanky N, Ramos RN, Al-Ramadi BK, Segundo GRS, Ochs HD, Condino-Neto A. Flow Cytometry Contributions for the Diagnosis and Immunopathological Characterization of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases With Immune Dysregulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2742. [PMID: 31849949 PMCID: PMC6889851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 70 years after establishing the concept of primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs), more than 320 monogenic inborn errors of immunity have been identified thanks to the remarkable contribution of high-throughput genetic screening in the last decade. Approximately 40 of these PIDs present with autoimmune or auto-inflammatory symptoms as the primary clinical manifestation instead of infections. These PIDs are now recognized as diseases of immune dysregulation. Loss-of function mutations in genes such as FOXP3, CD25, LRBA, IL-10, IL10RA, and IL10RB, as well as heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in JAK1 and STAT3 have been reported as causative of these disorders. Identifying these syndromes has considerably contributed to expanding our knowledge on the mechanisms of immune regulation and tolerance. Although whole exome and whole genome sequencing have been extremely useful in identifying novel causative genes underlying new phenotypes, these approaches are time-consuming and expensive. Patients with monogenic syndromes associated with autoimmunity require faster diagnostic tools to delineate therapeutic strategies and avoid organ damage. Since these PIDs present with severe life-threatening phenotypes, the need for a precise diagnosis in order to initiate appropriate patient management is necessary. More traditional approaches such as flow cytometry are therefore a valid option. Here, we review the application of flow cytometry and discuss the relevance of this powerful technique in diagnosing patients with PIDs presenting with immune dysregulation. In addition, flow cytometry represents a fast, robust, and sensitive approach that efficiently uncovers new immunopathological mechanisms underlying monogenic PIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lena F Schimke
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | | | - Nadia El Khawanky
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Precision Medicine Theme, The South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Nalio Ramos
- INSERM U932, SiRIC Translational Immunotherapy Team, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Basel K Al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Lai N, Liu L, Lin L, Cui C, Wang Y, Min Q, Xiong E, Wang W, Ying W, Zhou Q, Hou J, Sun J, Wang JY, Wang X. Effective and safe treatment of a novel IL2RA deficiency with rapamycin. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2019; 8:1132-1135.e4. [PMID: 31605764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Lai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyao Liu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoqun Cui
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Min
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ermeng Xiong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Ying
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinhua Zhou
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Hou
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinqiao Sun
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Natural killer cells are innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that play critical roles in human host defense and are especially useful in combating viral pathogens and malignancy. RECENT FINDINGS The NK cell deficiency (NKD) is particularly underscored in patients with a congenital immunodeficiency in which NK cell development or function is affected. The classical NK cell deficiency (cNKD) is a result of absent or a profound decrease in the number of circulating NK cells. In contrast, functional NKD (fNKD) is characterized by abnormal NK cell function but with normal number of NK cells. The combined immune deficiencies with significant impact on NK cells are not considered classical or functional NK cell deficiencies. In these disorders, the impairment of NK cells represents an important aspect of the overall immunodeficiency. In turn, this leads to improved insights on the NK cell development and function. Here, we detail the NK cell biology based upon recent natural killer cell defects described in combined immune deficiencies.
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19
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Stepp MA, Pal-Ghosh S, Tadvalkar G, Williams AR, Pflugfelder SC, de Paiva CS. Reduced Corneal Innervation in the CD25 Null Model of Sjögren Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123821. [PMID: 30513621 PMCID: PMC6320862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased corneal innervation is frequent in patients with Sjögren Syndrome (SS). To investigate the density and morphology of the intraepithelial corneal nerves (ICNs), corneal sensitivity, epithelial cell proliferation, and changes in mRNA expression of genes that are involved in autophagy and axon targeting and extension were assessed using the IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25 null) model of SS. ICN density and thickness in male and female wt and CD25 null corneas were assessed at 4, 6, 8, and 10/11 wk of age. Cell proliferation was assessed using ki67. Mechanical corneal sensitivity was measured. Quantitative PCR was performed to quantify expression of beclin 1, LC3, Lamp-1, Lamp-2, CXCL-1, BDNF, NTN1, DCC, Unc5b1, Efna4, Efna5, Rgma, and p21 in corneal epithelial mRNA. A significant reduction in corneal axon density and mechanical sensitivity were observed, which negatively correlate with epithelial cell proliferation. CD25 null mice have increased expression of genes regulating autophagy (beclin-1, LC3, LAMP-1, LAMP-2, CXCL1, and BDNF) and no change was observed in genes that were related to axonal targeting and extension. Decreased anatomic corneal innervation in the CD25 null SS model is accompanied by reduced corneal sensitivity, increased corneal epithelial cell proliferation, and increased expression of genes regulating phagocytosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Gauri Tadvalkar
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Alexa R Williams
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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