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Langston PK, Mathis D. Immunological regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise. Cell Metab 2024; 36:1175-1183. [PMID: 38670108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Exercise has long been acknowledged for its powerful disease-preventing, health-promoting effects. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of exercise are not fully understood. Inflammation is a component of the stress response to exercise. Recent work has revealed that such inflammation is not merely a symptom of exertion; rather, it is a key regulator of exercise adaptations, particularly in skeletal muscle. The purpose of this piece is to provide a conceptual framework that we hope will integrate exercise immunology with exercise physiology, muscle biology, and cellular immunology. We start with an overview of early studies in the field of exercise immunology, followed by an exploration of the importance of stromal cells and immunocytes in the maintenance of muscle homeostasis based on studies of experimental muscle injury. Subsequently, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the functions and physiological relevance of the immune system in exercised muscle. Finally, we highlight a potential immunological basis for the benefits of exercise in musculoskeletal diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kent Langston
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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Hao F, Tian M, Wang H, Li S, Wang X, Jin X, Wang Y, Jiao Y, Tian M. Exercise-induced β-hydroxybutyrate promotes Treg cell differentiation to ameliorate colitis in mice. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23487. [PMID: 38345808 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301686rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Increasing attention is being paid to the mechanistic investigation of exercise-associated chronic inflammatory disease improvement. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease with increasing incidence and prevalence worldwide. It is known that regular moderate aerobic exercise (RMAE) reduces the incidence or risk of UC, and attenuates disease progression in UC patients. However, the mechanisms of this RMAE's benefit are still under investigation. Here, we revealed that β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), a metabolite upon prolonged aerobic exercise, could contribute to RMAE preconditioning in retarding dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse colitis. When blocking β-HB production, RMAE preconditioning-induced colitis amelioration was compromised, whereas supplementation of β-HB significantly rescued impaired β-HB production-associated defects. Meanwhile, we found that RMAE preconditioning significantly caused decreased colonic Th17/Treg ratio, which is considered to be important for colitis mitigation; and the downregulated Th17/Treg ratio was associated with β-HB. We further demonstrated that β-HB can directly promote the differentiation of Treg cell rather than inhibit Th17 cell generation. Furthermore, β-HB increased forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) expression, the core transcriptional factor for Treg cell, by enhancing histone H3 acetylation in the promoter and conserved noncoding sequences of the Foxp3 locus. In addition, fatty acid oxidation, the key metabolic pathway required for Treg cell differentiation, was enhanced by β-HB treatment. Lastly, administration of β-HB without exercise significantly boosted colonic Treg cell and alleviated colitis in mice. Together, we unveiled a previously unappreciated role for exercise metabolite β-HB in the promotion of Treg cell generation and RMAE preconditioning-associated colitis attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqi Hao
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huiyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education (MOE), Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Meihong Tian
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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3
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Zong B, Yu F, Zhang X, Zhao W, Li S, Li L. Mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on multiple sclerosis: focus on immune cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260663. [PMID: 37841264 PMCID: PMC10570846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent neuroimmunological illness that leads to neurological disability in young adults. Although the etiology of MS is heterogeneous, it is well established that aberrant activity of adaptive and innate immune cells plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Several immune cell abnormalities have been described in MS and its animal models, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, microglia/macrophages, and astrocytes, among others. Physical exercise offers a valuable alternative or adjunctive disease-modifying therapy for MS. A growing body of evidence indicates that exercise may reduce the autoimmune responses triggered by immune cells in MS. This is partially accomplished by restricting the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, curbing hyperactivation of immune cells, and facilitating a transition in the balance of immune cells from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. This review provides a succinct overview of the correlation between physical exercise, immune cells, and MS pathology, and highlights the potential benefits of exercise as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Zong
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengzhi Yu
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenrui Zhao
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shichang Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Akingbesote ND, Owusu D, Liu R, Cartmel B, Ferrucci LM, Zupa M, Lustberg MB, Sanft T, Blenman KRM, Irwin ML, Perry RJ. A review of the impact of energy balance on triple-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2023; 2023:104-124. [PMID: 37139977 DOI: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells cannot proliferate without sufficient energy to generate biomass for rapid cell division, as well as to fuel their functions at baseline. For this reason, many recent observational and interventional studies have focused on increasing energy expenditure and/or reducing energy intake during and after cancer treatment. The impact of variance in diet composition and in exercise on cancer outcomes has been detailed extensively elsewhere and is not the primary focus of this review. Instead, in this translational, narrative review we examine studies of how energy balance impacts anticancer immune activation and outcomes in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We discuss preclinical, clinical observational, and the few clinical interventional studies on energy balance in TNBC. We advocate for the implementation of clinical studies to examine how optimizing energy balance-through changes in diet and/or exercise-may optimize the response to immunotherapy in people with TNBC. It is our conviction that by taking a holistic approach that includes energy balance as a key factor to be considered during and after treatment, cancer care may be optimized, and the detrimental effects of cancer treatment and recovery on overall health may be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngozi D Akingbesote
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dennis Owusu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana
| | - Ryan Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Cedar Park High School, Cedar Park, TX, USA
| | - Brenda Cartmel
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leah M Ferrucci
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Maryam B Lustberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tara Sanft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kim R M Blenman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melinda L Irwin
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA
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Liu S, Sun Q, Ren X. Novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy: counter-immunoediting therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:38. [PMID: 37055849 PMCID: PMC10099030 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy has made an indelible mark on the field of cancer therapy, especially the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in clinical practice. Although immunotherapy has proven its efficacy and safety in some tumors, many patients still have innate or acquired resistance to immunotherapy. The emergence of this phenomenon is closely related to the highly heterogeneous immune microenvironment formed by tumor cells after undergoing cancer immunoediting. The process of cancer immunoediting refers to the cooperative interaction between tumor cells and the immune system that involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. During these phases, conflicting interactions between the immune system and tumor cells result in the formation of a complex immune microenvironment, which contributes to the acquisition of different levels of immunotherapy resistance in tumor cells. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of different phases of cancer immunoediting and the corresponding therapeutic tools, and we propose normalized therapeutic strategies based on immunophenotyping. The process of cancer immunoediting is retrograded through targeted interventions in different phases of cancer immunoediting, making immunotherapy in the context of precision therapy the most promising therapy to cure cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochuan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 300060, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, 300060, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, 300060, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 300060, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, 300060, Tianjin, China.
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Tu Y, Liu J, Kong D, Guo X, Li J, Long Z, Peng J, Wang Z, Wu H, Liu P, Liu R, Yu W, Li W. Irisin drives macrophage anti-inflammatory differentiation via JAK2-STAT6-dependent activation of PPARγ and Nrf2 signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 201:98-110. [PMID: 36940733 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Irisin is an exercise-induced myokine that alleviates inflammation and obesity. The induction of anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophage is facilitated for treatment of sepsis and associated lung damage. However, whether irisin drives macrophage M2 polarization remains unclear. Here, we found that irisin induced-macrophage anti-inflammatory differentiation in vivo using an LPS-induced septic mice model and in vitro using RAW64.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Irisin also promoted the expression, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Inhibition or knockdown of PPAR-γ and Nrf2 abolished irisin-induced accumulation of M2 macrophage markers, such as interleukin (IL)-10 and Arginase 1. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) assays confirmed that STAT6 boosts PPAR-γ and Nrf2 transcription by binding to their DNA promoters in irisin-stimulated macrophages. In contrast, STAT6 shRNA blocked the irisin-induced activation of Pparγ, Nrf2, and related downstream genes. Moreover, the interaction of irisin with its ligand integrin αVβ5 remarkably promoted Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) phosphorylation, while inhibition or knockdown of integrin αVβ5 and JAK2 attenuated the activation of STAT6, PPAR-γ, and Nrf2 signaling. Interestingly, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay also revealed that the binding between JAK2 and integrin αVβ5 is critical for irisin-induced macrophage anti-inflammatory differentiation by enhancing the activation of the JAK2-STAT6 pathway. In conclusion, irisin boosted M2 macrophage differentiation by inducing JAK2-STAT6-dependent transcriptional activation of the PPAR-γ-related anti-inflammatory system and Nrf2-related antioxidant genes. The findings of this study suggest that the administration of irisin is a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Tu
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China; School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, China
| | - Jiangzheng Liu
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Deqin Kong
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiaojie Guo
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zi Long
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Penghui Liu
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Weihua Yu
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Wenli Li
- Department of Toxicology, Shaanxi Provincial Key Lab of Free Radical Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Hanna BS, Yaghi OK, Langston PK, Mathis D. The potential for Treg-enhancing therapies in tissue, in particular skeletal muscle, regeneration. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 211:138-148. [PMID: 35972909 PMCID: PMC10019136 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are famous for their role in maintaining immunological tolerance. With their distinct transcriptomes, growth-factor dependencies and T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires, Tregs in nonlymphoid tissues, termed "tissue-Tregs," also perform a variety of functions to help assure tissue homeostasis. For example, they are important for tissue repair and regeneration after various types of injury, both acute and chronic. They exert this influence by controlling both the inflammatory tenor and the dynamics of the parenchymal progenitor-cell pool in injured tissues, thereby promoting efficient repair and limiting fibrosis. Thus, tissue-Tregs are seemingly attractive targets for immunotherapy in the context of tissue regeneration, offering several advantages over existing therapies. Using skeletal muscle as a model system, we discuss the existing literature on Tregs' role in tissue regeneration in acute and chronic injuries, and various approaches for their therapeutic modulation in such contexts, including exercise as a natural Treg modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bola S Hanna
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, USA
| | - Omar K Yaghi
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, USA
| | - P Kent Langston
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, USA
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Liang H, Jing D, Zhu Y, Li D, Zhou X, Tu W, Liu H, Pan P, Zhang Y. Association of genetic risk and lifestyle with incident adult-onset asthma in the UK Biobank cohort. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00499-2022. [PMID: 37057096 PMCID: PMC10086697 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00499-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both genetic and lifestyle factors contribute to the development of asthma, but whether unfavourable lifestyle is associated with similar increases in risk of developing asthma among individuals with varying genetic risk levels remains unknown. Methods A healthy lifestyle score was constructed using body mass index, smoking status, physical activities and dietary pattern to further categorise into ideal, intermediate and poor groups. Genetic risk of asthma was also categorised as three groups based on the tertiles of polygenic risk score established using 212 reported and verified single-nucleotide polymorphisms of European ancestry in the UK Biobank study. We examined the risk of incident asthma related with each lifestyle level in each genetic risk group by Cox regression models. Results Finally, 327 124 participants without baseline asthma were included, and 157 320 (48.1%) were male. During follow-up, 6238 participants (1.9%) developed asthma. Compared to ideal lifestyle in a low genetic risk group, poor lifestyle was associated with a hazard ratio of up to 3.87 (95% CI, 2.98-5.02) for developing asthma in a high genetic risk group. There was interaction between genetic risk and lifestyle, and the population-attributable fraction of lifestyle and genetic risk were 30.2% and 30.0% respectively. Conclusion In this large contemporary population, lifestyle and genetic factors jointly play critical roles in the development of asthma, and the effect values of lifestyle on incident adult-onset asthma were greater than that of genetic risk. Our findings highlighted the necessity of a comprehensive intervention for the prevention of asthma despite the genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaying Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Danrong Jing
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yiqun Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Dianwu Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Tu
- Department of Respirology and Allergy, Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Pinhua Pan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Corresponding author: Yan Zhang (); Pinhua Pan (); Hong Liu ()
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9
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Baker C, Hunt J, Piasecki J, Hough J. Lymphocyte and dendritic cell response to a period of intensified training in young healthy humans and rodents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:998925. [PMID: 36439269 PMCID: PMC9691956 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.998925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Intensified training coupled with sufficient recovery is required to improve athletic performance. A stress-recovery imbalance can lead to negative states of overtraining. Hormonal alterations associated with intensified training, such as blunted cortisol, may impair the immune response. Cortisol promotes the maturation and migration of dendritic cells which subsequently stimulate the T cell response. However, there are currently no clear reliable biomarkers to highlight the overtraining syndrome. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of intensified training on immune cells. Outcomes from this could provide insight into whether these markers may be used as an indicator of negative states of overtraining. Methods: SPORTDiscus, PUBMED, Academic Search Complete, Scopus and Web of Science were searched until June 2022. Included articles reported on immune biomarkers relating to lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and cytokines before and after a period of intensified training, in humans and rodents, at rest and in response to exercise. Results: 164 full texts were screened for eligibility. Across 57 eligible studies, 16 immune biomarkers were assessed. 7 were assessed at rest and in response to a bout of exercise, and 9 assessed at rest only. Included lymphocyte markers were CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell count, NK cell count, NK Cytolytic activity, lymphocyte proliferation and CD4/CD8 ratio. Dendritic cell markers examined were CD80, CD86, and MHC II expression. Cytokines included IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ. A period of intensified training significantly decreased resting total lymphocyte (d= -0.57, 95% CI -0.30) and CD8+ T cell counts (d= -0.37, 95% CI -0.04), and unstimulated plasma IL-1β levels (d= -0.63, 95% CI -0.17). Resting dendritic cell CD86 expression significantly increased (d = 2.18, 95% CI 4.07). All other biomarkers remained unchanged. Conclusion: Although some biomarkers alter after a period of intensified training, definitive immune biomarkers are limited. Specifically, due to low study numbers, further investigation into the dendritic cell response in human models is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Baker
- SHAPE Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Carla Baker,
| | - John Hunt
- Medical Technologies Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Piasecki
- SHAPE Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Hough
- SHAPE Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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10
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Why Physical Activity Should Be Considered in Clinical Trials for COVID-19 Vaccines: A Focus on Risk Groups. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031853. [PMID: 35162875 PMCID: PMC8834774 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the World Health Organization declared the global COVID-19 state of emergency in early 2020, several vaccine candidates have emerged to control SARS-CoV-2, and some of them have been approved and implemented in vaccination campaigns worldwide. Although clinical trials for these vaccines have been carried out using highly controlled methods with accurate immunological tests, clinical questionnaires did not include questions concerning the physical activity profile among volunteers. It has been well established that physical activity plays a pivotal role in the immune response after vaccination, led by the activation of cytokines, antibodies, and cells. This concept should have been considered when evaluating the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine candidates, particularly in elderly and obese people. Here, we discuss data from the literature providing strong evidence regarding the importance of analyzing physical activity parameters to improve the accuracy of clinical trials on assessing the efficacy of vaccine candidates.
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11
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Burtscher J, Burtscher M, Millet GP. The central role of mitochondrial fitness on antiviral defenses: An advocacy for physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101976. [PMID: 33932869 PMCID: PMC8062414 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are central regulators of cellular metabolism, most known for their role in energy production. They can be "enhanced" by physical activity (including exercise), which increases their integrity, efficiency and dynamic adaptation to stressors, in short "mitochondrial fitness". Mitochondrial fitness is closely associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity. Given the importance of mitochondria in immune functions, it is thus not surprising that cardiorespiratory fitness is also an integral determinant of the antiviral host defense and vulnerability to infection. Here, we first briefly review the role of physical activity in viral infections. We then summarize mitochondrial functions that are relevant for the antiviral immune response with a particular focus on the current Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic and on innate immune function. Finally, the modulation of mitochondrial and cardiorespiratory fitness by physical activity, aging and the chronic diseases that represent the most common comorbidities of COVID-19 is discussed. We conclude that a high mitochondrial - and related cardiorespiratory - fitness should be considered as protective factors for viral infections, including COVID-19. This assumption is corroborated by reduced mitochondrial fitness in many established risk factors of COVID-19, like age, various chronic diseases or obesity. We argue for regular analysis of the cardiorespiratory fitness of COVID-19 patients and the promotion of physical activity - with all its associated health benefits - as preventive measures against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Burtscher J, Millet GP, Place N, Kayser B, Zanou N. The Muscle-Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Key Role of Mitochondria in Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6479. [PMID: 34204228 PMCID: PMC8235687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise is associated with pronounced health benefits. The molecular processes involved in physiological adaptations to exercise are best understood in skeletal muscle. Enhanced mitochondrial functions in muscle are central to exercise-induced adaptations. However, regular exercise also benefits the brain and is a major protective factor against neurodegenerative diseases, such as the most common age-related form of dementia, Alzheimer's disease, or the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder, Parkinson's disease. While there is evidence that exercise induces signalling from skeletal muscle to the brain, the mechanistic understanding of the crosstalk along the muscle-brain axis is incompletely understood. Mitochondria in both organs, however, seem to be central players. Here, we provide an overview on the central role of mitochondria in exercise-induced communication routes from muscle to the brain. These routes include circulating factors, such as myokines, the release of which often depends on mitochondria, and possibly direct mitochondrial transfer. On this basis, we examine the reported effects of different modes of exercise on mitochondrial features and highlight their expected benefits with regard to neurodegeneration prevention or mitigation. In addition, knowledge gaps in our current understanding related to the muscle-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.P.M.); (N.P.); (B.K.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.P.M.); (N.P.); (B.K.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Place
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.P.M.); (N.P.); (B.K.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.P.M.); (N.P.); (B.K.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nadège Zanou
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.P.M.); (N.P.); (B.K.); (N.Z.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Polito R, Monaco ML, Mallardo M, Elce A, Daniele A, Nigro E. Treatment with sera from Water Polo athletes activates AMPKα and ACC proteins In HepG2 hepatoma cell line. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00742-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Physical activity and professional physical activity such as water polo (WP) sport, has numerous beneficial effects to fight metabolism-related disorders through several mechanisms, including the promotion of liver metabolic adaptations, and the modulation of cytokine production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different types of physical activity on AMPKα and ACC, two proteins involved in liver metabolism; therefore, we treated the hepatoma cell line Hep G2 with sera from elite WP athletes and amateur (basket) players. As control, we used serum from both sedentary and obese subjects.
Methods
Help G2 cells were treated with 5% of human sera from the different subjects; after 24 h and 48 h, HepG2 cell viability was verified through MTT assay and activation status of AMPKα and ACC through western blotting. Cytokine’s serum levels were measured through ELISA assay.
Results
After 72 h, the treatment of HepG2 cells with sera from the different subjects produced no effect on cell viability. Furthermore, after 48 h of treatment, both AMPKα and ACC phosphorylation statistically increases in HepG2 cells treated with sera from WP athletes. Furthermore, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 levels resulted statistically increased in WP athlete’s sera than in sedentary subjects.
Conclusion
The specific activation of AMPKα and ACC by WP sera confirms that professional sport activity carried out by WP athletes can be considered as a physiological activator of these two proteins also in HepG2 liver cells. In addition, the increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines in WP sera confirms the ample evidence for multiple anti-inflammatory activities carried out by WP discipline.
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14
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Kuder MM, Nyenhuis SM. Optimizing lifestyle interventions in adult patients with comorbid asthma and obesity. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2021; 14:1753466620906323. [PMID: 32103702 PMCID: PMC7047422 DOI: 10.1177/1753466620906323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and asthma are both increasing at alarming rates. The link between obesity and asthma suggests that obesity contributes to both risk of new onset asthma and increased asthma severity. The emerging evidence demonstrating the role of obesity and other lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity, on asthma outcomes warrants lifestyle interventions that can address these components of asthma care. This review examines the current literature on the pathophysiology of obesity’s role in asthma, as well as the role of diet and physical activity in weight loss and in asthma outcomes. We discuss recent studies that employ lifestyle interventions to target improved asthma outcomes. Finally, we discuss the future direction of research in this area. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Kuder
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sharmilee M Nyenhuis
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Affiliate Faculty, Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St. MC 719, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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15
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Yoon KJ, Ahn A, Park SH, Kwak SH, Kwak SE, Lee W, Yang YR, Kim M, Shin HM, Kim HR, Moon HY. Exercise reduces metabolic burden while altering the immune system in aged mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:1294-1313. [PMID: 33406502 PMCID: PMC7834985 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although several evidence has suggested the impact of exercise on the prevention of aging phenotypes, few studies have been conducted on the mechanism by which exercise alters the immune-cell profile, thereby improving metabolism in senile obesity. In this study, we confirmed that 4-week treadmill exercise sufficiently improved metabolic function, including increased lean mass and decreased fat mass, in 88-week-old mice. The expression level of the senescence marker p16 in the white adipose tissue (WAT) was decreased after 4-weeks of exercise. Exercise induced changes in the profiles of immune-cell subsets, including natural killer (NK) cells, central memory CD8+ T cells, eosinophils, and neutrophils, in the stromal vascular fraction of WAT. In addition, it has been shown through transcriptome analysis of WAT that exercise can activate pathways involved in the interaction between WAT and immune cells, in particular NK cells, in aged mice. These results suggest that exercise has a profound effect on changes in immune-cell distribution and senescent-cell scavenging in WAT of aged mice, eventually affecting overall energy metabolism toward a more youthful state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Jin Yoon
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Ahn
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269,USA
| | - Soo Hong Park
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Kwak
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Eun Kwak
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wonsang Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Mu Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Rae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Youl Moon
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Nigro E, Polito R, Alfieri A, Mancini A, Imperlini E, Elce A, Krustrup P, Orrù S, Buono P, Daniele A. Molecular mechanisms involved in the positive effects of physical activity on coping with COVID-19. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020. [PMID: 32885275 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04484-5.pmid:32885275;pmcid:pmc7471545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity (PA) represents the first line of defence against diseases characterised by increased inflammation status, such as metabolic and infectious diseases. Conversely, a sedentary lifestyle-associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders-negatively impacts on general health status, including susceptibility to infections. At a time of a pandemic SARS-CoV2 infection, and in the context of the multiorgan crosstalk (widely accepted as a mechanism participating in the pathophysiology of all organs and systems), we examine the complex interplay mediated by skeletal muscle contraction involving the immune system and how this contributes to control health status and to counteract viral infections. In so doing, we review the molecular mechanisms and expression of molecules modulated by PA, able to provide the proper molecular equipment against viral infections such as the current SARS-CoV2. METHODS A critical review of the literature was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and mediators induced by PA that potentially impact on viral infections such as SARS-CoV2. RESULTS We showed the effects mediated by regular moderate PA on viral adverse effects through the regulation of biological processes involving the crosstalk between skeletal muscle, the immune system and adipose tissue. Evidence was provided of the effects mediated by modulation of the expression of inflammation markers. CONCLUSION A tigth association between PA and reduction in inflammation status allows effective counteracting of SARS-CoV2 infection. It is therefore essential to persuade people to keep active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via A. Vivaldi, 81100, Caserta, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Polito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via A. Vivaldi, 81100, Caserta, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
| | - Andreina Alfieri
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere (DISMeB), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via F. Acton, 38, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere (DISMeB), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via F. Acton, 38, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Ausilia Elce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Shanghai University of Sport (SUS), Shanghai, China
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Stefania Orrù
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere (DISMeB), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via F. Acton, 38, 80133, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere (DISMeB), Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Via F. Acton, 38, 80133, Naples, Italy.
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via A. Vivaldi, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore, 486, 80145, Naples, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via G. Vivaldi 42, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
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17
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Ueno H, Koya T, Takeuchi H, Tsukioka K, Saito A, Kimura Y, Hayashi M, Watanabe S, Hasegawa T, Arakawa M, Kikuchi T. Cysteinyl Leukotriene Synthesis via Phospholipase A2 Group IV Mediates Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction and Airway Remodeling. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:57-66. [PMID: 32182104 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0325oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the prevalence of asthma is higher in athletes, including Olympic athletes, than in the general population. In this study, we analyzed the mechanism of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by using animal models of athlete asthma. Mice were made to exercise on a treadmill for a total duration of 1 week, 3 weeks, or 5 weeks. We analyzed airway responsiveness, BAL fluid, lung homogenates, and tissue histology for each period. In mice that were treated (i.e., the treatment model), treatments were administered from the fourth to the fifth week. We also collected induced sputum from human athletes with asthma and analyzed the supernatants. Airway responsiveness to methacholine was enhanced with repeated exercise stimulation, although the cell composition in BAL fluid did not change. Exercise induced hypertrophy of airway smooth muscle and subepithelial collagen deposition. Cysteinyl-leukotriene (Cys-LT) levels were significantly increased with exercise duration. Montelukast treatment significantly reduced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway remodeling. Expression of PLA2G4 (phospholipase A2 group IV) and leukotriene C4 synthase in the airway epithelium was upregulated in the exercise model, and inhibition of PLA2 ameliorated AHR and airway remodeling, with associated lower levels of Cys-LTs. The levels of Cys-LTs in sputum from athletes did not differ between those with and without sputum eosinophilia. These data suggest that AHR and airway remodeling were caused by repeated and strenuous exercise. Cys-LTs from the airway epithelium, but not inflammatory cells, may play an important role in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Koya
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tsukioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akira Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masachika Hayashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Hasegawa
- Department of General Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan; and
| | - Masaaki Arakawa
- Niigata Institute for Health and Sports Medicine, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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18
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Bossé Y, Côté A. Asthma: An Untoward Consequence of Endurance Sports? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:7-8. [PMID: 32223717 PMCID: PMC7328247 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0092ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ynuk Bossé
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecUniversité LavalQuebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andréanne Côté
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de QuébecUniversité LavalQuebec, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Molecular mechanisms involved in the positive effects of physical activity on coping with COVID-19. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2569-2582. [PMID: 32885275 PMCID: PMC7471545 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical activity (PA) represents the first line of defence against diseases characterised by increased inflammation status, such as metabolic and infectious diseases. Conversely, a sedentary lifestyle-associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders-negatively impacts on general health status, including susceptibility to infections. At a time of a pandemic SARS-CoV2 infection, and in the context of the multiorgan crosstalk (widely accepted as a mechanism participating in the pathophysiology of all organs and systems), we examine the complex interplay mediated by skeletal muscle contraction involving the immune system and how this contributes to control health status and to counteract viral infections. In so doing, we review the molecular mechanisms and expression of molecules modulated by PA, able to provide the proper molecular equipment against viral infections such as the current SARS-CoV2. METHODS A critical review of the literature was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and mediators induced by PA that potentially impact on viral infections such as SARS-CoV2. RESULTS We showed the effects mediated by regular moderate PA on viral adverse effects through the regulation of biological processes involving the crosstalk between skeletal muscle, the immune system and adipose tissue. Evidence was provided of the effects mediated by modulation of the expression of inflammation markers. CONCLUSION A tigth association between PA and reduction in inflammation status allows effective counteracting of SARS-CoV2 infection. It is therefore essential to persuade people to keep active.
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20
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Zbinden‐Foncea H, Francaux M, Deldicque L, Hawley JA. Does High Cardiorespiratory Fitness Confer Some Protection Against Proinflammatory Responses After Infection by SARS-CoV-2? Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:1378-1381. [PMID: 32324968 PMCID: PMC7264673 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in China in late 2019 and has since spread rapidly to every continent in the world. This pandemic continues to cause widespread personal suffering, along with severe pressure on medical and health care providers. The symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent prognosis are worsened in individuals who have preexisting comorbidities prior to infection by the virus. Individuals with obesity or overweight, insulin resistance, and diabetes typically have chronic low-grade inflammation characterized by increased levels of several proinflammatory cytokines and the inflammasome; this state predisposes to greater risk for infection along with more adverse outcomes. Here, we consider whether a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness induced by prior exercise training may confer some innate immune protection against COVID-19 by attenuating the "cytokine storm syndrome" often experienced by "at risk" individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Zbinden‐Foncea
- School of KinesiologyFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Finis TerraeSantiagoChile
- Centro de Salud DeportivaClinica Santa MariaSantiagoChile
- Institute of NeuroscienceUCLouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of NeuroscienceUCLouvainLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | | | - John A. Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research GroupMary MacKillop Institute for Health ResearchAustralian Catholic UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
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Freeman AT, Staples KJ, Wilkinson TMA. Defining a role for exercise training in the management of asthma. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/156/190106. [PMID: 32620584 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0106-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of asthma remains high worldwide, with increasing awareness of the morbidity and mortality from asthma in low-income countries. In the UK, despite the development of biological treatments, many patients remain suboptimally controlled, and mortality rates have been static for decades. Therefore, new approaches are needed to treat asthma that are scalable at minimal cost. Exercise immunology is an expanding field, and there is growing evidence that exercise can modulate inflammatory and immune processes in asthma. Whilst exercise is encouraged in current treatment guidelines, there are no specific recommendations as to the intensity, frequency or duration of exercise exposure. Despite national and international guidance to increase exercise, patients with asthma are less likely to engage in physical activity. This review explores the disease modifying benefit of exercise in asthma. We also review the domains in which exercise exerts positive clinical effects in asthma, including the effects of exercise on symptom scores, quality of life, psychosocial health, and in the obese asthma phenotype. Finally, we review the barriers to exercise in asthma, given the benefits it confers. A better understanding of the mechanisms through which exercise exerts its positive effects in asthma may provide more accurate prescription of exercise training programmes as part of broader asthma management, with the potential of identification of new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Freeman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK .,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Karl J Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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22
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Dorneles GP, dos Passos AA, Romão PR, Peres A. New Insights about Regulatory T Cells Distribution and Function with Exercise: The Role of Immunometabolism. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:979-990. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200305125210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A lack of physical activity is linked to the development of many chronic diseases through a chronic
low-grade inflammation state. It is now well accepted that the immune system plays a central role in the development
of several chronic diseases, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, heart failure and
certain types of cancer. Exercise elicits a strong anti-inflammatory response independently of weight loss and can
be a useful non-pharmacologic strategy to counteract the low-grade inflammation. The CD4+CD25+CD127-
FoxP3+ Regulatory T (Treg) cells are a unique subset of helper T-cells, which regulate immune response and
establish self-tolerance through the secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, and the
suppression of the function and activity of many immune effector cells (including monocytes/macrophages, dendritic
cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and Natural Killers). The metabolic phenotype of Tregs are regulated by the
transcription factor Foxp3, providing flexibility in fuel choice, but a preference for higher fatty acid oxidation. In
this review, we focus on the mechanisms by which exercise - both acute and chronic - exerts its antiinflammatory
effects through Treg cells mobilization. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of immunometabolic
changes during exercise for the modulation of Treg phenotype and its immunosuppressive function. This
narrative review focuses on the current knowledge regarding the role of Treg cells in the context of acute and
chronic exercise using data from observational and experimental studies. Emerging evidence suggests that the
immunomodulatory effects of exercise are mediated by the ability of exercise to adjust and improve Tregs number
and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilson P. Dorneles
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab., Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Aline A.Z. dos Passos
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab., Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro R.T. Romão
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab., Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Peres
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab., Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
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23
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Kullberg S, Rivera NV, Eriksson MJ, Grunewald J, Eklund A. High-intensity resistance training in newly diagnosed sarcoidosis- an exploratory study of effects on lung function, muscle strength, fatigue, dyspnea, health-related quality of life and lung immune cells. Eur Clin Respir J 2020; 7:1730137. [PMID: 32158524 PMCID: PMC7048202 DOI: 10.1080/20018525.2020.1730137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: High-intensity resistance training is unexplored in untreated patients with newly diagnosed sarcoidosis. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of high-intensity resistance training on lung function, muscle strength, fatigue, dyspnea, health-related impairments, and lung immune cells. Methods: Eleven untreated patients with newly diagnosed sarcoidosis performed high-intensity resistance training at an intensity of 80% of 1 Repetition Maximum (RM) twice a week and daily inspiratory muscle training at regular intensity for 12 weeks. Assessment with spirometry, chest X-ray, questionnaires, and BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) cells was performed before and in close adjacent to completed training. A final third assessment except bronchoscopy was performed at an average 5 months after the training period. Results: The training was well tolerated and muscular strength increased significantly while fatigue, dyspnea, and health-related impairments decreased, though not significantly in all measures. Mean percentage of lung lymphocytes decreased (p = 0.006). Conclusions: High-intensity resistance training and inspiratory muscle training at regular intensity in patients with newly diagnosed sarcoidosis led to improvements in muscular strength without adverse events and seems to be a non-invasive attractive way to improve fatigue, dyspnea, and quality of life. Analysis of lung immune cells possibly indicated a decreased inflammatory activity. These results provide a basis for larger randomized trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Kullberg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Natalia V Rivera
- Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria J Eriksson
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Eklund
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Respiratory Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Qiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College Central South University Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College Central South University Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Fan Ouyang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College Central South University Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College Central South University Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Shuhong Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College Central South University Zhuzhou Hunan China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College Central South University Zhuzhou Hunan China
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