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Shen N, Polyanskaya A, Qi X, Al Othman A, Permyakova A, Volkova M, Mezentsev A, Durymanov M. Modification of mesenchymal stromal cells with silibinin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles improves their therapeutic efficacy for cutaneous wound repair. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2024; 61:102767. [PMID: 38906391 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2024.102767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for treating chronic inflammatory disorders, wounds, and ischemia-reperfusion injuries has shown improved healing efficacy. However, the poor survival rate of transplanted cells due to oxidative stress in injured or inflamed tissue remains a significant concern for MSC-based therapies. In this study, we developed a new approach to protect MSCs from oxidative stress, thereby improving their survival in a wound microenvironment and enhancing their therapeutic effect. We produced PLGA nanoparticles loaded with the cytoprotective phytochemical silibinin (SBN), and used them to modify MSCs. Upon internalization, these nanoformulations released SBN, activating the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, resulting in threefold reduction in intracellular ROS content and improved cell survival under oxidative stress conditions. Modification of MSCs with SBN-loaded PLGA nanoparticles increased their survival upon transplantation to full-thickness cutaneous wounds and improved wound healing. This study suggests that MSC modification with cytoprotective nanoparticles could be a promising approach for improving wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfei Shen
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky per. 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Anna Polyanskaya
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky per. 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Xiaoli Qi
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky per. 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Aya Al Othman
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky per. 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Anastasia Permyakova
- Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Marina Volkova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky per. 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Alexandre Mezentsev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky per. 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Mikhail Durymanov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky per. 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia; Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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2
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Ding Z, Greenberg ZF, Serafim MF, Ali S, Jamieson JC, Traktuev DO, March K, He M. Understanding molecular characteristics of extracellular vesicles derived from different types of mesenchymal stem cells for therapeutic translation. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLE 2024; 3:100034. [PMID: 38957857 PMCID: PMC11218754 DOI: 10.1016/j.vesic.2024.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been studied for decades as candidates for cellular therapy, and their secretome, including secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), has been identified to contribute significantly to regenerative and reparative functions. Emerging evidence has suggested that MSC-EVs alone, could be used as therapeutics that emulate the biological function of MSCs. However, just as with MSCs, MSC-EVs have been shown to vary in composition, depending on the tissue source of the MSCs as well as the protocols employed in culturing the MSCs and obtaining the EVs. Therefore, the importance of careful choice of cell sources and culture environments is receiving increasing attention. Many factors contribute to the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs, including the source tissue, isolation technique, and culturing conditions. This review illustrates the molecular landscape of EVs derived from different types of MSC cells along with culture strategies. A thorough analysis of publicly available omic datasets was performed to advance the precision understanding of MSC-EVs with unique tissue source-dependent molecular characteristics. The tissue-specific protein and miRNA-driven Reactome ontology analysis was used to reveal distinct patterns of top Reactome ontology pathways across adipose, bone marrow, and umbilical MSC-EVs. Moreover, a meta-analysis assisted by an AI technique was used to analyze the published literature, providing insights into the therapeutic translation of MSC-EVs based on their source tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Zachary F. Greenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Maria Fernanda Serafim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Samantha Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Julia C. Jamieson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Dmitry O. Traktuev
- UF Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Keith March
- UF Center for Regenerative Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Shi Z, Sun H, Tian X, Song X, Fan J, Sun S, Wang J, Zhang J, Wang J. Extracellular vesicles containing miR-181a-5p as a novel therapy for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced demyelination. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112326. [PMID: 38796967 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Recent research has revealed that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), containing specific miRNAs, possess immunomodulatory properties and have demonstrated therapeutic potential in the treatment of MS. This study aimed to investigate the role MSC-EVs, containing microRNA-181a-5p (miR-181a-5p) in both experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an established animal model of MS, and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglia. We evaluated clinical symptoms and inflammatory responses in EAE mice following intrathecal injections of MSC-EVs. MSC-EVs containing miR-181a-5p were co-cultured with microglia to explore their impact on inflammation and cell pyroptosis. We validated the interaction between miR-181a-5p and its downstream regulators and conducted in vivo verification by injecting manipulated EVs containing miR-181a-5p into EAE mice. Our results demonstrated that MSC-EVs, containing miR-181a-5p reduced the clinical symptoms of EAE mice. Furthermore, we observed downregulation of miR-181a-5p in EAE model mice, and its expression was restored after treatment with MSC-EVs, which corresponded to suppressed microglial inflammation and pyroptosis. Additionally, EVs containing miR-181a-5p mitigated spinal cord injury and demyelination in EAE mice. Mechanistically, ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (USP15) exhibited high expression in EAE mice, and miR-181a-5p was specifically targeted and bound to USP15, thereby regulating the RelA/NEK7 axis. In conclusion, MSC-EVs containing miR-181a-5p inhibit microglial inflammation and pyroptosis through the USP15-mediated RelA/NEK7 axis, thus alleviating the clinical symptoms of EAE. These findings present a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Shi
- Ophthalmology Department, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Xinyi Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266002, Shandong, China
| | - Xiujuan Song
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jingyi Fan
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Shichao Sun
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jinli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China
| | - Jueqiong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Laboratory of Hebei Province, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China.
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Mohammadzadeh A, Lahouty M, Charkhian H, Ghafour AA, Moazzendizaji S, Rezaei J, Alipour S, Irannejad VS, Ansari MHK. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes alleviate the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and enhance lag-3 expression on foxp3 + CD4 + T cells. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:522. [PMID: 38627337 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, causing inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Understanding the dysregulation of Tregs, dynamic cells involved in autoimmunity, is crucial in comprehending diseases like MS. However, the role of lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (Lag-3) in MS remains unclear. METHODS In this study, we explore the potential of exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUMSCs-Exs) as an immune modulator in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for MS. RESULTS Using flow cytometry, our research findings indicate that groups receiving treatment with hUMSC-Exs revealed a significant increase in Lag-3 expression on Foxp3 + CD4 + T cells. Furthermore, cell proliferation conducted on spleen tissue samples from EAE mice using the CFSE method exposed to hUMSC-Exs yielded relevant results. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that hUMSCs-Exs could be a promising anti-inflammatory agent to regulate T-cell responses in EAE and other autoimmune diseases. However, further research is necessary to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and Lag-3's precise role in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Masoud Lahouty
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamed Charkhian
- Young Researchers Club, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arash Adamnejad Ghafour
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Department of Basic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Türkiye, Turkey
| | - Sahand Moazzendizaji
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaei
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahriar Alipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Shafiei Irannejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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5
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Miron RJ, Estrin NE, Sculean A, Zhang Y. Understanding exosomes: Part 2-Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:257-414. [PMID: 38591622 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of diseases/conditions. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. Today exosomes have been applied in numerous contexts including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system, depression, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury), damaged organs (heart, kidney, liver, stroke, myocardial infarctions, myocardial infarctions, ovaries), degenerative processes (atherosclerosis, diabetes, hematology disorders, musculoskeletal degeneration, osteoradionecrosis, respiratory disease), infectious diseases (COVID-19, hepatitis), regenerative procedures (antiaging, bone regeneration, cartilage/joint regeneration, osteoarthritis, cutaneous wounds, dental regeneration, dermatology/skin regeneration, erectile dysfunction, hair regrowth, intervertebral disc repair, spinal cord injury, vascular regeneration), and cancer therapy (breast, colorectal, gastric cancer and osteosarcomas), immune function (allergy, autoimmune disorders, immune regulation, inflammatory diseases, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). This scoping review is a first of its kind aimed at summarizing the extensive regenerative potential of exosomes over a broad range of diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan E Estrin
- Advanced PRF Education, Venice, Florida, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
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Bhaskara M, Anjorin O, Wang M. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal microRNAs in Cardiac Regeneration. Cells 2023; 12:2815. [PMID: 38132135 PMCID: PMC10742005 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy is one of the most promising modalities for cardiac repair. Accumulated evidence suggests that the therapeutic value of MSCs is mainly attributable to exosomes. MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) replicate the beneficial effects of MSCs by regulating various cellular responses and signaling pathways implicated in cardiac regeneration and repair. miRNAs constitute an important fraction of exosome content and are key contributors to the biological function of MSC-Exo. MSC-Exo carrying specific miRNAs provides anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and angiogenic effects within the infarcted heart. Studying exosomal miRNAs will provide an important insight into the molecular mechanisms of MSC-Exo in cardiac regeneration and repair. This significant information can help optimize cell-free treatment and overcome the challenges associated with MSC-Exo therapeutic application. In this review, we summarize the characteristics and the potential mechanisms of MSC-derived exosomal miRNAs in cardiac repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meijing Wang
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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7
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Danilushkina AA, Emene CC, Barlev NA, Gomzikova MO. Strategies for Engineering of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13247. [PMID: 37686050 PMCID: PMC10488046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released by cells into the extracellular space. EVs mediate cell-to-cell communication through local and systemic transportation of biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, lipids, and organelles within the human body. EVs gained a particular interest from cancer biology scientists because of their role in the modulation of the tumor microenvironment through delivering bioactive molecules. In this respect, EVs represent an attractive therapeutic target and a means for drug delivery. The advantages of EVs include their biocompatibility, small size, and low immunogenicity. However, there are several limitations that restrict the widespread use of EVs in therapy, namely, their low specificity and payload capacity. Thus, in order to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and delivery specificity, the surface and composition of extracellular vesicles should be modified accordingly. In this review, we describe various approaches to engineering EVs, and further discuss their advantages and disadvantages to promote the application of EVs in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Danilushkina
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communications, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420021 Kazan, Russia
| | - Charles C. Emene
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communications, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420021 Kazan, Russia
| | - Nicolai A. Barlev
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Biomedicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana 001000, Kazakhstan
| | - Marina O. Gomzikova
- Laboratory of Intercellular Communications, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420021 Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
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8
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Macvanin MT, Gluvic Z, Bajic V, Isenovic ER. Novel insights regarding the role of noncoding RNAs in diabetes. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:958-976. [PMID: 37547582 PMCID: PMC10401459 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i7.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders defined by hyperglycemia induced by insulin resistance, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon secretion. In 2021, the global prevalence of diabetes is anticipated to be 10.7% (537 million people). Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) appear to have an important role in the initiation and progression of DM, according to a growing body of research. The two major groups of ncRNAs implicated in diabetic disorders are miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs. miRNAs are single-stranded, short (17–25 nucleotides), ncRNAs that influence gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Because DM has reached epidemic proportions worldwide, it appears that novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are required to identify and treat complications associated with these diseases efficiently. miRNAs are gaining attention as biomarkers for DM diagnosis and potential treatment due to their function in maintaining physiological homeostasis via gene expression regulation. In this review, we address the issue of the gradually expanding global prevalence of DM by presenting a complete and up-to-date synopsis of various regulatory miRNAs involved in these disorders. We hope this review will spark discussion about ncRNAs as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools for DM. We examine and synthesize recent research that used novel, high-throughput technologies to uncover ncRNAs involved in DM, necessitating a systematic approach to examining and summarizing their roles and possible diagnostic and therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana T Macvanin
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Zoran Gluvic
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Clinic for Internal Medicine, Zemun Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Vladan Bajic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Esma R Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
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Peng W, Yang Y, Chen J, Xu Z, Lou Y, Li Q, Zhao N, Qian K, Liu F. Small Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by iPSC-Derived MSCs Ameliorate Pulmonary Inflammation and Lung Injury Induced by Sepsis through Delivery of miR-125b-5p. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:8987049. [PMID: 37425491 PMCID: PMC10329558 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8987049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis-induced acute lung injury is a common critical illness in intensive care units with no effective treatment is currently available. Small extracellular vesicles, secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iMSC-sEV), possess striking advantages when incorporated MSCs and iPSCs, which are considered extremely promising cell-free therapeutic agents. However, no studies have yet been conducted to systemically examine the effects and underlying mechanisms of iMSC-sEV application on attenuated lung injury under sepsis conditions. Method iMSC-sEV were intraperitoneally administered in a rat septic lung injury model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The efficacy of iMSC-sEV was assessed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and pro-inflammatory cytokines of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. We also evaluated the in vitro effects of iMSC-sEV on the activation of the inflammatory response in alveolar macrophages (AMs). Small RNA sequencing was utilized to detect changes in the miRNA expression profile in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated AMs after iMSC-sEV administration. The effects of miR-125b-5p on the function of AMs were studied. Results iMSC-sEV were able to attenuate pulmonary inflammation and lung injury following CLP-induced lung injury. iMSC-sEV were internalized by AMs and alleviated the release of inflammatory factors by inactivating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Moreover, miR-125b-5p showed a fold-change in LPS-treated AMs after iMSC-sEV administration and was enriched in iMSC-sEV. Mechanistically, iMSC-sEV transmitted miR-125b-5p into LPS-treated AMs to target TRAF6. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that iMSC-sEV treatment protects against septic lung injury and exerts anti-inflammatory effects on AMs at least partially through miR-125b-5p, suggesting that iMSC-sEV may provide a novel cell-free strategy for the treatment of septic lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The People's Hospital of Fengcheng City, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiaquan Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zeyao Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuanlei Lou
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kejian Qian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Medical Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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10
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Taghavi S, Abdullah S, Shaheen F, Packer J, Duchesne J, Braun SE, Steele C, Pociask D, Kolls JK, Jackson-Weaver O. EXOSOMES AND MICROVESICLES FROM ADIPOSE-DERIVED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS PROTECTS THE ENDOTHELIAL GLYCOCALYX FROM LPS INJURY. Shock 2023; 60:56-63. [PMID: 37086080 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Endothelial glycocalyx damage occurs in numerous pathological conditions and results in endotheliopathy. Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes and microvesicles, isolated from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) have therapeutic potential in multiple disease states; however, their role in preventing glycocalyx shedding has not been defined. We hypothesized that ASC-derived exosomes and microvesicles would protect the endothelial glycocalyx from damage by LPS injury in cultured endothelial cells. Methods : Exosomes and microvesicles were collected from ASC conditioned media by centrifugation (10,000 g for microvesicles, 100,000 g for exosomes). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS-injured cells (n = 578) were compared with HUVECS with concomitant LPS injury plus 1.0 μg/mL of exosomes (n = 540) or microvesicles (n = 510) for 24 hours. These two cohorts were compared with control HUVECs that received phosphate-buffered saline only (n = 786) and HUVECs exposed to exosomes (n = 505) or microvesicles (n = 500) alone. Cells were fixed and stained with FITC-labeled wheat germ agglutinin to quantify EGX. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was used on HUVECs cell lystate to quantify hyaluron synthase-1 (HAS1) expression. Results: Exosomes alone decreased endothelial glycocalyx staining intensity when compared with control (4.94 vs. 6.41 AU, P < 0.001), while microvesicles did not cause a change glycocalyx staining intensity (6.39 vs. 6.41, P = 0.99). LPS injury resulted in decreased glycocalyx intensity as compared with control (5.60 vs. 6.41, P < 0.001). Exosomes (6.85 vs. 5.60, P < 0.001) and microvesicles (6.35 vs. 5.60, P < 0.001) preserved endothelial glycocalyx staining intensity after LPS injury. HAS1 levels were found to be higher in the exosome (1.14 vs. 3.67 RE, P = 0.02) and microvesicle groups (1.14 vs. 3.59 RE, P = 0.02) when compared with LPS injury. Hyaluron synthase-2 and synthase-3 expressions were not different in the various experimental groups. Conclusions: Exosomes alone can damage the endothelial glycocalyx. However, in the presence of LPS injury, both exosomes and microvesicles protect the glycocalyx layer. This effect seems to be mediated by HAS1. Level of Evidence : Basic science study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharven Taghavi
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Sarah Abdullah
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Farhana Shaheen
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jacob Packer
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Juan Duchesne
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Stephen E Braun
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chad Steele
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Derek Pociask
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Olan Jackson-Weaver
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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11
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Kurbangaleeva SV, Syromiatnikova VY, Prokopeva AE, Rogov AM, Khannanov AA, Rizvanov AA, Gomzikova MO. Increased Yield of Extracellular Vesicles after Cytochalasin B Treatment and Vortexing. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2431-2443. [PMID: 36975528 PMCID: PMC10047179 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45030158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising therapeutic instruments and vectors for therapeutics delivery. In order to increase the yield of EVs, a method of inducing EVs release using cytochalasin B is being actively developed. In this work, we compared the yield of naturally occurring extracellular vesicles and cytochalasin B-induced membrane vesicles (CIMVs) from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In order to maintain accuracy in the comparative analysis, the same culture was used for the isolation of EVs and CIMVs: conditioned medium was used for EVs isolation and cells were harvested for CIMVs production. The pellets obtained after centrifugation 2300× g, 10,000× g and 100,000× g were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM), flow cytometry, the bicinchoninic acid assay, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). We found that the use of cytochalasin B treatment and vortexing resulted in the production of a more homogeneous population of membrane vesicles with a median diameter greater than that of EVs. We found that EVs-like particles remained in the FBS, despite overnight ultracentrifugation, which introduced a significant inaccuracy in the calculation of the EVs yield. Therefore, we cultivated cells in a serum-free medium for the subsequent isolation of EVs. We observed that the number of CIMVs significantly exceeded the number of EVs after each step of centrifugation (2300× g, 10,000× g and 100,000× g) by up to 5, 9, and 20 times, respectively.
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12
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Haghighitalab A, Dominici M, Matin MM, Shekari F, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Lim R, Ahmadiankia N, Mirahmadi M, Bahrami AR, Bidkhori HR. Extracellular vesicles and their cells of origin: Open issues in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090416. [PMID: 36969255 PMCID: PMC10031021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional therapeutic approaches to treat autoimmune diseases through suppressing the immune system, such as steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are not adequately practical. Moreover, these regimens are associated with considerable complications. Designing tolerogenic therapeutic strategies based on stem cells, immune cells, and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) seems to open a promising path to managing autoimmune diseases' vast burden. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), dendritic cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the main cell types applied to restore a tolerogenic immune status; MSCs play a more beneficial role due to their amenable properties and extensive cross-talks with different immune cells. With existing concerns about the employment of cells, new cell-free therapeutic paradigms, such as EV-based therapies, are gaining attention in this field. Additionally, EVs' unique properties have made them to be known as smart immunomodulators and are considered as a potential substitute for cell therapy. This review provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of cell-based and EV-based methods for treating autoimmune diseases. The study also presents an outlook on the future of EVs to be implemented in clinics for autoimmune patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Haghighitalab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Maryam M. Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rebecca Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Naghmeh Ahmadiankia
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mirahmadi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- *Correspondence: Ahmad Reza Bahrami, ; Hamid Reza Bidkhori,
| | - Hamid Reza Bidkhori
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
- *Correspondence: Ahmad Reza Bahrami, ; Hamid Reza Bidkhori,
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13
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Su G, Lei X, Wang Z, Xie W, Wen D, Wu Y. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes Affect Macrophage Phenotype: A Cell-free Strategy for the Treatment of Skeletal Muscle Disorders. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:350-357. [PMID: 35546766 DOI: 10.2174/1566524022666220511123625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The process of tissue damage, repair, and regeneration in the skeletal muscle system involves complex inflammatory processes. Factors released in the inflammatory microenvironment can affect the phenotypic changes of macrophages, thereby changing the inflammatory process, making macrophages an important target for tissue repair treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells exert anti-inflammatory effects by regulating immune cells. In particular, exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells have become a new cell-free treatment strategy due to their low tumorigenicity and immunogenicity. This article focuses on the mechanism of the effect of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells on the phenotype of macrophages after skeletal muscle system injury and explores the possible mechanism of macrophages as potential therapeutic targets after tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Su
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Tianshui City, Tianshui, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Tianshui City, Tianshui, China
| | - Weiqiang Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Tianshui City, Tianshui, China
| | - Donghong Wen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Tianshui City, Tianshui, China
| | - Yucheng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Tianshui City, Tianshui, China
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14
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Torrents S, Grau-Vorster M, Vives J. Illustrative Potency Assay Examples from Approved Therapies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1420:139-149. [PMID: 37258788 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-30040-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP) encompass a new type of drugs resulting from the manipulation of genes, cells, and tissues to generate innovative medicinal entities with tailored pharmaceutical activity. Definition of suitable potency tests for product release are challenging in this context, in which the active ingredient is composed of living cells and the mechanism of action often is poorly understood. In this chapter, we present and discuss actual potency assays used for the release of representative commercial ATMP from each category of products (namely, KYMRIAH® (tisagenlecleucel), Holoclar® (limbal epithelial stem cells), and PROCHYMAL®/RYONCIL™ (remestemcel-L)). We also examine concerns related to the biological relevance of selected potency assays and challenges ahead for harmonization and broader implementation in compliance with current quality standards and regulatory guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Torrents
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain
- Transfusion Medicine group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Grau-Vorster
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain
- Transfusion Medicine group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Vives
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Edifici Dr. Frederic Duran i Jordà, Barcelona, Spain.
- Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Macher M, Platzman I, Spatz JP. Bottom-Up Assembly of Bioinspired, Fully Synthetic Extracellular Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:263-276. [PMID: 37106188 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane-enclosed compartments released by cells for intercellular communication in homeostasis and disease. Studies have shown great therapeutic potential of EVs, including but not limited to regenerative and immunomodulatory therapies. Additionally, EVs are promising next-generation drug delivery systems due to their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and inherent target specificity. However, clinical application of EVs is so far limited due to challenges in scaling up production, high heterogeneity, batch-to-batch variation, and limited control over composition. Although attaining a fundamental characterization of EVs' functions is a compelling goal, these limitations have hindered a full understanding. Therefore, there is rising interest in exploiting the beneficial properties of EVs while gaining better control over their production and composition. Herein, we describe a method for the bottom-up assembly of bioinspired, fully synthetic vesicles that mimic the most important biophysical and biochemical properties of natural EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meline Macher
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Systems Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck-Bristol Center for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Systems Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Max Planck-Bristol Center for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Molecular Systems Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Max Planck-Bristol Center for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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16
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Pooled evidence from preclinical and clinical studies for stem cell-based therapy in ARDS and COVID-19. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:1487-1518. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04601-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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MSC-EV therapy for bone/cartilage diseases. Bone Rep 2022; 17:101636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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18
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Chen Y, Yang F, Chu Y, Yun Z, Yan Y, Jin J. Mitochondrial transplantation: opportunities and challenges in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Lab Invest 2022; 20:483. [PMID: 36273156 PMCID: PMC9588235 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are rising in both incidence and prevalence and remain a major global health and socioeconomic burden in the twenty-first century. Despite an increasing understanding of these diseases, the lack of effective treatments remains an ongoing challenge. Mitochondria are key players in intracellular energy production, calcium homeostasis, signaling, and apoptosis. Emerging evidence shows that mitochondrial dysfunction participates in the pathogeneses of metabolic diseases. Exogenous supplementation with healthy mitochondria is emerging as a promising therapeutic approach to treating these diseases. This article reviews recent advances in the use of mitochondrial transplantation therapy (MRT) in such treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated With Jiangsu University (The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China.,School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, ZhenjiangJiangsu Province, 212013, China
| | - Fuji Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated With Jiangsu University (The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China.,School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, ZhenjiangJiangsu Province, 212013, China
| | - Ying Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated With Jiangsu University (The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China.,Central Laboratory, Wujin Hospital Affiliated With Jiangsu University (The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhihua Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated With Jiangsu University (The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongmin Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated With Jiangsu University (The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Central Laboratory, Wujin Hospital Affiliated With Jiangsu University (The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianhua Jin
- Department of Oncology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated With Jiangsu University (The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University), Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu Province, China.
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19
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Constantin A, Comarița IK, Alexandru N, Filippi A, Bojin F, Gherghiceanu M, Vîlcu A, Nemecz M, Niculescu LS, Păunescu V, Georgescu A. Stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles reduce the expression of molecules involved in cardiac hypertrophy—In a model of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1003684. [PMID: 36299891 PMCID: PMC9589060 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1003684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac pathological hypertrophy is the major risk factor that usually progresses to heart failure. We hypothesized that extracellular vesicles (EVs), known to act as important mediators in regulating physiological and pathological functions, could have the potential to reduce the cardiac hypertrophy and the ensuing cardiovascular diseases. Herein, the effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EV-MSCs) on cardiac hypertrophy were investigated. EVs were isolated from the secretome of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (EV-ADSCs) or bone marrow-derived stem cells (EV-BMMSCs). Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) were stimulated with AngII and TGF-β1, in absence or presence of EVs. The results showed that exposure of hiPSC-CMs to AngII and TGF-β1 generated in vitro model of hypertrophic cardiomyocytes characterized by increases in surface area, reactive oxygen species production, protein expression of cardiac-specific biomarkers atrial natriuretic factor, migration inhibitory factor, cTnI, COL1A1, Cx43, α-SMA and signalling molecules SMAD2 and NF-kBp50. The presence of EV-ADSCs or EV-BMMSCs in the hiPSC-CM culture along with hypertrophic stimuli reduced the protein expressions of hypertrophic specific markers (ANF, MIF, cTnI, COL1A1) and the gene expressions of IL-6 molecule involved in inflammatory process associated with cardiac hypertrophy and transcription factors SMAD2, SMAD3, cJUN, cFOS with role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophic response induced by AngII and TGF-β1. The EV-ADSCs were more effective in reducing the protein expressions of hypertrophic and inflammatory markers, while EV-BMMSCs in reducing the gene expressions of transcription factors. Notably, neither EV-ADSCs nor EV-BMMSCs induced significant changes in cardiac biomarkers Cx43, α-SMA and fibronectin. These different effects of stem cell-derived EVs could be attributed to their miRNA content: some miRNAs (miR-126-3p, miR-222-3p, miR-30e-5p, miR-181b-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-155-5p, miR-210-3p hsa-miR-221-3p) were expressed in both types of EVs and others only in EV-ADSCs (miR-181a-5p, miR-185-5p, miR-21-5p) or in EV-BMMSCs (miR-143-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-93-5p), some of these attenuating the cardiac hypertrophy while others enhance it. In conclusion, in hiPSC-CMs the stem cell-derived EVs through their cargo reduced the expression of hypertrophic specific markers and molecules involved in inflammatory process associated with cardiac hypertrophy. The data suggest the EV potential to act as therapeutic mediators to reduce cardiac hypertrophy and possibly the subsequent cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Constantin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Karla Comarița
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Alexandru
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Filippi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florina Bojin
- Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnology Center (CIFBIOTECH), Department of Functional Sciences, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara-OncoGen, Clinical Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gherghiceanu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Vîlcu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Miruna Nemecz
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Loredan Stefan Niculescu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Virgil Păunescu
- Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnology Center (CIFBIOTECH), Department of Functional Sciences, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
- Center for Gene and Cellular Therapies in the Treatment of Cancer Timisoara-OncoGen, Clinical Emergency County Hospital “Pius Brinzeu” Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adriana Georgescu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
- *Correspondence: Adriana Georgescu,
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20
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Yigitbilek F, Ozdogan E, Abrol N, Park W, Hansen M, Dasari S, Stegall M, Taner T. Liver mesenchymal stem cells are superior inhibitors of NK cell functions through differences in their secretome compared to other mesenchymal stem cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952262. [PMID: 36211345 PMCID: PMC9534521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-resident mesenchymal stem cells (L-MSCs) are superior inhibitors of alloreactive T cell responses compared to their counterparts from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) or adipose tissue (A-MSCs), suggesting a role in liver’s overall tolerogenic microenvironment. Whether L-MSCs also impact NK cell functions differently than other MSCs is not known. We generated and characterized L-MSCs, A-MSCs and BM-MSCs from human tissues. The mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that L-MSC secretome is uniquely different than that of A-MSC/BM-MSC, with enriched protein sets involved in IFNγ responses and signaling. When co-cultured with primary human NK cells, L-MSCs but not other MSCs, decreased surface expression of activating receptors NKp44 and NKG2D. L-MSCs also decreased IFNγ secretion by IL-2-stimulated NK cells more effectively than other MSCs. Cytolytic function of NK cells were reduced significantly when co-cultured with L-MSCs, whereas A-MSCs or BM-MSCs did not have a major impact. Mechanistic studies showed that the L-MSC-mediated reduction in NK cell cytotoxicity is not through changes in secretion of the cytotoxic proteins Perforin, Granzyme A or B, but through increased production of HLA-C1 found in L-MSC secretome that inhibits NK cells by stimulating their inhibitory receptor KIRDL2/3. L-MSCs are more potent inhibitors of NK cell functions than A-MSC or BM-MSC. Combined with their T cell inhibitory features, these results suggest L-MSCs contribute to the tolerogenic liver microenvironment and liver-induced systemic tolerance often observed after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elif Ozdogan
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nitin Abrol
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Walter D. Park
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mark D. Stegall
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Timucin Taner
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Timucin Taner,
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Delayed Supplementation Strategy of Extracellular Vesicles from Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells with Improved Proregenerative Efficiency in a Fat Transplantation Model. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:2799844. [PMID: 36117725 PMCID: PMC9476248 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2799844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their secreted extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) possess similar proregenerative effects when injected into defects immediately following trauma. However, MSC-EVs are superior to MSCs in terms of storage and rejection reflection, while immediate administration of MSC-EVs is related to several target cells for most donor cells die within few weeks. Besides, the inflammatory cascade is incited, providing an unfavorable environment for target cells. We hypothesized that delayed injection of MSC-EVs might have priority on tissue regeneration than instant injection. Method Extracellular vesicles isolated from adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSC-EVs) were administered into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro at different doses. The migration of HUVECs was assessed using the scratch wound healing assay, whereas the length of tubes and number of vessel-like structures formed by HUVECs were determined using tube formation assay. Next, 24 BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8). For the EV-delayed group, ADSC-EVs were injected into transplanted fat a week later than the EV-immediate group. The volume and weight of grafts were measured at 3 months after fat transplantation. Further, the number of CD31-possitive vessels and CD206-possitive cells in the fat grafts was quantified. Results Compared with the EV-immediate group, the EV-delayed group had a higher fat tissue retention volume (0.11 ± 0.02 mL versus 0.08 ± 0.01 mL), more neovessels (31.00 ± 4.60 versus 24.20 ± 3.97), and fewer cysts. Furthermore, there were more Ki67-positive cells (25.40 ± 7.14 versus 16.20 ± 4.17) and CD206-positive M2 macrophages cells (23.60 ± 3.44 versus 14.00 ± 3.85) in the EV-delayed group than in the EV-immediate group. Conclusion Delayed injection of ADSC-EVs promotes fat graft volume retention by stimulating angiogenesis. These findings suggest that delayed supplementation might be a more effective strategy for the application of MSC-EVs in tissue regeneration.
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22
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Regenerative mesenchymal stem c
ell‐derived
extracellular vesicles: A potential alternative to c
ell‐based
therapy in viral infection and disease damage control. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1574. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Karra N, Van Herwijnen MJC, Wauben MHM, Swindle EJ, Morgan H. Human milk extracellular vesicles preserve bronchial epithelial barrier integrity and reduce TLR3-induced inflammation in vitro. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 1:e54. [PMID: 38938774 PMCID: PMC11080843 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Breast milk is essential for facilitating the growth and development of infants and for providing immune protection against viral infections in the infant's airways. Yet, regulation of inflammation by milk components may be needed to reduce immune pathology. While milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bestowed with immunomodulatory capacities, their role in bronchial epithelial barrier function and inflammation has not yet been examined. We hypothesised that during feeding, milk is not only ingested, but aerosols containing milk EVs are inhaled and locally delivered to the infant's airways to suppress aberrant inflammation. A bronchial epithelial model of viral infection was used to explore the direct effect of milk EVs on cellular barrier function and cytokine release during stimulation with a viral dsRNA analogue (Poly I:C). We demonstrate that milk EVs improved the dsRNA-mediated decrease in ionic barrier integrity, limited tight junction reorganisation and reduced inflammatory cytokine production (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α). This protective response was EV-mediated, could be successfully titrated and exhibited a time-dependent response. The results indicate that if EV-containing milk aerosols are inhaled during feeding, this may lead to protection of the airway integrity from adverse inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Karra
- Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Martijn J. C. Van Herwijnen
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Marca H. M. Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Emily Jane Swindle
- Clinical and Experimental SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Hywel Morgan
- Electronics and Computer Science, Faculty of Physical Sciences and EngineeringUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Institute for Life SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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Practical Considerations for Translating Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from Bench to Bed. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081684. [PMID: 36015310 PMCID: PMC9414392 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown potential for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries. This approach can eliminate the need to transplant live cells to the human body, thereby reducing issues related to the maintenance of cell viability and stability and potential erroneous differentiation of transplanted cells to bone or tumor. Despite these advantages, there are practical issues that need to be considered for successful clinical application of MSC-EV-based products in the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries. This review aims to discuss the general and tissue-specific considerations for manufacturing MSC-EVs for clinical translation. Specifically, we will discuss Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant manufacturing and quality control (parent cell source, culture conditions, concentration method, quantity, identity, purity and impurities, sterility, potency, reproducibility, storage and formulation), as well as safety and efficacy issues. Special considerations for applying MSC-EVs, such as their compatibility with arthroscopy for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries, are also highlighted.
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25
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Wu F, Gao J, Kang J, Wang X, Niu Q, Liu J, Zhang L. Knowledge Mapping of Exosomes in Autoimmune Diseases: A Bibliometric Analysis (2002–2021). Front Immunol 2022; 13:939433. [PMID: 35935932 PMCID: PMC9353180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.939433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are a class of chronic disabling diseases characterized by inflammation and damage to muscles, joints, bones, and internal organs. Recent studies have shown that much progress has been made in the research of exosomes in AIDs. However, there is no bibliometric analysis in this research field. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotspots of exosomes in AIDs through bibliometrics. Method Publications related to exosomes in AIDs from 2002 to 2021 were searched on the web of science core collection (WoSCC) database. VOSviewers, CiteSpace and R package “bibliometrix” were used to conduct this bibliometric analysis. Results 312 articles from 48 countries led by China and the United States were included. The number of publications related to exosomes in AIDs is increasing year by year. Central South University, Sun Yat Sen University, Tianjin Medical University and University of Pennsylvania are the main research institutions. Frontiers in immunology is the most popular journal in this field, and Journal of Immunology is the most co-cited journal. These publications come from 473 authors among which Ilias Alevizos, Qianjin Lu, Wei Wei, Jim Xiang and Ming Zhao had published the most papers and Clotilde Théry was co-cited most often. Studying the mechanism of endogenous exosomes in the occurrence and development of AIDs and the therapeutic strategy of exogenous exosomes in AIDs are the main topics in this research field. “Mesenchymal stem cells”, “microRNA”, “biomarkers”, “immunomodulation”, and “therapy” are the primary keywords of emerging research hotspots. Conclusion This is the first bibliometric study that comprehensively summarizes the research trends and developments of exosomes in AIDs. This information identifies recent research frontiers and hot directions, which will provide a reference for scholars studying exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinfang Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuexue Wang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qing Niu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Liyun Zhang,
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26
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Yenuganti VR, Afroz S, Khan RA, Bharadwaj C, Nabariya DK, Nayak N, Subbiah M, Chintala K, Banerjee S, Reddanna P, Khan N. Milk exosomes elicit a potent anti-viral activity against dengue virus. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:317. [PMID: 35794557 PMCID: PMC9258094 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles secreted by various cells into the intra and extracellular space and hence is an integral part of biological fluids including milk. In the last few decades, many research groups have proved the potential of milk exosomes as a sustainable, economical and non-immunogenic drug delivery and therapeutic agent against different pathological conditions. However, its anti-viral properties still remain to be unearthed. Methods Here, we have been able to isolate, purify and characterize the milk derived exosomes from Cow (CME) and Goat (GME) and further studied its antiviral properties against Dengue virus (DENV), Newcastle Disease Virus strain Komarov (NDV-K) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) using an in-vitro infection system. Results TEM, NTA and DLS analysis validated the appropriate size of the isolated cow and goat milk exosomes (30–150 nm). Real-time PCR and immunoblotting results confirmed the presence of several milk exosomal miRNAs and protein markers. Our findings suggest that GME significantly decreased the infectivity of DENV. In addition, we confirmed that GME significantly reduces DENV replication and reduced the secretion of mature virions. Furthermore, heat inactivation of GME did not show any inhibition on DENV infection, replication, and secretion of mature virions. RNase treatment of GME abrogates the anti-viral properties indicating direct role of exosomes in DENV inhibition. In addition GME inhibited the infectivity of NDV-K, but not HIV-1, suggesting that the GME mediated antiviral activity might be virus specific. Conclusion This study demonstrates the anti-viral properties of milk exosomes and opens new avenues for the development of exosome-based therapies to treat viral diseases. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01496-5.
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Macrophage bioassay standardization to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:999-1012. [PMID: 35798638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Owing to the lack of biological assays, determining the biological activity of extracellular vesicles has proven difficult. Here the authors standardized an in vitro assay to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) based on their ability to prevent acquisition of the M1 phenotype in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β, IL-6 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) characterizes the M1 phenotype. Nitric oxide released by iNOS turns into nitrite, which can be easily quantitated in culture media by Griess reaction. METHODS The authors first tested different assay conditions in 96-well plates, including two seeding densities (2 × 104 cells/well and 4 × 104 cells/well), four LPS doses (1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL and 1000 ng/mL) and two time points (16 h and 24 h), in order to determine the best set-up to accurately measure nitrite concentration as an index of M1 macrophage polarization. RESULTS The authors found that seeding 2 × 104 cells/well and stimulating with 10 ng/mL LPS for 16 h allowed the inhibition of nitrite production by 60% with the use of dexamethasone. Using these established conditions, the authors were able to test different MSC-sEV preparations and generate dose-response curves. Moreover, the authors fully analytically validated assay performance and fulfilled cross-validation against other M1 markers. CONCLUSIONS The authors standardized a quick, cheap and reproducible in vitro macrophage assay that allows for the evaluation and estimation of the anti-inflammatory activity of MSC-sEVs.
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Wang Y, Cheng L, Zhao H, Li Z, Chen J, Cen Y, Zhang Z. The Therapeutic Role of ADSC-EVs in Skin Regeneration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:858824. [PMID: 35755023 PMCID: PMC9218955 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.858824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Large skin defects caused by burns, unhealing chronic wounds, and trauma, are still an intractable problem for clinicians and researchers. Ideal skin regeneration includes several intricate and dynamic stages of wound repair and regeneration of skin physiological function. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), a type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with abundant resources and micro-invasive extraction protocols, have been reported to participate in each stage of promoting skin regeneration via paracrine effects. As essential products secreted by ADSCs, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from ADSCs (ADSC-EVs) inherit such therapeutic potential. However, ADSC-EVs showed much more clinical superiorities than parental cells. ADSC-EVs carry various mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, proteins, and lipids to regulate the activities of recipient cells and eventually accelerate skin regeneration. The beneficial role of ADSCs in wound repair has been widely accepted, while a deep comprehension of the mechanisms of ADSC-EVs in skin regeneration remains unclear. In this review, we provided a basic profile of ADSC-EVs. Moreover, we summarized the latest mechanisms of ADSC-EVs on skin regeneration from the aspects of inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, autophagy, and oxidative stress. Hair follicle regeneration and skin barrier repair stimulated by ADSC-EVs were also reviewed. The challenges and prospects of ADSC-EVs-based therapies were discussed at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Wang
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lihui Cheng
- Department of Central Sterile Supply, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanxing Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengyong Li
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Cen
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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29
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Intranasal Administration of Microvesicles in the Brain of Mice with Induced Model of Alzheimer’s Type of Neurodegeneration. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-00972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Extracellular Vesicles in Type 1 Diabetes: A Versatile Tool. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030105. [PMID: 35324794 PMCID: PMC8945706 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting nearly 35 million people. This disease develops as T-cells continually attack the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which leads to β-cell death, and steadily decreasing secretion of insulin. Lowered levels of insulin minimize the uptake of glucose into cells, thus putting the body in a hyperglycemic state. Despite significant progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease, there is a need for novel developments in the diagnostics and management of type 1 diabetes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bound nanoparticles that contain diverse content from their cell of origin and can be used as a biomarker for both the onset of diabetes and transplantation rejection. Furthermore, vesicles can be loaded with therapeutic cargo and delivered in conjunction with a transplant to increase cell survival and long-term outcomes. Crucially, several studies have linked EVs and their cargos to the progression of type 1 diabetes. As a result, gaining a better understanding of EVs would help researchers better comprehend the utility of EVs in regulating and understanding type 1 diabetes. EVs are a composition of biologically active components such as nucleic acids, proteins, metabolites, and lipids that can be transported to particular cells/tissues through the blood system. Through their varied content, EVs can serve as a flexible aid in the diagnosis and management of type 1 diabetes. In this review, we provide an overview of existing knowledge about EVs. We also cover the role of EVs in the pathogenesis, detection, and treatment of type 1 diabetes and the function of EVs in pancreas and islet β-cell transplantation.
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31
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DiStefano TJ, Vaso K, Danias G, Chionuma HN, Weiser JR, Iatridis JC. Extracellular Vesicles as an Emerging Treatment Option for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Therapeutic Potential, Translational Pathways, and Regulatory Considerations. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2100596. [PMID: 34297485 PMCID: PMC8783929 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emergent approaches in regenerative medicine look toward the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a next-generation treatment strategy for intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD) because of their ability to attenuate chronic inflammation, reduce apoptosis, and stimulate proliferation in a number of tissue systems. Yet, there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved EV therapeutics in the market with an indication for IVDD, which motivates this article to review the current state of the field and provide an IVD-specific framework to assess its efficacy. In this systematic review, 29 preclinical studies that investigate EVs in relation to the IVD are identified, and additionally, the regulatory approval process is reviewed in an effort to accelerate emerging EV-based therapeutics toward FDA submission and timeline-to-market. The majority of studies focus on nucleus pulposus responses to EV treatment, where the main findings show that stem cell-derived EVs can decelerate the progression of IVDD on the molecular, cellular, and organ level. The findings also highlight the importance of the EV parent cell's pathophysiological and differentiation state, which affects downstream treatment responses and therapeutic outcomes. This systematic review substantiates the use of EVs as a promising cell-free strategy to treat IVDD and enhance endogenous repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. DiStefano
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Keti Vaso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York NY, USA
| | - George Danias
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Henry N. Chionuma
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Weiser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York NY, USA
| | - James C. Iatridis
- Leni and Peter W. May Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
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32
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Chang WL, Lee WR, Kuo YC, Huang YH. Vitiligo: An Autoimmune Skin Disease and its Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:797026. [PMID: 34970551 PMCID: PMC8712646 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.797026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune depigmenting skin disorder characterized by patches of the skin losing functional melanocytes. Multiple combinatorial factors are involved in disease development, among which immune T cells play a prominent role. The immune cells implicated in melanocyte destruction through adaptive immunity include CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and regulatory T cells, and aberrantly activated skin-resident memory T cells also play a role in melanocyte destruction. Over the past several years, major progress in understanding vitiligo pathogenesis has led to the development of targeted therapies. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, which share the similar mechanism that autoactivates CD8+ T cells in chronic inflammatory diseases, have been reported to have therapeutic significance in vitiligo. Recently, immunomodulatory therapeutic interventions in vitiligo have been emerging. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) regulate cytokine secretion and the balance of T-cell subsets, which makes them a promising cell-based treatment option for autoimmune diseases. The induction of MSC-mediated immunomodulation is complicated and occurs by contact-dependent mechanisms and soluble extracellular vesicle (EV) mediators. EVs released from MSCs contain various growth factors and cytokines with anti-inflammatory effects in the skin immune response. Here, we summarize and discuss the progress to date in targeted therapies that immunomodulate the niche environment of vitiligo, from the clinical trial of JAK inhibitors to the potential of MSCs and MSC-EVs. The available information was collected to highlight the need for further research into the treatment of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Chang
- TMU Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Woan-Ruoh Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Che Kuo
- TMU Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- TMU Research Center of Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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33
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Garcia SG, Sandoval-Hellín N, Franquesa M. Regulatory B Cell Therapy in Kidney Transplantation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:791450. [PMID: 34950041 PMCID: PMC8689004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.791450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of kidney injury, the role of Bregs is gaining interest. In a number of autoimmune diseases, the number and/or the function of Bregs has been shown to be impaired or downregulated, therefore restoring their balance might be a potential therapeutic tool. Moreover, in the context of kidney transplantation their upregulation has been linked to tolerance. However, a specific marker or set of markers that define Bregs as a unique cell subset has not been found and otherwise multiple phenotypes of Bregs have been studied. A quest on the proper markers and induction mechanisms is now the goal of many researchers. Here we summarize the most recent evidence on the role of Bregs in kidney disease by describing the relevance of in vitro and in vivo Bregs induction as well as the potential use of Bregs as cell therapy agents in kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio G Garcia
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) and Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Noelia Sandoval-Hellín
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) and Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marcella Franquesa
- REMAR-IGTP Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) and Nephrology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol (HUGTiP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain
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34
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Cui L, Saeed Y, Li H, Yang J. Regenerative medicine and traumatic brain injury: from stem cell to cell-free therapeutic strategies. Regen Med 2021; 17:37-53. [PMID: 34905963 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2021-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious health concern, yet there is a lack of standardized treatment to combat its long-lasting effects. The objective of the present study was to provide an overview of the limitation of conventional stem-cell therapy in the treatment of TBI and to discuss the application of novel acellular therapies and their advanced strategies to enhance the efficacy of stem cells derived therapies in the light of published study data. Moreover, we also discussed the factor to optimize the therapeutic efficiency of stem cell-derived acellular therapy by overcoming the challenges for its clinical translation. Hence, we concluded that acellular therapy possesses the potential to bring a breakthrough in the field of regenerative medicine to treat TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxu Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, 81 North Lingnan Road, Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, PR China
| | - Yasmeen Saeed
- Guangdong VitaLife Biotechnology Co., LTD, 61 Xiannan Road, Nanhai District, Foshan, Guangdong, 528200, PR China
| | - Haomin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, 81 North Lingnan Road, Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, PR China
| | - Jingli Yang
- School of medicine, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Road, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, PR China
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35
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Farrokhi S, Sotoodehnejadnematalahi F, Fathollahi A, Haji Molla Hoseini M, Hashemi SM, Yeganeh F. The immunomodulatory potential of murine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells is enhanced following culture on chitosan film. Tissue Cell 2021; 74:101709. [PMID: 34920235 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies show that the paracrine immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are mediated by the secretion of interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF β), and nitric oxide (NO). The preconditioning of MSCs improves their immunomodulatory characteristics. Chitosan is a biopolymer with low toxicity and biodegradability, used as a membrane for MSCs three-dimensional culture. The present study aimed to evaluate the levels of immunomodulatory mediators of mesenchymal cells cultured on the chitosan film. MATERIALS & METHODS MSCs were isolated from abdominal adipose tissue of BALB/c mice. Flow cytometry and differential culture medium were used to confirm the identity of isolated mesenchymal stem cells. The MSCs were divided into three groups; The first group was treated with 10 ng/mL LPS. The second group was seeded in the flasks coated with the chitosan film (3% w/v). The last group was cultured in the flasks without any preconditioning. After 72 h, IL-10, TGF-β, and NO concentrations were measured in the conditioned media. In addition, the arginase activity in mesenchymal stem cells was measured using a colorimetric method. RESULTS The proliferative spindle-shaped MSCs formed several three-dimensional spheroids on the chitosan film. It was shown that the level of TGF-β and IL-10 were increased significantly after treatment with LPS (P = 0.02) and spheroid formation (P = 0.01). In addition, the arginase activity was enormously augmented in spheroids compared to controls (7.13-fold increase; 1.71 ± 0.08 and 0.24 ± 0.01 respectively; P = 0.021). On the other hand, the LPS treatment but not the culture on chitosan film increased the NO level significantly (P = 0.02 and P = 0.14, respectively). CONCLUSION Using chitosan film as a three-dimensional culture strategy significantly affects the production of immunosuppressive factors by MSCs in vitro through increased secretion of TGF-β and IL-10 and arginase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheida Farrokhi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Anwar Fathollahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Haji Molla Hoseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Hashemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Yeganeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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36
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Ma C, Liu Y, Ma Y, Jiang L, Huang Q, Liu G, Guo Y, Wang C, Liu C. Identification and characterization of pulmonary mesenchymal stem cells derived from rat fetal lung tissue. Tissue Cell 2021; 73:101628. [PMID: 34479072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) have great potential in lung tissue repair and regeneration, which have been isolated from some mammalian species, including mice, bovine and pig. However, the isolation, characteristics and differentiation potential of rat PMSCs have not been reported. In this study, we successfully isolated PMSCs from Sprague-Dawley rat fetal lung tissue in vitro for the first time and attempted to evaluate its multilineage differentiation potentials. The cultured PMSCs showed typical spindle-shaped morphology and high proliferative potential, and could be passaged for at least 13 passages and maintained high hereditary stability with more than 93.6 % of cells were diploid (2n = 42) by G-banding analysis. Furthermore, the PMSCs could express mesenchymal markers Sca-1, CD29, CD44, CD73 and CD90, but not hematopoietic markers CD34 and CD45. Besides, the expression of cell markers of AT2 (SFTPC), AT1 (PDPN) and macrophage (CD11b) were also negative. Cell cycle examination revealed majority of the PMSCs were in G0/G1 phase, which are similar with previously reported pig PMSCs. In addition, the PMSCs were multipotent and could differentiated into osteocytes, adipocytes, hepatocytes and neurons in vitro. Together, the present study demonstrated the stemness and multi-differentiation potentials of rat PMSCs, which conferred a potential regenerative cell resource for cell regenerative therapy of lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Ma
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Yingchun Ma
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Lijie Jiang
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Qianyi Huang
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Gaofeng Liu
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Yu Guo
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China
| | - Chunjing Wang
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China.
| | - Changqing Liu
- School of Life Science, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233030, PR China.
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Di Silvestre D, Garavelli S, Procaccini C, Prattichizzo F, Passignani G, De Rosa V, Mauri P, Matarese G, de Candia P. CD4 + T-Cell Activation Prompts Suppressive Function by Extracellular Vesicle-Associated MicroRNAs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:753884. [PMID: 34778265 PMCID: PMC8580371 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.753884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding molecules targeting messenger RNAs and inhibiting protein translation, modulate key biological processes, including cell growth and development, energy utilization, and homeostasis. In particular, miRNAs control the differentiation, survival, and activation of CD4 + T conventional (Tconv) cells, key players of the adaptive immunity, and regulate the physiological response to infections and the pathological loss of immune homeostasis in autoimmunity. Upon T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation, the described global miRNA quantitative decrease occurring in T cells is believed to promote the acquisition of effector functions by relaxing the post-transcriptional repression of genes associated with proliferation and cell activity. MiRNAs were initially thought to get downregulated uniquely by intracellular degradation; on the other hand, miRNA secretion via extracellular vesicles (EVs) represents an additional mechanism of rapid downregulation. By focusing on molecular interactions by means of graph theory, we have found that miRNAs released by TCR-stimulated Tconv cells are significantly enriched for targeting transcripts upregulated upon stimulation, including those encoding for crucial proteins associated with Tconv cell activation and function. Based on this computational approach, we present our perspective based on the following hypothesis: a stimulated Tconv cell will release miRNAs targeting genes associated with the effector function in the extracellular space in association with EVs, which will thus possess a suppressive potential toward other Tconv cells in the paracrine environment. We also propose possible future directions of investigation aimed at taking advantage of these phenomena to control Tconv cell effector function in health and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Di Silvestre
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Garavelli
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Unitá di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Passignani
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica De Rosa
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Unitá di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ITB-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy.,Treg Cell Laboratory, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universitá Degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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38
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Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells in Kidney Transplantation: Status Quo and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011188. [PMID: 34681848 PMCID: PMC8538841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation (KT) is the gold standard treatment of end-stage renal disease. Despite progressive advances in organ preservation, surgical technique, intensive care, and immunosuppression, long-term allograft survival has not significantly improved. Among the many peri-operative complications that can jeopardize transplant outcomes, ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) deserves special consideration as it is associated with delayed graft function, acute rejection, and premature transplant loss. Over the years, several strategies have been proposed to mitigate the impact of IRI and favor tolerance, with rather disappointing results. There is mounting evidence that adipose stem/stromal cells (ASCs) possess specific characteristics that could help prevent, reduce, or reverse IRI. Immunomodulating and tolerogenic properties have also been suggested, thus leading to the development of ASC-based prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in pre-clinical and clinical models of renal IRI and allograft rejection. ASCs are copious, easy to harvest, and readily expandable in culture. Furthermore, ASCs can secrete extracellular vesicles (EV) which may act as powerful mediators of tissue repair and tolerance. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge on the mechanisms of action and therapeutic opportunities offered by ASCs and ASC-derived EVs in the KT setting. Most relevant pre-clinical and clinical studies as well as actual limitations and future perspective are highlighted.
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39
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Ng CY, Chai JY, Foo JB, Mohamad Yahaya NH, Yang Y, Ng MH, Law JX. Potential of Exosomes as Cell-Free Therapy in Articular Cartilage Regeneration: A Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6749-6781. [PMID: 34621125 PMCID: PMC8491788 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s327059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of cartilage defects such as osteoarthritis (OA) and osteochondral defect (OCD) remains a huge clinical challenge in orthopedics. OA is one of the most common chronic health conditions and is mainly characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage, shown in the limited capacity for intrinsic repair. OCD refers to the focal defects affecting cartilage and the underlying bone. The current OA and OCD management modalities focus on symptom control and on improving joint functionality and the patient’s quality of life. Cell-based therapy has been evaluated for managing OA and OCD, and its chondroprotective efficacy is recognized mainly through paracrine action. Hence, there is growing interest in exploiting extracellular vesicles to induce cartilage regeneration. In this review, we explore the in vivo evidence of exosomes on cartilage regeneration. A total of 29 in vivo studies from the PubMed and Scopus databases were identified and analyzed. The studies reported promising results in terms of in vivo exosome delivery and uptake; improved cartilage morphological, histological, and biochemical outcomes; enhanced subchondral bone regeneration; and improved pain behavior following exosome treatment. In addition, exosome therapy is safe, as the included studies documented no significant complications. Modifying exosomal cargos further increased the cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration capacity of exosomes. We conclude that exosome administration is a potent cell-free therapy for alleviating OA and OCD. However, additional studies are needed to confirm the therapeutic potential of exosomes and to identify the standard protocol for exosome-based therapy in OA and OCD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiew Yong Ng
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Jia Ying Chai
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.,Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hamdan Mohamad Yahaya
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Min Hwei Ng
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Jia Xian Law
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
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40
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Gamage TKJB, Fraser M. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Developing Brain: Current Perspective and Promising Source of Biomarkers and Therapy for Perinatal Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:744840. [PMID: 34630028 PMCID: PMC8498217 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.744840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review focuses on our current understanding of the proposed physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the developing brain. Furthermore, since EVs have attracted great interest as potential novel cell-free therapeutics, we discuss advances in the knowledge of stem cell- and astrocyte-derived EVs in relation to their potential for protection and repair following perinatal brain injury. This review identified 13 peer-reviewed studies evaluating the efficacy of EVs in animal models of perinatal brain injury; 12/13 utilized mesenchymal stem cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) and 1/13 utilized astrocyte-derived EVs. Animal model, method of EV isolation and size, route, timing, and dose administered varied between studies. Notwithstanding, EV treatment either improved and/or preserved perinatal brain structures both macroscopically and microscopically. Additionally, EV treatment modulated inflammatory responses and improved brain function. Collectively this suggests EVs can ameliorate, or repair damage associated with perinatal brain injury. These findings warrant further investigation to identify the optimal cell numbers, source, and dosage regimens of EVs, including long-term effects on functional outcomes.
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41
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Matheakakis A, Batsali A, Papadaki HA, Pontikoglou CG. Therapeutic Implications of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles in Autoimmune Diseases: From Biology to Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10132. [PMID: 34576296 PMCID: PMC8468750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are perivascular multipotent stem cells originally identified in the bone marrow (BM) stroma and subsequently in virtually all vascularized tissues. Because of their ability to differentiate into various mesodermal lineages, their trophic properties, homing capacity, and immunomodulatory functions, MSCs have emerged as attractive candidates in tissue repair and treatment of autoimmune disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of MSCs may be primarily mediated via a number of paracrine-acting soluble factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane-coated vesicles that are increasingly being acknowledged as playing a key role in intercellular communication via their capacity to carry and deliver their cargo, consisting of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids to recipient cells. MSC-EVs recapitulate the functions of the cells they originate, including immunoregulatory effects but do not seem to be associated with the limitations and concerns of cell-based therapies, thereby emerging as an appealing alternative therapeutic option in immune-mediated disorders. In the present review, the biology of MSCs will be outlined and an overview of their immunomodulatory functions will be provided. In addition, current knowledge on the features of MSC-EVs and their immunoregulatory potential will be summarized. Finally, therapeutic applications of MSCs and MSC-EVs in autoimmune disorders will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Matheakakis
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (H.A.P.)
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Aristea Batsali
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Helen A. Papadaki
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (H.A.P.)
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Charalampos G. Pontikoglou
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece; (A.M.); (H.A.P.)
- Haemopoiesis Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece;
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42
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Manu MS, Hohjoh H, Yamamura T. Extracellular Vesicles as Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Mediators, Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1451-1461. [PMID: 34527421 PMCID: PMC8407883 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by multiple demyelinating lesions in the spinal cord and brain. Neuronal disruption caused by myelin loss or demyelination, which may accompany axonal changes, leads to multiple neurological symptoms. They may transiently appear for weeks during periods of disease worsening (relapse) in relapsing-remitting form of MS (RRMS). Although a number of genetic, metabolic and environmental factors influencing the development of MS have been identified, the precise mechanisms involved in the CNS tissue damage in MS are still poorly understood. Recent studies have revealed a significant role of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) in many diseases. EVs are known to serve as a cellular communication tool between two cell types either in close proximity or in different parts of the body. During the recent development in understanding of the pathogenesis of MS, studies have revealed the possible role of EVs in MS. Furthermore, circulating EVs can be used as a biomarker for monitoring disease progression and activity of MS, and they can also be therapeutic reagents or targets of therapy. In this review we overview and discuss in detail about generation of EVs and their diversified roles in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallahalli S Manu
- 1Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502 Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hohjoh
- 2Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502 Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamura
- 1Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502 Japan
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Potential Therapeutic Effect of Micrornas in Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem Cells against SARS-CoV-2. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092393. [PMID: 34572043 PMCID: PMC8465096 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-released, nanometer-scaled, membrane-bound materials and contain diverse contents including proteins, small peptides, and nucleic acids. Once released, EVs can alter the microenvironment and regulate a myriad of cellular physiology components, including cell–cell communication, proliferation, differentiation, and immune responses against viral infection. Among the cargoes in the vesicles, small non-coding micro-RNAs (miRNAs) have received attention in that they can regulate the expression of a variety of human genes as well as external viral genes via binding to the complementary mRNAs. In this study, we tested the potential of EVs as therapeutic agents for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. First, we found that the mesenchymal stem-cell-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) enabled the rescue of the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 virus and the suppression of proinflammatory responses in the infected cells by inhibiting the viral replication. We found that these anti-viral responses were mediated by 17 miRNAs matching the rarely mutated, conserved 3′-untranslated regions (UTR) of the viral genome. The top five miRNAs highly expressed in the MSC-EVs, miR-92a-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-103a-3p, and miR-181a-5p, were tested. They were bound to the complemented sequence which led to the recovery of the cytopathic effects. These findings suggest that the MSC-EVs are a potential candidate for multiple variants of anti-SARS-CoV-2.
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Hezam K, Mo R, Wang C, Liu Y, Li Z. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Secretomes in Pneumonia. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:1153-1167. [PMID: 34493193 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210907115126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that play crucial roles in the microenvironment of injured tissues. The potential therapeutics of MSCs have attracted extensive attention for several diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. MSC-extracellular vesicles have been isolated from MSC-conditioned media (MSC-CM) with similar functional effects as parent MSCs. The therapeutic role of MSCs can be achieved through the balance between the inflammatory and regenerative microenvironments. Clinical settings of MSCs and their extracellular vesicles remain promising for many diseases, such as ARDS and pneumonia. However, their clinical applications remain limited due to the cost of growing and storage facilities of MSCs with a lack of standardized MSC-CM. This review highlights the proposed role of MSCs in pulmonary diseases and discusses the recent advances of MSC application for pneumonia and other lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Hezam
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin. China
| | - Rigen Mo
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin. China
| | - Yue Liu
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin. China
| | - Zongjin Li
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Tianjin. China
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45
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Poupardin R, Wolf M, Strunk D. Adherence to minimal experimental requirements for defining extracellular vesicles and their functions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113872. [PMID: 34284058 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rigorous measures are required to cope with the advance of extracellular vesicle (EV) research, from 183 studies published in 2012 to 2,309 studies published in 2020. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV) guidelines in 2014, updated in 2018, for assuring and improving EV research quality. We performed a systematic review using a text mining approach to assess adherence to MISEV criteria. A keyword search was conducted in 5,093 accessible publications over the period 2012-2020 and analyzed the methodology used for EV isolation and characterization. We found a significant improvement over the years particularly regarding EV characterization where recent papers used a higher number of methods and EV markers to check for quantity and purity. Interestingly, we also found that EV papers using more methods and EV markers were cited more frequently. Papers citing MISEV criteria were more prone to use a higher number of characterization methods. We therefore established a concise checklist summarizing MISEV criteria to support EV researchers towards reaching the highest standards in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe Poupardin
- Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI - TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Wolf
- Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI - TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI - TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria.
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46
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Wen J, Moloney EB, Canning A, Donohoe E, Ritter T, Wang J, Xiang D, Wu J, Li Y. Synthesized nanoparticles, biomimetic nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles for treatment of autoimmune disease: Comparison and prospect. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105833. [PMID: 34418563 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An emerging strategy is needed to treat autoimmune diseases, many of which are chronic with no definitive cure. Current treatments only alleviate symptoms and have many side effects affecting patient quality of life. Recently, nanoparticle drug delivery systems, an emerging method in medicine, has been used to target cells or organs, without damaging normal tissue. This approach has led to fewer side effects, along with a strong immunosuppressive capacity. Therefore, a nanotechnology approach may help to improve the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we separated nanoparticles into three categories: synthesized nanoparticles, biomimetic nanoparticles, and extracellular vesicles. This review firstly compares the typical mechanism of action of these three nanoparticle categories respectively in terms of active targeting, camouflage effect, and similarity to parent cells. Then their immunomodulation properties are discussed. Finally, the challenges faced by all these nanoparticles are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, the Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Elizabeth B Moloney
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aoife Canning
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ellen Donohoe
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Thomas Ritter
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jiemin Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Daxiong Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junyong Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongjiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Hovhannisyan L, Czechowska E, Gutowska-Owsiak D. The Role of Non-Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Allergy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702381. [PMID: 34489951 PMCID: PMC8417238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), and especially exosomes, have been shown to mediate information exchange between distant cells; this process directly affects the biological characteristics and functionality of the recipient cell. As such, EVs significantly contribute to the shaping of immune responses in both physiology and disease states. While vesicles secreted by immune cells are often implicated in the allergic process, growing evidence indicates that EVs from non-immune cells, produced in the stroma or epithelia of the organs directly affected by inflammation may also play a significant role. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of allergy to which those EVs contribute, with a particular focus on small EVs (sEVs). Finally, we also give a clinical perspective regarding the utilization of the EV-mediated communication route for the benefit of allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Hovhannisyan
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of in vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Czechowska
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Ghosh SK, Weinberg A. Ramping Up Antimicrobial Peptides Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:620806. [PMID: 34235176 PMCID: PMC8255374 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.620806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as defensins and cathelicidin LL-37, are members of the innate immune system and play a crucial role in early pulmonary defense against viruses. These AMPs achieve viral inhibition through a variety of mechanisms including, but not limited to, direct binding to virions, binding to and modulating host cell-surface receptors, blocking viral replication, and aggregation of viral particles and indirectly by functioning as chemokines to enhance or curb adaptive immune responses. Given the fact that we are in a pandemic of unprecedented severity and the urgent need for therapeutic options to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), naturally expressed AMPs and their derivatives have the potential to combat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and impede viral infectivity in various ways. Provided the fact that development of effective treatments is an urgent public health priority, AMPs and their derivatives are being explored as potential prophylactic and therapeutic candidates. Additionally, cell-based platforms such as human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) therapy are showing success in saving the lives of severely ill patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. This could be partially due to AMPs released from hMSCs that also act as immunological rheostats to modulate the host inflammatory response. This review highlights the utilization of AMPs in strategies that could be implemented as novel therapeutics, either alone or in combination with other platforms, to treat CoV-2-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Huda MN, Nafiujjaman M, Deaguero IG, Okonkwo J, Hill ML, Kim T, Nurunnabi M. Potential Use of Exosomes as Diagnostic Biomarkers and in Targeted Drug Delivery: Progress in Clinical and Preclinical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2106-2149. [PMID: 33988964 PMCID: PMC8147457 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived vesicles containing heterogeneous active biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, mRNAs, receptors, immune regulatory molecules, and nucleic acids. They typically range in size from 30 to 150 nm in diameter. An exosome's surfaces can be bioengineered with antibodies, fluorescent dye, peptides, and tailored for small molecule and large active biologics. Exosomes have enormous potential as a drug delivery vehicle due to enhanced biocompatibility, excellent payload capability, and reduced immunogenicity compared to alternative polymeric-based carriers. Because of active targeting and specificity, exosomes are capable of delivering their cargo to exosome-recipient cells. Additionally, exosomes can potentially act as early stage disease diagnostic tools as the exosome carries various protein biomarkers associated with a specific disease. In this review, we summarize recent progress on exosome composition, biological characterization, and isolation techniques. Finally, we outline the exosome's clinical applications and preclinical advancement to provide an outlook on the importance of exosomes for use in targeted drug delivery, biomarker study, and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Huda
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Md Nafiujjaman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Isaac G Deaguero
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - Jude Okonkwo
- John A Paulson School of Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Meghan L. Hill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902
- Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968
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Grieco GE, Fignani D, Formichi C, Nigi L, Licata G, Maccora C, Brusco N, Sebastiani G, Dotta F. Extracellular Vesicles in Immune System Regulation and Type 1 Diabetes: Cell-to-Cell Communication Mediators, Disease Biomarkers, and Promising Therapeutic Tools. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682948. [PMID: 34177928 PMCID: PMC8219977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are generated by cells of origin through complex molecular mechanisms and released into extracellular environment. Hence, the presence of EVs has been described in multiple biological fluids and in most cases their molecular cargo, which includes non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), messenger RNAs (mRNA), and proteins, has been reported to modulate distinct biological processes. EVs release and their molecular cargo have been demonstrated to be altered in multiple diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Notably, numerous evidence showed a relevant crosstalk between immune system and interacting cells through specific EVs release. The crosstalk between insulin-producing pancreatic β cells and immune system through EVs bidirectional trafficking has yet started to be deciphered, thus uncovering an intricate communication network underlying type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. EVs can also be found in blood plasma or serum. Indeed, the assessment of circulating EVs cargo has been shown as a promising advance in the detection of reliable biomarkers of disease progression. Of note, multiple studies showed several specific cargo alterations of EVs collected from plasma/serum of subjects affected by autoimmune diseases, including T1D subjects. In this review, we discuss the recent literature reporting evidence of EVs role in autoimmune diseases, specifically focusing on the bidirectional crosstalk between pancreatic β cells and immune system in T1D and highlight the relevant promising role of circulating EVs as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Fignani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Caterina Formichi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Nigi
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Giada Licata
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Maccora
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Noemi Brusco
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Sebastiani
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Dotta
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Fondazione Umberto Di Mario, c/o Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy.,UOC Diabetologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy.,Tuscany Centre for Precision Medicine (CReMeP), Siena, Italy
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