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Chen N, Jin J, Zhang B, Meng Q, Lu Y, Liang B, Deng L, Qiao B, Zheng L. Viral strategies to antagonize the host antiviral innate immunity: an indispensable research direction for emerging virus-host interactions. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2341144. [PMID: 38847579 PMCID: PMC11188965 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2341144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
The public's health is gravely at risk due to the current global outbreak of emerging viruses, specifically SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV. Recent studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 mutants (such as Omicron) exhibit a higher capability to antagonize the host innate immunity, increasing their human adaptability and transmissibility. Furthermore, current studies on the strategies for MPXV to antagonize the host innate immunity are still in the initial stages. These multiple threats from emerging viruses make it urgent to study emerging virus-host interactions, especially the viral antagonism of host antiviral innate immunity. Given this, we selected several representative viruses that significantly threatened human public health and interpreted the multiple strategies for these viruses to antagonize the host antiviral innate immunity, hoping to provide ideas for molecular mechanism research that emerging viruses antagonize the host antiviral innate immunity and accelerate the research progress. The IAV, SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, EBOV, DENV, ZIKV, and HIV are some of the typical viruses. Studies have shown that viruses could antagonize the host antiviral innate immunity by directly or indirectly blocking antiviral innate immune signaling pathways. Proviral host factors, host restriction factors, and ncRNAs (microRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs, and vtRNAs) are essential in indirectly blocking antiviral innate immune signaling pathways. Furthermore, via controlling apoptosis, ER stress, stress granule formation, and metabolic pathways, viruses may antagonize it. These regulatory mechanisms include transcriptional regulation, post-translational regulation, preventing complex formation, impeding nuclear translocation, cleavage, degradation, and epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Jin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoge Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Meng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanlu Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Deng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingchen Qiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lucheng Zheng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Pérez-Yanes S, Lorenzo-Sánchez I, Cabrera-Rodríguez R, García-Luis J, Trujillo-González R, Estévez-Herrera J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. The ZIKV NS5 Protein Aberrantly Alters the Tubulin Cytoskeleton, Induces the Accumulation of Autophagic p62 and Affects IFN Production: HDAC6 Has Emerged as an Anti-NS5/ZIKV Factor. Cells 2024; 13:598. [PMID: 38607037 PMCID: PMC11011779 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and pathogenesis are linked to the disruption of neurogenesis, congenital Zika syndrome and microcephaly by affecting neural progenitor cells. Nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) is the largest product encoded by ZIKV-RNA and is important for replication and immune evasion. Here, we studied the potential effects of NS5 on microtubules (MTs) and autophagy flux, together with the interplay of NS5 with histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Fluorescence microscopy, biochemical cell-fractionation combined with the use of HDAC6 mutants, chemical inhibitors and RNA interference indicated that NS5 accumulates in nuclear structures and strongly promotes the acetylation of MTs that aberrantly reorganize in nested structures. Similarly, NS5 accumulates the p62 protein, an autophagic-flux marker. Therefore, NS5 alters events that are under the control of the autophagic tubulin-deacetylase HDAC6. HDAC6 appears to degrade NS5 by autophagy in a deacetylase- and BUZ domain-dependent manner and to control the cytoplasmic expression of NS5. Moreover, NS5 inhibits RNA-mediated RIG-I interferon (IFN) production, resulting in greater activity when autophagy is inhibited (i.e., effect correlated with NS5 stability). Therefore, it is conceivable that NS5 contributes to cell toxicity and pathogenesis, evading the IFN-immune response by overcoming HDAC6 functions. HDAC6 has emerged as an anti-ZIKV factor by targeting NS5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.C.-R.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Iria Lorenzo-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.C.-R.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.C.-R.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.C.-R.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Department of Análisis Matemático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, 38296 La Laguna, Spain;
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.C.-R.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.C.-R.); (J.G.-L.)
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Li Y, Li Z, Zou H, Zhou P, Huo Y, Fan Y, Liu X, Wu J, Li G, Wang X. A conserved methyltransferase active site residue of Zika virus NS5 is required for the restriction of STING activation and interferon expression. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38299799 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging RNA virus and causes major public health events due to its link to severe neurological complications in foetuses and neonates. The cGAS-STING signalling pathway regulates innate immunity and plays an important role in the invasion of DNA and RNA viruses. This study reveals a distinct mechanism by which ZIKV restricts the cGAS-STING signalling to repress IFN-β expression. ZIKV attenuates IFN-β expression induced by DNA viruses (herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-1) or two double-stranded DNAs (dsDNA90 and HSV120) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Notably, ZIKV NS5, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, was responsible for the repression of IFN-β. NS5 interacts with STING in the cytoplasm, suppresses IRF3 phosphorylation and nucleus localization and promotes the cleavage of STING K48-linked polyubiquitination. Furthermore, the NS5 methyltransferase (MTase) domain interacts with STING to restrict STING-induced IFN-β expression. Interestingly, point mutation analyses of conserved methyltransferase active site residue D146 indicate that it is critical for repressing IFN-β expression induced by STING stimulation in cGAS-STING signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhaoxin Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Haimei Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, PR China
| | - Peiwen Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yuhang Huo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yaohua Fan
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Geng Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, PR China
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Camacho-Concha N, Santana-Román ME, Sánchez NC, Velasco I, Pando-Robles V, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. Insights into Zika Virus Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3316. [PMID: 38137537 PMCID: PMC10741857 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has emerged as a significant public health threat, reaching pandemic levels in 2016. Human infection with ZIKV can manifest as either asymptomatic or as an acute illness characterized by symptoms such as fever and headache. Moreover, it has been associated with severe neurological complications in adults, including Guillain-Barre syndrome, and devastating fetal abnormalities, like microcephaly. The primary mode of transmission is through Aedes spp. mosquitoes, and with half of the world's population residing in regions where Aedes aegypti, the principal vector, thrives, the reemergence of ZIKV remains a concern. This comprehensive review provides insights into the pathogenesis of ZIKV and highlights the key cellular pathways activated upon ZIKV infection. Additionally, we explore the potential of utilizing microRNAs (miRNAs) and phytocompounds as promising strategies to combat ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nohemi Camacho-Concha
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (N.C.-C.); (M.E.S.-R.); (N.C.S.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - María E. Santana-Román
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (N.C.-C.); (M.E.S.-R.); (N.C.S.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - Nilda C. Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (N.C.-C.); (M.E.S.-R.); (N.C.S.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular-Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico
| | - Victoria Pando-Robles
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (N.C.-C.); (M.E.S.-R.); (N.C.S.); (G.P.-A.)
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (N.C.-C.); (M.E.S.-R.); (N.C.S.); (G.P.-A.)
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Yang G, Yue Z, Pan P, Li Y. In Memory of the Virologist Jianguo Wu, 1957-2022. Viruses 2023; 15:1754. [PMID: 37632095 PMCID: PMC10457867 DOI: 10.3390/v15081754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It is with deep sorrow that we mourn the passing of the virologist Professor Jianguo Wu [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yang
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan 528315, China
| | - Zhaoyang Yue
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongkui Li
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan 528315, China
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Chen X. A Tribute to Professor Jianguo Wu. Viruses 2023; 15:1720. [PMID: 37632062 PMCID: PMC10457838 DOI: 10.3390/v15081720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been a couple of months since Professor Jianguo Wu left us [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis & Infection Prevention and Control, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Hu H, Feng Y, He ML. Targeting Type I Interferon Induction and Signaling: How Zika Virus Escapes from Host Innate Immunity. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3015-3028. [PMID: 37416780 PMCID: PMC10321277 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.83056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes neurological disorders and draws great attention. ZIKV infection can elicit a wide range of immune response. Type I interferons (IFNs) as well as its signaling cascade play crucial role in innate immunity against ZIKV infection and in turn ZIKV can antagonize them. ZIKV genome are mainly recognized by Toll-like receptors 3 (TLR3), TLR7/8 and RIG-I-like receptor 1 (RIG-1), which induces the expression of Type I IFNs and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). ISGs exert antiviral activity at different stages of the ZIKV life cycle. On the other hand, ZIKV takes multiple strategies to antagonize the Type Ⅰ IFN induction and its signaling pathway to establish a pathogenic infection, especially by using the viral nonstructural (NS) proteins. Most of the NS proteins can directly interact with the factors in the pathways to escape the innate immunity. In addition, structural proteins also participate in the innate immune evasion and activation of antibody-binding of blood dendritic cell antigen 2 (BDCA2) or inflammasome also be used to enhance ZIKV replication. In this review, we summarize the recent findings about the interaction between ZIKV infection and type I IFNs pathways and suggest potential strategies for antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Hu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaxiu Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Barnard TR, Landry BN, Wang AB, Sagan SM. Zika virus NS3 and NS5 proteins determine strain-dependent differences in dsRNA accumulation in a host cell type-dependent manner. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37289497 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For positive-sense RNA viruses, initiation of viral RNA replication represents a major target of antiviral responses to infection. Despite this, the interplay between viral replication and the innate antiviral response at early steps in the Zika virus (ZIKV) life cycle is not well understood. We have previously identified ZIKV isolates with differing levels of dsRNA accumulation, ZIKVPR (high dsRNA per infected cell) and ZIKVCDN (low dsRNA per infected cell), and we hypothesized that we could use reverse genetics to investigate how host and viral factors contribute to the establishment of viral RNA replication. We found that both the ZIKV NS3 and NS5 proteins as well as host factors were necessary to determine the dsRNA accumulation phenotype. Additionally, we show that dsRNA correlates with viral negative-strand RNA measured by strand-specific RT-qPCR, suggesting that dsRNA is an accurate readout of viral RNA replication. Interestingly, although we did not observe NS3- and NS5-dependent differences in cells with defects in interferon (IFN) production, differences in RNA accumulation precede induction of the IFN response, suggesting that RNA sensing pathways or intrinsic restriction factors may differentially restrict ZIKV in an NS3- and NS5-dependent manner. This work expands our understanding of the interplay of early steps of viral RNA replication and the induction of the innate antiviral response to ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha R Barnard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Breanna N Landry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alex B Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Lu AY, Gustin A, Newhouse D, Gale M. Viral Protein Accumulation of Zika Virus Variants Links with Regulation of Innate Immunity for Differential Control of Viral Replication, Spread, and Response to Interferon. J Virol 2023; 97:e0198222. [PMID: 37162358 PMCID: PMC10231147 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01982-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Asian lineage Zika virus (ZIKV) strains emerged globally, causing outbreaks linked with critical clinical disease outcomes unless the virus is effectively restricted by host immunity. We have previously shown that retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) senses ZIKV to trigger innate immunity to direct interferon (IFN) production and antiviral responses that can control ZIKV infection. However, ZIKV proteins have been demonstrated to antagonize IFN. Here, we conducted in vitro analyses to assess how divergent prototypic ZIKV variants differ in virologic properties, innate immune regulation, and infection outcome. We comparatively assessed African lineage ZIKV/Dakar/1984/ArD41519 (ZIKV/Dakar) and Asian lineage ZIKV/Malaysia/1966/P6740 (ZIKV/Malaysia) in a human epithelial cell infection model. De novo viral sequence determination identified amino acid changes within the ZIKV/Dakar genome compared to ZIKV/Malaysia. Viral growth analyses revealed that ZIKV/Malaysia accumulated viral proteins and genome copies earlier and to higher levels than ZIKV/Dakar. Both ZIKV strains activated RIG-I/IFN regulatory factor (IRF3) and NF-κB pathways to induce inflammatory cytokine expression and types I and III IFNs. However, ZIKV/Malaysia, but not ZIKV/Dakar, potently blocked downstream IFN signaling. Remarkably, ZIKV/Dakar protein accumulation and genome replication were rescued in RIG-I knockout (KO) cells late in acute infection, resulting in ZIKV/Dakar-mediated blockade of IFN signaling. We found that RIG-I signaling specifically restricts viral protein accumulation late in acute infection where early accumulation of viral proteins in infected cells confers enhanced ability to limit IFN signaling, promoting viral replication and spread. Our results demonstrate that RIG-I-mediated innate immune signaling imparts restriction of ZIKV protein accumulation, which permits IFN signaling and antiviral actions controlling ZIKV infection. IMPORTANCE ZIKV isolates are classified under African or Asian lineages. Infection with emerging Asian lineage-derived ZIKV strains is associated with increased incidence of neurological symptoms that were not previously reported during infection with African or preemergent Asian lineage viruses. In this study, we utilized in vitro models to compare the virologic properties of and innate immune responses to two prototypic ZIKV strains from distinct lineages: African lineage ZIKV/Dakar and Asian lineage ZIKV/Malaysia. Compared to ZIKV/Dakar, ZIKV/Malaysia accumulates viral proteins earlier, replicates to higher levels, and robustly blocks IFN signaling during acute infection. Early accumulation of ZIKV/Malaysia NS5 protein confers enhanced ability to antagonize IFN signaling, dampening innate immune responses to promote viral spread. Our data identify the kinetics of viral protein accumulation as a major regulator of host innate immunity, influencing host-mediated control of ZIKV replication and spread. Importantly, these findings provide a novel framework for evaluating the virulence of emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y. Lu
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew Gustin
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel Newhouse
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Chen W, Li Y, Yu X, Wang Z, Wang W, Rao M, Li Y, Luo Z, Zhang Q, Liu J, Wu J. Zika virus non-structural protein 4B interacts with DHCR7 to facilitate viral infection. Virol Sin 2023; 38:23-33. [PMID: 36182074 PMCID: PMC10006206 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) evolves non-structural proteins to evade immune response and ensure efficient replication in the host cells. Cholesterol metabolic enzyme 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) was recently reported to impact innate immune responses in ZIKV infection. However, the vital non-structural protein and mechanisms involved in DHCR7-mediated viral evasion are not well elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that ZIKV infection facilitated DHCR7 expression. Notably, the upregulated DHCR7 in turn facilitated ZIKV infection and blocking DHCR7 suppressed ZIKV infection. Mechanically, ZIKV non-structural protein 4B (NS4B) interacted with DHCR7 to induce DHCR7 expression. Moreover, DHCR7 inhibited TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation, which resulted in the reduction of interferon-beta (IFN-β) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) productions. Therefore, we propose that ZIKV NS4B binds to DHCR7 to repress TBK1 and IRF3 activation, which in turn inhibits IFN-β and ISGs, and thereby facilitating ZIKV evasion. This study broadens the insights on how viral non-structural proteins antagonize innate immunity to facilitate viral infection via cholesterol metabolic enzymes and intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, 528315, China
| | - Yukun Li
- Halison International Peace Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Hengshui, 053000, China
| | - Xiuling Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhenwei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Menglan Rao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yongkui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, 528315, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, 528315, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, 528315, China
| | - Jinbiao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, 528315, China.
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan, 528315, China.
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Furtado ND, de Mello IS, de Godoy AS, Noske GD, Oliva G, Canard B, Decroly E, Bonaldo MC. Amino Acid Polymorphisms on the Brazilian Strain of Yellow Fever Virus Methyltransferase Are Related to the Host's Immune Evasion Mediated by Type I Interferon. Viruses 2023; 15:191. [PMID: 36680231 PMCID: PMC9863089 DOI: 10.3390/v15010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Since late 2016, a yellow fever virus (YFV) variant carrying a set of nine amino acid variations has circulated in South America. Three of them were mapped on the methyltransferase (MTase) domain of viral NS5 protein. To assess whether these changes affected viral infectivity, we synthesized YFV carrying the MTase of circulating lineage as well as its isoform with the residues of the previous strains (NS5 K101R, NS5 V138I, and NS5 G173S). We observed a slight difference in viral growth properties and plaque phenotype between the two synthetic YFVs. However, the MTase polymorphisms associated with the Brazilian strain of YFV (2016-2019) confer more susceptibility to the IFN-I. In addition, in vitro MTase assay revealed that the interaction between the YFV MTase and the methyl donor molecule (SAM) is altered in the Brazilian MTase variant. Altogether, the results reported here describe that the MTase carrying the molecular signature of the Brazilian YFV circulating since 2016 might display a slight decrease in its catalytic activity but virtually no effect on viral fitness in the parameters comprised in this study. The most marked influence of these residues stands in the immune escape against the antiviral response mediated by IFN-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Dias Furtado
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Iasmim Silva de Mello
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Andre Schutzer de Godoy
- Centro de Pesquisa e Inovação em Biodiversidade e Fármacos, Instituto de Física de São Carlos-USP, São Paulo 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Dias Noske
- Centro de Pesquisa e Inovação em Biodiversidade e Fármacos, Instituto de Física de São Carlos-USP, São Paulo 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Glaucius Oliva
- Centro de Pesquisa e Inovação em Biodiversidade e Fármacos, Instituto de Física de São Carlos-USP, São Paulo 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Bruno Canard
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7257, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Decroly
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR7257, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Myrna C. Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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Hu D, Zou H, Chen W, Li Y, Luo Z, Wang X, Guo D, Meng Y, Liao F, Wang W, Zhu Y, Wu J, Li G. ZDHHC11 Suppresses Zika Virus Infections by Palmitoylating the Envelope Protein. Viruses 2023; 15:144. [PMID: 36680184 PMCID: PMC9863066 DOI: 10.3390/v15010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an RNA-enveloped virus that belongs to the Flavivirus genus, and ZIKV infections potentially induce severe neurodegenerative diseases and impair male fertility. Palmitoylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins that is mediated by a series of DHHC-palmitoyl transferases, which are implicated in various biological processes and viral infections. However, it remains to be investigated whether palmitoylation regulates ZIKV infections. In this study, we initially observed that the inhibition of palmitoylation by 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP) enhanced ZIKV infections, and determined that the envelope protein of ZIKV is palmitoylated at Cys308. ZDHHC11 was identified as the predominant enzyme that interacts with the ZIKV envelope protein and catalyzes its palmitoylation. Notably, ZDHHC11 suppressed ZIKV infections in an enzymatic activity-dependent manner and ZDHHC11 knockdown promoted ZIKV infection. In conclusion, we proposed that the envelope protein of ZIKV undergoes a novel post-translational modification and identified a distinct mechanism in which ZDHHC11 suppresses ZIKV infections via palmitoylation of the ZIKV envelope protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Haimei Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziqing Luo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xianyang Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dekuan Guo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feng Liao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Geng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
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13
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Dong S, Xiao MZX, Liang Q. Modulation of cellular machineries by Zika virus-encoded proteins. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28243. [PMID: 36262094 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The strain of Zika virus (ZIKV) that circulated during the 2015 epidemic in Brazil has been associated with more than 2000 cases of microcephaly from September 2015 through November 2016. The viral genome determines the biology and pathogenesis of a virus and the virus employs its own gene products to evade host immune surveillance, manipulate cellular machineries, and establish efficient replication. Therefore, understanding the functions of virus-encoded protein not only aids the knowledge of ZIKV biology but also guides the development of anti-ZIKV drugs. In this review, we focus on 10 proteins encoded by ZIKV and summarize their functions in ZIKV replication and pathogenesis according to studies published in the past 6 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Dong
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Maggie Z X Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qiming Liang
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Chen T, Yang H, Liu P, Hamiti M, Zhang X, Xu Y, Quan W, Zhang Y, Yu W, Jiao L, Du T, Xi J, Yin B, Zhou W, Lu S, Peng X. Splicing factor SF3B3, a NS5-binding protein, restricts ZIKV infection by targeting GCH1. Virol Sin 2022; 38:222-232. [PMID: 36572150 PMCID: PMC10176263 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus, causes congenital ZIKV syndrome in children and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in adults. ZIKV expresses nonstructural protein 5 (NS5), a large protein that is essential for viral replication. ZIKV NS5 confers the ability to evade interferon (IFN) signalling; however, the exact mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we employed affinity pull-down and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses and found that splicing factor 3b subunit 3 (SF3B3) is associated with the NS5-Flag pull-down complex through interaction with NS5. Functional assays showed that SF3B3 overexpression inhibited ZIKV replication by promoting IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression whereas silencing of SF3B3 inhibited expression of ISGs to promote ZIKV replication. GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) biosynthesis. NS5 upregulates the expression of GCH1 during ZIKV infection. And GCH1 marginally promoted ZIKV replication via the IFN pathway. Additionally, GCH1 expression is related to the regulation of SF3B3. Overexpression of the SF3B3 protein effectively reduced GCH1 protein levels, whereas SF3B3 knockdown increased its levels. These findings indicated that ZIKV NS5 binding protein SF3B3 contributed to the host immune response against ZIKV replication by modulating the expression of GCH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanxiu Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China; Department of Science and Education, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Penghui Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Moliduer Hamiti
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xintian Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Wenqi Quan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Wenhai Yu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Li Jiao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Tingfu Du
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Juemin Xi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China
| | - Bin Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Science and Education, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, 330029, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650031, China; The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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15
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Duck TRIM35 Promotes Tembusu Virus Replication by Interfering with RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Signaling in Duck Embryo Fibroblasts. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0385822. [PMID: 36445078 PMCID: PMC9769614 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03858-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, the duck industry has been severely impacted by the newly emerging duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV). For DTMUV to successfully infect host cells, it employs several strategies that subvert the host's innate immune response. It has been found that several viral proteins encoded by DTMUV have strategically targeted the crucial molecules of the RIG-I-like Receptor (RLR) signaling pathway to antagonize host antiviral responses. However, it is not well known how the host proteins manipulated by DTMUV contribute to innate immune evasion. The present study reports that duck TRIM35 (duTRIM35) antagonizes DTMUV-induced innate immune responses by targeting duck RIG-I (duRIG-I) in duck embryo fibroblasts. A significant increase in duTRIM35 expression occurred during DTMUV infection. DuTRIM35 overexpression suppressed DTMUV-triggered expression of interferon beta (IFN-β) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), promoting viral replication, whereas knockdown of duTRIM35 augments the innate immune response, reducing viral replication. Furthermore, duTRIM35 significantly impaired the IFN-β expression mediated by duRIG-I but not by other RLR signaling molecules. Mechanistically, duTRIM35 interfered with duRIG-I-duTRIM25 interaction and impeded duTRIM25-mediated duRIG-I ubiquitination by interacting with both duRIG-I and duTRIM25. Our findings indicate that duTRIM35 expression induced by DTMUV infection interfered with the duRIG-I-mediated antiviral response, illustrating a novel strategy in which DTMUV can evade the host's innate immunity. IMPORTANCE Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), an emerging flavivirus pathogen causing a substantial drop in egg production and severe neurological disorders in duck populations, has led to massive economic losses in the global duck industry. DTMUV has employed various strategies to subvert the host's innate immune response to establish a productive infection in host cells. In this study, we report that duck TRIM35 (duTRIM35) expression was upregulated upon DTMUV infection in vitro and in vivo, and its expression antagonized DTMUV-induced innate immune responses by targeting duck RIG-I (duRIG-I) in duck embryo fibroblasts. Further studies suggest that duTRIM35 interfered with duRIG-I-duTRIM25 interaction and impeded duTRIM25-mediated duRIG-I ubiquitination by interacting with both duRIG-I and duTRIM25. Together, these results revealed that duTRIM35 expression induced by DTMUV infection downregulated duRIG-I-mediated host antiviral response, which elucidated a novel strategy of DTMUV for innate immune evasion.
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IRF2 Cooperates with Phosphoprotein of Spring Viremia of Carp Virus to Suppress Antiviral Response in Zebrafish. J Virol 2022; 96:e0131422. [PMID: 36314827 PMCID: PMC9683000 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01314-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 2 belongs to the IRF1 subfamily, and its functions are not yet fully understood. In this study, we showed that IRF2a was a negative regulator of the interferon (IFN) response induced by spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Irf2a-/- knockout zebrafish were less susceptible to SVCV than wild-type fish. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the irf2a-/- and irf2a+/+ cells derived caudal fins were mainly involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway. Interestingly, the basal expression levels of interferon stimulating genes (ISGs), including pkz, mx, apol, and stat1 were higher in the irf2a-/- cells than irf2a+/+ cells, suggesting that they may contribute to the increased viral resistance of the irf2a-/- cells. Overexpression of IRF2a inhibited the activation of ifnφ1 and ifnφ3 induced by SVCV and poly(I:C) in the epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells. Further, it was found that SVCV phosphoprotein (SVCV-P) could interact with IRF2a to promote IRF2a nuclear translocation and protein stability via suppressing K48-linked ubiquitination of IRF2a. Both IRF2a and SVCV-P not only destabilized STAT1a but reduced its translocation into the nucleus. Our work demonstrates that IRF2a cooperates with SVCV-P to suppress host antiviral response against viral infection in zebrafish. IMPORTANCE Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are central in the regulation of interferon-mediated antiviral immunity. Here, we reported that IRF2a suppressed interferon response and promoted virus replication in zebrafish. The suppressive effects were enhanced by the phosphoprotein of the spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) via inhibition of K48-linked ubiquitination of IRF2a. IRF2a and SVCV phosphoprotein cooperated to degrade STAT1 and block its nuclear translocation. Our work demonstrated that IRFs and STATs were targeted by the virus through posttranslational modifications to repress interferon-mediated antiviral response in lower vertebrates.
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17
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Latanova A, Starodubova E, Karpov V. Flaviviridae Nonstructural Proteins: The Role in Molecular Mechanisms of Triggering Inflammation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081808. [PMID: 36016430 PMCID: PMC9414172 DOI: 10.3390/v14081808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Flaviviridae family are posing a significant threat to human health worldwide. Many flaviviruses are capable of inducing severe inflammation in humans. Flaviviridae nonstructural proteins, apart from their canonical roles in viral replication, have noncanonical functions strongly affecting antiviral innate immunity. Among these functions, antagonism of type I IFN is the most investigated; meanwhile, more data are accumulated on their role in the other pathways of innate response. This review systematizes the last known data on the role of Flaviviridae nonstructural proteins in molecular mechanisms of triggering inflammation, with an emphasis on their interactions with TLRs and RLRs, interference with NF-κB and cGAS-STING signaling, and activation of inflammasomes.
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18
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Le T, He X, Huang J, Liu S, Bai Y, Wu K. Knockdown of long noncoding RNA GAS5 reduces vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis by inactivating EZH2-mediated RIG-I signaling pathway in abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Transl Med 2021; 19:466. [PMID: 34781960 PMCID: PMC8594130 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), an irreversible cardiovascular disease prevalent in the artery, causes the increase of the aneurysm diameter over time, and is a fatal phenomenon inducing sidewall rupture. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve as promising biomarkers for AAA. In the present study, we sought to define the role of lncRNA growth-arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) in growth of smooth muscle cells (SMC) and progression of AAA. Methods Initially, we established angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced AAA mouse models and Ang II-treated vascular SMC model. RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis were adopted to determine expression of GAS5 and zeste homolog 2 (EZH2). After ectopic expression and depletion experiments in Ang II-treated mice and vascular SMCs, cell apoptosis was detected in SMCs using flow cytometry and in mice using TUNEL staining. The binding of GAS5 and EZH2 was evaluated using RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) and Co-IP assays. Results Increased GAS5 and RIG-I but decreased EZH2 were found in aortic tissues of AAA mice. EZH2 overexpression inhibited AAA formation and suppressed SMC apoptosis. Functionally, EZH2 blocked the RIG-I signaling pathway and consequently inhibited SMC apoptosis. GAS5 regulated EZH2 transcription in a negative manner in SMCs. Knockdown of GAS5 attenuated SMC apoptosis, which was reversed by EZH2 inhibition or RIG-I overexpression. Conclusions The current study demonstrated that GAS5 induced SMC apoptosis and subsequent AAA onset by activating EZH2-mediated RIG-I signaling pathway, highlighting GAS5 as a novel biomarker for AAA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03023-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Le
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kemin Wu
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87, Xiangya Road, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Elrefaey AME, Hollinghurst P, Reitmayer CM, Alphey L, Maringer K. Innate Immune Antagonism of Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses in Humans and Mosquitoes. Viruses 2021; 13:2116. [PMID: 34834923 PMCID: PMC8624719 DOI: 10.3390/v13112116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses of the Flavivirus genus (Flaviviridae family) pose an ongoing threat to global public health. For example, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika viruses are transmitted by infected mosquitoes and cause severe and fatal diseases in humans. The means by which mosquito-borne flaviviruses establish persistent infection in mosquitoes and cause disease in humans are complex and depend upon a myriad of virus-host interactions, such as those of the innate immune system, which are the main focus of our review. This review also covers the different strategies utilized by mosquito-borne flaviviruses to antagonize the innate immune response in humans and mosquitoes. Given the lack of antiviral therapeutics for mosquito-borne flaviviruses, improving our understanding of these virus-immune interactions could lead to new antiviral therapies and strategies for developing refractory vectors incapable of transmitting these viruses, and can also provide insights into determinants of viral tropism that influence virus emergence into new species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. E. Elrefaey
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.H.); (C.M.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Philippa Hollinghurst
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.H.); (C.M.R.); (L.A.)
- Department of Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | | | - Luke Alphey
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.H.); (C.M.R.); (L.A.)
| | - Kevin Maringer
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (P.H.); (C.M.R.); (L.A.)
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20
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Zhao K, Ke Z, Hu H, Liu Y, Li A, Hua R, Guo F, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Duan L, Yan XF, Gao YG, Liu B, Xia Y, Li Y. Structural Basis and Function of the N Terminus of SARS-CoV-2 Nonstructural Protein 1. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0016921. [PMID: 34132580 PMCID: PMC8552758 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00169-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) is an important pathogenic factor that inhibits host protein translation by means of its C terminus. However, its N-terminal function remains elusive. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the N terminus (amino acids [aa] 11 to 125) of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 at a 1.25-Å resolution. Further functional assays showed that the N terminus of SARS-CoVs Nsp1 alone loses the ability to colocalize with ribosomes and inhibit protein translation. The C terminus of Nsp1 can colocalize with ribosomes, but its protein translation inhibition ability is significantly weakened. Interestingly, fusing the C terminus of Nsp1 with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or other proteins in place of its N terminus restored the protein translation inhibitory ability to a level equivalent to that of full-length Nsp1. Thus, our results suggest that the N terminus of Nsp1 is able to stabilize the binding of the Nsp1 C terminus to ribosomes and act as a nonspecific barrier to block the mRNA channel, thus abrogating host mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zunhui Ke
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbing Hu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yahui Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Aixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangteng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junfeng Xiao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Faculty of Science (Medical Science), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ling Duan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin-Fu Yan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yong-Gui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Bing Liu
- BioBank, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuchen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Tongji-Rongcheng Center for Biomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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21
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Hu D, Wang Y, Li A, Li Q, Wu C, Shereen MA, Huang S, Wu K, Zhu Y, Wang W, Wu J. LAMR1 restricts Zika virus infection by attenuating the envelope protein ubiquitination. Virulence 2021; 12:1795-1807. [PMID: 34282707 PMCID: PMC8293954 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1948261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection can cause severe neurological disorders, including Guillain–Barre syndrome and meningoencephalitis in adults and microcephaly in fetuses. Here, we reveal that laminin receptor 1 (LAMR1) is a novel host resistance factor against ZIKV infection. Mechanistically, we found that LAMR1 binds to ZIKV envelope (E) protein via its intracellular region and attenuates E protein ubiquitination through recruiting the deubiquitinase eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 5 (EIF3S5). We further found that the conserved G282 residue of E protein is essential for its interaction with LAMR1. Moreover, a G282A substitution abolished the binding of E protein to LAMR1 and inhibited LAMR1-mediated E protein deubiquitination. Together, our results indicated that LAMR1 represses ZIKV infection through binding to E protein and attenuating its ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Yingchong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Aixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Caifeng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shereen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Shanyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou China.,Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou China.,Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan China
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22
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Thannesberger J, Rascovan N, Eisenmann A, Klymiuk I, Zittra C, Fuehrer HP, Scantlebury-Manning T, Gittens-St Hilaire M, Austin S, Landis RC, Steininger C. Viral metagenomics reveals the presence of novel Zika virus variants in Aedes mosquitoes from Barbados. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:343. [PMID: 34187544 PMCID: PMC8244189 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04840-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic of 2015/2016 spread throughout numerous countries. It emerged in mainland Latin America and spread to neighboring islands, including the Caribbean island of Barbados. Recent studies have indicated that the virus must have already been circulating in local mosquito populations in Brazil for almost 2 years before it was identified by the World Health Organization in 2015. Metagenomic detection assays have the potential to detect emerging pathogens without prior knowledge of their genomic nucleic acid sequence. Yet their applicability as vector surveillance tools has been widely limited by the complexity of DNA populations from field-collected mosquito preparations. The aim of this study was to investigate local vector biology and characterize metagenomic arbovirus diversity in Aedes mosquitoes during the ongoing 2015/2016 ZIKV epidemic. Methods We performed a short-term vector screening study on the island of Barbados during the ongoing 2015/2016 ZIKV epidemic, where we sampled local Aedes mosquitoes. We reanalyzed mosquito viral microbiome data derived from standard Illumina MiSeq sequencing to detect arbovirus sequences. Additionally, we employed deep sequencing techniques (Illumina HiSeq) and designed a novel bait capture enrichment assay to increase sequencing efficiency for arbovirus sequences from complex DNA samples. Results We found that Aedes aegypti seemed to be the most likely vector of ZIKV, although it prevailed at a low density during the observed time period. The number of detected viruses increased with sequencing depth. Arbovirus sequence enrichment of metagenomic DNA preparations allowed the detection of arbovirus sequences of two different ZIKV genotypes, including a novel one. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the S3116W mutation in the NS5 gene region of ZIKV polyprotein. Conclusions The metagenomic arbovirus detection approach presented here may serve as a useful tool for the identification of epidemic-causing arboviruses with the additional benefit of enabling the collection of phylogenetic information on the source. Apart from detecting more than 88 viruses using this approach, we also found evidence of novel ZIKV variants circulating in the local mosquito population during the observed time period. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04840-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thannesberger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Rascovan
- Department of Genomes & Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - A Eisenmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Klymiuk
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - C Zittra
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - H P Fuehrer
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - T Scantlebury-Manning
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | | | - S Austin
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Cave Hill, Barbados
| | - R C Landis
- Edmund Cohen Laboratory for Vascular Research, George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - C Steininger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Ryan FJ, Carr JM, Furtado JM, Ma Y, Ashander LM, Simões M, Oliver GF, Granado GB, Dawson AC, Michael MZ, Appukuttan B, Lynn DJ, Smith JR. Zika Virus Infection of Human Iris Pigment Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644153. [PMID: 33968035 PMCID: PMC8100333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent Zika epidemics, adults infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) have developed organ-specific inflammatory complications. The most serious Zika-associated inflammatory eye disease is uveitis, which is commonly anterior in type, affecting both eyes and responding to corticosteroid eye drops. Mechanisms of Zika-associated anterior uveitis are unknown, but ZIKV has been identified in the aqueous humor of affected individuals. The iris pigment epithelium is a target cell population in viral anterior uveitis, and it acts to maintain immune privilege within the anterior eye. Interactions between ZIKV and human iris pigment epithelial cells were investigated with infectivity assays and RNA-sequencing. Primary cell isolates were prepared from eyes of 20 cadaveric donors, and infected for 24 hours with PRVABC59 strain ZIKV or incubated uninfected as control. Cytoimmunofluorescence, RT-qPCR on total cellular RNA, and focus-forming assays of culture supernatant showed cell isolates were permissive to infection, and supported replication and release of infectious ZIKV. To explore molecular responses of cell isolates to ZIKV infection at the whole transcriptome level, RNA was sequenced on the Illumina NextSeq 500 platform, and results were aligned to the human GRCh38 genome. Multidimensional scaling showed clear separation between transcriptomes of infected and uninfected cell isolates. Differential expression analysis indicated a vigorous molecular response of the cell to ZIKV: 7,935 genes were differentially expressed between ZIKV-infected and uninfected cells (FDR < 0.05), and 99% of 613 genes that changed at least two-fold were up-regulated. Reactome and KEGG pathway and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses indicated strong activation of viral recognition and defense, in addition to biosynthesis processes. A CHAT network included 6275 molecular nodes and 24 contextual hubs in the cell response to ZIKV infection. Receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) was the most significantly connected contextual hub. Correlation of gene expression with read counts assigned to the ZIKV genome identified a negative correlation between interferon signaling and viral load across isolates. This work represents the first investigation of mechanisms of Zika-associated anterior uveitis using an in vitro human cell model. The results suggest the iris pigment epithelium mounts a molecular response that limits intraocular pathology in most individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feargal J Ryan
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jillian M Carr
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - João M Furtado
- Ophthalmology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Yuefang Ma
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Liam M Ashander
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Milena Simões
- Ophthalmology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Genevieve F Oliver
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - G Bracho Granado
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Abby C Dawson
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Z Michael
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Binoy Appukuttan
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - David J Lynn
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Justine R Smith
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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24
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Mittal S, Federman HG, Sievert D, Gleeson JG. The Neurobiology of Modern Viral Scourges: ZIKV and COVID-19. Neuroscientist 2021; 28:438-452. [PMID: 33874789 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211009149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of viruses with the nervous system were thought to be well understood until the recent outbreaks of Zika and SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we consider these emerging pathogens, the range and mechanisms of the neurological disease in humans, and how the biomedical research enterprise has pivoted to answer questions about viral pathogenesis, immune response, and the special vulnerability of the nervous system. ZIKV stands out as the only new virus in a generation, associating with congenital brain defects, neurological manifestations of microcephaly in newborns, and radiculopathy in adults. COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has swept the planet in an unprecedented manner and is feared worldwide for its effect on the respiratory system, but recent evidence points to important neurological sequelae. These can include anosmia, vasculopathy, paresthesias, and stroke. Evidence of ZIKV and SARS-CoV-2 genetic material from neural tissue, and evidence of infection of neural cells, raises questions about how these emerging viruses produce disease, and where new therapies might emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Mittal
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Rady Children's Institute of Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hannah G Federman
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Rady Children's Institute of Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - David Sievert
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Rady Children's Institute of Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Rady Children's Institute of Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
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25
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Petro TM. IFN Regulatory Factor 3 in Health and Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 205:1981-1989. [PMID: 33020188 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to viruses requires an array of critical cellular proteins that include IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Consequently, most viruses that infect vertebrates encode proteins that interfere with IRF3 activation. This review describes the cellular pathways linked to IRF3 activation and where those pathways are targeted by human viral pathogens. Moreover, key regulatory pathways that control IRF3 are discussed. Besides viral infections, IRF3 is also involved in resistance to some bacterial infections, in anticancer immunity, and in anticancer therapies involving DNA damage agents. A recent finding shows that IRF3 is needed for T cell effector functions that are involved in anticancer immunity and also in T cell autoimmune diseases. In contrast, unregulated IRF3 activity is clearly not beneficial, considering it is implicated in certain interferonopathies, in which heightened IRF3 activity leads to IFN-β-induced disease. Therefore, IRF3 is involved largely in maintaining health but sometimes contributing to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Petro
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583; and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68583
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26
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Zika Virus Pathogenesis: A Battle for Immune Evasion. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030294. [PMID: 33810028 PMCID: PMC8005041 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and its associated congenital and other neurological disorders, particularly microcephaly and other fetal developmental abnormalities, constitute a World Health Organization (WHO) Zika Virus Research Agenda within the WHO’s R&D Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics, and continue to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) today. ZIKV pathogenicity is initiated by viral infection and propagation across multiple placental and fetal tissue barriers, and is critically strengthened by subverting host immunity. ZIKV immune evasion involves viral non-structural proteins, genomic and non-coding RNA and microRNA (miRNA) to modulate interferon (IFN) signaling and production, interfering with intracellular signal pathways and autophagy, and promoting cellular environment changes together with secretion of cellular components to escape innate and adaptive immunity and further infect privileged immune organs/tissues such as the placenta and eyes. This review includes a description of recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying ZIKV immune modulation and evasion that strongly condition viral pathogenesis, which would certainly contribute to the development of anti-ZIKV strategies, drugs, and vaccines.
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27
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Narang K, Cheek EH, Enninga EAL, Theiler RN. Placental Immune Responses to Viruses: Molecular and Histo-Pathologic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2921. [PMID: 33805739 PMCID: PMC7998619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As most recently demonstrated by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, congenital and perinatal infections are of significant concern to the pregnant population as compared to the general population. These outcomes can range from no apparent impact all the way to spontaneous abortion or fetal infection with long term developmental consequences. While some pathogens have developed mechanisms to cross the placenta and directly infect the fetus, other pathogens lead to an upregulation in maternal or placental inflammation that can indirectly cause harm. The placenta is a temporary, yet critical organ that serves multiple important functions during gestation including facilitation of fetal nutrition, oxygenation, and prevention of fetal infection in utero. Here, we review trophoblast cell immunology and the molecular mechanisms utilized to protect the fetus from infection. Lastly, we discuss consequences in the placenta when these protections fail and the histopathologic result following infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Narang
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Elizabeth H. Cheek
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Elizabeth Ann L. Enninga
- Departments of Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Regan N. Theiler
- Division of Obstetrics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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28
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Chen K, Xiao F, Hu D, Ge W, Tian M, Wang W, Pan P, Wu K, Wu J. SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Interacts with RIG-I and Represses RIG-Mediated IFN-β Production. Viruses 2020; 13:E47. [PMID: 33396605 PMCID: PMC7823417 DOI: 10.3390/v13010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is highly pathogenic in humans and poses a great threat to public health worldwide. Clinical data shows a disturbed type I interferon (IFN) response during the virus infection. In this study, we discovered that the nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays an important role in the inhibition of interferon beta (IFN-β) production. N protein repressed IFN-β production induced by poly(I:C) or upon Sendai virus (SeV) infection. We noted that N protein also suppressed IFN-β production, induced by several signaling molecules downstream of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) pathway, which is the crucial pattern recognition receptor (PRR) responsible for identifying RNA viruses. Moreover, our data demonstrated that N protein interacted with the RIG-I protein through the DExD/H domain, which has ATPase activity and plays an important role in the binding of immunostimulatory RNAs. These results suggested that SARS-CoV-2 N protein suppresses the IFN-β response through targeting the initial step, potentially the cellular PRR-RNA-recognition step in the innate immune pathway. Therefore, we propose that the SARS-CoV-2 N protein represses IFN-β production by interfering with RIG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (K.C.); (F.X.); (D.H.); (W.G.); (M.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (K.C.); (F.X.); (D.H.); (W.G.); (M.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (K.C.); (F.X.); (D.H.); (W.G.); (M.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Weiwei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (K.C.); (F.X.); (D.H.); (W.G.); (M.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Mingfu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (K.C.); (F.X.); (D.H.); (W.G.); (M.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.W.); (P.P.)
| | - Pan Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.W.); (P.P.)
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (K.C.); (F.X.); (D.H.); (W.G.); (M.T.); (K.W.)
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (K.C.); (F.X.); (D.H.); (W.G.); (M.T.); (K.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (W.W.); (P.P.)
- Foshan Institute of Medical Microbiology, Foshan 528315, China
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29
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Role of Host-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) in RNA Virus Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010323. [PMID: 33396899 PMCID: PMC7796338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Being opportunistic intracellular pathogens, viruses are dependent on the host for their replication. They hijack host cellular machinery for their replication and survival by targeting crucial cellular physiological pathways, including transcription, translation, immune pathways, and apoptosis. Immediately after translation, the host and viral proteins undergo a process called post-translational modification (PTM). PTMs of proteins involves the attachment of small proteins, carbohydrates/lipids, or chemical groups to the proteins and are crucial for the proteins’ functioning. During viral infection, host proteins utilize PTMs to control the virus replication, using strategies like activating immune response pathways, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, and ultimately eliminating the virus from the host. PTM of viral proteins increases solubility, enhances antigenicity and virulence properties. However, RNA viruses are devoid of enzymes capable of introducing PTMs to their proteins. Hence, they utilize the host PTM machinery to promote their survival. Proteins from viruses belonging to the family: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, and Coronaviridae such as chikungunya, dengue, zika, HIV, and coronavirus are a few that are well-known to be modified. This review discusses various host and virus-mediated PTMs that play a role in the outcome during the infection.
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30
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Guo M, Hui L, Nie Y, Tefsen B, Wu Y. ZIKV viral proteins and their roles in virus-host interactions. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:709-719. [PMID: 33068285 PMCID: PMC7568452 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The re-emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) and its associated neonatal microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome have led the World Health Organization to declare a global health emergency. Until today, many related studies have successively reported the role of various viral proteins of ZIKV in the process of ZIKV infection and pathogenicity. These studies have provided significant insights for the treatment and prevention of ZIKV infection. Here we review the current research advances in the functional characterization of the interactions between each ZIKV viral protein and its host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moujian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lixia Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yiwen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Boris Tefsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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31
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Schilling M, Bridgeman A, Gray N, Hertzog J, Hublitz P, Kohl A, Rehwinkel J. RIG-I Plays a Dominant Role in the Induction of Transcriptional Changes in Zika Virus-Infected Cells, which Protect from Virus-Induced Cell Death. Cells 2020; 9:E1476. [PMID: 32560274 PMCID: PMC7349056 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) has received much attention due to an alarming increase in cases of neurological disorders including congenital Zika syndrome associated with infection. To date, there is no effective treatment available. An immediate response by the innate immune system is crucial for effective control of the virus. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockouts in A549 cells, we investigated the individual contributions of the RIG-I-like receptors MDA5 and RIG-I to ZIKV sensing and control of this virus by using a Brazilian ZIKV strain. We show that RIG-I is the main sensor for ZIKV in A549 cells. Surprisingly, we observed that loss of RIG-I and consecutive type I interferon (IFN) production led to virus-induced apoptosis. ZIKV non-structural protein NS5 was reported to interfere with type I IFN receptor signaling. Additionally, we show that ZIKV NS5 inhibits type I IFN induction. Overall, our study highlights the importance of RIG-I-dependent ZIKV sensing for the prevention of virus-induced cell death and shows that NS5 inhibits the production of type I IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Schilling
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; (M.S.); (A.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; (M.S.); (A.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Nicki Gray
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK;
| | - Jonny Hertzog
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; (M.S.); (A.B.); (J.H.)
| | - Philip Hublitz
- Genome Engineering Facility, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK;
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK; (M.S.); (A.B.); (J.H.)
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