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Teng Y, Xu H, He X, Zhuang Q, Lu H, Xu R, Xue D. LXRα agonist differentially regulates BAFF expression and biological effects in RAW264.7 cells depending on growth status: LXRα activation and BAFF signaling in RAW264.7 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2025; 742:151067. [PMID: 39632295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.151067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2024] [Revised: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024]
Abstract
B- cell-activating factor (BAFF), which is essential for the survival and development of B cells, is mainly produced by myeloid cells such as macrophages. Abnormal macrophage infiltration and high BAFF expression in kidney allografts are associated with the occurrence and development of antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). Nuclear hormone receptor Liver X receptors (LXRs), is a nonnegligible participant in regulating cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses. Nowadays the effects of LXRα activation on macrophages have been widely studied, however the effects of LXRα activation on BAFF expression and cell function due to the change of BAFF signaling have not yet been fully investigated. In the present study, LXRα activation alone was found to downregulate BAFF expression in quiescent RAW 264.7 cells, whereas LXRα agonist significantly upregulated BAFF expression in cells pretreated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 6 h. The increased BAFF signaling promoted M1 polarization and enhanced cell viability, migration, and phagocytic ability. LXRα can directly bind to the BAFF promoter region and decrease BAFF expression in RAW264.7 cells. LXRα activation enhanced mitochondrial metabolism, which promoted BAFF expression in the LPS-activated cells. Our results indicate that subtle changes in the microenvironment would affect the biological function of macrophages, in which a variety of BAFF signaling pathways may also be involved, providing a new perspective on exploring the mechanism of allograft rejection and uncovering the potential reason for the unstable efficacy of anti-BAFF preparations in kidney transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisa Teng
- Urology Department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Urology Department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
| | - Xiaozhou He
- Urology Department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Qianfeng Zhuang
- Urology Department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Urology Department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Renfang Xu
- Urology Department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Dong Xue
- Urology Department, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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2
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Kilic G, Debisarun PA, Alaswad A, Baltissen MP, Lamers LA, de Bree LCJ, Benn CS, Aaby P, Dijkstra H, Lemmers H, Martens JHA, Domínguez-Andrés J, van Crevel R, Li Y, Xu CJ, Netea MG. Seasonal variation in BCG-induced trained immunity. Vaccine 2024; 42:126109. [PMID: 38981740 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is a well-established inducer of innate immune memory (also termed trained immunity), causing increased cytokine production upon heterologous secondary stimulation. Innate immune responses are known to be influenced by season, but whether seasons impact induction of trained immunity is not known. To explore the influence of season on innate immune memory induced by the BCG vaccine, we vaccinated healthy volunteers with BCG either during winter or spring. Three months later, we measured the ex vivo cytokine responses against heterologous stimuli, analyzed gene expressions and epigenetic signatures of the immune cells, and compared these with the baseline before vaccination. BCG vaccination during winter induced a stronger increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) upon stimulation with different bacterial and fungal stimuli, compared to BCG vaccination in spring. In contrast, winter BCG vaccination resulted in lower IFNγ release in PBMCs compared to spring BCG vaccination. Furthermore, NK cells of the winter-vaccinated people had a greater pro-inflammatory cytokine and IFNγ production capacity upon heterologous stimulation. BCG had only minor effects on the transcriptome of monocytes 3 months later. In contrast, we identified season-dependent epigenetic changes in monocytes and NK cells induced by vaccination, partly explaining the higher immune cell reactivity in the winter BCG vaccination group. These results suggest that BCG vaccination during winter is more prone to induce a robust trained immunity response by activating and reprogramming the immune cells, especially NK cells. (Dutch clinical trial registry no. NL58219.091.16).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Kilic
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Priya A Debisarun
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Alaswad
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; TWINCORE, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Marijke P Baltissen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lieke A Lamers
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Oncode Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - L Charlotte J de Bree
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Christine S Benn
- Bandim Health Project, Open Patient Data Explorative Network (OPEN), Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Aaby
- Bandim Health Project, Open Patient Data Explorative Network (OPEN), Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helga Dijkstra
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi Lemmers
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost H A Martens
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; TWINCORE, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany; TWINCORE, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Chen Y, Chen M, Zhu W, Zhang Y, Liu P, Li P. Morroniside attenuates podocytes lipid deposition in diabetic nephropathy: A network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation study. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112560. [PMID: 38959541 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of lipid metabolism is a key factor influencing the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Morroniside (MOR) is a major active compound isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Cornus officinalis, our previous research found that it can improve the lipid deposition of renal tubular epithelial cells. The purpose of this study is to explore whether MOR can improve podocyte lipid deposition and its mechanism of reducing DN. METHODS Initially, we used network pharmacology and bioinformatics techniques to predict the relationship between renal lipid metabolism of MOR and DN. Subsequently, the binding activity of MOR with lipid-related proteins was studied by molecular docking to determine how MOR acts through these proteins. After determining the target of MOR, animal experiments and cell tests were carried out to verify it. RESULTS Using network pharmacology, bioinformatics, and molecular docking, target proteins for MOR treatment of DN were predicted and screened, including PGC-1α, LXRs, ABCA1, PPARY, CD36, and nephrin. It is particularly noted that MOR effectively binds to PGC-1α, while LXRs, ABCA1, PPARY and CD36 are downstream molecules of PGC-1α. Silencing the PGC-1α gene significantly reduced the therapeutic effects of MOR. Conversely, in groups without PGC-1α knockdown, MOR was able to increase the expression levels of PGC-1α and influence the expression of downstream proteins. Furthermore, through in vivo and in vitro experiments, utilizing techniques such as lipid droplet staining, PAS, MASSON staining, immunofluorescence, and Western blot, we found that MOR effectively elevated the expression levels of the podocyte protein nephrin and lipid metabolism-regulating proteins PGC-1α, PPARY, and ABCA1, while significantly inhibiting the expression of the lipid accumulation promoter CD36. CONCLUSION MOR can regulate the cholesterol efflux in podocytes via the PGC-1α/LXRs/ABCA1 signaling pathway, and control cholesterol intake via the PGC-1α/PPARY/CD36 signaling pathway, thereby ameliorating lipid deposition in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wenhui Zhu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Heilongjiang Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- First People's Hospital of Qiqihaer City, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Shunyi Hospital, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Kilic G, Matzaraki V, Bulut O, Baydemir I, Ferreira AV, Rabold K, Moorlag SJCFM, Koeken VACM, de Bree LCJ, Mourits VP, Joosten LAB, Domínguez-Andrés J, Netea MG. RORα negatively regulates BCG-induced trained immunity. Cell Immunol 2024; 403-404:104862. [PMID: 39159505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Trained immunity is a long-lasting change in the responsiveness of innate immune cells, leading to a stronger response upon an unrelated secondary challenge. Epigenetic, transcriptional, and metabolic reprogramming contribute to the development of trained immunity. By investigating the impact of gene variants on trained immunity responses after Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, we identified a strong association between polymorphisms in the RORA gene and BCG-induced trained immunity in PBMCs isolated from healthy human donors. RORα, encoded by the RORA gene in humans, is a nuclear receptor and a transcription factor, regulating genes involved in circadian rhythm, inflammation, cholesterol, and lipid metabolism. We found that natural RORα agonists in the circulation negatively correlate with the strength of trained immunity responses after BCG vaccination. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of RORα in human PBMCs led to higher cytokine production capacity and boosted trained immunity induction by BCG. Blocking RORα activity also resulted in morphological changes and increased ROS and lactate production of BCG-trained cells. Blocking lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and glycolysis with sodium oxamate reduced the cytokine production capacity of cells trained with a combination of BCG and the RORα agonist. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential role of RORα in trained immunity, and its impact on human vaccination and diseases should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Kilic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ozlem Bulut
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilayda Baydemir
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anaisa V Ferreira
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Rabold
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone J C F M Moorlag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie A C M Koeken
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Research Centre Innovations in Care, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Charlotte J de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera P Mourits
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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5
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Dai Y, Junho CVC, Schieren L, Wollenhaupt J, Sluimer JC, van der Vorst EPC, Noels H. Cellular metabolism changes in atherosclerosis and the impact of comorbidities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1446964. [PMID: 39188527 PMCID: PMC11345199 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1446964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell activation and nutrient dysregulation are common consequences of atherosclerosis and its preceding risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. These diseases may also impact cellular metabolism and consequently cell function, and the other way around, altered cellular metabolism can impact disease development and progression through altered cell function. Understanding the contribution of altered cellular metabolism to atherosclerosis and how cellular metabolism may be altered by co-morbidities and atherosclerosis risk factors could support the development of novel strategies to lower the risk of CVD. Therefore, we briefly review disease pathogenesis and the principles of cell metabolic pathways, before detailing changes in cellular metabolism in the context of atherosclerosis and comorbidities. In the hypoxic, inflammatory and hyperlipidemic milieu of the atherosclerotic plaque riddled with oxidative stress, metabolism shifts to increase anaerobic glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate pathway and amino acid use. We elaborate on metabolic changes for macrophages, neutrophils, vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and lymphocytes in the context of atherosclerosis and its co-morbidities hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes. Since causal relationships of specific key genes in a metabolic pathway can be cell type-specific and comorbidity-dependent, the impact of cell-specific metabolic changes must be thoroughly explored in vivo, with a focus on also systemic effects. When cell-specific treatments become feasible, this information will be crucial for determining the best metabolic intervention to improve atherosclerosis and its interplay with co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusang Dai
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Physical Examination Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Luisa Schieren
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julia Wollenhaupt
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Judith C. Sluimer
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Cardiorenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen Campus, Aachen, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research (IZKF), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Cardiorenal Disease (AMICARE), RWTH Aachen Campus, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Ferreira AV, Domínguez-Andrés J, Merlo Pich LM, Joosten LAB, Netea MG. Metabolic Regulation in the Induction of Trained Immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2024; 46:7. [PMID: 39060761 PMCID: PMC11282170 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-024-01015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune system exhibits features of memory, termed trained immunity, which promote faster and more robust responsiveness to heterologous challenges. Innate immune memory is sustained through epigenetic modifications, affecting gene accessibility, and promoting a tailored gene transcription for an enhanced immune response. Alterations in the epigenetic landscape are intertwined with metabolic rewiring. Here, we review the metabolic pathways that underscore the induction and maintenance of trained immunity, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and amino acid and lipid metabolism. The intricate interplay of these pathways is pivotal for establishing innate immune memory in distinct cellular compartments. We explore in particular the case of resident lung alveolar macrophages. We propose that leveraging the memory of the innate immune system may present therapeutic potential. Specifically, targeting the metabolic programs of innate immune cells is an emerging strategy for clinical interventions, either to boost immune responses in immunosuppressed conditions or to mitigate maladaptive activation in hyperinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaisa V Ferreira
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura M Merlo Pich
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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7
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Fiorucci S, Marchianò S, Urbani G, Di Giorgio C, Distrutti E, Zampella A, Biagioli M. Immunology of bile acids regulated receptors. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101291. [PMID: 39122016 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids are steroids formed at the interface of host metabolism and intestinal microbiota. While primary bile acids are generated in the liver from cholesterol metabolism, secondary bile acids represent the products of microbial enzymes. Close to 100 different enzymatic modifications of bile acids structures occur in the human intestine and clinically guided metagenomic and metabolomic analyses have led to the identification of an extraordinary number of novel metabolites. These chemical mediators make an essential contribution to the composition and function of the postbiota, participating to the bidirectional communications of the intestinal microbiota with the host and contributing to the architecture of intestinal-liver and -brain and -endocrine axes. Bile acids exert their function by binding to a group of cell membrane and nuclear receptors collectively known as bile acid-regulated receptors (BARRs), expressed in monocytes, tissue-resident macrophages, CD4+ T effector cells, including Th17, T regulatory cells, dendritic cells and type 3 of intestinal lymphoid cells and NKT cells, highlighting their role in immune regulation. In this review we report on how bile acids and their metabolitesmodulate the immune system in inflammations and cancers and could be exploiting for developing novel therapeutic approaches in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ginevra Urbani
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Distrutti
- SC di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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8
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Chen M, Kang X, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Trained immunity: A link between risk factors and cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38824960 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are significant contributors to human mortality, closely associated with inflammation. With the changing living conditions and the extension of human lifespan, greater attention has been directed towards understanding the impact of early, long-term events on the development of cardiovascular events. Lifestyle factors such as stress, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Interestingly, even if the risk factors are addressed later, their influence may persist. Recently, the concept of trained innate immunity (TRIM), defined as sustained alterations in the function of innate immunocyte that promote a more robust response to downstream stimuli, has been proposed to be involved in cardiovascular diseases. It is hypothesized that TRIM may serve as a mediator bridging the impacts of aforementioned risk factors. This review aims to elucidate the role of TRIM in cardiovascular diseases and highlight its significance in uncovering new mechanisms and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuya Kang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yahan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Zhang P, Li J, Miao Y, Zhao X, Zhu L, Yao J, Wan M, Tang W. Sheng-Jiang powder ameliorates NAFLD via regulating intestinal microbiota in mice. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1387401. [PMID: 38860223 PMCID: PMC11163104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1387401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal microbiota have been demonstrated to be involved in the development of NAFLD, while the relationship between the severity of NAFLD and intestinal microbiota is still not fully elucidated. Sheng-Jiang Powder (SJP) showed exact efficacy in treating SFL and great potential in regulating intestinal microbiota, but the effects need to be further addressed in NASH and liver fibrosis. Objectives To investigate the differences in intestinal microbiota of NAFLD with different severity and the effect of SJP on liver damage and intestinal microbiota. Design NAFLD mice models with different severity were induced by high-fat diet (HFD) or choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined high-fat diet (CDAHFD) feeding and then treated with SJP/normal saline. Methods Biochemical blood tests, H&E/Masson/Oil Red O/IHC staining, Western blot, and 16SrDNA sequencing were performed to explore intestinal microbiota alteration in different NAFLD models and the effect of SJP on liver damage and intestinal microbiota. Results Intestinal microbiota alteration was detected in all NAFLD mice. SJP induced increased expression of Pparγ and alleviated liver lipid deposition in all NAFLD mice. Microbiome analysis revealed obvious changes in intestinal microbiota composition, while SJP significantly elevated the relative abundance of Roseburia and Akkermansia, which were demonstrated to be beneficial for improving inflammation and intestinal barrier function. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that SJP was effective in improving lipid metabolism in NAFLD mice, especially in mice with SFL. The potential mechanism may be associated with the regulation of intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifan Miao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianlin Zhao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lv Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meihua Wan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenfu Tang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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López-Collazo E, del Fresno C. Endotoxin tolerance and trained immunity: breaking down immunological memory barriers. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1393283. [PMID: 38742111 PMCID: PMC11089161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
For decades, innate immune cells were considered unsophisticated first responders, lacking the adaptive memory of their T and B cell counterparts. However, mounting evidence demonstrates the surprising complexity of innate immunity. Beyond quickly deploying specialized cells and initiating inflammation, two fascinating phenomena - endotoxin tolerance (ET) and trained immunity (TI) - have emerged. ET, characterized by reduced inflammatory response upon repeated exposure, protects against excessive inflammation. Conversely, TI leads to an enhanced response after initial priming, allowing the innate system to mount stronger defences against subsequent challenges. Although seemingly distinct, these phenomena may share underlying mechanisms and functional implications, blurring the lines between them. This review will delve into ET and TI, dissecting their similarities, differences, and the remaining questions that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo López-Collazo
- The Innate Immune Response Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Tumour Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Respiratory Diseases (CIBRES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos del Fresno
- The Innate Immune Response Group, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Jin H, Cui L, Huo B, Xie C, Li J, Ding H, Zhang H, Xiong W, Li M, Zhang H, Guo H, Li C, Wang T, Wang X, He W, Wang Z, Bei JX, Huang P, Liu J, Xia X. Squalene-epoxidase-catalyzed 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol synthesis promotes trained-immunity-mediated antitumor activity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114094. [PMID: 38613784 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of trained immunity in antitumor immunity has been increasingly recognized, but the underlying metabolic regulation mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, we find that squalene epoxidase (SQLE), a key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, is required for β-glucan-induced trained immunity in macrophages and ensuing antitumor activity. Unexpectedly, the shunt pathway, but not the classical cholesterol synthesis pathway, catalyzed by SQLE, is required for trained immunity induction. Specifically, 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol (24(S),25-EC), the shunt pathway metabolite, activates liver X receptor and increases chromatin accessibility to evoke innate immune memory. Meanwhile, SQLE-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor 1α protein for metabolic switching into glycolysis. Hence, our findings identify 24(S),25-EC as a key metabolite for trained immunity and provide important insights into how SQLE regulates trained-immunity-mediated antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bitao Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chunyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiahui Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Honglu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huanling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China; College of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chunwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhuo He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China; VIP Region, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zining Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Xin Bei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Metabolic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jinyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Metabolic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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12
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Bhargavi G, Subbian S. The causes and consequences of trained immunity in myeloid cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1365127. [PMID: 38665915 PMCID: PMC11043514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1365127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, immunity in humans has been classified as innate and adaptive, with the concept that only the latter type has an immunological memory/recall response against specific antigens or pathogens. Recently, a new concept of trained immunity (a.k.a. innate memory response) has emerged. According to this concept, innate immune cells can exhibit enhanced responsiveness to subsequent challenges, after initial stimulation with antigen/pathogen. Thus, trained immunity enables the innate immune cells to respond robustly and non-specifically through exposure or re-exposure to antigens/infections or vaccines, providing enhanced resistance to unrelated pathogens or reduced infection severity. For example, individuals vaccinated with BCG to protect against tuberculosis were also protected from malaria and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Epigenetic modifications such as histone acetylation and metabolic reprogramming (e.g. shift towards glycolysis) and their inter-linked regulations are the key factors underpinning the immune activation of trained cells. The integrated metabolic and epigenetic rewiring generates sufficient metabolic intermediates, which is crucial to meet the energy demand required to produce proinflammatory and antimicrobial responses by the trained cells. These factors also determine the efficacy and durability of trained immunity. Importantly, the signaling pathways and regulatory molecules of trained immunity can be harnessed as potential targets for developing novel intervention strategies, such as better vaccines and immunotherapies against infectious (e.g., sepsis) and non-infectious (e.g., cancer) diseases. However, aberrant inflammation caused by inappropriate onset of trained immunity can lead to severe autoimmune pathological consequences, (e.g., systemic sclerosis and granulomatosis). In this review, we provide an overview of conventional innate and adaptive immunity and summarize various mechanistic factors associated with the onset and regulation of trained immunity, focusing on immunologic, metabolic, and epigenetic changes in myeloid cells. This review underscores the transformative potential of trained immunity in immunology, paving the way for developing novel therapeutic strategies for various infectious and non-infectious diseases that leverage innate immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
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13
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Ferreira AV, Alarcon-Barrera JC, Domínguez-Andrés J, Bulut Ö, Kilic G, Debisarun PA, Röring RJ, Özhan HN, Terschlüsen E, Ziogas A, Kostidis S, Mohammed Y, Matzaraki V, Renieris G, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Netea MG, Giera M. Fatty acid desaturation and lipoxygenase pathways support trained immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7385. [PMID: 37968313 PMCID: PMC10651900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections and vaccines can induce enhanced long-term responses in innate immune cells, establishing an innate immunological memory termed trained immunity. Here, we show that monocytes with a trained immunity phenotype, due to exposure to the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, are characterized by an increased biosynthesis of different lipid mediators (LM) derived from long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Pharmacological and genetic approaches show that long-chain PUFA synthesis and lipoxygenase-derived LM are essential for the BCG-induced trained immunity responses of human monocytes. Furthermore, products of 12-lipoxygenase activity increase in monocytes of healthy individuals after BCG vaccination. Grasping the underscoring lipid metabolic pathways contributes to our understanding of trained immunity and may help to identify therapeutic tools and targets for the modulation of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaísa V Ferreira
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Özlem Bulut
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gizem Kilic
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Priya A Debisarun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger J Röring
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hatice N Özhan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Terschlüsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Athanasios Ziogas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarantos Kostidis
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yassene Mohammed
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - George Renieris
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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14
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Robinson KA, Akbar N, Baidžajevas K, Choudhury RP. Trained immunity in diabetes and hyperlipidemia: Emerging opportunities to target cardiovascular complications and design new therapies. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23231. [PMID: 37779347 PMCID: PMC10947360 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301078r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Some metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia, are associated with a state of inflammation, which adversely affects cardiovascular health. Emerging evidence suggests that long-term hyperactivation of innate immune cells and their bone marrow progenitors, termed trained immunity, functions to accelerate atherosclerosis and its complications in cardiometabolic diseases. This review will focus on how trained immunity is established, particularly through metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming, to cause persistent and deleterious changes in immune cell function, even after the original stimulus has been corrected or removed. Understanding the mechanisms driving maladaptive trained immunity and its fundamental contribution to cardiovascular disease might enable the development of novel disease-modifying therapeutics for the reduction in cardiovascular risk in diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and related cardiometabolic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Robinson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Naveed Akbar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Kajus Baidžajevas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Robin P. Choudhury
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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15
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Dotiwala F, Upadhyay AK. Next Generation Mucosal Vaccine Strategy for Respiratory Pathogens. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1585. [PMID: 37896988 PMCID: PMC10611113 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducing humoral and cytotoxic mucosal immunity at the sites of pathogen entry has the potential to prevent the infection from getting established. This is different from systemic vaccination, which protects against the development of systemic symptoms. The field of mucosal vaccination has seen fewer technological advances compared to nucleic acid and subunit vaccine advances for injectable vaccine platforms. The advent of the next-generation adenoviral vectors has given a boost to mucosal vaccine research. Basic research into the mechanisms regulating innate and adaptive mucosal immunity and the discovery of effective and safe mucosal vaccine adjuvants will continue to improve mucosal vaccine design. The results from clinical trials of inhaled COVID-19 vaccines demonstrate their ability to induce the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and the production of secreted IgA and IgG antibodies locally, unlike intramuscular vaccinations. However, these mucosal vaccines induce systemic immune responses at par with systemic vaccinations. This review summarizes the function of the respiratory mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and the advantages that the adenoviral vectors provide as inhaled vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farokh Dotiwala
- Ocugen Inc., 11 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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16
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Lykov AP, Belogorodtsev SN, Nemkova EK, Vetlugina A, Terekhova TM, Schwartz YS. The Formation of Non-Specific Immunological Memory Phenotype in Human Monocyte-Like THP-1 and U-937 Cell Lines. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 175:477-480. [PMID: 37770781 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
We studied the formation of the phenotype of non-specific immunological memory (trained immunity) in human monocyte-like THP-1 and U-937 cell lines. The absence of the lag phase after primary contact with the pathogen (Mycobacterium bovis, BCG vaccine) does not contribute to the formation of the trained immunity phenotype in the cells. The presence of the lag phase promotes the development of the trained immunity phenotype, especially in THP-1 cells. The second stimulation (bacterial LPS) did not increase the production of lactate, nitric oxide, and glucose consumption by cells, which can be a consequence of the Warburg phenomenon in these monocyte-like human cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Lykov
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - S N Belogorodtsev
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E K Nemkova
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Vetlugina
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - T M Terekhova
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Y Sh Schwartz
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
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17
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Angulo M, Angulo C. Immunometabolic changes of β-glucan-trained immunity induction and inhibition on neonatal calf immune innate cells. Mol Immunol 2023; 159:58-68. [PMID: 37271010 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The growing antibiotic resistance and low-efficient vaccines make searching for alternatives a need to fight infectious diseases in newborn calves. Thus, trained immunity could be used as a tool to optimize immune response against a wide range of pathogens. Although β-glucans have shown to induce trained immunity, it has not been demonstrated in bovines yet. Uncontrolled trained immunity activation can generate chronic inflammation in mice and humans, and inhibiting it might reduce excessive immune activation. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that in vitro β-glucan training induces metabolic changes in calf monocytes, characterized by an increase in lactate production and glucose consumption upon restimulation with lipopolysaccharide. These metabolic shifts can be abolished by co-incubation with MCC950, a trained immunity inhibitor. Moreover, the dose-response relationship of β-glucan on the viability of calf monocytes was demonstrated. In newborn calves, in vivo β-glucan oral administration also induced a trained phenotype in innate immune cells, leading to immunometabolic changes, upon ex vivo challenge with E.coli. β-glucan-induced trained immunity improved phagocytosis, nitric oxide production, myeloperoxidase activity, and TNF-α gene expression through up-regulation genes of the TLR2/NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, β-glucan oral doses enhanced consumption and production of glycolysis metabolites (glucose and lactate, respectively), as well as up-regulated expression of mTOR and HIF1-α mRNA. Therefore, the results suggest that β-glucan immune training may confer calf protection from a secondary bacterial challenge, and trained phenotype induced by β-glucan can be inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, BCS CP 23096, Mexico
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, BCS CP 23096, Mexico.
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18
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de la Aleja AG, Herrero C, Torres-Torresano M, Schiaffino MT, Del Castillo A, Alonso B, Vega MA, Puig-Kröger A, Castrillo A, Corbí ÁL. Inhibition of LXR controls the polarization of human inflammatory macrophages through upregulation of MAFB. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:96. [PMID: 36930354 PMCID: PMC10020776 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte-derived macrophages contribute to pathogenesis in inflammatory diseases and their effector functions greatly depend on the prevailing extracellular milieu. Whereas M-CSF primes macrophages for acquisition of an anti-inflammatory profile, GM-CSF drives the generation of T cell-stimulatory and pro-inflammatory macrophages. Liver X Receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) are nuclear receptors that control cholesterol metabolism and regulate differentiation of tissue-resident macrophages. Macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory pathologies exhibit an enriched LXR pathway, and recent reports have shown that LXR activation raises pro-inflammatory effects and impairs the acquisition of the anti-Inflammatory profile of M-CSF-dependent monocyte-derived macrophages (M-MØ). We now report that LXR inhibition prompts the acquisition of an anti-inflammatory gene and functional profile of macrophages generated within a pathological environment (synovial fluid from Rheumatoid Arthritis patients) as well as during the GM-CSF-dependent differentiation of human monocyte-derived macrophages (GM-MØ). Mechanistically, inhibition of LXR results in macrophages with higher expression of the v-Maf Avian Musculoaponeurotic Fibrosarcoma Oncogene Homolog B (MAFB) transcription factor, which governs the macrophage anti-inflammatory profile, as well as over-expression of MAFB-regulated genes. Indeed, gene silencing experiments on human macrophages evidenced that MAFB is required for the LXR inhibitor to enhance the anti-inflammatory nature of human macrophages. As a whole, our results demonstrate that LXR inhibition prompts the acquisition of an anti-inflammatory transcriptional and functional profile of human macrophages in a MAFB-dependent manner, and propose the use of LXR antagonists as potential therapeutic alternatives in macrophage re-programming strategies during inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo González de la Aleja
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Herrero
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Torres-Torresano
- Unidad de Inmuno-Metabolismo e Inflamación, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Schiaffino
- Unidad de Inmuno-Metabolismo e Inflamación, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Del Castillo
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Alonso
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Vega
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Puig-Kröger
- Unidad de Inmuno-Metabolismo e Inflamación, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
- Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBM), Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel L Corbí
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Abstract
The principle of trained immunity represents innate immune memory due to sustained, mainly epigenetic, changes triggered by endogenous or exogenous stimuli in bone marrow (BM) progenitors (central trained immunity) and their innate immune cell progeny, thereby triggering elevated responsiveness against secondary stimuli. BM progenitors can respond to microbial and sterile signals, thereby possibly acquiring trained immunity-mediated long-lasting alterations that may shape the fate and function of their progeny, for example, neutrophils. Neutrophils, the most abundant innate immune cell population, are produced in the BM from committed progenitor cells in a process designated granulopoiesis. Neutrophils are the first responders against infectious or inflammatory challenges and have versatile functions in immunity. Together with other innate immune cells, neutrophils are effectors of peripheral trained immunity. However, given the short lifetime of neutrophils, their ability to acquire immunological memory may lie in the central training of their BM progenitors resulting in generation of reprogrammed, that is, "trained", neutrophils. Although trained immunity may have beneficial effects in infection or cancer, it may also mediate detrimental outcomes in chronic inflammation. Here, we review the emerging research area of trained immunity with a particular emphasis on the role of neutrophils and granulopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kalafati
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Hatzioannou
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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20
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Giacomello G, Otto C, Priller J, Ruprecht K, Böttcher C, Parr MK. 1,2- 13C 2-Glucose Tracing Approach to Assess Metabolic Alterations of Human Monocytes under Neuroinflammatory Conditions. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:765-781. [PMID: 36661537 PMCID: PMC9857935 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the common features in most neurological diseases including multiple sclerosis (MScl) and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is associated with local brain inflammation, microglial activation, and infiltration of peripheral immune cells into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the central nervous system (CNS). It has been shown that the diversity of phenotypic changes in monocytes in CSF relates to neuroinflammation. It remains to be investigated whether these phenotypic changes are associated with functional or metabolic alteration, which may give a hint to their function or changes in cell states, e.g., cell activation. In this article, we investigate whether major metabolic pathways of blood monocytes alter after exposure to CSF of healthy individuals or patients with AD or MScl. Our findings show a significant alteration of the metabolism of monocytes treated with CSF from patients and healthy donors, including higher production of citric acid and glutamine, suggesting a more active glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and reduced production of glycine and serine. These alterations suggest metabolic reprogramming of monocytes, possibly related to the change of compartment (from blood to CSF) and/or disease-related. Moreover, the levels of serine differ between AD and MScl, suggesting different phenotypic alterations between diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Giacomello
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Otto
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Endocytosis of LXRs: Signaling in liver and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:347-375. [PMID: 36631198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are among one of the major transcriptional factors that induces gene regulation in the nucleus. Liver X receptor (LXR) is a transcription factor which regulates essential lipid homeostasis in the body including fatty acid, cholesterol and phospholipid synthesis. Liver X receptor-retinoid X receptor (LXR-RXR) heterodimer is activated by either of the ligand binding on LXR or RXR. The promoter region of the gene which is targeted by LXR is bound to the response element of LXR. The activators bind to the heterodimer once the corepressor is dissociated. The cellular process such as endocytosis aids in intracellular trafficking and endosomal formation in transportation of molecules for essential signaling within the cell. LXR isotypes play a crucial role in maintaining lipid homeostasis by regulating the level of cholesterol. In the liver, the deficiency of LXRα can alter the normal physiological conditions depicting the symptoms of various cardiovascular and liver diseases. LXR can degrade low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) by the signaling of LXR-IDOL through endocytic trafficking in lipoprotein uptake. Various gene expressions associated with cholesterol level and lipid synthesis are regulated by LXR transcription factor. With its known diversified ligand binding, LXR is capable of regulating expression of various specific genes responsible for the progression of autoimmune diseases. The agonists and antagonists of LXR stand to be an important factor in transcription of the ABC family, essential for high density lipoprotein (HDL) formation. Endocytosis and signaling mechanism of the LXR family is broad and complex despite their involvement in cellular growth and proliferation. Here in this chapter, we aimed to emphasize the master regulation of LXR activation, regulators, and their implications in various metabolic activities especially in lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, we also briefed the significant role of LXR endocytosis in T cell immune regulation and a variety of human diseases including cardiovascular and neuroadaptive.
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22
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Harder JW, Ma J, Alard P, Sokoloski KJ, Mathiowitz E, Furtado S, Egilmez NK, Kosiewicz MM. Male microbiota-associated metabolite restores macrophage efferocytosis in female lupus-prone mice via activation of PPARγ/LXR signaling pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:41-57. [PMID: 36822162 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus development is influenced by both sex and the gut microbiota. Metabolite production is a major mechanism by which the gut microbiota influences the immune system, and we have previously found differences in the fecal metabolomic profiles of lupus-prone female and lupus-resistant male BWF1 mice. Here we determine how sex and microbiota metabolite production may interact to affect lupus. Transcriptomic analysis of female and male splenocytes showed genes that promote phagocytosis were upregulated in BWF1 male mice. Because patients with systemic lupus erythematosus exhibit defects in macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), we compared splenic macrophage efferocytosis in vitro between female and male BWF1 mice. Macrophage efferocytosis was deficient in female compared to male BWF1 mice but could be restored by feeding male microbiota. Further transcriptomic analysis of the genes upregulated in male BWF1 mice revealed enrichment of genes stimulated by PPARγ and LXR signaling. Our previous fecal metabolomics analyses identified metabolites in male BWF1 mice that can activate PPARγ and LXR signaling and identified one in particular, phytanic acid, that is a very potent agonist. We show here that treatment of female BWF1 splenic macrophages with phytanic acid restores efferocytic activity via activation of the PPARγ and LXR signaling pathways. Furthermore, we found phytanic acid may restore female BWF1 macrophage efferocytosis through upregulation of the proefferocytic gene CD36. Taken together, our data indicate that metabolites produced by BWF1 male microbiota can enhance macrophage efferocytosis and, through this mechanism, could potentially influence lupus progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Harder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock St, Rm 609, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock St, Rm 609, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Pascale Alard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock St, Rm 609, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kevin J Sokoloski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock St, Rm 609, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Edith Mathiowitz
- Department of Medical Science and Engineering, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Stacia Furtado
- Department of Medical Science and Engineering, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Nejat K Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock St, Rm 609, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Michele M Kosiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, 505 South Hancock St, Rm 609, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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23
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Wang W, Wu S, Wang AY, Wu T, Luo H, Zhao JW, Chen J, Li Y, Ding H. Thrombomodulin activation driven by LXR agonist attenuates renal injury in diabetic nephropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 9:916620. [PMID: 36698821 PMCID: PMC9870310 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.916620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Inflammation and thrombosis are recognized as interrelated biological processes. Both thrombomodulin (TM) and factor XIII-A (FXIII-A) are involved in inflammation and coagulation process. However, their role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains unclear. In vitro study, the liver X receptor (LXR) agonist T0901317 can up-regulate the expression of TM in glomerular endothelial cells. Now we evaluated the interaction between TM activation and FXIII-A and their effects against renal injury. Methods We first evaluated the serum levels of FXIII-A and TM and the expression of TM, LXR-α and FXIII-A in renal tissues of patients with biopsy-proven DN. We then analyzed the expression of TM, LXR-α and FXIII-A in renal tissues of db/db DN mice after upregulating TM expression via T0901317 or downregulating its expression via transfection of TM shRNA-loaded adenovirus. We also investigated the serum levels of Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-6, creatinine, and urinary microalbumin level in db/db mice. Results Our study showed that elevations in serum levels of FXIII-A positively correlated to the serum levels of TM and were also associated with end-stage kidney disease in patients with DN. The number of TM+ cells in the renal tissues of patients with DN negatively correlated with the number of FXIII-A+ cells and positively correlated with the number of LXR-α+ cells and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), whereas the number of FXIII-A+ cells negatively correlated with the eGFR. Conclusion Thrombomodulin activation with T0901317 downregulated FXIII-A expression in the kidney tissue and alleviated renal injury in db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Renal Division and Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Song Wu
- Renal Division and Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Amanda Y. Wang
- Renal and Metabolic Division, The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales Australia, Newtown, NSW, Australia,Department of Renal Medicine, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia,Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Amanda Y. Wang ✉
| | - Tao Wu
- Internal Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Haojun Luo
- Renal Division and Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Wei Zhao
- The Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jin Chen
- Renal Division and Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Renal Division and Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanlu Ding
- Renal Division and Institute of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Hanlu Ding ✉
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24
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Ochando J, Mulder WJM, Madsen JC, Netea MG, Duivenvoorden R. Trained immunity - basic concepts and contributions to immunopathology. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:23-37. [PMID: 36253509 PMCID: PMC9575643 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Trained immunity is a functional state of the innate immune response and is characterized by long-term epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells. This concept originated in the field of infectious diseases - training of innate immune cells, such as monocytes, macrophages and/or natural killer cells, by infection or vaccination enhances immune responses against microbial pathogens after restimulation. Although initially reported in circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages (termed peripheral trained immunity), subsequent findings indicate that immune progenitor cells in the bone marrow can also be trained (that is, central trained immunity), which explains the long-term innate immunity-mediated protective effects of vaccination against heterologous infections. Although trained immunity is beneficial against infections, its inappropriate induction by endogenous stimuli can also lead to aberrant inflammation. For example, in systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis, trained immunity might contribute to inflammatory activity, which promotes disease progression. In organ transplantation, trained immunity has been associated with acute rejection and suppression of trained immunity prolonged allograft survival. This novel concept provides a better understanding of the involvement of the innate immune response in different pathological conditions, and provides a new framework for the development of therapies and treatment strategies that target epigenetic and metabolic pathways of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ochando
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Transplant Immunology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Willem J. M. Mulder
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Joren C. Madsen
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Raphaël Duivenvoorden
- Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Martins GL, Ferreira CN, Palotás A, Rocha NP, Reis HJ. Role of Oxysterols in the Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome as a Potential Pharmacological Approach in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:202-212. [PMID: 35339182 PMCID: PMC10190144 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220327215245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is a complex clinical condition with multifactorial origin posing a major burden to health care systems across the world. Even though the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the disease are still unclear, both central and peripheral inflammation has been implicated in the process. Piling evidence shows that the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is activated in AD. As dyslipidemia is a risk factor for dementia, and cholesterol can also activate the inflammasome, a possible link between lipid levels and the NLRP3 inflammasome has been proposed in Alzheimer's. It is also speculated that not only cholesterol but also its metabolites, the oxysterols, may be involved in AD pathology. In this context, mounting data suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome activity can be modulated by different peripheral nuclear receptors, including liver-X receptors, which present oxysterols as endogenous ligands. In light of this, the current review explores whether the activation of NLRP3 by nuclear receptors, mediated by oxysterols, may also be involved in AD and could serve as a potential pharmacological avenue in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela L. Martins
- Laboratório Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB-UFMG, Belo Horizonte MG, 31270 - 901, Brazil
| | | | - András Palotás
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Asklepios Med, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Natália P. Rocha
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helton J. Reis
- Laboratório Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB-UFMG, Belo Horizonte MG, 31270 - 901, Brazil
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Selective induction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression by novel nitrogen-containing steroid compounds in PAM-212 cells. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 6:100186. [PMID: 36684807 PMCID: PMC9852564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been shown to be able to amplify Tregs. Thus, TSLP induction has the potential to induce endogenous Tregs and control autoimmunity. In the previous research, we found that a new compound named 02F04 can induce TSLP production while simultaneously activating the liver X receptor (LXR). Because LXR activation leads to a decrease in Treg, we attempted to find a 02F04-derivative, druggable lead compound with a basic skeleton that induces TSLP production without activating LXR. As the results, we found HA-7 and HA-19 and, in this study, examined the molecular mechanisms in TSLP production. Methods A murine keratinocyte cell line PAM 212 was stimulated with HA-7 and HA-19, and then the expressions of cytokines were examined via ELISA and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results HA-7 and HA-19 induced TSLP production but almost not the expression of TNF-α, IL-13, IL-25, and IL-33 in PAM212 cells. These compounds inhibited LXR activities. The TSLP expression induced by HA-7 and HA-19 was inhibited by the Gq/11 inhibitor YM-254890, ROCK inhibitor Y-27632, and ERK inhibitor U0126. HA-7 and HA-19 also induced the formation of stress fiber and ERK phosphorylation, which were inhibited by YM-254890 and Y-27632. Conclusions Our findings indicated that HA-7 and HA-19 selectively induced TSLP production in PAM212 via Gq/11, Rho/ROCK and ERK pathways. Our findings also indicated that TSLP expression was differentially regulated from other cytokines, and the selective expression could be induced with low-molecular-weight compounds such as HA-7 and HA-19.
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27
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Guo Z, Wang L, Liu H, Xie Y. Innate Immune Memory in Monocytes and Macrophages: The Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Atherosclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:4072. [PMID: 36552836 PMCID: PMC9776628 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex metabolic disease characterized by the dysfunction of lipid metabolism and chronic inflammation in the intimal space of the vessel. As the most abundant innate immune cells, monocyte-derived macrophages play a pivotal role in the inflammatory response, cholesterol metabolism, and foam cell formation. In recent decades, it has been demonstrated that monocytes and macrophages can establish innate immune memory (also termed trained immunity) via endogenous and exogenous atherogenic stimuli and exhibit a long-lasting proinflammatory phenotype. The important cellular metabolism processes, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol synthesis, are reprogrammed. Trained monocytes/macrophages with innate immune memory can be persistently hyperactivated and can undergo extensive epigenetic rewiring, which contributes to the pathophysiological development of atherosclerosis via increased proinflammatory cytokine production and lipid accumulation. Here, we provide an overview of the regulation of cellular metabolic processes and epigenetic modifications of innate immune memory in monocytes/macrophages as well as the potential endogenous and exogenous stimulations involved in the progression of atherosclerosis that have been reported recently. These elucidations might be beneficial for further understanding innate immune memory and the development of therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Guo
- Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450006, China
| | - Lixue Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai’an 271000, China
| | - Yuhuai Xie
- Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450006, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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28
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Li H, Ma L, Li W, Zheng B, Wang J, Chen S, Wang Y, Ge F, Qin B, Zheng X, Deng Y, Zeng R. Proline metabolism reprogramming of trained macrophages induced by early respiratory infection combined with allergen sensitization contributes to development of allergic asthma in childhood of mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:977235. [PMID: 36211408 PMCID: PMC9533174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.977235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated bronchiolitis are at increased risk of childhood asthma. Recent studies demonstrated that certain infections induce innate immune memory (also termed trained immunity), especially in macrophages, to respond more strongly to future stimuli with broad specificity, involving in human inflammatory diseases. Metabolic reprogramming increases the capacity of the innate immune cells to respond to a secondary stimulation, is a crucial step for the induction of trained immunity. We hypothesize that specific metabolic reprogramming of lung trained macrophages induced by neonatal respiratory infection is crucial for childhood allergic asthma. Objective To address the role of metabolic reprogramming in lung trained macrophages induced by respiratory virus infection in allergic asthma. Methods Neonatal mice were infected and sensitized by the natural rodent pathogen Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a mouse equivalent strain of human RSV, combined with ovalbumin (OVA). Lung CD11b+ macrophages in the memory phase were re-stimulated to investigate trained immunity and metabonomics. Adoptive transfer, metabolic inhibitor and restore experiments were used to explore the role of specific metabolic reprogramming in childhood allergic asthma. Results PVM infection combined with OVA sensitization in neonatal mice resulted in non-Th2 (Th1/Th17) type allergic asthma following OVA challenge in childhood of mice. Lung CD11b+ macrophages in the memory phage increased, and showed enhanced inflammatory responses following re-stimulation, suggesting trained macrophages. Adoptive transfer of the trained macrophages mediated the allergic asthma in childhood. The trained macrophages showed metabolic reprogramming after re-stimulation. Notably, proline biosynthesis remarkably increased. Inhibition of proline biosynthesis suppressed the development of the trained macrophages as well as the Th1/Th17 type allergic asthma, while supplement of proline recovered the trained macrophages as well as the allergic asthma. Conclusion Proline metabolism reprogramming of trained macrophages induced by early respiratory infection combined with allergen sensitization contributes to development of allergic asthma in childhood. Proline metabolism could be a well target for prevention of allergic asthma in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanglin Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Linyan Ma
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Boyang Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junhai Wang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shunyan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fei Ge
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Beibei Qin
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Clinical Lab, Hebei Provincial People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zheng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuqing Deng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruihong Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Ruihong Zeng,
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Findeisen HM, Voges VC, Braun LC, Sonnenberg J, Schwarz D, Körner H, Reinecke H, Sohrabi Y. LXRα Regulates oxLDL-Induced Trained Immunity in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116166. [PMID: 35682840 PMCID: PMC9181299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of metabolic pathways in monocytes and macrophages can induce a proatherosclerotic inflammatory memory called trained innate immunity. Here, we have analyzed the role of the Liver X receptor (LXR), a crucial regulator of metabolism and inflammation, in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced trained innate immunity. Human monocytes were incubated with LXR agonists, antagonists, and oxLDL for 24 h. After five days of resting time, cells were restimulated with the TLR-2 agonist Pam3cys. OxLDL priming induced the expression of LXRα but not LXRβ. Pharmacologic LXR activation was enhanced, while LXR inhibition prevented the oxLDL-induced inflammatory response. Furthermore, LXR inhibition blocked the metabolic changes necessary for epigenetic reprogramming associated with trained immunity. In fact, enrichment of activating histone marks at the IL-6 and TNFα promotor was reduced following LXR inhibition. Based on the differential expression of the LXR isoforms, we inhibited LXRα and LXRβ genes using siRNA in THP1 cells. As expected, siRNA-mediated knock-down of LXRα blocked the oxLDL-induced inflammatory response, while knock-down of LXRβ had no effect. We demonstrate a specific and novel role of the LXRα isoform in the regulation of oxLDL-induced trained immunity. Our data reveal important aspects of LXR signaling in innate immunity with relevance to atherosclerosis formation.
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Han Z, Ma K, Tao H, Liu H, Zhang J, Sai X, Li Y, Chi M, Nian Q, Song L, Liu C. A Deep Insight Into Regulatory T Cell Metabolism in Renal Disease: Facts and Perspectives. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826732. [PMID: 35251009 PMCID: PMC8892604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease encompasses a complex set of diseases that can aggravate or start systemic pathophysiological processes through their complex metabolic mechanisms and effects on body homoeostasis. The prevalence of kidney disease has increased dramatically over the last two decades. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells that express the transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) are critical for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune disease and tissue damage caused by excessive or unnecessary immune activation, including autoimmune kidney diseases. Recent studies have highlighted the critical role of metabolic reprogramming in controlling the plasticity, stability, and function of Treg cells. They are also likely to play a vital role in limiting kidney transplant rejection and potentially promoting transplant tolerance. Metabolic pathways, such as mitochondrial function, glycolysis, lipid synthesis, glutaminolysis, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation, are involved in the development of renal diseases by modulating the function and proliferation of Treg cells. Targeting metabolic pathways to alter Treg cells can offer a promising method for renal disease therapy. In this review, we provide a new perspective on the role of Treg cell metabolism in renal diseases by presenting the renal microenvironment、relevant metabolites of Treg cell metabolism, and the role of Treg cell metabolism in various kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Han
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Renal Disease Clinical Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuai Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hongxia Tao
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Renal Disease Clinical Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiyalatu Sai
- Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingxuan Chi
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Renal Disease Clinical Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Nian
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion Sicuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Linjiang Song
- Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Renal Disease Clinical Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
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31
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Funes SC, Rios M, Fernández-Fierro A, Di Genaro MS, Kalergis AM. Trained Immunity Contribution to Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders. Front Immunol 2022; 13:868343. [PMID: 35464438 PMCID: PMC9028757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.868343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated immune response toward self-antigens characterizes autoimmune and autoinflammatory (AIF) disorders. Autoantibodies or autoreactive T cells contribute to autoimmune diseases, while autoinflammation results from a hyper-functional innate immune system. Aside from their differences, many studies suggest that monocytes and macrophages (Mo/Ma) significantly contribute to the development of both types of disease. Mo/Ma are innate immune cells that promote an immune-modulatory, pro-inflammatory, or repair response depending on the microenvironment. However, understanding the contribution of these cells to different immune disorders has been difficult due to their high functional and phenotypic plasticity. Several factors can influence the function of Mo/Ma under the landscape of autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases, such as genetic predisposition, epigenetic changes, or infections. For instance, some vaccines and microorganisms can induce epigenetic changes in Mo/Ma, modifying their functional responses. This phenomenon is known as trained immunity. Trained immunity can be mediated by Mo/Ma and NK cells independently of T and B cell function. It is defined as the altered innate immune response to the same or different microorganisms during a second encounter. The improvement in cell function is related to epigenetic and metabolic changes that modify gene expression. Although the benefits of immune training have been highlighted in a vaccination context, the effects of this type of immune response on autoimmunity and chronic inflammation still remain controversial. Induction of trained immunity reprograms cellular metabolism in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), transmitting a memory-like phenotype to the cells. Thus, trained Mo/Ma derived from HSCs typically present a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, which leads to the modification of the chromatin architecture. During trained immunity, the epigenetic changes facilitate the specific gene expression after secondary challenge with other stimuli. Consequently, the enhanced pro-inflammatory response could contribute to developing or maintaining autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases. However, the prediction of the outcome is not simple, and other studies propose that trained immunity can induce a beneficial response both in AIF and autoimmune conditions by inducing anti-inflammatory responses. This article describes the metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in trained immunity that affect Mo/Ma, contraposing the controversial evidence on how it may impact autoimmune/autoinflammation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta C. Funes
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas-San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), San Luis, Argentina
| | - Mariana Rios
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ayleen Fernández-Fierro
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María S. Di Genaro
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas-San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL), San Luis, Argentina
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Alexis M. Kalergis,
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González de la Aleja A, Herrero C, Torres-Torresano M, de la Rosa JV, Alonso B, Capa-Sardón E, Muller IB, Jansen G, Puig-Kröger A, Vega MA, Castrillo A, Corbí ÁL. Activation of LXR Nuclear Receptors Impairs the Anti-Inflammatory Gene and Functional Profile of M-CSF-Dependent Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835478. [PMID: 35280993 PMCID: PMC8907538 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X Receptors (LXR) control cholesterol metabolism and exert anti-inflammatory actions but their contribution to human macrophage polarization remains unclear. The LXR pathway is enriched in pro-inflammatory macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis as well as in tumors-associated macrophages from human tumors. We now report that LXR activation inhibits the anti-inflammatory gene and functional profile of M-CSF-dependent human macrophages, and prompts the acquisition of a pro-inflammatory gene signature, with both effects being blocked by an LXR inverse agonist. Mechanistically, the LXR-stimulated macrophage polarization shift correlates with diminished expression of MAFB and MAF, which govern the macrophage anti-inflammatory profile, and with enhanced release of activin A. Indeed, LXR activation impaired macrophage polarization in response to tumor-derived ascitic fluids, as well as the expression of MAF- and MAFB-dependent genes. Our results demonstrate that LXR activation limits the anti-inflammatory human macrophage polarization and prompts the acquisition of an inflammatory transcriptional and functional profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo González de la Aleja
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Herrero
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Torres-Torresano
- Unidad de Inmuno-Metabolismo e Inflamación, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Vladimir de la Rosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Bárbara Alonso
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Capa-Sardón
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ittai B. Muller
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Jansen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Amaya Puig-Kröger
- Unidad de Inmuno-Metabolismo e Inflamación, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Vega
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
- Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” (IIBM), and Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICSIC)-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel L. Corbí
- Myeloid Cell Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Ma L, Cho W, Nelson ER. Our evolving understanding of how 27-hydroxycholesterol influences cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 196:114621. [PMID: 34043965 PMCID: PMC8611110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol has been implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of several cancers now, although the mechanisms by which it influences cancer biology are just emerging. Two likely contributing mechanisms are the ability for cholesterol to directly regulate signaling molecules within the membrane, and certain metabolites acting as signaling molecules. One such metabolite is the oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), which is a primary metabolite of cholesterol synthesized by the enzyme Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1). Physiologically, 27HC is involved in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and contributes to cholesterol efflux through liver X receptor (LXR) and inhibition of de novo cholesterol synthesis through the insulin-induced proteins (INSIGs). 27HC is also a selective modulator of the estrogen receptors. An increasing number of studies have identified its importance in cancer progression of various origins, especially in breast cancer. In this review, we discuss the physiological roles of 27HC targeting these two nuclear receptors and the subsequent contribution to cancer progression. We describe how 27HC promotes tumor growth directly through cancer-intrinsic factors, and indirectly through its immunomodulatory roles which lead to decreased immune surveillance and increased tumor invasion. This review underscores the importance of the cholesterol metabolic pathway in cancer progression and the potential therapeutic utility of targeting this metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Wonhwa Cho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Erik R. Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL,To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed: Erik R. Nelson. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 407 S Goodwin Ave (MC-114), Urbana, IL, 61801. Phone: 217-244-5477. Fax: 217-333-1133.
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Falero-Diaz G, Barboza CDA, Pires F, Fanchin M, Ling J, Zigmond ZM, Griswold AJ, Martinez L, Vazquez-Padron RI, Velazquez OC, Lassance-Soares RM. Ischemic-Trained Monocytes Improve Arteriogenesis in a Mouse Model of Hindlimb Ischemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:175-188. [PMID: 34879707 PMCID: PMC8792358 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.317197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monocytes, which play an important role in arteriogenesis, can build immunologic memory by a functional reprogramming that modifies their response to a second challenge. This process, called trained immunity, is evoked by insults that shift monocyte metabolism, increasing HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor)-1α levels. Since ischemia enhances HIF-1α, we evaluate whether ischemia can lead to a functional reprogramming of monocytes, which would contribute to arteriogenesis after hindlimb ischemia. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice exposed to ischemia by 24 hours (24h) of femoral artery occlusion (24h trained) or sham were subjected to hindlimb ischemia one week later; the 24h trained mice showed significant improvement in blood flow recovery and arteriogenesis after hindlimb ischemia. Adoptive transfer using bone marrow-derived monocytes (BM-Mono) from 24h trained or sham donor mice, demonstrated that recipients subjected to hindlimb ischemia who received 24h ischemic-trained monocytes had remarkable blood flow recovery and arteriogenesis. Further, ischemic-trained BM-Mono had increased HIF-1α and GLUT-1 (glucose transporter-1) gene expression during femoral artery occlusion. Circulating cytokines and GLUT-1 were also upregulated during femoral artery occlusion.Transcriptomic analysis and confirmatory qPCR performed in 24h trained and sham BM-Mono revealed that among the 15 top differentially expressed genes, 4 were involved in lipid metabolism in the ischemic-trained monocytes. Lipidomic analysis confirmed that ischemia training altered the cholesterol metabolism of these monocytes. Further, several histone-modifying epigenetic enzymes measured by qPCR were altered in mouse BM-Mono exposed to 24h hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Ischemia training in BM-Mono leads to a unique gene profile and improves blood flow and arteriogenesis after hindlimb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Falero-Diaz
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Catarina de A. Barboza
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, School of Physical Education (FEF), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pires
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Maeva Fanchin
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Jingjing Ling
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Zachary M. Zigmond
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Anthony J Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Laisel Martinez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Roberto I. Vazquez-Padron
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Omaida C. Velazquez
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Roberta M. Lassance-Soares
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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35
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Caslin HL, Cottam MA, Piñon JM, Boney LY, Hasty AH. Weight cycling induces innate immune memory in adipose tissue macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984859. [PMID: 36713396 PMCID: PMC9876596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Weight loss improves obesity-associated diabetes risk. However, most individuals regain weight, which worsens the risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We previously reported that male mice retain obesity-associated immunological changes even after weight loss, suggesting that immune cells may remember the state of obesity. Therefore, we hypothesized that cycles of weight gain and loss, otherwise known as weight cycling, can induce innate memory in adipose macrophages. Methods Bone marrow derived macrophages were primed with palmitic acid or adipose tissue conditioned media in a culture model of innate immune memory. Mice also put on low fat or high fat diets over 14-27 weeks to induce weight gain, weight loss, and weight cycling. Results Priming cells with palmitic acid or adipose tissue conditioned media from obese mice increased maximal glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation and increased LPS-induced TNFα and IL-6 production. Palmitic acid effects were dependent on TLR4 and impaired by methyltransferase inhibition and AMPK activation. While weight loss improved glucose tolerance in mice, adipose macrophages were primed for greater activation to subsequent stimulation by LPS ex vivo as measured by cytokine production. In the model of weight cycling, adipose macrophages had elevated metabolism and secreted higher levels of basal TNFα, suggesting that weight loss can also prime macrophages for heighted activation to weight regain. Discussion Together, these data suggest that weight loss following obesity can prime adipose macrophages for enhanced inflammation upon weight regain. This innate immune memory response may contribute to worsened glucose tolerance following weight cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Caslin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Matthew A Cottam
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Piñon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Likem Y Boney
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.,Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
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Sohrabi Y, Schwarz D, Reinecke H. LDL-C augments whereas HDL-C prevents inflammatory innate immune memory. Trends Mol Med 2021; 28:1-4. [PMID: 34865983 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies emphasize the importance of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in altering the hematopoietic cell compartment of bone marrow and of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in inhibiting metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation. The data suggest that these lipoproteins may exert their inflammatory or anti-inflammatory roles by modulating innate immune memory. Targeting specific LDL-C and HDL-C subfractions could therefore potentially reduce the residual risk in hepatic and cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Sohrabi
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Institutes of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
| | - Dennis Schwarz
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Holger Reinecke
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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37
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Sohrabi Y, Reinecke H. RIPK1 targeting protects against obesity and atherosclerosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:420-422. [PMID: 33875327 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unhealthy lifestyles and dietary habits often lead to diet-associated inflammatory diseases such as obesity and atherosclerosis. Recent studies have provided novel insight into the role of RIPK1 in inflammation and metabolism. RIPK1 silencing can reduce diet-induced obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and atherosclerosis by reducing inflammation, lipid synthesis, and inflammasome activation. Targeting RIPK1 may therefore attenuate chronic metabolic disease and would likely be therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Sohrabi
- Department of Cardiology I, Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Institutes of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
| | - Holger Reinecke
- Department of Cardiology I, Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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Cholesterol metabolism: a new molecular switch to control inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1389-1408. [PMID: 34086048 PMCID: PMC8187928 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immune system protects the body against harm by inducing inflammation. During the immune response, cells of the immune system get activated, divided and differentiated in order to eliminate the danger signal. This process relies on the metabolic reprogramming of both catabolic and anabolic pathways not only to produce energy in the form of ATP but also to generate metabolites that exert key functions in controlling the response. Equally important to mounting an appropriate effector response is the process of immune resolution, as uncontrolled inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including allergy, chronic inflammation and cancer. In this review, we aim to introduce the reader to the field of cholesterol immunometabolism and discuss how both metabolites arising from the pathway and cholesterol homeostasis are able to impact innate and adaptive immune cells, staging cholesterol homeostasis at the centre of an adequate immune response. We also review evidence that demonstrates the clear impact that cholesterol metabolism has in both the induction and the resolution of the inflammatory response. Finally, we propose that emerging data in this field not only increase our understanding of immunometabolism but also provide new tools for monitoring and intervening in human diseases, where controlling and/or modifying inflammation is desirable.
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Bajpai G, Nahrendorf M. Infectious and lifestyle modifiers of immunity and host resilience. Immunity 2021; 54:1110-1122. [PMID: 34107270 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The interindividual heterogeneity of the immune system likely determines the personal risk for acquiring infections and developing diseases with inflammatory components. In addition to genetic factors, the immune system's heterogeneity is driven by diverging exposures of leukocytes and their progenitors to infections, vaccinations, and health behavior, including lifestyle-related stimuli such as diet, physical inactivity, and psychosocial stress. We review how such experiences alter immune cell responses to concurrent and subsequent challenges, leading to either improved host resilience or disease susceptibility due to a muted or overzealous immune system, with a primary focus on the contribution of innate immune cells. We explore the involvement of diverse mechanisms, including trained immunity, and their relevance for infections and cardiovascular disease, as these prevalent conditions are heavily influenced by immune cell abundance and phenotypic adaptions. Understanding the mechanistic bases of immune modulations by prior or co-exposures may lead to new therapies targeting dysfunctional inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Bajpai
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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40
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LXR directly regulates glycosphingolipid synthesis and affects human CD4+ T cell function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2017394118. [PMID: 34006637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017394118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptor (LXR) is a key transcriptional regulator of cholesterol, fatty acid, and phospholipid metabolism. Dynamic remodeling of immunometabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism, is a crucial step in T cell activation. Here, we explored the role of LXR-regulated metabolic processes in primary human CD4+ T cells and their role in controlling plasma membrane lipids (glycosphingolipids and cholesterol), which strongly influence T cell immune signaling and function. Crucially, we identified the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis enzyme glucosylceramide synthase as a direct transcriptional LXR target. LXR activation by agonist GW3965 or endogenous oxysterol ligands significantly altered the glycosphingolipid:cholesterol balance in the plasma membrane by increasing glycosphingolipid levels and reducing cholesterol. Consequently, LXR activation lowered plasma membrane lipid order (stability), and an LXR antagonist could block this effect. LXR stimulation also reduced lipid order at the immune synapse and accelerated activation of proximal T cell signaling molecules. Ultimately, LXR activation dampened proinflammatory T cell function. Finally, compared with responder T cells, regulatory T cells had a distinct pattern of LXR target gene expression corresponding to reduced lipid order. This suggests LXR-driven lipid metabolism could contribute to functional specialization of these T cell subsets. Overall, we report a mode of action for LXR in T cells involving the regulation of glycosphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism and demonstrate its relevance in modulating T cell function.
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Wang J, Yang C, Hou X, Xu J, Yun Y, Qin L, Yang P. Rapamycin Modulates the Proinflammatory Memory-Like Response of Microglia Induced by BAFF. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639049. [PMID: 34054807 PMCID: PMC8158300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently trained immunity of microglia provided an opportunity to study the chronic effect of microglial activation and its metabolic rewiring in neuroimmunological diseases. Since elevated levels of B cell-activating factor (BAFF) have been proved to be associated with some chronic neuroimmunological disorders. Here, we used the trained innate immunity model to analyze the effect of BAFF, a vital regulator of the adaptive immune system, on long-term microglial activation and metabolic reprogramming in vitro and in vivo. Methods and results In vitro, BV2 cells and mouse primary microglial cells were incubated with BAFF for 24 h (BAFF priming). After 5 days of resting, microglia were restimulated with LPS (LPS restimulation) or BAFF (BAFF restimulation). BAFF priming induced a pro-inflammatory trained immunity-phenotype of both BV2 cells and primary microglial cells, which was indicated by morphological change, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine upon LPS restimulation or BAFF restimulation. The production of lactate and NAD+/NADH ratio were elevated 5 days after BAFF priming. The activation of the Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α pathway was induced by BAFF priming and lasted for 5 days. Pretreating the BV2 cells or mouse primary microglial cells with rapamycin blocked mTOR/HIF-1α activation and cellular metabolic reprogramming induced by BAFF training. Consistently, rapamycin efficiently suppressed the trained immunity-like responses of microglia triggered by BAFF. In vivo, adult male mice were treated with BAFF by intracerebroventricular injection for priming and 7 days later with BAFF for restimulation. BAFF training activated microglia in the cortex and hippocampus. The production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines was elevated after BAFF training. Conclusion Our current data, for the first time, demonstrate that BAFF priming induces a proinflammatory memory-like response of microglia not only to LPS but also to BAFF itself. Rapamycin inhibits microglial priming triggered by BAFF through targeting the mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway. Our data reveal a novel role of BAFF in trained immunity and that rapamycin may be a potential therapeutic target of neuroimmunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunshu Yang
- Department of 1st Cancer Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingyi Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Yun
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pingting Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Bekkering S, Domínguez-Andrés J, Joosten LAB, Riksen NP, Netea MG. Trained Immunity: Reprogramming Innate Immunity in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:667-693. [PMID: 33637018 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-102119-073855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the innate and adaptive immune systems are differentiated by their specificity and memory capacity. In recent years, however, this paradigm has shifted: Cells of the innate immune system appear to be able to gain memory characteristics after transient stimulation, resulting in an enhanced response upon secondary challenge. This phenomenon has been called trained immunity. Trained immunity is characterized by nonspecific increased responsiveness, mediated via extensive metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming. Trained immunity explains the heterologous effects of vaccines, which result in increased protection against secondary infections. However, in chronic inflammatory conditions, trained immunity can induce maladaptive effects and contribute to hyperinflammation and progression of cardiovascular disease, autoinflammatory syndromes, and neuroinflammation. In this review we summarize the current state of the field of trained immunity, its mechanisms, and its roles in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siroon Bekkering
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; , ,
| | - Jorge Domínguez-Andrés
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; , ,
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; , , .,Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; , ,
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands; , , .,Department of Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
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Taurine-Mediated IDOL Contributes to Resolution of Streptococcus uberis Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00788-20. [PMID: 33593888 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00788-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic alterations occur in pathogenic infections, but the role of lipid metabolism in the progression of bacterial mastitis is unclear. Cross talk between lipid droplets (LDs) and invading bacteria occurs, and targeting of de novo lipogenesis inhibits pathogen reproduction. In this study, we investigate the role(s) of lipid metabolism in mammary cells during Streptococcus uberis infection. Our results indicate that S. uberis induces the synthesis of fatty acids and production of LDs. Importantly, taurine reduces fatty acid synthesis, the abundance of LDs and the in vitro bacterial load of S. uberis These changes are mediated, at least partly, by the E3 ubiquitin ligase IDOL, which is associated with the degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs). We have identified a critical role for IDOL-mediated fatty acid synthesis in bacterial infection, and we suggest that taurine may be an effective prophylactic or therapeutic strategy for preventing S. uberis mastitis.
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Raas Q, van de Beek MC, Forss-Petter S, Dijkstra IM, Deschiffart A, Freshner BC, Stevenson TJ, Jaspers YR, Nagtzaam L, Wanders RJ, van Weeghel M, Engelen-Lee JY, Engelen M, Eichler F, Berger J, Bonkowsky JL, Kemp S. Metabolic rerouting via SCD1 induction impacts X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142500. [PMID: 33690217 DOI: 10.1172/jci142500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in ABCD1, the peroxisomal very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) transporter. ABCD1 deficiency results in accumulation of saturated VLCFAs. A drug screen using a phenotypic motor assay in a zebrafish ALD model identified chloroquine as the top hit. Chloroquine increased expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (scd1), the enzyme mediating fatty acid saturation status, suggesting that a shift toward monounsaturated fatty acids relieved toxicity. In human ALD fibroblasts, chloroquine also increased SCD1 levels and reduced saturated VLCFAs. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of SCD1 expression led to an increase in saturated VLCFAs, and CRISPR knockout of scd1 in zebrafish mimicked the motor phenotype of ALD zebrafish. Importantly, saturated VLCFAs caused ER stress in ALD fibroblasts, whereas monounsaturated VLCFA did not. In parallel, we used liver X receptor (LXR) agonists to increase SCD1 expression, causing a shift from saturated toward monounsaturated VLCFA and normalizing phospholipid profiles. Finally, Abcd1-/y mice receiving LXR agonist in their diet had VLCFA reductions in ALD-relevant tissues. These results suggest that metabolic rerouting of saturated to monounsaturated VLCFAs may alleviate lipid toxicity, a strategy that may be beneficial in ALD and other peroxisomal diseases in which VLCFAs play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Raas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Malu-Clair van de Beek
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Inge Me Dijkstra
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abigail Deschiffart
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Briana C Freshner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tamara J Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yorrick Rj Jaspers
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Liselotte Nagtzaam
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald Ja Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joo-Yeon Engelen-Lee
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Florian Eichler
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Brain and Spine Center, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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45
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Russo-Savage L, Schulman IG. Liver X receptors and liver physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166121. [PMID: 33713792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The liver x receptors LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand dependent transcription factors that regulate transcription in response to the direct binding of cholesterol derivatives. Studies using genetic knockouts and synthetic ligands have defined the LXRs as important modulators of lipid homeostasis throughout the body. This review focuses on the control of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism by LXRs in the liver and how modifying LXR activity can influence the pathology of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Russo-Savage
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Ira G Schulman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, United States of America.
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46
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Sohrabi Y, Reinecke H, Godfrey R. Altered Cholesterol and Lipid Synthesis Mediates Hyperinflammation in COVID-19. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:132-134. [PMID: 33455862 PMCID: PMC7833986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent data have revealed that fructose-rich diet triggers inflammation and lipid synthesis. Furthermore, lipid metabolism, cholesterol synthesis and sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) activation correlates with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-induced cytokine storm. High fructose consumption result in SREBPs activation, altered cholesterol and lipid synthesis and may establish an innate immune memory in the cells, leading to severe COVID-19 in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Sohrabi
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany; Institutes of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
| | - Holger Reinecke
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rinesh Godfrey
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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47
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Alatshan A, Benkő S. Nuclear Receptors as Multiple Regulators of NLRP3 Inflammasome Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630569. [PMID: 33717162 PMCID: PMC7952630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are important bridges between lipid signaling molecules and transcription responses. Beside their role in several developmental and physiological processes, many of these receptors have been shown to regulate and determine the fate of immune cells, and the outcome of immune responses under physiological and pathological conditions. While NLRP3 inflammasome is assumed as key regulator for innate and adaptive immune responses, and has been associated with various pathological events, the precise impact of the nuclear receptors on the function of inflammasome is hardly investigated. A wide variety of factors and conditions have been identified as modulators of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and at the same time, many of the nuclear receptors are known to regulate, and interact with these factors, including cellular metabolism and various signaling pathways. Nuclear receptors are in the focus of many researches, as these receptors are easy to manipulate by lipid soluble molecules. Importantly, nuclear receptors mediate regulatory mechanisms at multiple levels: not only at transcription level, but also in the cytosol via non-genomic effects. Their importance is also reflected by the numerous approved drugs that have been developed in the past decade to specifically target nuclear receptors subtypes. Researches aiming to delineate mechanisms that regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation draw a wide range of attention due to their unquestionable importance in infectious and sterile inflammatory conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of current reports and knowledge about NLRP3 inflammasome regulation from the perspective of nuclear receptors, in order to bring new insight to the potentially therapeutic aspect in targeting NLRP3 inflammasome and NLRP3 inflammasome-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Alatshan
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Benkő
- Departments of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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48
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Cruz-Carrillo G, Camacho-Morales A. Metabolic Flexibility Assists Reprograming of Central and Peripheral Innate Immunity During Neurodevelopment. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:703-718. [PMID: 33006752 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Central innate immunity assists time-dependent neurodevelopment by recruiting and interacting with peripheral immune cells. Microglia are the major player of central innate immunity integrating peripheral signals arising from the circumventricular regions lacking the blood-brain barrier (BBB), via neural afferent pathways such as the vagal nerve and also by choroid plexus into the brain ventricles. Defective and/or unrestrained activation of central and peripheral immunity during embryonic development might set an aberrant connectome establishment and brain function, leading to major psychiatric disorders in postnatal stages. Molecular candidates leading to central and peripheral innate immune overactivation identified metabolic substrates and lipid species as major contributors of immunological priming, supporting the role of a metabolic flexibility node during trained immunity. Mechanistically, trained immunity is established by an epigenetic program including DNA methylation and histone acetylation, as the major molecular epigenetic signatures to set immune phenotypes. By definition, immunological training sets reprogramming of innate immune cells, enhancing or repressing immune responses towards a second challenge which potentially might contribute to neurodevelopment disorders. Notably, the innate immune training might be set during pregnancy by maternal immune activation stimuli. In this review, we integrate the most valuable scientific evidence supporting the role of metabolic cues assisting metabolic flexibility, leading to innate immune training during development and its effects on aberrant neurological phenotypes in the offspring. We also add reports supporting the role of methylation and histone acetylation signatures as a major epigenetic mechanism regulating immune training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Cruz-Carrillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica. Facultad de Medicina,, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
- Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Alberto Camacho-Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica. Facultad de Medicina,, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico.
- Neurometabolism Unit, Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico.
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49
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Buñay J, Fouache A, Trousson A, de Joussineau C, Bouchareb E, Zhu Z, Kocer A, Morel L, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA. Screening for liver X receptor modulators: Where are we and for what use? Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3277-3293. [PMID: 33080050 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that are canonically activated by oxidized derivatives of cholesterol. Since the mid-90s, numerous groups have identified LXRs as endocrine receptors that are involved in the regulation of various physiological functions. As a result, when their expression is genetically modified in mice, phenotypic analyses reveal endocrine disorders ranging from infertility to diabetes and obesity, nervous system pathologies such Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, immunological disturbances, inflammatory response, and enhancement of tumour development. Based on such findings, it appears that LXRs could constitute good pharmacological targets to prevent and/or to treat these diseases. This review discusses the various aspects of LXR drug discovery, from the tools available for the screening of potential LXR modulators to the current situational analysis of the drugs in development. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Buñay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Allan Fouache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrille de Joussineau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Erwan Bouchareb
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Zhekun Zhu
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ayhan Kocer
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Morel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvere Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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50
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Saas P, Chagué C, Maraux M, Cherrier T. Toward the Characterization of Human Pro-Resolving Macrophages? Front Immunol 2020; 11:593300. [PMID: 33281821 PMCID: PMC7691375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.593300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saas
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
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