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Jatana S, Abbadi A, West GA, Ponti AK, Braga-Neto MB, Smith JL, Marino-Melendez A, Willard B, Nagy LE, Motte CDL. Hyperglycemic environments directly compromise intestinal epithelial barrier function in an organoid model and hyaluronan (∼35 kDa) protects via a layilin dependent mechanism. Matrix Biol 2024; 133:116-133. [PMID: 39187208 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome and diabetes in obese individuals are strong risk factors for development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. The pathogenic mechanisms of low-grade metabolic inflammation, including chronic hyperglycemic stress, in disrupting gut homeostasis are poorly understood. In this study, we sought to understand the impact of a hyperglycemic environment on intestinal barrier integrity and the protective effects of small molecular weight (35 kDa) hyaluronan on epithelial barrier function. METHODS Intestinal organoids derived from mouse colon were grown in normal glucose media (5 mM) or high glucose media (25 mM) to study the impact of hyperglycemic stress on the intestinal barrier. Additionally, organoids were pretreated with 35 kDa hyaluronan (HA35) to investigate the effect of hyaluronan on epithelial barrier under high glucose stress. Immunoblotting as well as confocal imaging was used to understand changes in barrier proteins, quantitative as well as spatial distribution, respectively. Alterations in barrier function were measured using trans-epithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein isothiocyanate flux assays. Untargeted proteomics analysis was performed to elucidate mechanisms by which HA35 exerts a protective effect on the barrier. Intestinal organoids derived from receptor knockout mice specific to various HA receptors were utilized to understand the role of HA receptors in barrier protection under high glucose conditions. RESULTS We found that high glucose stress decreased the protein expression as well as spatial distribution of two key barrier proteins, zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. HA35 prevented the degradation or loss of ZO-1 and maintained the spatial distribution of both ZO-1 and occludin under hyperglycemic stress. Functionally, we also observed a protective effect of HA35 on the epithelial barrier under high glucose conditions. We found that HA receptor, layilin, was involved in preventing barrier protein loss (ZO-1) as well as maintaining spatial distribution of ZO-1 and occludin. Additionally, proteomics analysis showed that cell death and survival was the primary pathway upregulated in organoids treated with HA35 under high glucose stress. We found that XIAP associated factor 1 (Xaf1) was modulated by HA35 thereby regulating apoptotic cell death in the intestinal organoid system. Finally, we observed that spatial organization of both focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as well as F-actin was mediated by HA35 via layilin. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the impact of hyperglycemic stress on the intestinal barrier function. This is of clinical relevance, as impaired barrier function has been observed in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Additionally, we demonstrate barrier protective effects of HA35 through its receptor layilin and modulation of cellular apoptosis under high glucose stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Jatana
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Amina Abbadi
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gail A West
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - András K Ponti
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Manuel B Braga-Neto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jordyn L Smith
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Armando Marino-Melendez
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Carol de la Motte
- Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Eckert JV, Moshal KS, Burge K, Wilson A, Chaaban H. Endogenous Hyaluronan Promotes Intestinal Homeostasis and Protects against Murine Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Cells 2024; 13:1179. [PMID: 39056761 PMCID: PMC11274784 DOI: 10.3390/cells13141179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a complex, multifactorial gastrointestinal disorder predominantly affecting preterm infants. The pathogenesis of this condition involves a complex interplay between intestinal barrier dysfunction, microbial dysbiosis, and an altered immune response. This study investigates the potential role of endogenous hyaluronan (HA) in both the early phases of intestinal development and in the context of NEC-like intestinal injury. We treated neonatal CD-1 mouse pups with PEP1, a peptide inhibiting HA receptor interactions, from postnatal days 8 to 12. We evaluated postnatal intestinal developmental indicators, such as villi length, crypt depth, epithelial cell proliferation, crypt fission, and differentiation of goblet and Paneth cells, in PEP1-treated animals compared with those treated with scrambled peptide. PEP1 treatment significantly impaired intestinal development, as evidenced by reductions in villi length, crypt depth, and epithelial cell proliferation, along with a decrease in crypt fission activity. These deficits in PEP1-treated animals correlated with increased susceptibility to NEC-like injuries, including higher mortality rates, and worsened histological intestinal injury. These findings highlight the role of endogenous HA in supporting intestinal development and protecting against NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hala Chaaban
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.V.E.); (K.S.M.); (K.B.); (A.W.)
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Porcaro G, Laganà AS, Neri I, Aragona C. The Association of High-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronic Acid (HMWHA), Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA), Magnesium, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin D Improves Subchorionic Hematoma Resorption in Women with Threatened Miscarriage: A Pilot Clinical Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:706. [PMID: 38337402 PMCID: PMC10856308 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background-We evaluated whether the oral intake of high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HMWHA) in association with alpha lipoic acid (ALA), magnesium, vitamin B6, and vitamin D can improve the resorption of subchorionic hematoma in cases of threatened miscarriage. Methods-In this study, we enrolled 56 pregnant women with threatened miscarriage (i.e., subchorionic hematomas, pelvic pain/uterine contractions, and/or vaginal bleeding) between the 6th and the 13th week of gestation. They were treated with vaginal progesterone (200 mg/twice a day) (control group; n = 25) or vaginal progesterone plus oral 200 mg HMWHA, 100 mg ALA, 450 mg magnesium, 2.6 mg vitamin B6, and 50 mcg vitamin D (treatment group; n = 31; DAV®-HA, LoLi Pharma srl, Rome, Italy). An ultrasound scan was performed at the first visit (T0) and after 7 days (T1) and 14 days (T2) until hematoma resorption. Results-At the ultrasound scan, the treatment group showed faster resorption of the subchorionic hematoma compared with the control group, both at T1 (control group 140 (112-180), treated group 84 (40-112), p < 0.0031), and T2 (control group: 72 (48-112), treated group: 0 (0-0), p < 0.0001). Moreover, subjective symptoms, such as vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, and uterine contractions, showed a faster decrease in the treatment group than in the control group. Conclusions-The association may more rapidly improve the resolution of threatened miscarriage and related symptoms compared to the standard local protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Paolo Giaccone” Hospital, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine, and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Isabella Neri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
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Traserra S, Cuerda H, Vallejo A, Segarra S, Sabata R, Jimenez M. Gastroprotective Effects of Oral Glycosaminoglycans with Sodium Alginate in an Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Injury Model in Rats. Vet Sci 2023; 10:667. [PMID: 38133218 PMCID: PMC10747959 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal barrier is often exposed to inflammatory and erosive insults, resulting in gastric lesions. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as hyaluronic acid (HA), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) have shown potential beneficial effects as GI protectants. This study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective effects of oral GAGs in rats with indomethacin-induced GI lesions. Forty-five Sprague-Dawley rats (8-9 weeks-old, 228 ± 7 g) were included in the study, divided into five study groups, and given, administered orally, either sucralfate (positive control group; PC), NAG (G group), sodium alginate plus HA and CS (AHC group), sodium alginate plus HA, CS, and NAG (AHCG group), or no treatment (negative control group; NC). Animals were administered 12.5 mg/kg indomethacin orally 15 min after receiving the assigned treatment. After 4 h, stomach samples were obtained and used to perform a macroscopic evaluation of gastric lesions and to allow histological assessment of the gastric wall (via H/E staining) and mucous (via PAS staining). The AHCG group showed significant gastroprotective improvements compared to the NC group, and a similar efficacy to the PC group. This combination of sodium alginate with GAGs might, therefore, become a safe and effective alternative to prescription drugs for gastric lesions, such as sucralfate, and have potential usefulness in companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Traserra
- Department of Cell Biology Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (S.T.); (H.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Héctor Cuerda
- Department of Cell Biology Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (S.T.); (H.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Adriana Vallejo
- Department of Cell Biology Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (S.T.); (H.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Sergi Segarra
- R&D Bioiberica S.A.U., 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; (S.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Roger Sabata
- R&D Bioiberica S.A.U., 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; (S.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Marcel Jimenez
- Department of Cell Biology Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (S.T.); (H.C.); (A.V.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Albtoush N, Queisser KA, Zawerton A, Lauer ME, Beswick EJ, Petrey AC. TSG6 hyaluronan matrix remodeling dampens the inflammatory response during colitis. Matrix Biol 2023; 121:149-166. [PMID: 37391162 PMCID: PMC10530565 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
In response to tissue injury, changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) can directly affect the inflammatory response and contribute to disease progression or resolution. During inflammation, the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) becomes modified by tumor necrosis factor stimulated gene-6 (TSG6). TSG6 covalently transfers heavy chain (HC) proteins from inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) to HA in a transesterification reaction and is to date is the only known HC-transferase. By modifying the HA matrix, TSG6 generates HC:HA complexes that are implicated in mediating both protective and pathological responses. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a lifelong chronic disorder with well-described remodeling of the ECM and increased mononuclear leukocyte influx into the intestinal mucosa. Deposition of HC:HA matrices is an early event in inflamed gut tissue that precedes and promotes leukocyte infiltration. However, the mechanisms by which TSG6 contributes to intestinal inflammation are not well understood. The aim of our study was to understand how the TSG6 and its enzymatic activity contributes to the inflammatory response in colitis. Our findings indicate that inflamed tissues of IBD patients show an elevated level of TSG6 and increased HC deposition and that levels of HA strongly associate with TSG6 levels in patient colon tissue specimens. Additionally, we observed that mice lacking TSG6 are more vulnerable to acute colitis and exhibit an aggravated macrophage-associated mucosal immune response characterized by elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and diminished anti-inflammatory mediators including IL-10. Surprisingly, along with significantly increased levels of inflammation in the absence of TSG6, tissue HA levels in mice were found to be significantly reduced and disorganized, absent of typical "HA-cable" structures. Inhibition of TSG6 HC-transferase activity leads to a loss of cell surface HA and leukocyte adhesion, indicating that the enzymatic functions of TSG6 are a major contributor to stability of the HA ECM during inflammation. Finally, using biochemically generated HC:HA matrices derived by TSG6, we show that HC:HA complexes can attenuate the inflammatory response of activated monocytes. In conclusion, our data suggests that TSG6 exerts a tissue-protective, anti-inflammatory effect via the generation of HC:HA complexes that become dysregulated in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nansy Albtoush
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112; Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kimberly A Queisser
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112; Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ash Zawerton
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Mark E Lauer
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Aaron C Petrey
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112; Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84132, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation & Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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6
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Monzon N, Kasahara EM, Gunasekaran A, Burge KY, Chaaban H. Impact of neonatal nutrition on necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Pediatr Surg 2023; 32:151305. [PMID: 37257267 PMCID: PMC10750299 DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2023.151305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. NEC is multifactorial and the result of a complex interaction of feeding, dysbiosis, and exaggerated inflammatory response. Feeding practices in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) can vary among institutions and have significant impact on the vulnerable gastointestinal tract of preterm infants. . These practices encompass factors such as the type of feeding and fortification, duration of feeding, and rate of advancement, among others. The purpose of this article is to review the data on some of the most common feeding practices in the NICU and their impact on the development of NEC in preterm infants. Data on the human milk bioactive component glycosaminoglycans, specifically hyaluronan, will also be discussed in the context of postnatal intestinal development and NEC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noahlana Monzon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OKC, 73104
| | - Emma M Kasahara
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OKC, 73104
| | - Aarthi Gunasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Kathryn Y Burge
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Hala Chaaban
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OKC, 73104; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104.
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7
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Belvedere R, Novizio N, Eletto D, Porta A, Di Maio U, Petrella A. The Protecting Activity of RIPACUT ®: A New Therapeutic Approach Preserving Epithelial Health Based on the Combination of Iceland Lichen Extract, Silver Salt, and Sodium Hyaluronate. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051088. [PMID: 37240732 DOI: 10.3390/life13051088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial integrity and function must be maintained in a dynamic healthy equilibrium, keeping unaltered the oxidative and inflammatory conditions and the microbiome of the cutaneous layers. Beside the skin, other mucous membranes can be injured, such as the nasal and anal ones, because of the contact with the external environment. Here, we detected the effects of RIPACUT®, a combination of Iceland lichen extract, silver salt and sodium hyaluronate that individually act in diverse biological ways. The findings we obtained on keratinocytes, nasal and intestinal epithelial cells reveal that this combination showed a marked antioxidant activity, further assessed by the DPPH assay. Additionally, by analyzing the release of the IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines, we proved the anti-inflammatory effect of RIPACUT®. In both cases, the main preserving action was due to Iceland lichen. We also observed a notable antimicrobial activity mediated by the silver compound. These data suggest that RIPACUT® could signify the basis for an attractive pharmacological approach to maintaining healthy epithelial conditions. Interestingly, this may be extended to the nasal and anal areas where it protects against oxidative, inflammatory and infectious insults. Thus, these outcomes encourage the creation of sprays or creams for which sodium hyaluronate can guarantee a surface film-forming effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Belvedere
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Nunzia Novizio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Daniela Eletto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Amalia Porta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Umberto Di Maio
- Shedir Pharma Group Spa, Via Bagnulo 95, 80063 Piano di Sorrento, Italy
| | - Antonello Petrella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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Šimek M, Turková K, Schwarzer M, Nešporová K, Kubala L, Hermannová M, Foglová T, Šafránková B, Šindelář M, Šrůtková D, Chatzigeorgiou S, Novotná T, Hudcovic T, Velebný V. Molecular weight and gut microbiota determine the bioavailability of orally administered hyaluronic acid. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120880. [PMID: 37182970 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of hyaluronan as a dietary supplement to increase skin moisture and relieve knee pain has been demonstrated in several clinical studies. To understand the mechanism of action, determining hyaluronan's bioavailability and in vivo fate is crucial. Here, we used 13C-hyaluronan combined with LC-MS analysis to compare the absorption and metabolism of oral hyaluronan in germ-free and conventional wild-type mice. The presence of Bacteroides spp. in the gut was crucial for hyaluronan absorption. Specific microorganisms cleave hyaluronan into unsaturated oligosaccharides (<3 kDa) which are partially absorbed through the intestinal wall. The remaining hyaluronan fragments are metabolized into short-chain fatty acids, which are only metabolites available to the host. The poor bioavailability (~0.2 %) of oral hyaluronan indicates that the mechanism of action is the result of the systematic regulatory function of hyaluronan or its metabolites rather than the direct effects of hyaluronan at distal sites of action (skin, joints).
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9
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Park HY, Kweon DK, Kim JK. Molecular weight-dependent hyaluronic acid permeability and tight junction modulation in human buccal TR146 cell monolayers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:182-192. [PMID: 36529213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The oral route is considered an attractive method for drug delivery, as it avoids the hepatic and intestinal first-pass metabolism processes. Hyaluronic acid (HA) beneficial effects to the human body include anti-aging and wound healing but its effects on oral barrier integrity and mechanical function have not yet been investigated. In this study, we analyzed oral barrier integrity and the paracellular pathway of HA transportation in TR146 cell monolayers during and after permeation and using low molecular weight HA (LMW-HA, <100 kDa) and high molecular weight HA (HMW-HA, >500 kDa). Cytotoxicity assays in TR146 cells revealed that neither LMW-HA or HMW-HA altered cell viability at concentrations <0.5 % during 24 h of treatment. HA-treated TR146 cell monolayers showed enhanced oral barrier integrity and reduced apparent permeability of fluorescein. Moreover, HA significantly increased tight junction (TJ)-related genes expression, including ZO-2, marvelD3, cingulin, claudin-1, claudin-3, and claudin-4 expression. Overall, the results of the present study indicate that HA can permeate across the oral barrier and enhance oral barrier function via the upregulated expression of TJ-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Young Park
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Keon Kweon
- Jinwoo Bio Co., Ltd., Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17111, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Kim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea.
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Akazawa H, Fukuda I, Kaneda H, Yoda S, Kimura M, Nomoto R, Ueda S, Shirai Y, Osawa R. Isolation and identification of hyaluronan-degrading bacteria from Japanese fecal microbiota. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284517. [PMID: 37196002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a high-molecular-weight glycosaminoglycan and widely distributed in all connective tissues and organs with diverse biological functions. HA has been increasingly used as dietary supplements targeted to joint and skin health for humans. We here first report isolation of bacteria from human feces that are capable of degrading HA to lower molecular weight HA oligosaccharides (oligo-HAs). The bacteria were successfully isolated via a selective enrichment method, in which the serially diluted feces of healthy Japanese donors were individually incubated in an enrichment medium containing HA, followed by the isolation of candidate strains from streaked HA-containing agar plates and selection of HA-degrading strains by measuring HA using an ELISA. Subsequent genomic and biochemical assays identified the strains as Bacteroides finegoldii, B. caccae, B. thetaiotaomicron, and Fusobacterium mortiferum. Furthermore, our HPLC analysis revealed that the strains degraded HA to oligo-HAs of various lengths. Subsequent quantitative PCR assay targeting the HA degrading bacteria showed that their distribution in the Japanese donors varied. The evidence suggests that dietary HA is degraded by the human gut microbiota with individual variation to oligo-HAs components, which are more absorbable than HA, thereby exerting its beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazuki Akazawa
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Itsuko Fukuda
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Research Center for Food Safety and Security, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Haruna Kaneda
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Sengawa Kewport, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichi Yoda
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Sengawa Kewport, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kimura
- R&D Division, Kewpie Corporation, Sengawa Kewport, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shuji Ueda
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shirai
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ro Osawa
- Research Center for Food Safety and Security, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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11
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Ray S, Huang E, West GA, Mrdjen M, McMullen MR, de la Motte C, Nagy LE. 35kDa hyaluronan ameliorates ethanol driven loss of anti-microbial defense and intestinal barrier integrity in a TLR4-dependent manner. Matrix Biol 2023; 115:71-80. [PMID: 36574533 PMCID: PMC9898137 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acute and chronic alcohol exposure compromise intestinal epithelial integrity, due to reduced expression of anti-microbial peptides (AMP) and loss of tight junction integrity. Ameliorating gut damage is beneficial in preventing associated distant organ pathologies. Orally administered purified hyaluronan (HA) polymers with an average size of 35 kDa have multiple protective effects in the gut and are well-tolerated in humans. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that HA35 ameliorates ethanol-induced gut damage. Specifically, mechanisms that restore epithelial barrier integrity and normalize expression of the Reg3 class of C-type lectin AMPs (i.e. Reg3β and Reg3γ) were investigated. Chronic ethanol feeding to mice reduced expression of C-type lectin AMPs in the proximal small intestine (jejunum), reduced expression of tight junction proteins and increased bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph node. Oral consumption of HA35 during the last 6 days of ethanol exposure ameliorated the effects of chronic ethanol. Similarly, in vitro challenge of isolated intestinal organoids from murine jejunum with ethanol reduced the expression of C-type lectin AMPs and impaired barrier integrity; these ethanol-induced responses were prevented by pre-treatment with HA35. Importantly, HA receptor null jejunum-derived organoids demonstrated that the HA receptor Tlr4, but not Cd44 nor Tlr2, was required for the protective effect of HA35. Consistent with the data from organoids, HA35 did not protect Tlr4-deficient mice from chronic ethanol-induced intestinal injury. Together, these data suggest therapeutic administration of HA35 is beneficial in restoring gut epithelial integrity and defense during the early stages of ethanol-driven intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semanti Ray
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, NE40, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emily Huang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, NE40, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gail A West
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, NE40, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Marko Mrdjen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, NE40, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Megan R McMullen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, NE40, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carol de la Motte
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, NE40, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, NE40, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Northern Ohio Alcohol Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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12
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Inubushi T, Nakanishi Y, Abe M, Takahata Y, Nishimura R, Kurosaka H, Irie F, Yamashiro T, Yamaguchi Y. The cell surface hyaluronidase TMEM2 plays an essential role in mouse neural crest cell development and survival. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009765. [PMID: 35839257 PMCID: PMC9328550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a major extracellular matrix component whose tissue levels are dynamically regulated during embryonic development. Although the synthesis of HA has been shown to exert a substantial influence on embryonic morphogenesis, the functional importance of the catabolic aspect of HA turnover is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the transmembrane hyaluronidase TMEM2 plays an essential role in neural crest development and the morphogenesis of neural crest derivatives, as evidenced by the presence of severe craniofacial abnormalities in Wnt1-Cre–mediated Tmem2 knockout (Tmem2CKO) mice. Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a migratory population of cells that gives rise to diverse cell lineages, including the craniofacial complex, the peripheral nervous system, and part of the heart. Analysis of Tmem2 expression during NCC formation and migration reveals that Tmem2 is expressed at the site of NCC delamination and in emigrating Sox9-positive NCCs. In Tmem2CKO embryos, the number of NCCs emigrating from the neural tube is greatly reduced. Furthermore, linage tracing reveals that the number of NCCs traversing the ventral migration pathway and the number of post-migratory neural crest derivatives are both significantly reduced in a Tmem2CKO background. In vitro studies using Tmem2-depleted mouse O9-1 neural crest cells demonstrate that Tmem2 expression is essential for the ability of these cells to form focal adhesions on and to migrate into HA-containing substrates. Additionally, we show that Tmem2-deficient NCCs exhibit increased apoptotic cell death in NCC-derived tissues, an observation that is corroborated by in vitro experiments using O9-1 cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that TMEM2-mediated HA degradation plays an essential role in normal neural crest development. This study reveals the hitherto unrecognized functional importance of HA degradation in embryonic development and highlights the pivotal role of Tmem2 in the developmental process. As a major component of the extracellular matrix, hyaluronan is particularly abundant in the extracellular matrix of embryonic tissues, where its expression is dynamically regulated during tissue morphogenetic processes. Tissue levels of hyaluronan are regulated not only by its synthesis but also by its degradation. Curiously, however, mice lacking known hyaluronidase molecules, including HYAL1 and HYAL2, exhibit minimal embryonic phenotypes. As a result, our understanding of the role of the catabolic aspect of hyaluronan metabolism in embryonic development is quite limited. Here, we show that TMEM2, a recently identified hyaluronidase that degrades hyaluronan on the cell surface, plays a critical role in the development of neural crest cells and their derivatives. Our analyses of Tmem2 conditional knockout mice, Tmem2 knock-in reporter mice, and in vitro cell cultures demonstrate that TMEM2 is essential for generating a tissue environment needed for efficient migration of neural crest cells from the neural tube. Our paper reveals for the first time that the degradation of hyaluronan plays a specific regulatory role in embryonic morphogenesis, and that dysregulation of hyaluronan degradation leads to severe developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuichiro Nakanishi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Abe
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takahata
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Riko Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Irie
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Yamaguchi
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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13
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Mao T, Su CW, Ji Q, Chen CY, Wang R, Vijaya Kumar D, Lan J, Jiao L, Shi HN. Hyaluronan-induced alterations of the gut microbiome protects mice against Citrobacter rodentium infection and intestinal inflammation. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1972757. [PMID: 34592891 PMCID: PMC8489935 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1972757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a glycosaminoglycan polymer that has been shown to play an important role in homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract. However, its mechanistic significance in gastrointestinal epithelial barrier elements remain unexplored. Here, our results revealed that hyaluronan treatment resulted in significant changes in the gut microbiota in mice. To demonstrate the functional consequences of hyaluronan-treatment and hyaluronan-induced microbiota alterations, Citrobacter rodentium- and DSS-induced colitis models and microbiota transplantation approaches were utilized. We showed that hyaluronan alleviated intestinal inflammation in both pathogen and chemically induced intestinal mucosal damage. The protection in bacterial colitis was associated with enhanced C. rodentium clearance and alleviation of pathogen-induced gut dysbiosis. Microbiota transplantation experiments showed that the hyaluronan-altered microbiota is sufficient to confer protection against C. rodentium infection. Colonization with Akkermansia muciniphila, a commensal bacterium that is greatly enriched by hyaluronan treatment, alleviated C. rodentium-induced bacterial colitis in mice. Additionally, Akkermansia-induced protection was found to be associated with the induction of goblet cells and the production of mucins and epithelial antimicrobial peptides. Collectively, these results provide novel insights into the regulatory role of hyaluronan in modulating the gut microbiota and immunity in enteric infection and inflammation, with therapeutic potential for gut microbiome-targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangyou Mao
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chien-Wen Su
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA
| | - Qiaorong Ji
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA
| | - Rongjun Wang
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA
| | - Deepak Vijaya Kumar
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA
| | - Jinggang Lan
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA
| | - Lefei Jiao
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA
| | - Hai Ning Shi
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, USA,CONTACT Hai Ning Shi Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 114 16th Street, Room 3350, Charlestown, Massachusetts02129, USA
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14
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Jhundoo HD, Siefen T, Liang A, Schmidt C, Lokhnauth J, Moulari B, Béduneau A, Pellequer Y, Larsen CC, Lamprecht A. Hyaluronic Acid Increases Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of Rectal 5-Amino Salicylic Acid Administration in a Murine Colitis Model. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:536-544. [PMID: 34059563 PMCID: PMC8411025 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
5-amino salicylic acid (5-ASA) is a standard therapy for the treatment of mild to moderate forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) whereas more severe forms involve the use of steroids and immunosuppressive drugs. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan that has shown epithelium protective effects in experimental colitis recently. In this study, both 5-ASA (30 mg/kg) and HA (15 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg) were administered rectally and investigated for their potential complementary therapeutic effects in moderate or severe murine colitis models. Intrarectal treatment of moderate and severe colitis with 5-ASA alone or HA alone at a dose of 30 mg/kg led to a significant decrease in clinical activity and histology scores, myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in colitis mice compared to untreated animals. The combination of HA (30 mg/kg) and 5-ASA in severe colitis led to a significant improvement of colitis compared to 5-ASA alone. Combined rectal therapy with HA and 5-ASA could be a treatment alternative for severe cases of IBD as it was the only treatment tested that was not significantly different from the healthy control group. This study further underlines the benefit of searching for yet unexplored drug combinations that show therapeutic potential in IBD without the need of designing completely new drug entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henusha D Jhundoo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Tobias Siefen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Brice Moulari
- PEPITE (EA4267) University of Burgundy / Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - Arnaud Béduneau
- PEPITE (EA4267) University of Burgundy / Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | - Yann Pellequer
- PEPITE (EA4267) University of Burgundy / Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
| | | | - Alf Lamprecht
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany.,PEPITE (EA4267) University of Burgundy / Franche-Comté, Besançon 25000, France
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15
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Chaaban H, Burge K, Eckert J, Trammell M, Dyer D, Keshari RS, Silasi R, Regmi G, Lupu C, Good M, McElroy SJ, Lupu F. Acceleration of Small Intestine Development and Remodeling of the Microbiome Following Hyaluronan 35 kDa Treatment in Neonatal Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:2030. [PMID: 34204790 PMCID: PMC8231646 DOI: 10.3390/nu13062030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects of human milk suppressing the development of intestinal pathologies such as necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants are widely known. Human milk (HM) is rich in a multitude of bioactive factors that play major roles in promoting postnatal maturation, differentiation, and the development of the microbiome. Previous studies showed that HM is rich in hyaluronan (HA) especially in colostrum and early milk. This study aims to determine the role of HA 35 KDa, a HM HA mimic, on intestinal proliferation, differentiation, and the development of the intestinal microbiome. We show that oral HA 35 KDa supplementation for 7 days in mouse pups leads to increased villus length and crypt depth, and increased goblet and Paneth cells, compared to controls. We also show that HA 35 KDa leads to an increased predominance of Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae, Lactobacillales Lactobacillaceae, and Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae. In seeking the mechanisms involved in the changes, bulk RNA seq was performed on samples from the terminal ileum and identified upregulation in several genes essential for cellular growth, proliferation, and survival. Taken together, this study shows that HA 35 KDa supplemented to mouse pups promotes intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, as well as the development of Paneth cells and goblet cell subsets. HA 35 KDa also impacted the intestinal microbiota; the implications of these responses need to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Chaaban
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.B.); (J.E.)
| | - Kathryn Burge
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.B.); (J.E.)
| | - Jeffrey Eckert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.B.); (J.E.)
| | - MaJoi Trammell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.T.); (D.D.)
| | - David Dyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (M.T.); (D.D.)
| | - Ravi S. Keshari
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.S.K.); (R.S.); (G.R.); (C.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Robert Silasi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.S.K.); (R.S.); (G.R.); (C.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Girija Regmi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.S.K.); (R.S.); (G.R.); (C.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Cristina Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.S.K.); (R.S.); (G.R.); (C.L.); (F.L.)
| | - Misty Good
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Steven J. McElroy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.S.K.); (R.S.); (G.R.); (C.L.); (F.L.)
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16
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Stenson WF, Ciorba MA. Nonmicrobial Activation of TLRs Controls Intestinal Growth, Wound Repair, and Radioprotection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:617510. [PMID: 33552081 PMCID: PMC7859088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.617510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs, key components of the innate immune system, recognize microbial molecules. However, TLRs also recognize some nonmicrobial molecules. In particular, TLR2 and TLR4 recognize hyaluronic acid, a glycosaminoglycan in the extracellular matrix. In neonatal mice endogenous hyaluronic acid binding to TLR4 drives normal intestinal growth. Hyaluronic acid binding to TLR4 in pericryptal macrophages results in cyclooxygenase2- dependent PGE2 production, which transactivates EGFR in LGR5+ crypt epithelial stem cells leading to increased proliferation. The expanded population of LGR5+ stem cells leads to crypt fission and lengthening of the intestine and colon. Blocking this pathway at any point (TLR4 activation, PGE2 production, EGFR transactivation) results in diminished intestinal and colonic growth. A similar pathway leads to epithelial proliferation in wound repair. The repair phase of dextran sodium sulfate colitis is marked by increased epithelial proliferation. In this model, TLR2 and TLR4 in pericryptal macrophages are activated by microbial products or by host hyaluronic acid, resulting in production of CXCL12, a chemokine. CXCL12 induces the migration of cyclooxygenase2-expressing mesenchymal stem cells from the lamina propria of the upper colonic crypts to a site adjacent to LGR5+ epithelial stem cells. PGE2 released by these mesenchymal stem cells transactivates EGFR in LGR5+ epithelial stem cells leading to increased proliferation. Several TLR2 and TLR4 agonists, including hyaluronic acid, are radioprotective in the intestine through the inhibition of radiation-induced apoptosis in LGR5+ epithelial stem cells. Administration of exogenous TLR2 or TLR4 agonists activates TLR2/TLR4 on pericryptal macrophages inducing CXCL12 production with migration of cyclooxygenase2-expressing mesenchymal stem cells from the lamina propria of the villi to a site adjacent to LGR5+ epithelial stem cells. PGE2 produced by these mesenchymal stem cells, blocks radiation-induced apoptosis in LGR5+ epithelial stem cells by an EGFR mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F. Stenson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
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