Effects of Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein (LBP) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in Infections, Inflammatory Diseases, Metabolic Disorders and Cancers

Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in Crohn's disease patients: a promising noninvasive biomarker monitoring disease activity

BACKGROUND

Following STRIDE-II recommendations, the discovery of novel noninvasive biomarkers, beyond the use of C-reactive protein (CRP) and fecal calprotectin, remains a medical need to further improve the monitoring of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study aims to evaluate the potential of serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) in monitoring IBD activity.

METHODS

This retrospective cross-sectional study included 69 IBD patients (43 Crohn's disease and 26 ulcerative colitis) and 82 controls. Serum LBP levels were measured by ELISA. Clinical, biological and endoscopic parameters were analyzed for IBD patients with no reports of missing data. Statistical tests, including nonparametric tests and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, were used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of LBP.

RESULTS

IBD patients displayed a significantly higher LBP median [29.6 μg/ml (19.8-38.8) in Crohn's disease and 22.8 (13.7-38.8) in ulcerative colitis] than controls [5.8 (4.7-7.3), P  < 0.001] with little overlapping distributions. In Crohn's disease patients, LBP levels gradually increased with endoscopic activity scores demonstrating a 1.7-fold rise in active patients compared to remitter patients ( P  = 0.02). LBP level exhibited a positive correlation with CRP ( ρ  = 0.75, P  < 0.001) as well as fecal calprotectin ( ρ  = 0.42, P  < 0.01), both of which further increased when excluding cases that did not match endoscopic activity.

CONCLUSION

LBP might be a promising noninvasive biomarker for monitoring disease activity, especially in Crohn's disease patients. In clinical situations where current biomarkers lack sensitivity, LBP could be discriminative and help filling the gap for reliable therapeutic decisions.

Severe Allergy as a Chronic Inflammatory Condition From a Systems Biology Perspective

Persistent and unresolved inflammation is a common underlying factor observed in several and seemingly unrelated human diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Particularly, in atopic conditions, acute inflammatory responses such as those triggered by insect venom, food or drug allergies possess also a life-threatening potential. However, respiratory allergies predominantly exhibit late immune responses associated with chronic inflammation, that can eventually progress into a severe phenotype displaying similar features as those observed in other chronic inflammatory diseases, as is the case of uncontrolled severe asthma. This review aims to explore the different facets and systems involved in chronic allergic inflammation, including processes such as tissue remodelling and immune cell dysregulation, as well as genetic, metabolic and microbiota alterations, which are common to other inflammatory conditions. Our goal here was to deepen on the understanding of an entangled disease as is chronic allergic inflammation and expose potential avenues for the development of better diagnostic and intervention strategies.

Hepatokines: unveiling the molecular and cellular mechanisms connecting hepatic tissue to insulin resistance and inflammation

Insulin resistance arising from Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) stands as a prevalent global ailment, a manifestation within societies stemming from individuals' suboptimal dietary habits and lifestyles. This form of insulin resistance emerges as a pivotal factor in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Emerging evidence underscores the significant role of hepatokines, as hepatic-secreted hormone-like entities, in the genesis of insulin resistance and eventual onset of type 2 diabetes. Hepatokines exert influence over extrahepatic metabolism regulation. Their principal functions encompass impacting adipocytes, pancreatic cells, muscles, and the brain, thereby playing a crucial role in shaping body metabolism through signaling to target tissues. This review explores the most important hepatokines, each with distinct influences. Our review shows that Fetuin-A promotes lipid-induced insulin resistance by acting as an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4). FGF21 reduces inflammation in diabetes by blocking the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in adipocytes and adipose tissue, while also improving glucose metabolism. ANGPTL6 enhances AMPK and insulin signaling in muscle, and suppresses gluconeogenesis. Follistatin can influence insulin resistance and inflammation by interacting with members of the TGF-β family. Adropin show a positive correlation with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1), a key regulator of gluconeogenesis. This article delves into hepatokines' impact on NAFLD, inflammation, and T2DM, with a specific focus on insulin resistance. The aim is to comprehend the influence of these recently identified hormones on disease development and their underlying physiological and pathological mechanisms.

An Early Gestation Plasma Inflammasome in Rural Bangladeshi Women

Circulating α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are commonly measured to assess inflammation, but these biomarkers fail to reveal the complex molecular biology of inflammation. We mined the maternal plasma proteome to detect proteins that covary with AGP and CRP. In 435 gravida predominantly in <12-week gestation, we correlated the relative quantification of plasma proteins assessed via a multiplexed aptamer assay (SOMAScan®) with AGP and CRP, quantified by immunoassay. We defined a plasma inflammasome as protein correlates meeting a false discovery rate <0.05. We examined potential pathways using principal component analysis. A total of 147 and 879 of 6431 detected plasma proteins correlated with AGP and CRP, respectively, of which 61 overlapped with both biomarkers. Positive correlates included serum amyloid, complement, interferon-induced, and immunoregulatory proteins. Negative correlates were micronutrient and lipid transporters and pregnancy-related anabolic proteins. The principal components (PCs) of AGP were dominated by negatively correlated anabolic proteins associated with gestational homeostasis, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis. The PCs of CRP were more diverse in function, reflecting cell surface and adhesion, embryogenic, and intracellular and extra-hepatic tissue leakage proteins. The plasma proteome of AGP or CRP reveals wide proteomic variation associated with early gestational inflammation, suggesting mechanisms and pathways that merit future research.

Current status of superoxide dismutase 2 on oral disease progression by supervision of ROS

The recent Global Burden of Disease results have demonstrated that oral diseases are some of the most significant public health challenges facing the world. Owing to its specific localization advantage, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2 or MnSOD) has the ability to process the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by mitochondrial respiration before anything else, thereby impacting the occurrence and development of diseases. In this review, we summarize the processes of common oral diseases in which SOD2 is involved. SOD2 is upregulated in periodontitis to protect the tissue from the distant damage caused by excessive ROS and further reduce inflammatory progression. SOD2 also participates in the specific pathogenesis of oral cancers and dental diseases. The clinical application prospects of SOD2 in oral diseases will be discussed further, referencing the differences and relationship between oral diseases and other clinical systemic diseases.

Sensing, Imaging, and Therapeutic Strategies Endowing by Conjugate Polymers for Precision Medicine

Conjugated polymers (CPs) have promising applications in biomedical fields, such as disease monitoring, real-time imaging diagnosis, and disease treatment. As a promising luminescent material with tunable emission, high brightness and excellent stability, CPs are widely used as fluorescent probes in biological detection and imaging. Rational molecular design and structural optimization have broadened absorption/emission range of CPs, which are more conductive for disease diagnosis and precision therapy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the application of CPs, aiming to elucidate their structural and functional relationships. The fluorescence properties of CPs and the mechanism of detection signal amplification are first discussed, followed by an elucidation of their emerging applications in biological detection. Subsequently, CPs-based imaging systems and therapeutic strategies are illustrated systematically. Finally, recent advancements in utilizing CPs as electroactive materials for bioelectronic devices are also investigated. Moreover, the challenges and outlooks of CPs for precision medicine are discussed. Through this systematic review, it is hoped to highlight the frontier progress of CPs and promote new breakthroughs in fundamental research and clinical transformation.

Cholesterol transport and beyond: Illuminating the versatile functions of HDL apolipoproteins through structural insights and functional implications

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) play a vital role in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health, as they are intricately involved in cholesterol transport and inflammation modulation. The proteome of HDL particles is indeed complex and distinct from other components in the bloodstream. Proteomics studies have identified nearly 285 different proteins associated with HDL; however, this review focuses more on the 15 or so traditionally named "apo" lipoproteins. Important lipid metabolizing enzymes closely working with the apolipoproteins are also discussed. Apolipoproteins stand out for their integral role in HDL stability, structure, function, and metabolism. The unique structure and functions of each apolipoprotein influence important processes such as inflammation regulation and lipid metabolism. These interactions also shape the stability and performance of HDL particles. HDLs apolipoproteins have multifaceted roles beyond cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and are involved in various physiological processes and disease states. Therefore, a detailed exploration of these apolipoproteins can offer valuable insights into potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. This comprehensive review article aims to provide an in-depth understanding of HDL apolipoproteins, highlighting their distinct structures, functions, and contributions to various physiological processes. Exploiting this knowledge holds great potential for improving HDL function, enhancing cholesterol efflux, and modulating inflammatory processes, ultimately benefiting individuals by limiting the risks associated with CVDs and other inflammation-based pathologies. Understanding the nature of all 15 apolipoproteins expands our knowledge of HDL metabolism, sheds light on their pathological implications, and paves the way for advancements in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of lipid and inflammatory-related disorders.

Lipopolysaccharide binding protein resists hepatic oxidative stress by regulating lipid droplet homeostasis

Oxidative stress-induced lipid accumulation is mediated by lipid droplets (LDs) homeostasis, which sequester vulnerable unsaturated triglycerides into LDs to prevent further peroxidation. Here we identify the upregulation of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and its trafficking through LDs as a mechanism for modulating LD homeostasis in response to oxidative stress. Our results suggest that LBP induces lipid accumulation by controlling lipid-redox homeostasis through its lipid-capture activity, sorting unsaturated triglycerides into LDs. N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment reduces LBP-mediated triglycerides accumulation by phospholipid/triglycerides competition and Peroxiredoxin 4, a redox state sensor of LBP that regulates the shuttle of LBP from LDs. Furthermore, chronic stress upregulates LBP expression, leading to insulin resistance and obesity. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the role of LBP in regulating LD homeostasis and against cellular peroxidative injury. These insights could inform the development of redox-based therapies for alleviating oxidative stress-induced metabolic dysfunction.

DNA Hypomethylation-Mediated Transcription Dysregulation Participates in Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly heterogeneous and genetically complex endocrine disorder. Although the etiology remains mostly elusive, growing evidence suggested abnormal changes of DNA methylation correlate well with systemic and tissue-specific dysfunctions in PCOS. A dehydroepiandrosterone-induced PCOS-like mouse model was generated, which has a similar metabolic and reproductive phenotype as human patients with PCOS, and was used to experimentally validate the potential role of aberrant DNA methylation in PCOS in this study. Integrated DNA methylation and transcriptome analysis revealed the potential role of genomic DNA hypomethylation in transcription regulation of PCOS and identified several key candidate genes, including BMP4, Adcy7, Tnfaip3, and Fas, which were regulated by aberrant DNA hypomethylation. Moreover, i.p. injection of S-adenosylmethionine increased the overall DNA methylation level of PCOS-like mice and restored expression of the candidate genes to similar levels as the control, alleviating reproductive and metabolic abnormalities in PCOS-like mice. These findings provided direct evidence showing the importance of normal DNA methylation in epigenetic regulation of PCOS and potential targets for diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

A host-microbial metabolite interaction gut-on-a-chip model of the adult human intestine demonstrates beneficial effects upon inulin treatment of gut microbiome

Background: The gut and its microbiome have a major impact on many aspects of health and are therefore also an attractive target for drug- or food-based therapies. Here, we report on the added value of combining a microbiome screening model, the i-screen, with fresh intestinal tissue explants in a microfluidic gut-on-a-chip model, the Intestinal Explant Barrier Chip (IEBC). Methods: Adult human gut microbiome (fecal pool of 6 healthy donors) was cultured anaerobically in the i-screen platform for 24 h, without and with exposure to 4 mg/mL inulin. The i-screen cell-free culture supernatant was subsequently applied to the luminal side of adult human colon tissue explants (n = 3 donors), fixed in the IEBC, for 24 h and effects were evaluated. Results: The supplementation of the media with inulin promoted the growth of Anaerostipes, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, and Collinsella in the in vitro i-screen, and triggered an elevated production of butyrate by the microbiota. Human colon tissue exposed to inulin-treated i-screen cell-free culture supernatant or control i-screen cell-free culture supernatant with added short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) showed improved tissue barrier integrity measured by a 28.2%-34.2% reduction in FITC-dextran 4000 (FD4) leakage and 1.3 times lower transport of antipyrine. Furthermore, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α was reduced under these circumstances. Gene expression profiles confirmed these findings, but showed more profound effects for inulin-treated supernatant compared to SCFA-supplemented supernatant. Conclusion: The combination of i-screen and IEBC facilitates the study of complex intestinal processes such as host-microbial metabolite interaction and gut health.

Increased IgA-mediated responses to the gut paracellular pathway and blood-brain barrier proteins predict delirium due to hip fracture in older adults

Introduction

Delirium is accompanied by immune response system activation, which may, in theory, cause a breakdown of the gut barrier and blood-brain barrier (BBB). Some results suggest that the BBB is compromised in delirium, but there is no data regarding the gut barrier. This study investigates whether delirium is associated with impaired BBB and gut barriers in elderly adults undergoing hip fracture surgery.

Methods

We recruited 59 older adults and measured peak Delirium Rating Scale (DRS) scores 2-3 days after surgery, and assessed plasma IgG/IgA levels (using ELISA techniques) for zonulin, occludin, claudin-6, β-catenin, actin (indicating damage to the gut paracellular pathway), claudin-5 and S100B (reflecting BBB damage), bacterial cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), LPS-binding protein (LBP), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Helicobacter pylori.

Results

Results from univariate analyses showed that delirium is linked to increased IgA responses to all the self-epitopes and antigens listed above, except for LPS. Part of the variance (between 45-48.3%) in the peak DRS score measured 2-3 days post-surgery was explained by independent effects of IgA directed to LPS and LBP (or bacterial CDT), baseline DRS scores, and previous mild stroke. Increased IgA reactivity to the paracellular pathway and BBB proteins and bacterial antigens is significantly associated with the activation of M1 macrophage, T helper-1, and 17 cytokine profiles.

Conclusion

Heightened bacterial translocation, disruption of the tight and adherens junctions of the gut and BBB barriers, elevated CDT and LPS load in the bloodstream, and aberrations in cell-cell interactions may be risk factors for delirium.

Oral administration of lysozyme protects against injury of ileum via modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis after severe traumatic brain injury

Objective

The current study sought to clarify the role of lysozyme-regulated gut microbiota and explored the potential therapeutic effects of lysozyme on ileum injury induced by severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) and bacterial pneumonia in vivo and in vitro experiments.

Methods

Male 6-8-week-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into Normal group (N), Sham group (S), sTBI group (T), sTBI + or Lysozyme-treated group (L), Normal + Lysozyme group (NL) and Sham group + Lysozyme group (SL). At the day 7 after establishment of the model, mice were anesthetized and the samples were collected. The microbiota in lungs and fresh contents of the ileocecum were analyzed. Lungs and distal ileum were used to detect the degree of injury. The number of Paneth cells and the expression level of lysozyme were assessed. The bacterial translocation was determined. Intestinal organoids culture and co-coculture system was used to test whether lysozyme remodels the intestinal barrier through the gut microbiota.

Results

After oral administration of lysozyme, the intestinal microbiota is rebalanced, the composition of lung microbiota is restored, and translocation of intestinal bacteria is mitigated. Lysozyme administration reinstates lysozyme expression in Paneth cells, thereby reducing intestinal permeability, pathological score, apoptosis rate, and inflammation levels. The gut microbiota, including Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Alistipes, Butyricicoccus, and Lactobacillus, play a crucial role in regulating and improving intestinal barrier damage and modulating Paneth cells in lysozyme-treated mice. A co-culture system comprising intestinal organoids and brain-derived proteins (BP), which demonstrated that the BP effectively downregulated the expression of lysozyme in intestinal organoids. However, supplementation of lysozyme to this co-culture system failed to restore its expression in intestinal organoids.

Conclusion

The present study unveiled a virtuous cycle whereby oral administration of lysozyme restores Paneth cell's function, mitigates intestinal injury and bacterial translocation through the remodeling of gut microbiota.

Loss of LBP triggers lipid metabolic disorder through H3K27 acetylation-mediated C/EBPβ- SCD activation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with mutations in lipopolysaccharide-binding protein ( LBP), but the underlying epigenetic mechanisms remain understudied. Herein, LBP -/- rats with NAFLD were established and used to conduct integrative targeting-active enhancer histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput and transcriptomic sequencing analysis to explore the potential epigenetic pathomechanisms of active enhancers of NAFLD exacerbation upon LBP deficiency. Notably, LBP -/- reduced the inflammatory response but markedly aggravated high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD in rats, with pronounced alterations in the histone acetylome and regulatory transcriptome. In total, 1 128 differential enhancer-target genes significantly enriched in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism were identified between wild-type (WT) and LBP -/- NAFLD rats. Based on integrative analysis, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) was identified as a pivotal transcription factor (TF) and contributor to dysregulated histone acetylome H3K27ac, and the lipid metabolism gene SCD was identified as a downstream effector exacerbating NAFLD. This study not only broadens our understanding of the essential role of LBP in the pathogenesis of NAFLD from an epigenetics perspective but also identifies key TF C/EBPβ and functional gene SCD as potential regulators and therapeutic targets.

Genetic variants in hypoxia-inducible factor pathway are associated with colorectal cancer risk and immune infiltration

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway genes influence tumorigenesis and immune status. However, the associations between genetic variants in hypoxia-related genes and colorectal cancer risk and the immune status of hypoxia-associated genes in colorectal cancer have not been systematically characterized. The associations between genetic variants and colorectal cancer risk were evaluated in Chinese, Japanese and European populations using logistic regression analysis. The relationships between target genes and tumour immune infiltration were predicted by Tumour Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER). We found that rs34533650 in EPAS1 was associated with colorectal cancer risk (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.20-1.70, P(FDR)  = 8.35 × 10-4 ), and this finding was validated in two independent populations (Japanese: OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01-1.15, p = 3.38 × 10-2 ; European: OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03-1.19, p = 6.04 × 10-3 ). EPAS1-associated genes were enriched in immune-related pathways. In addition, we found that EPAS1 copy number variation (CNV) was associated with the degree of infiltration of immune cells and observed correlations between EPAS1 expression and immune cell infiltration levels in colorectal cancer. These results highlight that genetic variants of hypoxia-related genes play roles in colorectal cancer risk and provide new insight that EPAS1 might be a promising predictor of colorectal cancer susceptibility and immune status.

Prognostic Significance of a Model Based on Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Genetic Polymorphisms in Laryngeal Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

Because of the high costs associated with early-stage laryngeal carcinoma diagnosis and prognosis prediction, this study attempts to find valuable targets to establish a novel predictive model by focusing on the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) genotype and other peripheral blood markers.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective study.

SETTING

Tertiary comprehensive hospital.

METHODS

From January 2011 to January 2021, 362 cases of laryngeal carcinoma were included and divided into 2 groups in this retrospective analysis. Information on medical history, alcohol, and tobacco consumption habits, ALDH2 genotypes, and other peripheral blood markers was collected. Endpoints of the current study included disease-free survival and overall survival. A nomogram model for overall survival was established and evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

RESULTS

A total of 236 patients were included in the training cohort, and the other 126 were included in the validation cohort. The median follow-up of the patients was 9.6 years (interquartile range: 7.5-12.5 years). Peripheral fibrinogen, hemoglobin, and ALDH2 genotypes were significantly associated with an increase in laryngeal carcinoma mortality rate on Kaplan-Meier curves. The ROC curve showed that the effectiveness of overall survival prediction by the nomogram model was better than that of traditional clinical staging.

CONCLUSION

A prognostic nomogram of laryngeal carcinoma patients involving ALDH2 and peripheral blood markers and T and N stages was constructed and validated.

Current Biomarkers for Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Carotid artery stenosis (CAS), an atherosclerotic disease of the carotid artery, is one of the leading causes of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and cerebrovascular attacks (CVA). The atherogenic process of CAS affects a wide range of physiological processes, such as inflammation, endothelial cell function, smooth muscle cell migration and many more. The current gold-standard test for CAS is Doppler ultrasound; however, there is yet to be determined a strong, clinically validated biomarker in the blood that can diagnose patients with CAS and/or predict adverse outcomes in such patients. In this comprehensive literature review, we evaluated all of the current research on plasma and serum proteins that are current contenders for biomarkers for CAS. In this literature review, 36 proteins found as potential biomarkers for CAS were categorized in to the following nine categories based on protein function: (1) Inflammation and Immunity, (2) Lipid Metabolism, (3) Haemostasis, (4) Cardiovascular Markers, (5) Markers of Kidney Function, (6) Bone Health, (7) Cellular Structure, (8) Growth Factors, and (9) Hormones. This literature review is the most up-to-date and current comprehensive review of research on biomarkers of CAS, and the only review that demonstrated the several pathways that contribute to the initiation and progression of the disease. With this review, future studies can determine if any new markers, or a panel of the proteins explored in this study, may be contenders as diagnostic or prognostic markers for CAS.

Biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis phenotypes

OBJECTIVE

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease involving both upper and lower motor neurons. The motor phenotypes of ALS are highly clinically heterogeneous, and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood.

METHODS

A comparative proteomic analysis was performed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of bulbar-onset (BO) and spinal-onset (SO) ALS patients and controls (n = 14). Five biomarker candidates were selected from a differentially regulated protein pool, and further validation was performed in a larger independent cohort (n = 92) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

A total of 1732 CSF proteins were identified, and 78 differentially expressed proteins were found among BO-ALS patients, SO-ALS patients, and controls. Five promising biomarker candidates were selected for further validation, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain (HLA-DRA) were validated. CSF LBP levels were increased in ALS patients compared with controls and higher in BO-ALS versus SO-ALS. The increased CSF LBP levels were correlated with the revised ALS Functional Scale (ALSFRS-R) score. CSF HLA-DRA levels were specifically elevated in BO-ALS patients, and there was no significant difference between SO-ALS patients and controls. Increased HLA-DRA expression was correlated with decreased survival.

INTERPRETATION

Our data shows that elevated CSF LBP is a good biomarker for ALS and correlates with clinical severity, and increased HLA-DRA is a specific biomarker for BO-ALS and may predict short survival. It also suggests that the microglial pathway and HLA-II-related adaptive immunity may be differentially involved in ALS phenotypes and may be new therapeutic targets for ALS.

Looking to the Future of the Role of Macrophages and Extracellular Vesicles in Neuroinflammation in ALS

Neuroinflammation is a common pathological feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although scientific evidence to date does not allow defining neuroinflammation as an ALS trigger, its role in exacerbating motor neuron (MNs) degeneration and disease progression is attracting research interest. Activated CNS (Central Nervous System) glial cells, proinflammatory peripheral and infiltrated T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, as well as the immunoreactive molecules they release, represent the active players for the role of immune dysregulation enhancing neuroinflammation. The crosstalk between the peripheral and CNS immune cells significantly correlates with the survival of ALS patients since the modification of peripheral macrophages can downregulate inflammation at the periphery along the nerves and in the CNS. As putative vehicles for misfolded protein and inflammatory mediators between cells, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have also drawn particular attention in the field of ALS. Both CNS and peripheral immune cells release EVs, which are able to modulate the behavior of neighboring recipient cells; unfortunately, the mechanisms involved in EVs-mediated communication in neuroinflammation remain unclear. This review aims to synthesize the current literature regarding EV-mediated cell-to-cell communication in the brain under ALS, with a particular point of view on the role of peripheral macrophages in responding to inflammation to understand the biological process and exploit it for ALS management.

Transcriptomic Differentiation of Phenotypes in Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Its Implications for Understanding the Underlying Mechanisms

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifaceted disease with variable clinical courses and outcomes. We aimed to determine CRS-associated nasal-tissue transcriptome in clinically well-characterized and phenotyped individuals, to gain a novel insight into the biological pathways of the disease. RNA-sequencing of tissue samples of patients with CRS with polyps (CRSwNP), without polyps (CRSsNP), and controls were performed. Characterization of differently expressed genes (DEGs) and functional and pathway analysis was undertaken. We identified 782 common CRS-associated nasal-tissue DEGs, while 375 and 328 DEGs were CRSwNP- and CRSsNP-specific, respectively. Common key DEGs were found to be involved in dendritic cell maturation, the neuroinflammation pathway, and the inhibition of the matrix metalloproteinases. Distinct CRSwNP-specific DEGs were involved in NF-kβ canonical pathways, Toll-like receptor signaling, HIF1α regulation, and the Th2 pathway. CRSsNP involved the NFAT pathway and changes in the calcium pathway. Our findings offer new insights into the common and distinct molecular mechanisms underlying CRSwNP and CRSsNP, providing further understanding of the complex pathophysiology of the CRS, with future research directions for novel treatment strategies.

The novel biomarkers for assessing clinical benefits of continuous renal replacement therapy in pediatric sepsis: a pilot study

BACKGROUND

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has been considered as an adjuvant therapy for sepsis. However, the novel biomarker to evaluate the benefits of CRRT is limited. The aim of this study was to explore the novel biomarkers involved in the impact of CRRT in pediatric sepsis.

METHODS

The serum proteomic profiles on the 7th day after CRRT (CRRT 7th day) compared with before CRRT (CRRT 1st day) was determined in 3 children with sepsis as a discovery set. The screened candidates were confirmed in the validation cohort including patients received CRRT (CRRT group) and without CRRT (non-CRRT group). We defined that pediatric sequential organ failure assessment score (pSOFA) in pediatric patients with sepsis decreased by 2 points or more on the CRRT 1st day compared with CRRT initiation as CRRT responders. The changes of serum biomarkers were compared between CRRT responders and CRRT non-responders. Moreover, correlation analysis was further conducted in pediatric sepsis.

RESULTS

A total of 145 differentially expressed proteins were found according to the serum proteomics profiles. By visualizing the interaction between the differential proteins, 6 candidates (Lysozyme C [LYZ], Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein [LRG1], Fibromodulin [FMOD], Alpha-1-antichymotrypsin [SERPINA3], L-selectin [SELL], Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 [CD14]) were screened. In the validation cohort, serum levels of LYZ and LRG1 showed a higher trend on the CRRT 7th day than that on the 1st day in the non-CRRT group. However, the changes in levels of LYZ and LRG1 on the 7th day was significant in the CRRT group (p = 0.016, p = 0.009, respectively). Moreover, the levels of LYZ and LRG1 on the CRRT 7th day in the CRRT group were significantly higher than that in the non-CRRT group (p < 0.001, p = 0.025). Decreased levels of CD14 were associated with sepsis recovery, but not associated with CRRT. There were no significantly difference in serum FMOD, SERPINA3, and SELL levels. Importantly, serum LYZ and LRG1 levels changed in CRRT responders, but not CRRT non-responders. Further analysis indicated that serum LYZ levels were correlated to total platelet counts, aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), alanine aminotransferase (AST), and albumin levels, and serum LRG1 level were correlated to total platelet count and TBIL levels on the 1st day in the CRRT group. Protein-protein interaction network analysis displayed that serum LYZ and LRG1 were involved in the process of inflammatory response, leucocytes adhesion to vascular endothelial cell, as well as complement activation.

CONCLUSION

Elevated serum LYZ and LRG1 levels are associated with clinical benefits of CRRT during sepsis.

Influence of fiber type and carbohydrase supplementation on nutrient digestibility, energy and nitrogen balance, and physiology of sows at mid and late gestation

Carbohydrase supplementation in grow-finish pig diets improves energy, nutrient digestibility, and gastrointestinal function, but their efficacy in gestation diets is understudied. The experimental objective was to evaluate the efficacy of a multicarbohydrase to improve digestion, energetics, and various physiological functions in gestating sows fed soluble and insoluble fiber diets. On day 28 of gestation, 36 sows (186 ± 4.6 kg body weight), blocked by parity, were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments (n = 9). Factors included fiber type of insoluble (IF; 20% dried distiller grains with solubles) or soluble fiber (SF; 20% sugar beet pulp) and with (+) or without (-) enzyme (0.05%, Rovabio Advance P10; Adisseo, Antony, France). Diets were fed from days 28 to 109 of gestation at a feeding level of 2.1 kg (SID-Lys 11 g/d and 4.5 net energy-Mcal/d). Two separate 9-d metabolism periods were conducted on days 50 to 59 (mid) and 99 to 108 (late) of gestation. During each period, days 1 to 3 served as an adaptation period, days 4 to 7 total urine and feces were collected (96-h) and followed by a 48-h lactulose-mannitol study. Serum and plasma were collected on days 50 and 99. Data were analyzed as repeated records using a linear mixed model with block as a random effect and fiber type, enzyme, and period and their interactions as fixed effects. Sows fed SF+ had increased serum IL-1ra (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.035), and IL-2 (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.042). In the presence of IF, multicarbohydrases increased serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, but not when supplemented with SF (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.028). Circulating IL-8 and TNF-α were decreased in sows fed multicarbohydrases (P < 0.05). Multicarbohydrase supplementation increased the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), dry matter, and neutral detergent fiber by 2.8%, 3.4%, and 8.3%, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared to IF-, the ATTD of hemicellulose was 5.3% greater in sows fed IF+ but did not differ from SF- and SF+ (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.037). Sows fed IF+ had the greatest ATTD of insoluble dietary fiber (Fiber × Enzyme P = 0.011). Sows fed multicarbohydrases excreted less energy in their urine (519 vs. 469 GE kcal/d; Enzyme P = 0.033) and in their feces (985 vs. 900 GE kcal/d; Enzyme P = 0.003). This resulted in an improvement in both digestible energy (Enzyme P < 0.01) and metabolizable energy (Enzyme P = 0.041), irrespective of fiber type. In conclusion, multicarbohydrase supplementation increased the digestibility and energetic contribution of fiber, irrespective of adaptation time or fiber type, but modulation of inflammatory responses was unique to dietary fiber type.

Urinary Exosomal Cystatin C and Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein as Biomarkers for Antibody−Mediated Rejection after Kidney Transplantation

We aimed to discover and validate urinary exosomal proteins as biomarkers for antibody−mediated rejection (ABMR) after kidney transplantation. Urine and for-cause biopsy samples from kidney transplant recipients were collected and categorized into the discovery cohort (n = 36) and a validation cohort (n = 65). Exosomes were isolated by stepwise ultra-centrifugation for proteomic analysis to discover biomarker candidates for ABMR (n = 12). Of 1820 exosomal proteins in the discovery cohort, four proteins were specifically associated with ABMR: cystatin C (CST3), serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1, retinol-binding protein 4, and lipopolysaccharide−binding protein (LBP). In the validation cohort, the level of urinary exosomal LBP was significantly higher in the ABMR group (n = 25) compared with the T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) group and the no major abnormality (NOMOA) group. Urinary exosomal CST3 level was significantly higher in the ABMR group compared with the control and NOMOA groups. Immunohistochemical staining showed that LBP and CST3 in the glomerulus were more abundant in the ABMR group compared with other groups. The combined prediction probability of urinary exosomal LBP and CST3 was significantly correlated with summed LBP and CST3 intensity scores in the glomerulus and peritubular capillary as well as Banff g + ptc scores. Urinary exosomal CST3 and LBP could be potent biomarkers for ABMR after kidney transplantation.

Intestinal Permeability and Depression in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Depression is a global health problem that requires an early and accurate diagnosis to ensure quick access to appropriate treatment. Among multiple psychopathological paths, recent attention has focused on analysing the brain–gut–microbiota axis. The intestinal barrier plays a key role, and dysfunctions occurring at this level have implications for mental health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of intestinal permeability biomarkers, i.e., calprotectin, zonulin, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FAB), in relation to depression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This is the first study of this kind taking place in Romania, Eastern Europe, with an emphasis on patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The correlations identified between depression and calprotectin and depression and LBP have the potential to shed light on the process of rapid diagnosis of depression with the help of biomarkers. Since depression is correlated with a decrease in the quality of life in patients with IBD, the need for access to appropriate treatments must be urgent.

Prenatal and adolescent alcohol exposure programs immunity across the lifespan: CNS-mediated regulation

For many individuals, first exposure to alcohol occurs either prenatally due to maternal drinking, or during adolescence, when alcohol consumption is most likely to be initiated. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE) and its associated Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) in humans is associated with earlier initiation of alcohol use and increased rates of Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD). Initiation of alcohol use and misuse in early adolescence correlates highly with later AUD diagnosis as well. Thus, PAE and adolescent binge drinking set the stage for long-term health consequences due to adverse effects of alcohol on subsequent immune function, effects that may persist across the lifespan. The overarching goal of this review, therefore, is to determine the extent to which early developmental exposure to alcohol produces long-lasting, and potentially life-long, changes in immunological function. Alcohol affects the whole body, yet most studies are narrowly focused on individual features of immune function, largely ignoring the systems-level interactions required for effective host defense. We therefore emphasize the crucial role of the Central Nervous System (CNS) in orchestrating host defense processes. We argue that alcohol-mediated disruption of host immunity can occur through both (a) direct action of ethanol on neuroimmune processes, that subsequently disrupt peripheral immune function (top down); and (b) indirect action of ethanol on peripheral immune organs/cells, which in turn elicit consequent changes in CNS neuroimmune function (bottom up). Recognizing that alcohol consumption across the entire body, we argue in favor of integrative, whole-organism approaches toward understanding alcohol effects on immune function, and highlight the need for more work specifically examining long-lasting effects of early developmental exposure to alcohol (prenatal and adolescent periods) on host immunity.

Combined Analysis of RRBS DNA Methylome and Transcriptome Reveal Novel Candidate Genes Related to Porcine Clostridium perfringens Type C-Induced Diarrhea

Clostridium perfringens type C (Cp) is one of the principal microorganisms responsible for bacterial diarrhea in neonatal and pre-weaning piglets. To better understand the molecular effects of Cp infection, we performed a genome-wide comparison of the changes in DNA methylation and gene expression in Cp infected resistant and susceptible piglets. We characterized the pattern of changes in methylation and found 6485, 5968, and 6472 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of piglets infected with Cp in IR vs. IC, IS vs. IC, and IS vs. IR groups, respectively. These methylation changes for genes mainly involved in immune and inflammatory responses, cell adhesion, and activation of transcription factors. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analyses showed that the differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were associated with negative regulation of transcription, apoptotic processes, protein binding, and kinase activity. In addition, they were enriched in immunity-related pathways, such as MAPK signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Integrative analysis identified 168, 198, and 7 mRNAs showing inverse correlations between methylation and expression with Cp infection. Altered DNA methylation and expression of various genes suggested their roles and potential functional interactions upon Cp infection, 14 immune-associated mRNAs with differential methylation and transcriptional repression were identified in IS vs. IR, commonly revealing that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) LBP, TBX21, and LCN2 were likely involved in the piglets against Cp infection. The present results provide further insight into the DNA methylation epigenetic alterations of C. perfringens type C infected piglet ileum tissues, and may advance the identification of biomarkers and drug targets for predicting susceptibility to and controlling C. perfringens type C-induced piglet diarrhea.

Investigation on the mechanism of 2,3,4',5-Tetrahydroxystilbene 2-o-D-glucoside in the treatment of inflammation based on network pharmacology

BACKGROUND

Inflammation is the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases plaguing clinic for years.Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with a long history of application in detoxification and anti-inflammation. 2,3,4',5-Tetrahydroxystilbene 2-o-D-glucoside (TSG) is a main active compound of F. multiflora. However, the mechanism of TSG in the treatment of inflammation remains unknown.

METHODS

Network pharmacology and molecular docking were employed to explore the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of TSG. Potential targets of TSG and inflammation were obtained from Swiss Target Prediction, Pharm Mapper, and GeneCards database. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed to elucidate the interaction of targets. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effect of TSG was validated by in vitro experiments using flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry assays.

RESULTS

PPI network and gene enrichment analysis showed that TSG may exert a protein kinase binding activity, and IKBKB, MAPK1, NFKBIA, and RELA were predicted as the targets of anti-inflammation. Verified by molecular docking and Western blot, TSG may target NF-κB and ERK2 related signals to alleviate inflammatory damage. Furthermore, TSG effectively downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokine, the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

CONCLUSION

TSG possesses significant anti-inflammatory effect. TSG may display a protein kinase binding activity and target NF-κB and ERK2 related signals to treat the inflammation. This work may enlighten the potential application of TSG in anti-inflammation and indicate network pharmacology was an effective tool for the further study of TCM.

Association Between Alcohol Dehydrogenase Polymorphisms and the Recurrence of Laryngeal Carcinoma

OBJECTIVES

Alcohol consumption is closely associated with prognosis for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) patients. As key enzymes in ethanol metabolism, proteins in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) family make for valuable targets to establish a novel predictive nomogram model. This study attempts to do so by focusing on the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ADH1B and ADH1C in LSCC.

METHODS

Sixty eight LSCC patients that were followed up for more than 10 years were retrospectively analyzed. Endpoints of the current study included disease-free survival and overall survival. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and evaluated by log-rank test. The prognostic value of eight ADH1B SNPs and three ADH1C SNPs were evaluated using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. A nomogram model for disease-free survival was established and evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve, the C-index, and a calibration plot.

RESULTS

Significant association was exhibited between rs17033 (p < 0.001) and rs1229984 (p = 0.002) with an increase in LSCC recurrence rate on Kaplan-Meier curves. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the rs17033 polymorphism of ADH1B was independently associated with an increased risk of LSCC recurrence (HR = 3.325, 95% CI = 1.684-6.566, p = 0.001). Based on these findings, a prognostic nomogram of LSCC patients involving ADH1B rs17033 was constructed.

CONCLUSION

This study has demonstrated an independent association between ADH1B gene variants and the recurrence of LSCC. A nomogram model based on rs17033 of ADH1B, age, T, and N stages were successfully developed for the first time to predict the probability of recurrence in LSCC patients.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

III Retrospective cohort study Laryngoscope, 2022.

Network Pharmacology and Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies Potential Therapeutic Targets of Paxlovid Against LUAD/COVID-19

BACKGROUND

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a pandemic in many countries around the world. The virus is highly contagious and has a high fatality rate. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients may have higher susceptibility and mortality to COVID-19. While Paxlovid is the first oral drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, its specific drug mechanism for lung cancer patients infected with COVID-19 remains to be further studied.

METHODS

COVID-19 related genes were obtained from NCBI, GeneCards, and KEGG, and then the transcriptome data for LUAD was downloaded from TCGA. The drug targets of Paxlovid were revealed through BATMAN-TCM, DrugBank, SwissTargetPrediction, and TargetNet. The genes related to susceptibility to COVID-19 in LUAD patients were obtained through differential analysis. The interaction of LUAD/COVID-19 related genes was evaluated and displayed by STRING, and a COX risk regression model was established to screen and evaluate the correlation between genes and clinical characteristics. The Venn diagram was drawn to select the candidate targets of Paxlovid against LUAD/COVID-19, and the functional analysis of the target genes was performed using KEGG and GO enrichment analysis. Finally, Cytoscape was used to screen and visualize the Hub Gene, and Autodock was used for molecular docking between the drug and the target.

RESULT

Bioinformatics analysis was performed by combining COVID-19-related genes with the gene expression and clinical data of LUAD, including analysis of prognosis-related genes, survival rate, and hub genes screened out by the prognosis model. The key targets of Paxlovid against LUAD/COVID-19 were obtained through network pharmacology, the most important targets include IL6, IL12B, LBP. Furthermore, pathway analysis showed that Paxlovid modulates the IL-17 signaling pathway, the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, during LUAD/COVID-19 treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on bioinformatics and network pharmacology, the prognostic signature of LUAD/COVID-19 patients was screened. And identified the potential therapeutic targets and molecular pathways of Paxlovid Paxlovid in the treatment of LUAD/COVID. As promising features, prognostic signatures and therapeutic targets shed light on improving the personalized management of patients with LUAD.

Leaky Gut Syndrome Is Associated with Endotoxemia and Serum (1→3)-β-D-Glucan in Severe Dengue Infection

The hallmark of severe dengue infection is the increased vascular permeability and hemodynamic alteration that might be associated with an intestinal permeability defect. However, the mechanisms underlying the gastrointestinal-related symptoms of dengue are not well characterized. A prospective observational study was conducted on patients with dengue who were categorized according to: (i) febrile versus critical phase and (ii) hospitalized patients with versus without the warning signs to evaluate the gut barrier using lactulose-to-mannitol excretion ratio (LEMR). Serum endotoxins, (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG), and inflammatory parameters were measured. A total of 48 and 38 patients were enrolled in febrile illness and critical phase, respectively, while 22 and 64 patients presented with or without the warning signs, respectively. At enrollment, a positive LEMR test was found in 20 patients (91%) with warning signs, regardless of phase of infection. Likewise, serum endotoxins and BG, the indirect biomarkers for leaky gut, prominently increased in patients who developed severe dengue when compared with the non-severe dengue (endotoxins, 399.1 versus 143.4 pg/mL (p < 0.0001); BG, 123 versus 73.8 pg/mL (p = 0.016)). Modest impaired intestinal permeability occurred in dengue patients, particularly those with warning signs, and were associated with endotoxemia and elevated BG. Thus, leaky gut syndrome might be associated with severity of dengue infection.

The Impact of ZIP8 Disease-Associated Variants G38R, C113S, G204C, and S335T on Selenium and Cadmium Accumulations: The First Characterization

The metal cation symporter ZIP8 (SLC39A8) is a transmembrane protein that imports the essential micronutrients iron, manganese, and zinc, as well as heavy toxic metal cadmium (Cd). It has been recently suggested that selenium (Se), another essential micronutrient that has long been known for its role in human health and cancer risk, may also be transported by the ZIP8 protein. Several mutations in the ZIP8 gene are associated with the aberrant ion homeostasis of cells and can lead to human diseases. However, the intricate relationships between ZIP8 mutations, cellular Se homeostasis, and human diseases (including cancers and illnesses associated with Cd exposure) have not been explored. To further verify if ZIP8 is involved in cellular Se transportation, we first knockout (KO) the endogenous expression of ZIP8 in the HeLa cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The elimination of ZIP8 expression was examined by PCR, DNA sequencing, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence analyses. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry indicated that reduced uptake of Se, along with other micronutrients and Cd, was observed in the ZIP8-KO cells. In contrast, when ZIP8 was overexpressed, increased Se uptake could be detected in the ZIP8-overexpressing cells. Additionally, we found that ZIP8 with disease-associated single-point mutations G38R, G204C, and S335T, but not C113S, showed reduced Se transport ability. We then evaluated the potential of Se on Cd cytotoxicity prevention and therapy of cancers. Results indicated that Se could suppress Cd-induced cytotoxicity via decreasing the intracellular Cd transported by ZIP8, and Se exhibited excellent anticancer activity against not all but only selected cancer cell lines, under restricted experimental conditions. Moreover, clinical-based bioinformatic analyses revealed that up-regulated ZIP8 gene expression was common across multiple cancer types, and selenoproteins that were significantly co-expressed with ZIP8 in these cancers had been identified. Taken together, this study concludes that ZIP8 is an important protein in modulating cellular Se levels and provides insights into the roles of ZIP8 and Se in disease prevention and therapy.