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Zhao J, Sarkar N, Ren Y, Pathak AP, Grayson WL. Engineering next-generation oxygen-generating scaffolds to enhance bone regeneration. Trends Biotechnol 2024:S0167-7799(24)00250-6. [PMID: 39343620 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
In bone, an adequate oxygen (O2) supply is crucial during development, homeostasis, and healing. Oxygen-generating scaffolds (OGS) have demonstrated significant potential to enhance bone regeneration. However, the complexity of O2 delivery and signaling in vivo makes it challenging to tailor the design of OGS to precisely meet this biological requirement. We review recent advances in OGS and analyze persisting engineering and translational hurdles. We also discuss the potential of computational and machine learning (ML) models to facilitate the integration of novel imaging data with biological readouts and advanced biomanufacturing technologies. By elucidating how to tackle current challenges using cutting-edge technologies, we provide insights for transitioning from traditional to next-generation OGS to improve bone regeneration in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtong Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Naboneeta Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yunke Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arvind P Pathak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Warren L Grayson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Mao W, Yoo HS. Inorganic Nanoparticle Functionalization Strategies in Immunotherapeutic Applications. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0086. [PMID: 39323561 PMCID: PMC11423863 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been increasingly utilized in anticancer treatment owing to its ability of engineering functional nanocarriers that enhance therapeutic effectiveness while minimizing adverse effects. Inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) are prevalent nanocarriers to be customized for a wide range of anticancer applications, including theranostics, imaging, targeted drug delivery, and therapeutics, because they are advantageous for their superior biocompatibility, unique optical properties, and capacity of being modified via versatile surface functionalization strategies. In the past decades, the high adaptation of INPs in this emerging immunotherapeutic field makes them good carrier options for tumor immunotherapy and combination immunotherapy. Tumor immunotherapy requires targeted delivery of immunomodulating therapeutics to tumor locations or immunological organs to provoke immune cells and induce tumor-specific immune response while regulating immune homeostasis, particularly switching the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. This review explores various INP designs and formulations, and their employment in tumor immunotherapy and combination immunotherapy. We also introduce detailed demonstrations of utilizing surface engineering tactics to create multifunctional INPs. The generated INPs demonstrate the abilities of stimulating and enhancing the immune response, specific targeting, and regulating cancer cells, immune cells, and their resident microenvironment, sometimes along with imaging and tracking capabilities, implying their potential in multitasking immunotherapy. Furthermore, we discuss the promises of INP-based combination immunotherapy in tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Sang Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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3
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Alcarranza M, Alarcón-de-la-Lastra C, Recio Jiménez R, Fernández I, Castejón Martínez ML, Villegas I. Immunomodulatory Effects and Regulatory Mechanisms of ( R)-6-HITC, an Isothiocyanate from Wasabi ( Eutrema japonicum), in an Ex Vivo Mouse Model of LPS-Induced Inflammation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39298284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of (R)-(-)-1-isothiocyanato-6-(methylsulfinyl)-hexane [(R)-6-HITC], the major isothiocyanate present in wasabi, in an ex vivo model of inflammation using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages. (R)-6-HITC improved the immune response and mitigated oxidative stress, which involved suppression of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-18, and TNF-α) production and downregulation of pro-inflammatory enzymes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, COX-2, and mPGES-1. In addition, (R)-6-HITC was able to activate the Nrf2/HO-1 axis while simultaneously inhibiting key signaling pathways, including JAK2/STAT3, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and canonical and noncanonical inflammasome pathways, orchestrating its potent immunomodulatory effects. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the potential of (R)-6-HITC as a promising nutraceutical for the management of immuno-inflammatory diseases and justify the need for further in vivo validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alcarranza
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Catalina Alarcón-de-la-Lastra
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Recio Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Luisa Castejón Martínez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isabel Villegas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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4
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Sharma A, Vikramdeo KS, Sudan SK, Anand S, Deshmukh SK, Singh AP, Singh S. Cortisol affects macrophage polarization by inducing miR-143/145 cluster to reprogram glucose metabolism and by promoting TCA cycle anaplerosis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107753. [PMID: 39260692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress can have adverse consequences on human health by disrupting the hormonal balance in our body. Earlier, we observed elevated levels of cortisol, a primary stress hormone, and some exosomal microRNAs in the serum of patients with breast cancer. Here, we investigated the role of cortisol in microRNA induction and its functional consequences. We found that cortisol induced the expression of miR-143/145 cluster in human monocyte (THP1 and U937)-derived macrophages but not in breast cancer cells. In silico analysis identified glucocorticoid-response element in the upstream CARMN promoter utilized by the miR-143/145 cluster. Enhanced binding of glucocorticoid-receptor (GR) upon cortisol exposure and its regulatory significance was confirmed by chromatin-immunoprecipitation and promoter-reporter assays. Further, cortisol inhibited IFNγ-induced M1 polarization and promoted M2 polarization, and these effects were suppressed by miR-143-3p and miR-145-5p inhibitors pretreatment. Cortisol-treated macrophages exhibited increased oxygen-consumption rate (OCR) to extracellular-acidification rate (ECAR) ratio, and this change was neutralized by functional inhibition of miR-143-3p and miR-145-5p. HK2 and ADPGK were confirmed as the direct targets of miR-143-3p and miR-145-5p, respectively. Interestingly, silencing of HK2 and ADPGK inhibited IFNγ-induced M1 polarization but failed to induce M2 polarization, since it suppressed both ECAR and OCR, while OCR was largely sustained in cortisol-treated M2-polarized macrophages. We found that cortisol treatment sustained OCR by enhancing fatty acid and glutamine metabolism through upregulation of CPT2 and GLS, respectively, to support M2 polarization. Thus, our findings unfold a novel mechanism of immune suppression by cortisol and open avenues for preventive and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amod Sharma
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kunwar Somesh Vikramdeo
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sarabjeet Kour Sudan
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Shashi Anand
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sachin Kumar Deshmukh
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA; Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, USA
| | - Ajay Pratap Singh
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
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5
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Pandur E, Pap R, Sipos K. Activated THP-1 Macrophage-Derived Factors Increase the Cytokine, Fractalkine, and EGF Secretions, the Invasion-Related MMP Production, and Antioxidant Activity of HEC-1A Endometrium Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9624. [PMID: 39273575 PMCID: PMC11395051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Endometrium receptivity is a multifactor-regulated process involving progesterone receptor-regulated signaling, cytokines and chemokines, and additional growth regulatory factors. In the female reproductive system, macrophages have distinct roles in the regulation of receptivity, embryo implantation, immune tolerance, and angiogenesis or oxidative stress. In the present study, we investigated the effects of PMA-activated THP-1 macrophages on the receptivity-related genes, cytokines and chemokines, growth regulators, and oxidative stress-related molecules of HEC-1A endometrium cells. We established a non-contact co-culture in which the culture medium of the PMA-activated macrophages exhibiting the pro-inflammatory phenotype was used for the treatment of the endometrial cells. In the endometrium cells, the expression of the growth-related factors activin and bone morphogenetic protein 2, the growth hormone EGF, and the activation of the downstream signaling molecules pERK1/2 and pAkt were analyzed by ELISA and Western blot. The secretions of cytokines and chemokines, which are involved in the establishment of endometrial receptivity, and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases implicated in invasion were also determined. Based on the results, the PMA-activated THP-1 macrophages exhibiting a pro-inflammatory phenotype may play a role in the regulation of HEC-1A endometrium cells. They alter the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, as well as the protein level of MMPs of HEC-1A cells. Moreover, activated THP-1 macrophages may elevate oxidative stress protection of HEC-1A endometrium cells. All these suggest that pro-inflammatory macrophages have a special role in the regulation of receptivity-related and implantation-related factors of HEC-1A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Pandur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ramóna Pap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Human Reproduction, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Nosenko M, Anisov D, Gubernatorova E, Gorshkova E, Zeng YR, Ye D, Wang P, Finlay D, Drutskaya M, Nedospasov S. Itaconate and dimethyl itaconate upregulate IL-6 production in the LPS-induced inflammation in mice. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:611-620. [PMID: 38941443 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Itaconate is one of the most studied immunometabolites produced by myeloid cells during inflammatory response. It mediates a wide range of anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects and plays a role in a number of pathological states, including autoimmunity and cancer. Itaconate and its derivatives are considered potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. While immunoregulatory effects of itaconate have been extensively studied in vitro and using knockout mouse models, less is known about how therapeutic administration of this metabolite regulates inflammatory response in vivo. Here, we investigate the immunoregulatory properties of exogenous administration of itaconate and its derivative dimethyl itaconate in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. The data show that administration of itaconate or dimethyl itaconate controls systemic production of multiple cytokines, including increased IL-10 production. However, only dimethyl itaconate was able to suppress systemic production of IFNγ and IL-1β. In contrast to in vitro data, administration of itaconate or dimethyl itaconate in vivo resulted in systemic upregulation of IL-6 in the blood. Electrophilic stress due to itaconate or dimethyl itaconate was not responsible for IL-6 upregulation. However, inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase with dimethyl malonate also resulted in elevated systemic levels of IL-6 and IL-10. Taken together, our study reports a novel effect of exogenous itaconate and its derivative dimethyl itaconate on the production of IL-6 in vivo, with important implications for the development of itaconate-based anti-inflammatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Nosenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov str, Moscow 119991, Russia
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse street, Dublin D02R590, Ireland
| | - Denis Anisov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov str, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Gubernatorova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov str, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov str, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Gorshkova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov str, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yi-Rong Zeng
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, No. 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dan Ye
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, No. 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Molecular and Cell Biology Lab, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, No. 131 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - David Finlay
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse street, Dublin D02R590, Ireland
| | - Marina Drutskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov str, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov str, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Division of Immunobiology and Biomedicine, Centre of Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave. 1, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodar region 354340, Russia
| | - Sergei Nedospasov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov str, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov str, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Division of Immunobiology and Biomedicine, Centre of Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Olympic Ave. 1, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodar region 354340, Russia
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Xie L, Wu B, Fan Y, Tao Y, Jiang X, Li Q, Zhu H, Wang H, Hu C. Fatty acid synthesis is indispensable for Kupffer cells to eliminate bacteria in ALD progression. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0522. [PMID: 39185911 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulated fatty acid metabolism is closely linked to the development of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). KCs, which are resident macrophages in the liver, play a critical role in ALD pathogenesis. However, the effect of alcohol on fatty acid metabolism in KCs remains poorly understood. The current study aims to investigate fatty acid metabolism in KCs and its potential effect on ALD development. METHODS Wild-type C57BL/6 mice were fed a Lieber-DeCarli ethanol liquid diet for 3 days. Then, the liver injury and levels of intrahepatic bacteria were assessed. Next, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of ethanol exposure on fatty acid metabolism and the phagocytosis of KCs, both in vivo and in vitro. Finally, we generated KCs-specific Fasn knockout and overexpression mice to evaluate the impact of FASN on the phagocytosis of KCs and ethanol-induced liver injury. RESULTS Using Bodipy493/503 to stain intracellular neutral lipids, we found significantly reduced lipid levels in KCs from mice fed an alcohol-containing diet for 3 days and in RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to ethanol. Mechanistically, alcohol exposure suppressed sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 transcriptional activity, thereby inhibiting fatty acid synthase (FASN)-mediated de novo lipogenesis in macrophages both in vitro and in vivo. We show that genetic ablation and pharmacologic inhibition of FASN significantly impaired KC's ability to take up and eliminate bacteria. Conversely, KCs-specific Fasn overexpression reverses the impairment of macrophage phagocytosis caused by alcohol exposure. We also revealed that KCs-specific Fasn knockout augmented KCs apoptosis and exacerbated liver injury in mice fed an alcohol-containing diet for 3 days. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate the crucial role of de novo lipogenesis in maintaining effective KCs phagocytosis and suggest a therapeutic target for ALD based on fatty acid synthesis in KCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyu Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Division of Life Science and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Beng Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Division of Life Science and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Huaiping Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Division of Life Science and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Liver Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chaojie Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Division of Life Science and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
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8
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Brum ES, Fialho MFP, Souza Monteiro de Araújo D, Landini L, Marini M, Titiz M, Kuhn BL, Frizzo CP, Araújo PHS, Guimarães RM, Cunha TM, Silva CR, Trevisan G, Geppetti P, Nassini R, De Logu F, Oliveira SM. Schwann cell TRPA1 elicits reserpine-induced fibromyalgia pain in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:3445-3461. [PMID: 38772415 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fibromyalgia is a complex clinical disorder with an unknown aetiology, characterized by generalized pain and co-morbid symptoms such as anxiety and depression. An imbalance of oxidants and antioxidants is proposed to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia symptoms. However, the precise mechanisms by which oxidative stress contributes to fibromyalgia-induced pain remain unclear. The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel, known as both a pain sensor and an oxidative stress sensor, has been implicated in various painful conditions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The feed-forward mechanism that implicates reactive oxygen species (ROS) driven by TRPA1 was investigated in a reserpine-induced fibromyalgia model in C57BL/6J mice employing pharmacological interventions and genetic approaches. KEY RESULTS Reserpine-treated mice developed pain-like behaviours (mechanical/cold hypersensitivity) and early anxiety-depressive-like disorders, accompanied by increased levels of oxidative stress markers in the sciatic nerve tissues. These effects were not observed upon pharmacological blockade or global genetic deletion of the TRPA1 channel and macrophage depletion. Furthermore, we demonstrated that selective silencing of TRPA1 in Schwann cells reduced reserpine-induced neuroinflammation (NADPH oxidase 1-dependent ROS generation and macrophage increase in the sciatic nerve) and attenuated fibromyalgia-like behaviours. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Activated Schwann cells expressing TRPA1 promote an intracellular pathway culminating in the release of ROS and recruitment of macrophages in the mouse sciatic nerve. These cellular and molecular events sustain mechanical and cold hypersensitivity in the reserpine-evoked fibromyalgia model. Targeting TRPA1 channels on Schwann cells could offer a novel therapeutic approach for managing fibromyalgia-related behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Silva Brum
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Pessano Fialho
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Lorenzo Landini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matilde Marini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mustafa Titiz
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Bruna Luiza Kuhn
- Heterocycle Chemistry Nucleus (NUQUIMHE), Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Piccinin Frizzo
- Heterocycle Chemistry Nucleus (NUQUIMHE), Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaela Mano Guimarães
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cássia Regina Silva
- Department of Genetic and Biochemistry, University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Romina Nassini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco De Logu
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Centre of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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9
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James C, Dugan CW, Boyd C, Fournier PA, Arthur PG. Temporal tracking of cysteine 34 oxidation of plasma albumin as a biomarker of muscle damage following a bout of eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2639-2650. [PMID: 38627299 PMCID: PMC11365830 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but little is known about the temporal profile of change in ROS post-EIMD and how ROS levels relate to the onset of and recovery from EIMD. Our primary aim was to examine the effect of EIMD on the pattern of change in the blood level of thiol-oxidised albumin, a marker of oxidative stress. METHODS Seven male participants were subjected on separate days to eccentric muscle contraction to cause EIMD or a no-exercise condition. After each session, the participants collected daily dried blood spots to measure thiol-oxidised albumin and returned to the laboratory every 2 days for the assessment of indirect markers of EIMD, namely maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), creatine kinase (CK), and myoglobin. RESULTS Eccentric exercise resulted in a significant decrease in MVC and increase in DOMS, CK, myoglobin, and thiol-oxidised albumin with the latter reaching above baseline level within 24-48 h post-exercise. All the markers of EIMD returned to baseline level within 6 days post-exercise, but not the level of thiol-oxidised albumin which remained elevated for 10 days after exercise. There was a moderate correlation between changes in thiol-oxidised albumin and DOMS, but no significant relationship between any other markers of muscle damage. CONCLUSION The levels of thiol-oxidised albumin increase in response to EIMD and remain elevated for several days post-exercise. The temporal pattern of change in the level of thiol-oxidised albumin suggests that this may be a useful biomarker of muscle repair post-EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher James
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
| | - Cory W Dugan
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Corrin Boyd
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Paul A Fournier
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Peter G Arthur
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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10
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Iwamoto W, Ikeda T, Nishikawa H, Hirano M, Kinoshita H, Ono M, Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Yasuda S. Regulatory effects of antioxidants on indoxyl sulfate-enhanced intracellular oxidation and impaired phagocytic activity in differentiated U937 human macrophage cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:1081-1089. [PMID: 38849302 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Indoxyl sulfate (IS), a uremic toxin, is a physiologically active sulfated metabolite, specifically in kidney failure patients. Our previous studies have shown that IS downregulates phagocytic immune function in a differentiated HL-60 human macrophage cell model. However, it remains unclear whether IS exerts similar effects on macrophage function in other cell types or in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-sensitive immune cell models. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of IS on intracellular oxidation levels and phagocytic activity in a differentiated U937 human macrophage cell model, both in the absence and presence of LPS. Our results demonstrated that IS significantly increases intracellular oxidation levels and decreases phagocytic activity, particularly in cells activated by LPS. Furthermore, we found that 2-acetylphenothiazine, an NADH oxidase inhibitor, attenuates the effects of IS in LPS-activated macrophage cells. Representative antioxidants, trolox, α-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid, significantly mitigated the effects of IS on the macrophages responding to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Iwamoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Mashiki-Cho, Kamimashiki-Gun, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ikeda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Mashiki-Cho, Kamimashiki-Gun, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Mashiki-Cho, Kamimashiki-Gun, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Hirano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Mashiki-Cho, Kamimashiki-Gun, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Mashiki-Cho, Kamimashiki-Gun, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Mashiki-Cho, Kamimashiki-Gun, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Mashiki-Cho, Kamimashiki-Gun, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masateru Ono
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Mashiki-Cho, Kamimashiki-Gun, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Mashiki-Cho, Kamimashiki-Gun, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Support Office for the Next Generation Researcher, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Shin Yasuda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Mashiki-Cho, Kamimashiki-Gun, Kumamoto, Japan
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, Mashiki-Cho, Kamimashiki-Gun, Kumamoto, Japan
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11
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Xu R, Pan Y, Zheng K, Chen M, Yin C, Hu Q, Wang J, Yu Q, Li P, Tai Y, Fang J, Liu B, Fang J, Tian G, Liu B. IL-33/ST2 induces macrophage-dependent ROS production and TRPA1 activation that mediate pain-like responses by skin incision in mice. Theranostics 2024; 14:5281-5302. [PMID: 39267790 PMCID: PMC11388077 DOI: 10.7150/thno.97856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Insufficiently managed incisional (INC) pain severely affects patients' life quality and rehabilitation after a major operation. However, mechanisms underlying INC pain still remain poorly understood. Methods: A mouse model of INC pain was established by skin plus deep muscle incision. Biochemistry assay, in vivo reactive oxygen species (ROS) imaging, Ca2+ imaging combined with retrograde labelling, neuron tracing and nocifensive behavior test, etc. were utilized for mechanism investigation. Results: We found pro-nociceptive cytokine interleukin -33 (IL-33) ranked among top up-regulated cytokines in incised tissues of INC pain model mice. IL-33 was predominantly expressed in keratinocytes around the incisional area. Neutralization of IL-33 or its receptor suppression of tumorigenicity 2 protein (ST2) or genetic deletion of St2 gene (St2 -/-) remarkably ameliorated mechanical allodynia and improved gait impairments of model mice. IL-33 contributes to INC pain by recruiting macrophages, which subsequently release ROS in incised tissues via ST2-dependent mechanism. Transfer of excessive macrophages enhanced oxidative injury and reproduced mechanical allodynia in St2 -/- mice upon tissue incision. Overproduced ROS subsequently activated functionally up-regulated transient receptor potential ankyrin subtype-1 (TRPA1) channel innervating the incisional site to produce mechanical allodynia. Neither deleting St2 nor attenuating ROS affected wound healing of model mice. Conclusions: Our work uncovered a previously unrecognized contribution of IL-33/ST2 signaling in mediating mechanical allodynia and gait impairment of a mouse model of INC pain. Targeting IL-33/ST2 signaling could be a novel therapeutic approach for INC pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyao Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yushuang Pan
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaige Zheng
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muyan Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengyu Yin
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qimiao Hu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation in Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiyi Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Tai
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfan Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boyu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guihua Tian
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Boyi Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Dayoub AS, Acharya E, Dibas A, Jones HP, Acharya S. Novel Small Molecules with Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Angiogenic Activity in a Mouse Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. Cells 2024; 13:1371. [PMID: 39195259 DOI: 10.3390/cells13161371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) has a dual-phase disease pathology; in phase 1, hyperoxia-induced vaso-obliteration occurs in the retinal vasculature due to increased oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation, followed by phase 2, where hypoxia increases the overproduction of growth factors, inducing retinal neovascularization. Toll-like receptor 2 and -4 (TLR2 and TLR4) overactivation, hyper-inflammation, macrophages, and neutrophil infiltration contribute to the developing ROP. AVR-121 and AVR-123 are novel classes of small-molecule dual inhibitors of TLR2/4 tested in a human leukemia monocytic cell line (THP-1) and cord-blood-derived mononuclear cells (CBMCs). Both compounds inhibited TLR2/4 signaling-related inflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cells and inhibited VEGF-induced neovascularization in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs), which are hallmarks of ROP. In an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) murine model, the intraperitoneal injection of AVR-123 in the hyperoxia phase (P7-P12) or a nanosuspension eyedrop of AVR-123 in the hypoxic phase (P12-P17) significantly reduced vaso-obliteration, angiogenesis, and inflammatory cytokine profiles while not inhibiting the necessary growth factor VEGF in the juvenile mouse eyes. The results are consistent with our hypothesis that targeting the dual TLR2/4 pathway will reduce inflammation, angiogenesis, and vaso-obliteration in vitro and in vivo and reduce cytotoxic immune cells. AVR-123 has the potential to be developed as a therapy for ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adnan Dibas
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Harlan P Jones
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Suchismita Acharya
- AyuVis Research Inc., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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13
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Watanabe H, Honda A, Ichinose T, Ishikawa R, Miyasaka N, Nagao M, Wang Z, Owokoniran OH, Qiu B, Higaki Y, Liu W, Okuda T, Matsuda T, Takano H. Ferruginous components of particulate matters in subway environments, α-Fe 2O 3 or Fe 3O 4, exacerbates allergies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124195. [PMID: 38776998 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The respiratory effects of particulate matter (PM) in subway station platforms or tunnels have attracted considerable research attention. However, no studies have characterized the effects of subway PM on allergic immune responses. In this study, iron oxide (α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) particles-the main components of subway PM-were intratracheally administered to BALB/c mice where ovalbumin (OVA) induced allergic pulmonary inflammation. Iron oxide particles enhanced OVA-induced eosinophil recruitment around the bronchi and mucus production from airway epithelium. The concentrations of type 2 cytokines, namely, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13, in bronchial alveolar lavage fluids were increased by iron oxide particles. Iron oxide particles also increased the number of type 2 innate lymphoid cells and CD86+ cells in the lung. Moreover, phagocytosis of particles in lung cells was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. In a subsequent in vitro study, bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) isolated from NC/Nga mice were exposed to iron oxide particles and OVA. They were also exposed to outdoor ambient PM: Vehicle Exhaust Particulates (VEP) and Urban Aerosols (UA) as references. Iron oxide particles promoted the release of lactate dehydrogenase, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 and IL-1α from APCs, which tended to be stronger than those of VEP. These results suggest that iron oxide particles enhance antigen presentation in the lungs, promoting allergic immune response in mice; iron oxide particles-induced death and inflammatory response of APCs can contribute to allergy exacerbation. Although iron oxide particles do not contain various compounds like VEP, iron oxide alone may have sufficient influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Watanabe
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akiko Honda
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Takamichi Ichinose
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Raga Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Natsuko Miyasaka
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Megumi Nagao
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Zaoshi Wang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Binyang Qiu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuya Higaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Okuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Tomonari Matsuda
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, Shiga, 520-0811, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Institute for International Academic Research, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, 615-8577, Japan
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14
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Zhang Y, Kuo L, Woodhouse KA, Fitzpatrick LE. Therapeutic Insulin Analogue Concentrations at Infusion Sites Enhanced the Pro-Inflammatory Response and Apoptosis in an In Vitro Macrophage-Material Interaction Model. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:2544-2556. [PMID: 39156741 PMCID: PMC11325997 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for Type 1 diabetes relies upon insulin infusion sets (IIS) to reliably deliver insulin to a subcutaneous depot, where it is absorbed into systemic circulation. However, IIS are plagued by short wear times and high failure rates, due in part to inconsistent insulin absorption that can arise over time. While emerging evidence suggests that the local inflammatory response to the IIS cannula may impact both wear times and unreliable insulin adsorption, the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of local infused insulin concentrations on the biomaterial host response to better understand the underlying factors that limit the IIS performance. We first modeled the insulin concentration for a constant basal infusion rate to select a relevant insulin concentration range of 0.1-10 U/mL within the infusion site. We then examined the influence of a commercial insulin analogue (Humulin-N) using an in vitro macrophage-material model, which uses adsorbed fibroblast lysate (containing damage-associated molecular patterns) to activate macrophages and recapitulates macrophage responses on implanted biomaterials. RAW-Blue macrophages cultured on lysate-adsorbed surfaces had increased nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activating protein 1 (AP-1) activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation compared to control surfaces. Humulin-N concentration (0.5-10 U/mL) enhanced the NF-κB/AP-1 activity and ROS accumulation in macrophages on lysate-adsorbed surfaces. However, Humulin-N had no effect on NF-κB/AP-1 or ROS in the absence of the inflammatory stimulus. Additionally, high insulin concentrations arising from therapeutic doses induced macrophage apoptosis with and without adsorbed lysate. This study contributes to emerging evidence that infused insulin affects the tissue response to IIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Luke Kuo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kimberly A. Woodhouse
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Lindsay E. Fitzpatrick
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department
of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s
University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
- Centre
for Health Innovation, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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15
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Butenko S, Nagalla RR, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Palomba F, David LM, Nguyen RQ, Gay D, Almet AA, Digman MA, Nie Q, Scumpia PO, Plikus MV, Liu WF. Hydrogel crosslinking modulates macrophages, fibroblasts, and their communication, during wound healing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6820. [PMID: 39122702 PMCID: PMC11315930 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomaterial wound dressings, such as hydrogels, interact with host cells to regulate tissue repair. This study investigates how crosslinking of gelatin-based hydrogels influences immune and stromal cell behavior and wound healing in female mice. We observe that softer, lightly crosslinked hydrogels promote greater cellular infiltration and result in smaller scars compared to stiffer, heavily crosslinked hydrogels. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we further show that heavily crosslinked hydrogels increase inflammation and lead to the formation of a distinct macrophage subpopulation exhibiting signs of oxidative activity and cell fusion. Conversely, lightly crosslinked hydrogels are more readily taken up by macrophages and integrated within the tissue. The physical properties differentially affect macrophage and fibroblast interactions, with heavily crosslinked hydrogels promoting pro-fibrotic fibroblast activity that drives macrophage fusion through RANKL signaling. These findings suggest that tuning the physical properties of hydrogels can guide cellular responses and improve healing, offering insights for designing better biomaterials for wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Butenko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Raji R Nagalla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Francesco Palomba
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Li-Mor David
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Q Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Denise Gay
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Axel A Almet
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Michelle A Digman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Laboratory of Fluorescence Dynamics, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qing Nie
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wendy F Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- UCI Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation and Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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16
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Di Mattia M, Sallese M, Neri M, Lopetuso LR. Hypoxic Functional Regulation Pathways in the GI Tract: Focus on the HIF-1α and Microbiota's Crosstalk. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:1406-1418. [PMID: 38484200 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Hypoxia is an essential gastrointestinal (GI) tract phenomenon that influences both physiologic and pathologic states. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), the primary drivers of cell adaptation to low-oxygen environments, have been identified as critical regulators of gut homeostasis: directly, through the induction of different proteins linked to intestinal barrier stabilization (ie, adherent proteins, tight junctions, mucins, integrins, intestinal trefoil factor, and adenosine); and indirectly, through the regulation of several immune cell types and the modulation of autophagy and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, hypoxia and HIF-related sensing pathways influence the delicate relationship existing between bacteria and mammalian host cells. In turn, gut commensals establish and maintain the physiologic hypoxia of the GI tract and HIF-α expression. Based on this premise, the goals of this review are to (1) highlight hypoxic molecular pathways in the GI tract, both in physiologic and pathophysiologic settings, such as inflammatory bowel disease; and (2) discuss a potential strategy for ameliorating gut-related disorders, by targeting HIF signaling, which can alleviate inflammatory processes, restore autophagy correct mechanisms, and benefit the host-microbiota equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Di Mattia
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Michele Sallese
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Matteo Neri
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Loris Riccardo Lopetuso
- Department of Medicine and Ageing Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, CEMAD Centro Malattie dell'Apparato Digerente, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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17
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Choi S, Lee Y, Park S, Jang SY, Park J, Oh DW, Kim SM, Kim TH, Lee GS, Cho C, Kim BS, Lee D, Kim EH, Cheong HK, Moon JH, Song JJ, Hwang J, Kim MH. Dissemination of pathogenic bacteria is reinforced by a MARTX toxin effector duet. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6218. [PMID: 39043696 PMCID: PMC11266601 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50650-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple bacterial genera take advantage of the multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (MARTX) toxin to invade host cells. Secretion of the MARTX toxin by Vibrio vulnificus, a deadly opportunistic pathogen that causes primary septicemia, the precursor of sepsis, is a major driver of infection; however, the molecular mechanism via which the toxin contributes to septicemia remains unclear. Here, we report the crystal and cryo-electron microscopy (EM) structures of a toxin effector duet comprising the domain of unknown function in the first position (DUF1)/Rho inactivation domain (RID) complexed with human targets. These structures reveal how the duet is used by bacteria as a potent weapon. The data show that DUF1 acts as a RID-dependent transforming NADase domain (RDTND) that disrupts NAD+ homeostasis by hijacking calmodulin. The cryo-EM structure of the RDTND-RID duet complexed with calmodulin and Rac1, together with immunological analyses in vitro and in mice, provide mechanistic insight into how V. vulnificus uses the duet to suppress ROS generation by depleting NAD(P)+ and modifying Rac1 in a mutually-reinforcing manner that ultimately paralyzes first line immune responses, promotes dissemination of invaders, and induces sepsis. These data may allow development of tools or strategies to combat MARTX toxin-related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyeon Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Youngjin Lee
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Shinhye Park
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Song Yee Jang
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Core Research Facility & Analysis Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jongbin Park
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Do Won Oh
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Su-Man Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Biology Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Ga Seul Lee
- Core Research Facility & Analysis Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Korea
| | - Changyi Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Byoung Sik Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Donghan Lee
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28119, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28119, Korea
| | - Hae-Kap Cheong
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28119, Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Moon
- Core Research Facility & Analysis Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Ji-Joon Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jungwon Hwang
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
| | - Myung Hee Kim
- Microbiome Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
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Nguyen NTT, Müller R, Briukhovetska D, Weber J, Feucht J, Künkele A, Hudecek M, Kobold S. The Spectrum of CAR Cellular Effectors: Modes of Action in Anti-Tumor Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2608. [PMID: 39061247 PMCID: PMC11274444 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16142608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T cells have spearheaded the field of adoptive cell therapy and have shown remarkable results in treating hematological neoplasia. Because of the different biology of solid tumors compared to hematological tumors, response rates of CAR-T cells could not be transferred to solid entities yet. CAR engineering has added co-stimulatory domains, transgenic cytokines and switch receptors to improve performance and persistence in a hostile tumor microenvironment, but because of the inherent cell type limitations of CAR-T cells, including HLA incompatibility, toxicities (cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity) and high costs due to the logistically challenging preparation process for autologous cells, the use of alternative immune cells is gaining traction. NK cells and γδ T cells that do not need HLA compatibility or macrophages and dendritic cells with additional properties such as phagocytosis or antigen presentation are increasingly seen as cellular vehicles with potential for application. As these cells possess distinct properties, clinicians and researchers need a thorough understanding of their peculiarities and commonalities. This review will compare these different cell types and their specific modes of action seen upon CAR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Thien Thu Nguyen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (N.T.T.N.); (R.M.); (D.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, a Partnership between the DKFZ Heidelberg and the University Hospital of the LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Rasmus Müller
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (N.T.T.N.); (R.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Daria Briukhovetska
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (N.T.T.N.); (R.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Justus Weber
- Department of Medicine II, Chair in Cellular Immunotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.W.); (M.H.)
| | - Judith Feucht
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Tuebingen, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Annette Künkele
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hudecek
- Department of Medicine II, Chair in Cellular Immunotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (J.W.); (M.H.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Cellular Immunotherapy Branch Site Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (N.T.T.N.); (R.M.); (D.B.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, a Partnership between the DKFZ Heidelberg and the University Hospital of the LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLiP), Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health Neuherberg, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Yu W, Zhang X, Gu M, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Yuan WE. Bioactive Nanofiber-Hydrogel Composite Regulates Regenerative Microenvironment for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration after Volumetric Muscle Loss. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304087. [PMID: 38531346 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is a severe form of muscle trauma that exceeds the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle tissue, leading to substantial functional impairment. The abnormal immune response and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation hinder muscle regeneration following VML. Here, an interfacial cross-linked hydrogel-poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofiber composite, that incorporates both biophysical and biochemical cues to modulate the immune and ROS microenvironment for enhanced VML repair, is engineered. The interfacial cross-linking is achieved through a Michael addition between catechol and thiol groups. The resultant composite exhibits enhanced mechanical strength without sacrificing porosity. Moreover, it mitigates oxidative stress and promotes macrophage polarization toward a pro-regenerative phenotype, both in vitro and in a mouse VML model. 4 weeks post-implantation, mice implanted with the composite show improved grip strength and walking performance, along with increased muscle fiber diameter, enhanced angiogenesis, and more nerve innervation compared to control mice. Collectively, these results suggest that the interfacial cross-linked nanofiber-hydrogel composite could serve as a cell-free and drug-free strategy for augmenting muscle regeneration by modulating the oxidative stress and immune microenvironment at the VML site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Inner Mongolia Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Xiangqi Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Inner Mongolia Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Muge Gu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Inner Mongolia Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Inner Mongolia Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Inner Mongolia Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Inner Mongolia Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Innovative Immunotherapy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Inner Mongolia Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hohhot, 010070, China
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20
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Pavuluri H, Bakhtiary Z, Panner Selvam MK, Hellstrom WJG. Oxidative Stress-Associated Male Infertility: Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1008. [PMID: 38929625 PMCID: PMC11205999 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60061008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Infertility is a prevalent global issue affecting approximately 17.5% of adults, with sole male factor contributing to 20-30% of cases. Oxidative stress (OS) is a critical factor in male infertility, disrupting the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. This imbalance detrimentally affects sperm function and viability, ultimately impairing fertility. OS also triggers molecular changes in sperm, including DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and alterations in protein expression, further compromising sperm functionality and potential fertilization. Diagnostic tools discussed in this review offer insights into OS markers, antioxidant levels, and intracellular ROS concentrations. By accurately assessing these parameters, clinicians can diagnose male infertility more effectively and thus tailor treatment plans to individual patients. Additionally, this review explores various treatment options for males with OS-associated infertility, such as empirical drugs, antioxidants, nanoantioxidants, and lifestyle modifications. By addressing the root causes of male infertility and implementing targeted interventions, clinicians can optimize treatment outcomes and enhance the chances of conception for couples struggling with infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wayne J. G. Hellstrom
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (H.P.); (Z.B.); (M.K.P.S.)
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21
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Zhang Z, Peng Z, Wang R, Guo X, Gao J. Metabolomic analysis reveals macrophage metabolic reprogramming and polarization under different nutritional cues. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 560:119735. [PMID: 38772523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obesity-induced chronic inflammation and metabolic abnormalities are highly relevant to the functional dysregulation of macrophages, especially under obese conditions. Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, central to obesity, directly alter macrophage activity. However, the impacts of different nutritional cues on the intricate metabolic networks in macrophages remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we employed metabolomic approaches to examine the metabolic responses of macrophages to high glucose, high fat and their coexistence, aiming to delineate the molecular mechanisms of nutritional factors on macrophage activation and obesity-related diseases from a metabolic perspective. RESULTS Our findings revealed that different nutritional conditions could reprogram key metabolism in macrophages. Additionally, we identified a metabolite derived from macrophages, Long-Chain Phosphatidylcholine (LPC), which exerts beneficial effects on obese mice. It ameliorates the obesity phenotype and improves glucose metabolism profiles. This discovery suggests that LPC has a significant therapeutic potential in the context of obesity-induced metabolic dysfunctions. Our study unveils the metabolic phenotype of macrophages in high-fat and high-sugar environments and uncovers a macrophage-derived metabolite that significantly ameliorates the obesity phenotype. CONCLUSION This finding reveals a potential dialogue mechanism between macrophages and adipocytes, shedding light on the complex interplay of immune and metabolic systems in obesity. This discovery not only enhances our understanding of obesity's underlying mechanisms but also opens up new avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting macrophage-adipocyte interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Zhang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Peng
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xirong Guo
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianfang Gao
- Endocrinology Department, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Herrera-Vázquez SE, Elizalde-Velázquez GA, Gómez-Oliván LM, Chanona-Pérez JJ, Hernández-Varela JD, Hernández-Díaz M, García-Medina S, Orozco-Hernández JM, Colín-García K. Ecotoxicological evaluation of chitosan biopolymer films particles in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio): A comparative study with polystyrene microplastics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172757. [PMID: 38670364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
To mitigate the environmental impact of microplastics (MPs), the scientific community has innovated sustainable and biodegradable polymers as viable alternatives to traditional plastics. Chitosan, the deacetylated form of chitin, stands as one of the most thoroughly investigated biopolymers and has garnered significant interest due to its versatile applications in both medical and cosmetic fields. Nevertheless, there is still a knowledge gap regarding the impact that chitosan biopolymer films (CBPF) may generate in aquatic organisms. In light of the foregoing, this study aimed to assess and compare the potential effects of CBPF on the gastrointestinal tract, gills, brain, and liver of Danio rerio against those induced by MPs. The findings revealed that both CBPF and MPs induced changes in the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers across all organs. However, it is essential to note that our star plots illustrate a tendency for CBPF to activate antioxidant enzymes and for MPs to produce oxidative damage. Regarding gene expression, our findings indicate that MPs led to an up-regulation in the expression of genes associated with apoptotic response (p53, casp3, cas9, bax, and bcl2) in all fish organs. Meanwhile, CBPF produced the same effect in genes related to antioxidant response (nrf1 and nrf2). Overall, our histological observations substantiated these effects, revealing the presence of plastic particles and tissue alterations in the gills and gastrointestinal tract of fish subjected to MPs. From these results, it can be concluded that CBPF does not represent a risk to fish after long exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Elizabeth Herrera-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Axel Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - José Jorge Chanona-Pérez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP 07700, Mexico
| | - Josué David Hernández-Varela
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP 07700, Mexico
| | - Misael Hernández-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP, 07700, Mexico
| | - Sandra García-Medina
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México CP, 07700, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Orozco-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Karla Colín-García
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
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23
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Ongwe MEB, Mouwenda YD, Manurung MD, Heieis G, Azimi S, Adegnika AA, Kremsner PG, Kuijpers TW, Yazdanbakhsh M, Everts B. Potentiation of the axis involving pentose phosphate pathway/NADPH oxidase/reactive oxygen species drives higher IL-10 production in monocytes of Sub-Saharan Africans. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2451029. [PMID: 38873882 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Cellular metabolism is a key determinant of immune cell function. Here we found that CD14+ monocytes from Sub-Saharan Africans produce higher levels of IL-10 following TLR-4 stimulation and are bioenergetically distinct from monocytes from Europeans. Through metabolomic profiling, we identified the higher IL-10 production to be driven by increased baseline production of NADPH oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species, supported by enhanced pentose phosphate pathway activity. Together, these data indicate that NADPH oxidase-derived ROS is a metabolic checkpoint in monocytes that governs their inflammatory profile and uncovers a metabolic basis for immunological differences across geographically distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Eunice Betouke Ongwe
- Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut de Recherches en Écologie Tropicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Libreville, Gabon
| | - Yoanne D Mouwenda
- Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Mikhael D Manurung
- Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Graham Heieis
- Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Shohreh Azimi
- Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ayola A Adegnika
- Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Dept of Paediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Everts
- Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Wang L, Guo W, Guan H, Yan N, Cai X, Zhu L. Tramadol suppresses growth of orthotopic liver tumors via promoting M1 macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4205-4218. [PMID: 38041778 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major infiltrating immune cells in liver cancer. They are polarized to anti-tumor M1 type or tumor-supporting M2 type in a dynamic changing state. Tramadol, a synthetic opioid, exhibits tumor-suppressing effect in several cancers, but whether it plays a role in TAMs polarization is uncertain. In the present study, the potential influence of tramadol on TAMs polarization was explored in liver cancer. An orthotopic murine Hepa 1-6 liver cancer model was constructed. The potential function of tramadol was evaluated by cell viability assay, EdU incorporation assay, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay, T cell proliferation and suppression assays and western blot. We found that tramadol suppressed proliferation and tumor formation of murine Hepa 1-6 cells in vitro and in vivo. Tramadol reprogramed the immune microenvironment to favor M1 macrophage polarization in orthotopic Hepa 1-6 tumors. Moreover, tramadol facilitated M1 macrophage polarization and inhibited M2 macrophage polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and human THP-1 macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, tramadol-treated BMDMs promoted proliferation and activation of splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Tramadol induced cellular ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction of BMDMs. Finally, tramadol activated NF-κB signaling in BMDMs and THP-1 macrophages, while inhibition of NF-κB signaling by JSH-23 attenuated the influence of tramadol on macrophage polarization. In conclusion, these data elucidated a novel anti-tumor mechanism of tramadol in liver cancer. Tramadol might be a promising treatment strategy for liver cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University., No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Weijia Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University., No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Hongman Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University., No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Ni Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University., No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Xiaolan Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University., No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University. , No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Xigang District, Dalian, 116000, China.
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25
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Byun H, Han Y, Kim E, Jun I, Lee J, Jeong H, Huh SJ, Joo J, Shin SR, Shin H. Cell-homing and immunomodulatory composite hydrogels for effective wound healing with neovascularization. Bioact Mater 2024; 36:185-202. [PMID: 38463552 PMCID: PMC10924181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Wound healing in cases of excessive inflammation poses a significant challenge due to compromised neovascularization. Here, we propose a multi-functional composite hydrogel engineered to overcome such conditions through recruitment and activation of macrophages with adapted degradation of the hydrogel. The composite hydrogel (G-TSrP) is created by combining gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and nanoparticles (TSrP) composed of tannic acid (TA) and Sr2+. These nanoparticles are prepared using a one-step mineralization process assisted by metal-phenolic network formation. G-TSrP exhibits the ability to eliminate reactive oxygen species and direct polarization of macrophages toward M2 phenotype. It has been observed that the liberation of TA and Sr2+ from G-TSrP actively facilitate the recruitment and up-regulation of the expression of extracellular matrix remodeling genes of macrophages, and thereby, coordinate in vivo adapted degradation of the G-TSrP. Most significantly, G-TSrP accelerates angiogenesis despite the TA's inhibitory properties, which are counteracted by the released Sr2+. Moreover, G-TSrP enhances wound closure under inflammation and promotes normal tissue formation with strong vessel growth. Genetic analysis confirms macrophage-mediated wound healing by the composite hydrogel. Collectively, these findings pave the way for the development of biomaterials that promote wound healing by creating regenerative environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayeon Byun
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yujin Han
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhyung Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Indong Jun
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science & Technology Europe (KIST-EUROPE), Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Jinkyu Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewoo Jeong
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinmyoung Joo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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26
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Cieślik M, Strobel SD, Bryniarski P, Twardowska H, Chmielowski A, Rudek M, Felkle D, Zięba K, Kaleta K, Jarczyński M, Nowak B, Bryniarski K, Nazimek K. Hypotensive drugs mitigate the high-sodium diet-induced pro-inflammatory activation of mouse macrophages in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116648. [PMID: 38677242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing emphasis on the need to alleviate the chronic inflammatory response to effectively treat hypertension. However, there are still gaps in our understanding on how to achieve this. Therefore, research on interaction of antihypertensive drugs with the immune system is extremely interesting, since their therapeutic effect could partly result from amelioration of hypertension-related inflammation, in which macrophages seem to play a pivotal role. Thus, current comprehensive studies have investigated the impact of repeatedly administered hypotensive drugs (captopril, olmesartan, propranolol, carvedilol, amlodipine, verapamil) on macrophage functions in the innate and adaptive immunity, as well as if drug-induced effects are affected by a high-sodium diet (HSD), one of the key environmental risk factors of hypertension. Although the assayed medications increased the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates by macrophages from standard fed donors, they reversed HSD-induced enhancing effects on macrophage oxidative burst and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, some drugs increased macrophage phagocytic activity and the expression of surface markers involved in antigen presentation, which translated into enhanced macrophage ability to activate B cells for antibody production. Moreover, the assayed medications augmented macrophage function and the effector phase of contact hypersensitivity reaction, but suppressed the sensitization phase of cell-mediated hypersensitivity under HSD conditions. Our current findings contribute to the recognition of mechanisms, by which excessive sodium intake affects macrophage immune activity in hypertensive individuals, and provide evidence that the assayed medications mitigate most of the HSD-induced adverse effects, suggesting their additional protective therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Cieślik
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Spencer D Strobel
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Paweł Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Hanna Twardowska
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Adam Chmielowski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Michał Rudek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Dominik Felkle
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zięba
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Konrad Kaleta
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Mateusz Jarczyński
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland.
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27
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Jiang B, Huang J. Influences of bacterial extracellular vesicles on macrophage immune functions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1411196. [PMID: 38873097 PMCID: PMC11169721 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1411196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of information transfer between bacteria and host cells. Macrophages, as key effector cells in the innate immune system, have garnered widespread attention for their interactions with bacterial EVs. Increasing evidence indicates that bacterial EVs can be internalized by macrophages through multiple pathways, thereby influencing their immune functions. These functions include inflammatory responses, antimicrobial activity, antigen presentation, and programmed cell death. Therefore, this review summarizes current research on the interactions between bacterial EVs and macrophages. This will aid in the deeper understanding of immune modulation mediated by pathogenic microorganisms and provide a basis for developing novel antibacterial therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Jiang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junyun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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28
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Vašek D, Fikarová N, Marková VN, Honc O, Pacáková L, Porubská B, Somova V, Novotný J, Melkes B, Krulová M. Lipopolysaccharide pretreatment increases the sensitivity of the TRPV1 channel and promotes an anti-inflammatory phenotype of capsaicin-activated macrophages. J Inflamm (Lond) 2024; 21:17. [PMID: 38790047 PMCID: PMC11127439 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-024-00391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is well-established in neuronal function, yet its role in immune reactions remains enigmatic. The conflicting data on its inflammatory role, suggesting both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects upon TRPV1 stimulation in immune cells, adds complexity. To unravel TRPV1 immunomodulatory mechanisms, we investigated how the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin influences lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotypes. RESULTS Changes in the surface molecules, cytokine production, and signaling cascades linked to the phenotype of M1 or M2 macrophages of the J774 macrophage cell line and bone marrow-derived macrophages, treated with capsaicin before or after the LPS-induced inflammatory reaction were determined. The functional capacity of macrophages was also assessed by infecting the stimulated macrophages with the intracellular parasite Leishmania mexicana. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that TRPV1 activation yields distinct macrophage responses influenced by the inflammatory context. LPS pre-treatment followed by capsaicin activation prompted increased calcium influx, accompanied by a shift toward an anti-inflammatory M2b-like polarization state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vašek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Natálie Fikarová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Nagy Marková
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Honc
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pacáková
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Bianka Porubská
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Somova
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novotný
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Melkes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Krulová
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, Prague, 2, 128 43, Czech Republic.
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29
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Zhu Y, Choi D, Somanath PR, Zhang D. Lipid-Laden Macrophages in Pulmonary Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:889. [PMID: 38891022 PMCID: PMC11171561 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactants play a crucial role in managing lung lipid metabolism, and dysregulation of this process is evident in various lung diseases. Alternations in lipid metabolism lead to pulmonary surfactant damage, resulting in hyperlipidemia in response to lung injury. Lung macrophages are responsible for recycling damaged lipid droplets to maintain lipid homeostasis. The inflammatory response triggered by external stimuli such as cigarette smoke, bleomycin, and bacteria can interfere with this process, resulting in the formation of lipid-laden macrophages (LLMs), also known as foamy macrophages. Recent studies have highlighted the potential significance of LLM formation in a range of pulmonary diseases. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests that LLMs are present in patients suffering from various pulmonary conditions. In this review, we summarize the essential metabolic and signaling pathways driving the LLM formation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis, and acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (D.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dooyoung Choi
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (D.C.)
| | - Payaningal R. Somanath
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (D.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Duo Zhang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA (D.C.)
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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30
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Moerland JA, Liby KT. The Triterpenoid CDDO-Methyl Ester Reduces Tumor Burden, Reprograms the Immune Microenvironment, and Protects from Chemotherapy-Induced Toxicity in a Preclinical Mouse Model of Established Lung Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:621. [PMID: 38929060 PMCID: PMC11201246 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
NRF2 activation protects epithelial cells from malignancy, but cancer cells can upregulate the pathway to promote survival. NRF2 activators including CDDO-Methyl ester (CDDO-Me) inhibit cancer in preclinical models, suggesting NRF2 activation in other cell types may promote anti-tumor activity. However, the immunomodulatory effects of NRF2 activation remain poorly understood in the context of cancer. To test CDDO-Me in a murine model of established lung cancer, tumor-bearing wildtype (WT) and Nrf2 knockout (KO) mice were treated with 50-100 mg CDDO-Me/kg diet, alone or combined with carboplatin/paclitaxel (C/P) for 8-12 weeks. CDDO-Me decreased tumor burden in an Nrf2-dependent manner. The combination of CDDO-Me plus C/P was significantly (p < 0.05) more effective than either drug alone, reducing tumor burden by 84% in WT mice. CDDO-Me reduced the histopathological grade of WT tumors, with a significantly (p < 0.05) higher proportion of low-grade tumors and a lower proportion of high-grade tumors. These changes were augmented by combination with C/P. CDDO-Me also protected WT mice from C/P-induced toxicity and improved macrophage and T cell phenotypes in WT mice, reducing the expression of CD206 and PD-L1 on macrophages, decreasing immunosuppressive FoxP3+ CD4+ T cells, and increasing activation of CD8+ T cells in a Nrf2-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Moerland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, 1355 Bogue Street, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Karen T. Liby
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, 980 W. Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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31
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Kavinda MD, Choi YH, Kang CH, Lee MH, Kim GY. 2,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone: A Promising Anti-Inflammatory Agent Targeting Toll-like Receptor 4/Myeloid Differentiation Factor 2-Mediated Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production during Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Systemic Inflammation. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1320-1334. [PMID: 38751626 PMCID: PMC11092117 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The biochemical properties of 2,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHP) have not been extensively studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether DHP could alleviate inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and endotoxemia. The results indicated that DHP effectively reduced mortality and morphological abnormalities, restored heart rate, and mitigated macrophage and neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory sites in LPS-microinjected zebrafish larvae. Additionally, the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-12 (IL-12), was significantly reduced in the presence of DHP. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, DHP inhibited the LPS-induced inflammatory response by downregulating pro-inflammatory mediators and decreasing the expression of myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), phosphorylation of IL-1 receptor-associated protein kinase-4 (p-IRAK4), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that DHP occupies the hydrophobic pocket of myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) and blocks the dimerization of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). A molecular dynamics simulation confirmed that DHP stably bound to the hydrophobic pocket of MD2. Furthermore, the DHP treatment inhibited mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production during the LPS-induced inflammatory response in both RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish larvae, which was accompanied by stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential. In conclusion, our study highlights the therapeutic potential of DHP in alleviating LPS-induced inflammation and endotoxemia. The findings suggest that DHP exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the TLR4/MD2 signaling pathway and reducing the level of mtROS production. These results contribute to a better understanding of the biochemical properties of DHP and support its further exploration as a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory conditions and endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department
of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Republic
of Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Kang
- Nakdonggang
National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hwa Lee
- Nakdonggang
National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department
of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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32
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Blanco A, Coronado RA, Arun N, Ma K, Dar RD, Kieffer C. Monocyte to macrophage differentiation and changes in cellular redox homeostasis promote cell type-specific HIV latency reactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313823121. [PMID: 38683980 PMCID: PMC11087762 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313823121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV latency regulation in monocytes and macrophages can vary according to signals directing differentiation, polarization, and function. To investigate these processes, we generated an HIV latency model in THP-1 monocytes and showed differential levels of HIV reactivation among clonal populations. Monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation of HIV-infected primary human CD14+ and THP-1 cells induced HIV reactivation and showed that virus production increased concomitant with macrophage differentiation. We applied the HIV-infected THP-1 monocyte-to-macrophage (MLat) model to assess the biological mechanisms regulating HIV latency dynamics during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. We pinpointed protein kinase C signaling pathway activation and Cyclin T1 upregulation as inherent differentiation mechanisms that regulate HIV latency reactivation. Macrophage polarization regulated latency, revealing proinflammatory M1 macrophages suppressed HIV reactivation while anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages promoted HIV reactivation. Because macrophages rely on reactive-oxygen species (ROS) to exert numerous cellular functions, we disrupted redox pathways and found that inhibitors of the thioredoxin (Trx) system acted as latency-promoting agents in T-cells and monocytes, but opposingly acted as latency-reversing agents in macrophages. We explored this mechanism with Auranofin, a clinical candidate for reducing HIV reservoirs, and demonstrated Trx reductase inhibition led to ROS induced NF-κB activity, which promoted HIV reactivation in macrophages, but not in T-cells and monocytes. Collectively, cell type-specific differences in HIV latency regulation could pose a barrier to HIV eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Blanco
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Robert A. Coronado
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Neha Arun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Kelly Ma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Roy D. Dar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Collin Kieffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
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33
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Jeong H, Byun H, Lee J, Han Y, Huh SJ, Shin H. Enhancement of Bone Tissue Regeneration with Multi-Functional Nanoparticles by Coordination of Immune, Osteogenic, and Angiogenic Responses. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400232. [PMID: 38696729 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic nanoparticles are promising materials for bone tissue engineering due to their chemical resemblance to the native bone structure. However, most studies are unable to capture the entirety of the defective environment, providing limited bone regenerative abilities. Hence, this study aims to develop a multifunctional nanoparticle to collectively control the defective bone niche, including immune, angiogenic, and osteogenic systems. The nanoparticles, self-assembled by biomimetic mineralization and tannic acid (TA)-mediated metal-polyphenol network (MPN), are released sustainably after the incorporation within a gelatin cryogel. The released nanoparticles display a reduction in M1 macrophages by means of reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination. Consequently, osteoclast maturation is also reduced, which is observed by the minimal formation of multinucleated cells (0.4%). Furthermore, the proportion of M2 macrophages, osteogenic differentiation, and angiogenic potential are consistently increased by the effects of magnesium from the nanoparticles. This orchestrated control of multiple systems influences the in vivo vascularized bone regeneration in which 80% of the critical-sized bone defect is regenerated with new bones with mature lamellar structure and arteriole-scale micro-vessels. Altogether, this study emphasizes the importance of the coordinated modulation of immune, osteogenic, and angiogenic systems at the bone defect site for robust bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewoo Jeong
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Byun
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyu Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Han
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR, Education and Research Group for Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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34
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Rawat SS, Keshri AK, Arora N, Kaur R, Mishra A, Kumar R, Prasad A. Taenia solium cysticerci's extracellular vesicles Attenuate the AKT/mTORC1 pathway for Alleviating DSS-induced colitis in a murine model. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12448. [PMID: 38779712 PMCID: PMC11112404 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The excretory-secretory proteome plays a pivotal role in both intercellular communication during disease progression and immune escape mechanisms of various pathogens including cestode parasites like Taenia solium. The cysticerci of T. solium causes infection in the central nervous system known as neurocysticercosis (NCC), which affects a significant population in developing countries. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 30-150-nm-sized particles and constitute a significant part of the secretome. However, the role of EV in NCC pathogenesis remains undetermined. Here, for the first time, we report that EV from T. solium larvae is abundant in metabolites that can negatively regulate PI3K/AKT pathway, efficiently internalized by macrophages to induce AKT and mTOR degradation through auto-lysosomal route with a prominent increase in the ubiquitination of both proteins. This results in less ROS production and diminished bacterial killing capability among EV-treated macrophages. Due to this, both macro-autophagy and caspase-linked apoptosis are upregulated, with a reduction of the autophagy substrate sequestome 1. In summary, we report that T. solium EV from viable cysts attenuates the AKT-mTOR pathway thereby promoting apoptosis in macrophages, and this may exert immunosuppression during an early viable stage of the parasite in NCC, which is primarily asymptomatic. Further investigation on EV-mediated immune suppression revealed that the EV can protect the mice from DSS-induced colitis and improve colon architecture. These findings shed light on the previously unknown role of T. solium EV and the therapeutic role of their immune suppression potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Singh Rawat
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Anand Kumar Keshri
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Naina Arora
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology UnitIndian Institute of Technology JodhpurJodhpurRajasthanIndia
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- CSIR‐Institute of Himalayan Bioresource TechnologyPalampurHimachal PradeshIndia
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Biosciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of Technology MandiMandiHimachal PradeshIndia
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35
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Stapelmann K, Gershman S, Miller V. Plasma-liquid interactions in the presence of organic matter-A perspective. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2024; 135:160901. [PMID: 38681528 PMCID: PMC11055635 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
As investigations in the biomedical applications of plasma advance, a demand for describing safe and efficacious delivery of plasma is emerging. It is quite clear that not all plasmas are "equal" for all applications. This Perspective discusses limitations of the existing parameters used to define plasma in context of the need for the "right plasma" at the "right dose" for each "disease system." The validity of results extrapolated from in vitro studies to preclinical and clinical applications is discussed. We make a case for studying the whole system as a single unit, in situ. Furthermore, we argue that while plasma-generated chemical species are the proposed key effectors in biological systems, the contribution of physical effectors (electric fields, surface charging, dielectric properties of target, changes in gap electric fields, etc.) must not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Stapelmann
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Sophia Gershman
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Vandana Miller
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
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36
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Frommer ML, Langridge BJ, Beedie A, Jasionowska S, Awad L, Denton CP, Abraham DJ, Abu-Hanna J, Butler PEM. Exploring Anti-Fibrotic Effects of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Transcriptome Analysis upon Fibrotic, Inflammatory, and Hypoxic Conditioning. Cells 2024; 13:693. [PMID: 38667308 PMCID: PMC11049044 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autologous fat transfers show promise in treating fibrotic skin diseases, reversing scarring and stiffness, and improving quality of life. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) within these grafts are believed to be crucial for this effect, particularly their secreted factors, though the specific mechanisms remain unclear. This study investigates transcriptomic changes in ADSCs after in vitro fibrotic, inflammatory, and hypoxic conditioning. High-throughput gene expression assays were conducted on ADSCs exposed to IL1-β, TGF-β1, and hypoxia and in media with fetal bovine serum (FBS). Flow cytometry characterized the ADSCs. RNA-Seq analysis revealed distinct gene expression patterns between the conditions. FBS upregulated pathways were related to the cell cycle, replication, wound healing, and ossification. IL1-β induced immunomodulatory pathways, including granulocyte chemotaxis and cytokine production. TGF-β1 treatment upregulated wound healing and muscle tissue development pathways. Hypoxia led to the downregulation of mitochondria and cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin L. Frommer
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Benjamin J. Langridge
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Alexandra Beedie
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Sara Jasionowska
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Laura Awad
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Christopher P. Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Inflammation and Rare Diseases, Division of Medicine, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - David J. Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Inflammation and Rare Diseases, Division of Medicine, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Jeries Abu-Hanna
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Peter E. M. Butler
- Charles Wolfson Centre for Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2QG, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
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Rajak S. Dynamics of cellular plasticity in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167102. [PMID: 38422712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a pathogenic stage of the broader non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Histological presentation of NASH includes hepatocyte ballooning, macrophage polarization, ductular reaction, and hepatic stellate cell (HSCs) activation. At a cellular level, a heterogenous population of cells such as hepatocytes, macrophages, cholangiocytes, and HSCs undergo dramatic intra-cellular changes in response to extracellular triggers, which are termed "cellular plasticity. This dynamic switch in the cellular structure and function of hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells and their crosstalk culminates in the perpetuation of inflammation and fibrosis in NASH. This review presents an overview of our current understanding of cellular plasticity in NASH and its molecular mechanisms, along with possible targeting to develop cell-specific NASH therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangam Rajak
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India.
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Zhai S, Zhang X, Jiang M, Liu Y, Qu G, Cui X, Hirschbiegel CM, Liu Y, Alves C, Lee YW, Jiang G, Yan B, Rotello VM. Nanoparticles with intermediate hydrophobicity polarize macrophages to plaque-specific Mox phenotype via Nrf2 and HO-1 activation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133590. [PMID: 38280324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Mox macrophages were identified recently and are closely associated with atherosclerosis. Considering the potential health risks and the impact on macrophage modulation, this study investigated the Mox polarization of macrophages induced by nanoparticles (NPs) with tunable hydrophobicity. One nanoparticle (C4NP) with intermediate hydrophobicity efficiently upregulated the mRNA expression of Mox-related genes including HO-1, Srxn1, Txnrd1, Gsr, Vegf and Cox-2 through increased accumulation of Nrf2 at a nontoxic concentration in both resting and LPS-challenged macrophages. Additionally, C4NP impaired phagocytic capacity by 20% and significantly increased the secretion of cytokines, including TNFα, IL-6 and IL-10. Mechanistic studies indicated that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were elevated by 1.5-fold and 2.6-fold in resting and LPS-challenged macrophages respectively. Phosphorylated p62 was increased by 2.5-fold in resting macrophages and maintained a high level in LPS-challenged ones, both of which partially accounted for the significant accumulation of Nrf2 and HO-1. Notably, C4NP depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential by more than 50% and switched macrophages from oxidative phosphorylation-based aerobic metabolism to glycolysis for energy supply. Overall, this study reveals a novel molecular mechanism potentially involving ROS-Nrf2-p62 signaling in mediating macrophage Mox polarization, holding promise in ensuring safer and more efficient use of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China; Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
| | - Xianzhi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Mingdi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Yujia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaomiao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | | | - Yuanchang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Colby Alves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Yi-Wei Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at the Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Vincent M Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, United States.
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Manoharan RR, Prasad A, Pospíšil P, Kzhyshkowska J. ROS signaling in innate immunity via oxidative protein modifications. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1359600. [PMID: 38515749 PMCID: PMC10954773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1359600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response represents the first-line of defense against invading pathogens. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have been implicated in various aspects of innate immune function, which involves respiratory bursts and inflammasome activation. These reactive species widely distributed within the cellular environment are short-lived intermediates that play a vital role in cellular signaling and proliferation and are likely to depend on their subcellular site of formation. NADPH oxidase complex of phagocytes is known to generate superoxide anion radical (O2 •-) that functions as a precursor for antimicrobial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, and H2O2 is utilized by myeloperoxidase (MPO) to generate hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that mediates pathogen killing. H2O2 modulates the expression of redox-responsive transcriptional factors, namely NF-kB, NRF2, and HIF-1, thereby mediating redox-based epigenetic modification. Survival and function of immune cells are under redox control and depend on intracellular and extracellular levels of ROS/RNS. The current review focuses on redox factors involved in the activation of immune response and the role of ROS in oxidative modification of proteins in macrophage polarization and neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ankush Prasad
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Pavel Pospíšil
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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40
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Kyung Kim J, Jo EK. Host and microbial regulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species during mycobacterial infections. Mitochondrion 2024; 75:101852. [PMID: 38360196 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), pose challenges in treatment due to their increased resistance to antibiotics. Following infection, mycobacteria and their components trigger robust innate and inflammatory immune responses intricately associated with the modulation of mitochondrial functions, including oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and metabolism. Certainly, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are an inevitable by-product of OXPHOS and function as a bactericidal weapon; however, an excessive accumulation of mtROS are linked to pathological inflammation and necroptotic cell death during mycobacterial infection. Despite previous studies outlining various host pathways involved in regulating mtROS levels during antimicrobial responses in mycobacterial infection, our understanding of the precise mechanisms orchestrating the fine regulation of this response remains limited. Emerging evidence suggests that mycobacterial proteins play a role in targeting the mitochondria of the host, indicating the potential influence of microbial factors on mitochondrial functions within host cells. In this review, we provide an overview of how both host and Mtb factors influence mtROS generation during infection. A comprehensive study of host and microbial factors that target mtROS will shed light on innovative approaches for effectively managing drug-resistant mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Baig MS, Barmpoutsi S, Bharti S, Weigert A, Hirani N, Atre R, Khabiya R, Sharma R, Sarup S, Savai R. Adaptor molecules mediate negative regulation of macrophage inflammatory pathways: a closer look. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1355012. [PMID: 38482001 PMCID: PMC10933033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1355012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in initiating, maintaining, and terminating inflammation. For that, macrophages respond to various external stimuli in changing environments through signaling pathways that are tightly regulated and interconnected. This process involves, among others, autoregulatory loops that activate and deactivate macrophages through various cytokines, stimulants, and other chemical mediators. Adaptor proteins play an indispensable role in facilitating various inflammatory signals. These proteins are dynamic and flexible modulators of immune cell signaling and act as molecular bridges between cell surface receptors and intracellular effector molecules. They are involved in regulating physiological inflammation and also contribute significantly to the development of chronic inflammatory processes. This is at least partly due to their involvement in the activation and deactivation of macrophages, leading to changes in the macrophages' activation/phenotype. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the 20 adaptor molecules and proteins that act as negative regulators of inflammation in macrophages and effectively suppress inflammatory signaling pathways. We emphasize the functional role of adaptors in signal transduction in macrophages and their influence on the phenotypic transition of macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1-like states to anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotypes. This endeavor mainly aims at highlighting and orchestrating the intricate dynamics of adaptor molecules by elucidating the associated key roles along with respective domains and opening avenues for therapeutic and investigative purposes in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza S. Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Spyridoula Barmpoutsi
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Shreya Bharti
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nik Hirani
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rajat Atre
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rakhi Khabiya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Shivmuni Sarup
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Indore, India
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Lung Microenvironmental Niche in Cancerogenesis, Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Liu W, Yang Y, Li M, Mo J. Double cross-linked graphene oxide hydrogel for promoting healing of diabetic ulcers. Front Chem 2024; 12:1355646. [PMID: 38456184 PMCID: PMC10917884 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1355646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the synthesis and characterization of a novel double cross-linked hydrogel composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate (SA), graphene oxide (GO), and glutathione (GSH), henceforth referred to as PVA/SA/GO/GSH. This innovative hydrogel system incorporates two distinct types of cross-linking networks and is meticulously engineered to exhibit sensitivity to high glucose and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) environments. A sequential approach was adopted in the hydrogel formation. The initial phase involved the absorption of GSH onto GO, which was subsequently functionalized with boric acid and polyethylene glycol derivatives via a bio-orthogonal click reaction. This stage constituted the formation of the first chemically cross-linked network. Subsequently, freeze-thaw cycles were utilized to induce a secondary cross-linking process involving PVA and SA, thereby forming the second physically cross-linked network. The resultant PVA/SA/GO/GSH hydrogel retained the advantageous hydrogel properties such as superior water retention capacity and elasticity, and additionally exhibited the ability to responsively release GSH under changes in glucose concentration and/or ROS levels. This feature finds particular relevance in the therapeutic management of diabetic ulcers. Preliminary in vitro evaluation affirmed the hydrogel's biocompatibility and its potential to promote cell migration, inhibit apoptosis, and exhibit antibacterial properties. Further in vivo studies demonstrated that the PVA/SA/GO/GSH hydrogel could facilitate the healing of diabetic ulcer sites by mitigating oxidative stress and regulating glucose levels. Thus, the developed PVA/SA/GO/GSH hydrogel emerges as a promising candidate for diabetic ulcer treatment, owing to its specific bio-responsive traits and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxu Liu
- Lab of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yunfang Yang
- Health Management Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Meiying Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jingxin Mo
- Lab of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Guangxi Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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Watral J, Formanowicz D, Perek B, Kostka-Jeziorny K, Podkowińska A, Tykarski A, Luczak M. Comprehensive proteomics of monocytes indicates oxidative imbalance functionally related to inflammatory response in chronic kidney disease-related atherosclerosis. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1229648. [PMID: 38389898 PMCID: PMC10882078 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1229648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis-induced cardiovascular events are the leading cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Monocytes are involved in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and mediate in the overproduction of ROS, promoting inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the relationship between monocytes, inflammation, and oxidative status in CKD-associated atherosclerosis has not been thoroughly investigated. Monocytes and plasma derived from two groups of CKD patients with varying degrees of atherosclerosis and two groups of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-CKD atherosclerosis were analyzed. This study was designed to perform a comprehensive proteomic analysis of monocytes in combination with functional bioinformatics. In addition, a targeted investigation of oxidative stress- and inflammatory-related factors to explore CKD-associated atherosclerosis was applied. Dysregulation of proteins involved in lipid oxidation, cell survival, ROS synthesis and metabolism, and inflammatory responses has been revealed. The characteristic disturbances in the monocyte proteome changed with the progression of CKD. A closer examination of oxidative stress's triggers, mediators, and effects on protein and lipid levels showed alterations in the oxidative imbalance between CKD and CVD. CKD monocytes demonstrated a significant increase of oxidized glutathione without changing the level of its reduced form. Evaluation of enzymatic antioxidants, sources of ROS, and modifications caused by ROS also revealed significant alterations between the study groups. In CKD, inflammation and oxidative imbalance correlated and drove each other. However, in CVD, oxidative stress-related factors were associated with each other but not to inflammatory proteins. Moreover, lipid abnormalities were more specific to classical CVD and unrelated to CKD. Such a comprehensive characterization of monocytes and oxidative stress in CKD and CVD patients has never been presented so far. Obtained results support the involvement of distinct mechanisms underlying the acceleration of atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Watral
- Department of Biomedical Proteomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dorota Formanowicz
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Perek
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kostka-Jeziorny
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Tykarski
- Department of Hypertensiology, Angiology and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Luczak
- Department of Biomedical Proteomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Suleimanov SK, Efremov YM, Klyucherev TO, Salimov EL, Ragimov AA, Timashev PS, Vlasova II. Radical-Generating Activity, Phagocytosis, and Mechanical Properties of Four Phenotypes of Human Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1860. [PMID: 38339139 PMCID: PMC10855323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are the major players and orchestrators of inflammatory response. Expressed proteins and secreted cytokines have been well studied for two polar macrophage phenotypes-pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory regenerative M2, but little is known about how the polarization modulates macrophage functions. In this study, we used biochemical and biophysical methods to compare the functional activity and mechanical properties of activated human macrophages differentiated from monocyte with GM-CSF (M0_GM) and M-CSF (M0_M) and polarized into M1 and M2 phenotypes, respectively. Unlike GM-CSF, which generates dormant cells with low activity, M-CSF confers functional activity on macrophages. M0_M and M2 macrophages had very similar functional characteristics-high reactive oxygen species (ROS) production level, and higher phagocytosis and survival compared to M1, while M1 macrophages showed the highest radical-generating activity but the lowest phagocytosis and survival among all phenotypes. All phenotypes decreased their height upon activation, but only M1 and M2 cells increased in stiffness, which can indicate a decrease in the migration ability of these cells and changes in their interactions with other cells. Our results demonstrated that while mechanical properties differ between M0 and polarized cells, all four phenotypes of monocyte-derived macrophages differ in their functional activities, namely in cytokine secretion, ROS production, and phagocytosis. Within the broad continuum of human macrophages obtained in experimental models and existing in vivo, there is a diversity of phenotypes with varying combinations of both markers and functional activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakir K. Suleimanov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.K.S.); (Y.M.E.); (T.O.K.); (P.S.T.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Smart Nanotechnologies, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri M. Efremov
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.K.S.); (Y.M.E.); (T.O.K.); (P.S.T.)
| | - Timofey O. Klyucherev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.K.S.); (Y.M.E.); (T.O.K.); (P.S.T.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Smart Nanotechnologies, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Emin L. Salimov
- Laboratory Blood Transfusion Complex, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.L.S.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Aligeydar A. Ragimov
- Laboratory Blood Transfusion Complex, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (E.L.S.); (A.A.R.)
| | - Peter S. Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.K.S.); (Y.M.E.); (T.O.K.); (P.S.T.)
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina I. Vlasova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (S.K.S.); (Y.M.E.); (T.O.K.); (P.S.T.)
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Zhang Y, Ye F, Fu X, Li S, Wang L, Chen Y, Li H, Hao S, Zhao K, Feng Q, Li P. Mitochondrial Regulation of Macrophages in Innate Immunity and Diverse Roles of Macrophages During Cochlear Inflammation. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:255-267. [PMID: 37391607 PMCID: PMC10838870 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are essential components of the innate immune system and constitute a non-specific first line of host defense against pathogens and inflammation. Mitochondria regulate macrophage activation and innate immune responses in various inflammatory diseases, including cochlear inflammation. The distribution, number, and morphological characteristics of cochlear macrophages change significantly across different inner ear regions under various pathological conditions, including noise exposure, ototoxicity, and age-related degeneration. However, the exact mechanism underlying the role of mitochondria in macrophages in auditory function remains unclear. Here, we summarize the major factors and mitochondrial signaling pathways (e.g., metabolism, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial DNA, and the inflammasome) that influence macrophage activation in the innate immune response. In particular, we focus on the properties of cochlear macrophages, activated signaling pathways, and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines after acoustic injury. We hope this review will provide new perspectives and a basis for future research on cochlear inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Otology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Fanglei Ye
- Department of Otology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiaolong Fu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Otology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yutian Chen
- The Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hongmin Li
- Department of Otology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shaojuan Hao
- Department of Otology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Otology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Henan Province Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Peipei Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Henan Province Research Center of Kidney Disease, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Ji PX, Chen YX, Ni XX, Miao Q, Hua J. Effect of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2-associated alterations on lipid metabolism in macrophages in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 39:369-380. [PMID: 38012119 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) plays crucial roles in metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory response. Altered metabolic function in macrophages could modulate their activation and immune phenotype. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of TREM2 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to clarify the underlying mechanism of TREM2 on macrophages lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. METHODS Hepatic TREM2 expression and its relationship with NAFLD progression were analyzed in patients with NAFLD and mice fed a high-fat diet. Lipid metabolism and oxidative stress were investigated in macrophages from NAFLD mice or stimulated with saturated fatty acids. Knockdown and overexpression of TREM2 were further explored. RESULTS Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2+ macrophages were increased along with NAFLD development, characterized by aggravated steatosis and liver damage in humans and mice. TREM2 expression was upregulated and lipid metabolism was changed in macrophages from NAFLD mice or metabolically activated by saturated fatty acid in vitro, as demonstrated by increased lipid uptake and catabolism, but reduced de novo synthesis of fatty acids (FAs). Regulation of TREM2 expression in lipid-laden macrophages reprogrammed lipid metabolism, especially the fatty acid oxidation capacity of mitochondria. TREM2 knockdown promoted oxidative stress by aggravating FAs deposition in mitochondria. Intervention of mitochondrial FAs transport in lipid-laden macrophages alleviated FA deposition and reactive oxygen species production induced by TREM2 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 expression was associated with the lipid metabolic profile and reactive oxygen species production in macrophages. High expression of TREM2 in macrophages may protect the liver from oxidative stress in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Xuan Ji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xin Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Xi Ni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi Miao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Hua
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Elfstrum AK, Bapat AS, Schwertfeger KL. Defining and targeting macrophage heterogeneity in the mammary gland and breast cancer. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7053. [PMID: 38426622 PMCID: PMC10905685 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macrophages are innate immune cells that are associated with extensive phenotypic and functional plasticity and contribute to normal development, tissue homeostasis, and diseases such as cancer. In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of tissue resident macrophages in the normal mammary gland and tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. Tissue resident macrophages are required for mammary gland development, where they have been implicated in promoting extracellular matrix remodeling, apoptotic clearance, and cellular crosstalk. In the context of cancer, tumor-associated macrophages are key drivers of growth and metastasis via their ability to promote matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immunosuppression. METHOD We identified and summarized studies in Pubmed that describe the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of macrophages and the implications of targeting individual subsets, specifically in the context of mammary gland development and breast cancer. We also identified and summarized recent studies using single-cell RNA sequencing to identify and describe macrophage subsets in human breast cancer samples. RESULTS Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing technologies have yielded nuances in macrophage heterogeneity, with numerous macrophage subsets identified in both the normal mammary gland and breast cancer tissue. Macrophage subsets contribute to mammary gland development and breast cancer progression in differing ways, and emerging studies highlight a role for spatial localization in modulating their phenotype and function. CONCLUSION Understanding macrophage heterogeneity and the unique functions of each subset in both normal mammary gland development and breast cancer progression may lead to more promising targets for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis K. Elfstrum
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Aditi S. Bapat
- Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Graduate ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Kathryn L. Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Masonic Cancer CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Center for ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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Zhang Z, Miao G, Lu L, Yin H, Wang Y, Wang B, Pan R, Zheng C, Jin X. Crucial physicochemical factors mediating mitochondrial toxicity of nanoparticles at noncytotoxic concentration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168211. [PMID: 37918742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been extensively applied in multiple industries, among which silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiNPs), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have become representative of widely consumed NPs. Limited knowledge is available regarding the subcellular responses of NPs with different physicochemical properties, i.e. material type and size, under the noncytotoxic concentrations. Macrophages are important sensitive cells exposed to NPs, and mitochondria are sensitive organelles that respond at the subcellular level. Herein, we found that sublethal concentrations of AgNPs and SiNPs, not AuNPs, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and tubular mitochondria, and further resulted in an increase of ROS level and a decrease of ATP generation. AgNPs and SiNPs can also disturb mitochondrial dynamics manifested as increasing Mfn2 expression and decreasing Drp1 expression. Further assessments for mitochondrial function showed that AgNPs and SiNPs exposure led to a decrease in the gene expressions related to complex I (Ndufa8 and Ndufs2), complex III (Uqcrc2 and Uqcrfs1), complex IV (Cox6b1), and activity of complex I, suggesting their potential roles in impairing cellular respiration. In terms of the effects of NPs with different sizes, stronger toxicity was observed in smaller-sized nanoparticles. Among the above mitochondrial changes, we identified that ROS, ATP, MMP, tubular mitochondria, and expression of Drp1 were relatively sensitive indicators in subcellular response to NPs. With the above sensitive indicators, the comparison of heterogeneity between material type and size of the NPs showed that material type occupied a main influence on subcellular mitochondrial effects. Our finding provided important data on the potential subcellular risks of NPs, and indicated the vital role of material type for a better understanding of the nanomaterial biological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Gan Miao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Lin Lu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Hao Yin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yingzhu Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Baoqiang Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Ruonan Pan
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Chuer Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Jin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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Sasaki T, Kuse Y, Nakamura S, Shimazawa M. Progranulin-deficient macrophages cause cardiotoxicity under hypoxic conditions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 691:149341. [PMID: 38039836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) induces structural and electrical cardiac remodeling in response to ischemic insult, causing lethal arrhythmias and sudden death. Progranulin (PGRN) is a glycoprotein mainly expressed in macrophages that modulates the immune responses. In this study, we investigated the direct influence of PGRN knockout (Grn-/-) macrophages on post-MI pathophysiology. An MI mouse model was established by ligating the left coronary artery for RNA sequencing and electrocardiographic analysis. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were injected into mice and supernatant was collected for the measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and extracellular flux analysis. Administration of Grn-/- BMDMs prolonged the QT intervals in the MI mouse model. Moreover, genes highly expressed in macrophages were upregulated in Grn-/- heart after MI. Post-hypoxic supernatant of Grn-/- BMDMs increased the oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cardiomyocyte death. Grn-/- BMDMs exhibited increased ROS production, oxygen consumption, and extracellular acidification under hypoxia and inflammatory conditions. These findings suggest that PGRN deficiency causes cardiotoxicity via secretory components of macrophages that exhibit metabolic abnormalities under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sasaki
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kuse
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakamura
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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Li J, Xu P, Chen S. Research progress on mitochondria regulating tumor immunity. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2024; 53:1-14. [PMID: 38229501 PMCID: PMC10945498 DOI: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2023-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Tumor cells adapt their metabolism to meet the demands for energy and biosynthesis. Mitochondria, pivotal organelles in the metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells, contribute to tumorigenesis and cancer progression significantly through various dysfunctions in both tumor and immune cells. Alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic signaling pathways exert crucial regulatory influence on the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells. The tumor microenvironment orchestrates the activation and functionality of tumor-infiltrating immune cells by reprogramming mitochondrial metabolism and inducing shifts in mitochondrial dynamics, thereby facilitating the establishment of a tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Stress-induced leakage of mitochondrial DNA contributes multifaceted regulatory effects on anti-tumor immune responses and the immunosuppressive microenvironment by activating multiple natural immune signals, including cGAS-STING, TLR9, and NLRP3. Moreover, mitochondrial DNA-mediated immunogenic cell death emerges as a promising avenue for anti-tumor immunotherapy. Additionally, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, a crucial factor in tumorigenesis, drives the formation of tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment by changing the composition of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. This review focuses on the intrinsic relationship between mitochondrial biology and anti-tumor immune responses from multiple angles. We explore the core role of mitochondria in the dynamic interplay between the tumor and the host to facilitate the development of targeted mitochondrial strategies for anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Pinglong Xu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Institute of Intelligent Medicine, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shasha Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China.
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