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Fischer MD, Green ML, Selke S, Limaye AP, Wald A, Boeckh MJ, Phipps AI, Pergam SA, Johnston C. Evaluation of oral herpes simplex virus shedding among solid organ transplant recipients: A pilot study. Transpl Infect Dis 2024; 26:e14335. [PMID: 39010324 DOI: 10.1111/tid.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) frequently reactivate during immunosuppression and may be a risk factor for adverse outcomes after solid organ transplant (SOT). While suppressive antiviral therapy reduces the risk of symptomatic HSV reactivation, the kinetics of asymptomatic viral shedding with chronic immunosuppression after transplant are not well understood. We report the characteristics of oral HSV shedding among 15 HSV-1 seropositive SOT recipients (n = 8 liver, n = 7 kidney, median age 58.5 years, median 20 months post-transplant) who were not taking daily antiviral suppressive therapy. METHODS Participants self-collected oral swabs three times daily for 6 weeks for HSV quantification and recorded the presence of oral symptoms or lesions in a diary. RESULTS Sample collection adherence was high (median 122 swabs/person, range: 85.7%-101.6% of expected swabs). Most participants (n = 12, 80%) experienced at least one shedding episode, with a median shedding rate of 8.9% (range: 0%-33.6%). There were 32 total shedding episodes, 24 (75%) of which occurred without symptoms or lesions. For episodes of known duration, the median length was 21.8 hrs (interquartile range: 10.8-46.1 hrs). CONCLUSION Most shedding episodes (78.1%) lasted >12 hrs, suggesting that twice-daily sampling may be sufficient to detect most episodes. These data show that self-collection of oral swabs is feasible for patients who have undergone SOTs and can provide insight into the frequency of oral HSV reactivation, which can be used to design future studies in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly D Fischer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Margaret L Green
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stacy Selke
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ajit P Limaye
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael J Boeckh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amanda I Phipps
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Steven A Pergam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Zhu J, Miner MD. Local Power: The Role of Tissue-Resident Immunity in Human Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Reactivation. Viruses 2024; 16:1019. [PMID: 39066181 PMCID: PMC11281577 DOI: 10.3390/v16071019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
From established latency, human herpes virus type 2 (HSV-2) frequently reactivates into the genital tract, resulting in symptomatic ulcers or subclinical shedding. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells that accumulate and persist in the genital skin at the local site of recrudescence are the "first responders" to viral reactivation, performing immunosurveillance and containment and aborting the ability of the virus to induce clinical lesions. This review describes the unique spatiotemporal characteristics, transcriptional signatures, and noncatalytic effector functions of TRM CD8+ T cells in the tissue context of human HSV-2 infection. We highlight recent insights into the intricate overlaps between intrinsic resistance, innate defense, and adaptive immunity in the tissue microenvironment and discuss how rapid virus-host dynamics at the skin and mucosal level influence clinical outcomes of genital herpes diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maurine D. Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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3
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Choi MW, Isidoro CA, Gillgrass A. Mechanisms of mucosal immunity at the female reproductive tract involved in defense against HIV infection. Curr Opin Virol 2024; 66:101398. [PMID: 38484474 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 remains a major global health threat. Since the virus is often transmitted through sexual intercourse and women account for the majority of new infections within the most endemic regions, research on mucosal immunity at the female reproductive tract (FRT) is of paramount importance. At the FRT, there are intrinsic barriers to HIV-1 infection, such as epithelial cells and the microbiome, and immune cells of both the innate and adaptive arms are prepared to respond in case the virus overcomes the first line of defense. In this review, we discuss recent findings on FRT mucosal mechanisms of HIV-1 defense and highlight research gaps. While defense from HIV-1 infection at the FRT has been understudied, current and future research is essential to develop new therapeutics and vaccines that can protect this unique mucosal site from HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Wy Choi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Carmina A Isidoro
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Amy Gillgrass
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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4
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Han S, Phasouk K, Zhu J, Fong Y. Optimizing deep learning-based segmentation of densely packed cells using cell surface markers. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2024; 24:124. [PMID: 38750526 PMCID: PMC11094866 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-024-02502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial molecular profiling depends on accurate cell segmentation. Identification and quantitation of individual cells in dense tissues, e.g. highly inflamed tissue caused by viral infection or immune reaction, remains a challenge. METHODS We first assess the performance of 18 deep learning-based cell segmentation models, either pre-trained or trained by us using two public image sets, on a set of immunofluorescence images stained with immune cell surface markers in skin tissue obtained during human herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. We then further train eight of these models using up to 10,000+ training instances from the current image set. Finally, we seek to improve performance by tuning parameters of the most successful method from the previous step. RESULTS The best model before fine-tuning achieves a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.516. Prediction performance improves substantially after training. The best model is the cyto model from Cellpose. After training, it achieves an mAP of 0.694; with further parameter tuning, the mAP reaches 0.711. CONCLUSION Selecting the best model among the existing approaches and further training the model with images of interest produce the most gain in prediction performance. The performance of the resulting model compares favorably to human performance. The imperfection of the final model performance can be attributed to the moderate signal-to-noise ratio in the imageset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwoo Han
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Khamsone Phasouk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, United States.
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.
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5
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Connolly KL, Bachmann L, Hiltke T, Kersh EN, Newman LM, Wilson L, Mena L, Deal C. Summary of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Joint Workshop on Genital Herpes: 3-4 November 2022. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae230. [PMID: 38784760 PMCID: PMC11112275 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes is caused by infection with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and currently has no cure. The disease is the second-most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States, with an estimated 18.6 million prevalent genital infections caused by HSV-2 alone. Genital herpes diagnostics and treatments are not optimal, and no vaccine is currently available. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases convened a workshop entitled "CDC/NIAID Joint Workshop on Genital Herpes." This report summarizes 8 sessions on the epidemiology of genital herpes, neonatal HSV, HSV diagnostics, vaccines, treatments, cures, prevention, and patient advocacy perspective intended to identify opportunities in herpes research and foster the development of strategies to diagnose, treat, cure, and prevent genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie L Connolly
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Bachmann
- Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas Hiltke
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ellen N Kersh
- Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lori M Newman
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lydia Wilson
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Leandro Mena
- Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carolyn Deal
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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6
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Cohen JI. Therapeutic vaccines for herpesviruses. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e179483. [PMID: 38690731 PMCID: PMC11060731 DOI: 10.1172/jci179483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses establish latent infections, and most reactivate frequently, resulting in symptoms and virus shedding in healthy individuals. In immunocompromised patients, reactivating virus can cause severe disease. Persistent EBV has been associated with several malignancies in both immunocompromised and nonimmunocompromised persons. Reactivation and shedding occur with most herpesviruses, despite potent virus-specific antibodies and T cell immunity as measured in the blood. The licensure of therapeutic vaccines to reduce zoster indicates that effective therapeutic vaccines for other herpesviruses should be feasible. However, varicella-zoster virus is different from other human herpesviruses in that it is generally only shed during varicella and zoster. Unlike prophylactic vaccines, in which the correlate of immunity is antibody function, T cell immunity is the correlate of immunity for the only effective therapeutic herpesvirus vaccine-zoster vaccine. While most studies of therapeutic vaccines have measured immunity in the blood, cellular immunity at the site of reactivation is likely critical for an effective therapeutic vaccine for certain viruses. This Review summarizes the status of therapeutic vaccines for herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus and proposes approaches for future development.
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7
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Ravindran S. QnAs with David M. Knipe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2318271120. [PMID: 37956275 PMCID: PMC10665792 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318271120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
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8
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Sodroski CN, Knipe DM. Nuclear interferon-stimulated gene product maintains heterochromatin on the herpes simplex viral genome to limit lytic infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310996120. [PMID: 37883416 PMCID: PMC10636318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310996120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are expressed in and secreted from cells in response to virus infection, and they induce the expression of a variety of genes called interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in infected and surrounding cells to block viral infection and limit spread. The mechanisms of action of a number of cytoplasmic ISGs have been well defined, but little is known about the mechanism of action of nuclear ISGs. Constitutive levels of nuclear interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) serve to induce innate signaling and epigenetic silencing of herpes simplex virus (HSV), but only when the HSV infected cell protein 0 (ICP0) E3 ligase, which promotes IFI16 degradation, is inactivated. In this study, we found that following IFN induction, the pool of IFI16 within the infected cell remains high and can restrict wild-type viral gene expression and replication due to both the induced levels of IFI16 and the IFI16-mediated repression of ICP0 levels. Restriction of viral gene expression is achieved by IFI16 promoting the maintenance of heterochromatin on the viral genome, which silences it epigenetically. These results indicate that a nuclear ISG can restrict gene expression and replication of a nuclear DNA virus by maintaining or preventing the removal of repressive heterochromatin associated with the viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N. Sodroski
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - David M. Knipe
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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9
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Danastas K, Guo G, Merjane J, Hong N, Larsen A, Miranda-Saksena M, Cunningham AL. Interferon inhibits the release of herpes simplex virus-1 from the axons of sensory neurons. mBio 2023; 14:e0181823. [PMID: 37655893 PMCID: PMC10653907 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01818-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is a human pathogen known to cause cold sores and genital herpes. HSV-1 establishes lifelong infections in our sensory neurons, with no cure or vaccine available. HSV-1 can reactivate sporadically and travel back along sensory nerves, where it can form lesions in the oral and genital mucosa, eye, and skin, or be shed asymptomatically. New treatment options are needed as resistance is emerging to current antiviral therapies. Here, we show that interferons (IFNs) are capable of blocking virus release from nerve endings, potentially stopping HSV-1 transmission into the skin. Furthermore, we show that IFNγ has the potential to have widespread antiviral effects in the neuron and may have additional effects on HSV-1 reactivation. Together, this study identifies new targets for the development of immunotherapies to stop the spread of HSV-1 from the nerves into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Danastas
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerry Guo
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Merjane
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan Hong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ava Larsen
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Monica Miranda-Saksena
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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10
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Han S, Phasouk K, Zhu J, Fong Y. Optimizing Deep Learning-Based Segmentation of Densely Packed Cells using Cell Surface Markers. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3307496. [PMID: 37841876 PMCID: PMC10571619 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3307496/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Spatial molecular profiling depends on accurate cell segmentation. Identification and quantitation of individual cells in dense tissues, e.g. highly inflamed tissue caused by viral infection or immune reaction, remains a challenge. Methods We first assess the performance of 18 deep learning-based cell segmentation models, either pre-trained or trained by us using two public image sets, on a set of immunofluorescence images stained with immune cell surface markers in skin tissue obtained during human herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. We then further train eight of these models using up to 10,000+ training instances from the current image set. Finally, we seek to improve performance by tuning parameters of the most successful method from the previous step. Results The best model before fine-tuning achieves a mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.516. Prediction performance improves substantially after training. The best model is the cyto model from Cellpose. After training, it achieves an mAP of 0.694; with further parameter tuning, the mAP reaches 0.711. Conclusion Selecting the best model among the existing approaches and further training the model with images of interest produce the most gain in prediction performance. The performance of the resulting model compares favorably to human performance. The imperfection of the final model performance can be attributed to the moderate signal-to-noise ratio i the imageset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunwoo Han
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Khamsone Phasouk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
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11
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Fan Z, Chen R, Yin W, Xie X, Wang S, Hao C. Effects of AIM2 and IFI16 on Infectious Diseases and Inflammation. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:438-448. [PMID: 37585649 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Both absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) are intracellular innate immune receptors that recognize double-stranded DNA released during pathogenic infection, leading to the assembly of the inflammasome. The assembly of the inflammasome results in the secretion of bioactive interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 and induces cell death through an inflammatory process called pyroptosis. Although the AIM2 inflammasome is generally harmful in the context of some aseptic inflammatory illnesses, it plays a protective role in infectious diseases. During inflammatory processes, there is competition between IFI16 and AIM2. In this review, we explore the impacts of IFI16 and AIM2 in infectious disease and aseptic inflammation, respectively, and how they compete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fan
- Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Wen Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Stomatology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, P.R. China
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, P.R. China
| | - Chunbo Hao
- Department of Stomatology, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, P.R. China
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12
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Cai KQ, Shellhamer C, Akiyama T, Jensen LE. Pellino1 Restricts Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in the Epidermis and Dissemination to Sebaceous Glands. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:639-647.e2. [PMID: 36216205 PMCID: PMC10038864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all adults are infected with one or more herpes viruses. The most common are herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2, which upon reactivation can cause painful skin and mucosal erosions. Patients who are immune compromised often experience frequent, atypical, or chronic lesions and thus a greatly diminished QOL. Pellino1 is a ubiquitin ligase involved in IL-1 and toll-like receptor signaling; however, the role of Pellino1 in skin immunity against HSV is unknown. In this study, using the mouse-flank HSV-1 skin infection model, we show that Pellino1 has several critical functions during active viral replication. Peli1‒/‒ mice succumb more than wild-type mice to systemic disease and develop larger zosteriform skin lesions along affected dermatomes. In Pellino1-deficient mice, the virus spread extensively through the epidermis and follicular infundibulum into sebaceous glands where sebocytes were found positive for the virus. The latter did not appear to involve a shift in how the virus migrated through the nervous system. Immunohistochemistry revealed delayed recruitment of myeloid and T cells to the infected epidermis in Peli1‒/‒ mice. This was associated with decreased expression of the cytokine mRNAs Il1a, Il36b and 2610528A11Rik; the latter also known as Gpr15l. In conclusion, Pellino1 plays important roles in restricting viral dissemination, and the involved pathways may represent novel therapeutic targets in patients with frequent or chronic HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Q Cai
- Histopathology Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caitlin Shellhamer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tasuku Akiyama
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Liselotte E Jensen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Inflammation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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13
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Walsh MJ, Stump CT, Kureshi R, Lenehan P, Ali LR, Dougan M, Knipe DM, Dougan SK. IFNγ is a central node of cancer immune equilibrium. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112219. [PMID: 36881506 PMCID: PMC10214249 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors in immune equilibrium are held in balance between outgrowth and destruction by the immune system. The equilibrium phase defines the duration of clinical remission and stable disease, and escape from equilibrium remains a major clinical problem. Using a non-replicating HSV-1 vector expressing interleukin-12 (d106S-IL12), we developed a mouse model of therapy-induced immune equilibrium, a phenomenon previously seen only in humans. This immune equilibrium was centrally reliant on interferon-γ (IFNγ). CD8+ T cell direct recognition of MHC class I, perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity, and extrinsic death receptor signaling such as Fas/FasL were all individually dispensable for equilibrium. IFNγ was critically important and played redundant roles in host and tumor cells such that IFNγ sensing in either compartment was sufficient for immune equilibrium. We propose that these redundant mechanisms of action are integrated by IFNγ to protect from oncogenic or chronic viral threats and establish IFNγ as a central node in therapy-induced immune equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Walsh
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Program in Virology, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Courtney T Stump
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rakeeb Kureshi
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Lenehan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lestat R Ali
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Dougan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David M Knipe
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Mulvey PBM, Trim LK, Aaskov JG, Bryan ER, Sweeney EL, Kollipara A, Plenderleith MB, Aldwell FE, Beagley KW. Primary oral vaccination followed by a vaginal pull protects mice against genital HSV-2 infection. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 89:e13668. [PMID: 36484330 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM HSV-2 infected more than 491 million people aged 15-49 world-wide in 2016. The morbidity associated with recurrent infections and the increased risk of HIV infection make this a major health problem. To date there is no effective vaccine. Because HSV-2 ascends to the dorsal route ganglion within 12-18 h of infection, an effective vaccine will need to elicit a strong local resident CD8+ T cell response to prevent the infection from becoming life-long. METHOD OF STUDY Using a mouse model we investigated the potential of oral immunization with a novel lipid adjuvant (LiporaleTM ) followed by local vaginal application of an inflammatory agents to protect against primary HSV-2 infections. RESULTS Oral vaccination of mice with live-attenuated HSV-2 in Liporale followed by vaginal application of DNFB or CXCL9/10 led to recruitment of tissue-resident CD8+ memory cells into the genital epithelia. This prime and pull vaccination strategy provided complete protection against wild-type HSV-2 challenge and prevented viral dissemination to the spinal cords. CONCLUSIONS Activation of mucosal immunity by oral immunization, combined with induction of transient local genital inflammation can recruit long-lived tissue resident CD8+ T cells into the genital epithelium, providing significant protection against primary HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B M Mulvey
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Logan K Trim
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - John G Aaskov
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emily R Bryan
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma L Sweeney
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Avinash Kollipara
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark B Plenderleith
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frank E Aldwell
- Otago Innovation Ltd, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Rosato PC, Lotfi-Emran S, Joag V, Wijeyesinghe S, Quarnstrom CF, Degefu HN, Nedellec R, Schenkel JM, Beura LK, Hangartner L, Burton DR, Masopust D. Tissue-resident memory T cells trigger rapid exudation and local antibody accumulation. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:17-26. [PMID: 36657662 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is didactically partitioned into humoral and cell-mediated effector mechanisms, which may imply that each arm is separate and does not function together. Here, we report that the activation of CD8+ resident memory T cells (TRM) in nonlymphoid tissues triggers vascular permeability, which facilitates rapid distribution of serum antibodies into local tissues. TRM reactivation was associated with transcriptional upregulation of antiviral signaling pathways as well as Fc receptors and components of the complement cascade. Effects were local, but evidence is presented that TRM in brain and reproductive mucosa are both competent to induce rapid antibody exudation. TRM reactivation in the mouse female genital tract increased local concentrations of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, including anti-vesicular stomatitis virus, and passively transferred anti-HIV antibodies. We showed that this response was sufficient to increase the efficacy of ex vivo vesicular stomatitis virus neutralization. These results indicate that CD8+ TRM antigen recognition can enhance local humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Rosato
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sahar Lotfi-Emran
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vineet Joag
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Clare F Quarnstrom
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hanna N Degefu
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Brown University, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Masopust
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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16
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Sehrawat S, Osterrieder N, Schmid DS, Rouse BT. Can the triumph of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 be extended to other viral infections of humans and domesticated animals? Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105078. [PMID: 36435367 PMCID: PMC9682868 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.105078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented success of mRNA vaccines in managing the COVID-19 pandemic raises the prospect of applying the mRNA platform to other viral diseases of humans and domesticated animals, which may lead to more efficacious vaccines for some agents. We briefly discuss reasons why mRNA vaccines achieved such success against COVID-19 and indicate what other virus infections and disease conditions might also be ripe for control using mRNA vaccines. We also evaluate situations where mRNA could prove valuable to rebalance the status of immune responsiveness and achieve success as a therapeutic vaccine approach against infections that induce immunoinflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvan Sehrawat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, SAS Nagar Knowledge City, PO Manauli, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India,Corresponding author
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany,Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 5F, Block 1B, To Yuen Building, 31 To Yuen Street, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - D. Scott Schmid
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Barry T. Rouse
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996-0845, USA,Corresponding author
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17
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Gondré-Lewis TA, Jiang C, Ford ML, Koelle DM, Sette A, Shalek AK, Thomas PG. NIAID workshop on T cell technologies. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:14-18. [PMID: 36596894 PMCID: PMC10405620 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
On 15–16 June 2022, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases hosted a virtual workshop on the topic of T cell technologies to discuss assays, novel technology development, bench and clinical application of those technologies, and challenges and innovations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Gondré-Lewis
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Chao Jiang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Immunology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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18
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Gao A, Zhao W, Wu R, Su R, Jin R, Luo J, Gao C, Li X, Wang C. Tissue-resident memory T cells: The key frontier in local synovitis memory of rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 2022; 133:102950. [PMID: 36356551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a highly disabling, systemic autoimmune disease. It presents a remarkable tendency to recur, which renders it almost impossible for patients to live without drugs. Under such circumstances, many patients have to suffer the pain of recurrent attacks as well as the side effects of long-term medication. Current therapies for RA are primarily systemic treatments without targeting the problem that RA is more likely to recur locally. Emerging studies suggest the existence of a mechanism mediating local memory during RA, which is closely related to the persistent residence of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM). TRM, one of the memory T cell subsets, reside in tissues providing immediate immune protection but driving recurrent local inflammation on the other hand. The heterogeneity among synovial TRM is unclear, with the dominated CD8+ TRM observed in inflamed synovium of RA patients coming into focus. Besides local arthritis relapse, TRM may also contribute to extra-articular organ involvement in RA due to their migration potential. Future integration of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) with spatial transcriptomics to explore the gene expression patterns of TRM in both temporal dimension and spatial dimension may help us identify specific therapeutic targets. Targeting synovial TRM to suppress local arthritis flares while using systemic therapies to prevent extra-articular organ involvement may provide a new perspective to address RA recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenpeng Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruihe Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, Shanxi, China
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruqing Jin
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, Shanxi, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, Shanxi, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory for Immunomicroecology, Shanxi, China.
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19
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Sun S, Jin L, Zheng Y, Zhu J. Modeling human HSV infection via a vascularized immune-competent skin-on-chip platform. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5481. [PMID: 36123328 PMCID: PMC9485166 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) naturally infects skin and mucosal surfaces, causing lifelong recurrent disease worldwide, with no cure or vaccine. Biomimetic human tissue and organ platforms provide attractive alternatives over animal models to recapitulate human diseases. Combining prevascularization and microfluidic approaches, we present a vascularized, three-dimensional skin-on-chip that mimics human skin architecture and is competent to immune-cell and drug perfusion. The endothelialized microvasculature embedded in a fibroblast-containing dermis responds to biological stimulation, while the cornified epidermis functions as a protective barrier. HSV infection of the skin-on-chip displays tissue-level key morphological and pathophysiological features typical of genital herpes infection in humans, including the production of proinflammatory cytokine IL-8, which triggers rapid neutrophil trans-endothelial extravasation and directional migration. Importantly, perfusion with the antiviral drug acyclovir inhibits HSV infection in a dose-dependent and time-sensitive manner. Thus, our vascularized skin-on-chip represents a promising platform for human HSV disease modeling and preclinical therapeutic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Lei Jin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, USA.
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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20
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Fraternal Twins: The Enigmatic Role of the Immune System in Alphaherpesvirus Pathogenesis and Latency and Its Impacts on Vaccine Efficacy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050862. [PMID: 35632603 PMCID: PMC9147900 DOI: 10.3390/v14050862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the establishment, maintenance and reactivation from alphaherpesvirus latency is far from fully understood, some things are now manifestly clear: Alphaherpesvirus latency occurs in neurons of the peripheral nervous system and control of the process is multifactorial and complex. This includes components of the immune system, contributions from non-neuronal cells surrounding neurons in ganglia, specialized nucleic acids and modifications to the viral DNA to name some of the most important. Efficacious vaccines have been developed to control both acute varicella and zoster, the outcome of reactivation, but despite considerable effort vaccines for acute herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection or reactivated lesions have thus far failed to materialize despite considerable effort. Given the relevance of the immune system to establish and maintain HSV latency, a vaccine designed to tailor the HSV response to maximize the activity of components most critical for controlling reactivated infection might limit the severity of recurrences and hence reduce viral transmission. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of immunological factors that contribute to HSV and VZV latency, identify differences between varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and HSV that could explain why vaccines have been valuable at controlling VZV disease but not HSV, and finish by outlining possible strategies for developing effective HSV vaccines.
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21
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Patil CD, Suryawanshi R, Ames J, Koganti R, Agelidis A, Kapoor D, Yadavalli T, Koujah L, Tseng HC, Shukla D. Intrinsic Antiviral Activity of Optineurin Prevents Hyperproliferation of a Primary Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:63-73. [PMID: 34880107 PMCID: PMC9015683 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Very little knowledge exists on virus-specific host cell intrinsic mechanisms that prevent hyperproliferation of primary HSV type 2 (HSV-2) genital infections. In this study, we provide evidence that the Nemo-related protein, optineurin (OPTN), plays a key role in restricting HSV-2 infection both in vitro and in vivo. Contrary to previous reports regarding the proviral role of OPTN during Sendai virus infection, we demonstrate that lack of OPTN in cells causes enhanced virus production. OPTN deficiency negatively affects the host autophagy response and results in a marked reduction of CCL5 induction. OPTN knockout (OPTN-/-) mice display exacerbated genital disease and dysregulated T cell frequencies in infected tissues and lymph nodes. A human transcriptomic profile dataset provides further credence that a strong positive correlation exists between CCL5 upregulation and OPTN expression during HSV-2 genital infection. Our findings underscore a previously unknown OPTN/CCL5 nexus that restricts hyperproliferative spread of primary HSV-2 infection, which may constitute an intrinsic host defense mechanism against herpesviruses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar D Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rahul Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Joshua Ames
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Alex Agelidis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Divya Kapoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Lulia Koujah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Henry C Tseng
- Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27713, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Corresponding author. Phone number: 312-355-0908, Fax: 312-996-7773,
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