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Ghafouri F, Dehghanian Reyhan V, Sadeghi M, Miraei-Ashtiani SR, Kastelic JP, Barkema HW, Shirali M. Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome Profiles and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA Competing Endogenous RNA Regulatory Network to Identify Biological Functional Effects of Genes and Pathways Associated with Johne's Disease in Dairy Cattle. Noncoding RNA 2024; 10:38. [PMID: 39051372 PMCID: PMC11270299 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna10040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease (JD), a chronic granulomatous gastroenteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), causes huge economic losses and reduces animal welfare in dairy cattle herds worldwide. At present, molecular mechanisms and biological functions involved in immune responses to MAP infection of dairy cattle are not clearly understood. Our purpose was to integrate transcriptomic profiles and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network analyses to identify key messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and regulatory RNAs involved in molecular regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for MAP infection in dairy cattle. In total, 28 lncRNAs, 42 miRNAs, and 370 mRNAs were identified by integrating gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. In this regard, we identified 21 hub genes (CCL20, CCL5, CD40, CSF2, CXCL8, EIF2AK2, FOS, IL10, IL17A, IL1A, IL1B, IRF1, MX2, NFKB1, NFKBIA, PTGS2, SOCS3, TLR4, TNF, TNFAIP3, and VCAM1) involved in MAP infection. Furthermore, eight candidate subnets with eight lncRNAs, 29 miRNAs, and 237 mRNAs were detected through clustering analyses, whereas GO enrichment analysis of identified RNAs revealed 510, 22, and 11 significantly enriched GO terms related to MAP infection in biological process, molecular function, and cellular component categories, respectively. The main metabolic-signaling pathways related to MAP infection that were enriched included the immune system process, defense response, response to cytokine, leukocyte migration, regulation of T cell activation, defense response to bacterium, NOD-like receptor, B cell receptor, TNF, NF-kappa B, IL-17, and T cell receptor signaling pathways. Contributions of transcriptome profiles from MAP-positive and MAP-negative sample groups plus a ceRNA regulatory network underlying phenotypic differences in the intensity of pathogenicity of JD provided novel insights into molecular mechanisms associated with immune system responses to MAP infection in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Ghafouri
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 77871-31587, Iran; (F.G.); (V.D.R.); (S.R.M.-A.)
| | - Vahid Dehghanian Reyhan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 77871-31587, Iran; (F.G.); (V.D.R.); (S.R.M.-A.)
| | - Mostafa Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 77871-31587, Iran; (F.G.); (V.D.R.); (S.R.M.-A.)
| | - Seyed Reza Miraei-Ashtiani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 77871-31587, Iran; (F.G.); (V.D.R.); (S.R.M.-A.)
| | - John P. Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (J.P.K.); (H.W.B.)
| | - Herman W. Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; (J.P.K.); (H.W.B.)
| | - Masoud Shirali
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AJ, UK
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough BT26 6DR, UK
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Jolly A, Fernández B, Mundo SL, Elguezabal N. Modeling Paratuberculosis in Laboratory Animals, Cells, or Tissues: A Focus on Their Applications for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Vaccines, and Therapy Studies. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3553. [PMID: 38003170 PMCID: PMC10668694 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis that affects a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. It is considered one of the diseases with the highest economic impact on the ruminant industry. Despite many efforts and intensive research, paratuberculosis control still remains controversial, and the existing diagnostic and immunoprophylactic tools have great limitations. Thus, models play a crucial role in understanding the pathogenesis of infection and disease, and in testing novel vaccine candidates. Ruminant animal models can be restricted by several reasons, related to space requirements, the cost of the animals, and the maintenance of the facilities. Therefore, we review the potential and limitations of the different experimental approaches currently used in paratuberculosis research, focusing on laboratory animals and cell-based models. The aim of this review is to offer a vision of the models that have been used, and what has been achieved or discovered with each one, so that the reader can choose the best model to answer their scientific questions and prove their hypotheses. Also, we bring forward new approaches that we consider worth exploring in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jolly
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina; (B.F.); (S.L.M.)
| | - Bárbara Fernández
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina; (B.F.); (S.L.M.)
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - Silvia Leonor Mundo
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina; (B.F.); (S.L.M.)
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Chorroarín 280, Buenos Aires C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain
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Garcia AA, Plain KM, Thomson PC, Thomas AJ, Davies CJ, Toribio JALML, Whittington RJ. Association between major histocompatibility complex haplotypes and susceptibility of unvaccinated and vaccinated cattle to paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 265:110677. [PMID: 37952345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Bovine Johne's disease (BJD) or paratuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and is a worldwide problem among domestic and wild ruminants. While vaccines are available, natural differences in background immunity between breeds within species and between individuals within herds suggest that genetic differences may be able to be exploited in marker-assisted selection as an aid to disease control. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an important component in immune recognition with considerable genetic variability. In this study, associations between the MHC and resistance to BJD were explored in dairy cattle across two herds in which some of the cattle had been vaccinated with Silirum® (n = 540 cows). A BJD susceptible animal was exposed to MAP and became infected, while a resistant animal was exposed but did not become infected. There are different ways to define both exposure and infection, with different levels of stringency, therefore many classifications of the same set of animals are possible and were included in the analysis. The polymorphic regions of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) and class II (MHC II) genes were amplified from the genomic DNA by PCR and sequenced, targeting exons 2 and 3 of the classical and non-classical MHC I genes and exon 2 from the DRB3, DQA1, DQA2 + 3 and DQB MHC II genes. The frequencies of MHC I and MHC II haplotypes and alleles were determined in susceptible and resistant populations. In unvaccinated animals, seven MHC I haplotypes and seven MHC II haplotypes were associated with susceptibility while two MHC I and six MHC II haplotypes were associated with resistance (P < 0.05). In vaccinated animals, two MHC I and three MHC II haplotypes were associated with susceptibility, while one MHC I and two MHC II haplotypes were associated with resistance (P < 0.05). The alleles in significant haplotypes were also identified. Case definitions with higher stringency resulted in fewer animals being included in the analyses, but the power to detect an association was not reduced and there was an increase in strength and consistency of associations. Consistent use of stringent case definitions is likely to improve agreement in future association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel A Garcia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter C Thomson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Aaron J Thomas
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Christopher J Davies
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Jenny-Ann L M L Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
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Badia-Bringué G, Canive M, Vázquez P, Garrido JM, Fernández A, Juste RA, Jiménez JA, González-Recio O, Alonso-Hearn M. Association between High Interferon-Gamma Production in Avian Tuberculin-Stimulated Blood from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-Infected Cattle and Candidate Genes Implicated in Necroptosis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1817. [PMID: 37512987 PMCID: PMC10384200 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying host resistance to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection are largely unknown. In the current study, we hypothesize that cows with an ability to produce higher levels of interferon-gamma (IFNɣ) might control MAP infection more successfully. To test this hypothesis, IFNɣ production was measured using a specific IFNɣ ELISA kit in avian purified protein derivative (aPPD)-stimulated blood samples collected from 152 Holstein cattle. DNA isolated from peripheral blood samples of the animals included in the study was genotyped with the EuroG Medium-Density Bead Chip, and the genotypes were imputed to whole-genome sequencing. A genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) revealed that high levels of IFNɣ in response to the aPPD were associated with a specific genetic profile (heritability = 0.64) and allowed the identification of 71 SNPs, 40 quantitative trait loci (QTL), and 104 candidate genes. A functional analysis using the 104 candidate genes revealed a significant enrichment of genes involved in the innate immune response and, more specifically, in necroptosis. Taken together, our results define a heritable and distinct immunogenetic profile associated with the production of high IFNɣ levels and with the capacity of the host to lyse MAP-infected macrophages by necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Badia-Bringué
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Molecular Biology and Biomedicine, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - María Canive
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Patricia Vázquez
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Joseba M Garrido
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Almudena Fernández
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón A Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain
| | | | - Oscar González-Recio
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Alonso-Hearn
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Spain
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Barletta RG, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR, Muthukrishnan E, Anderson DK, Dutta E, Manthena V, Hanafy M, Zinniel DK. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Candidate Vaccine Strains Are Pro-apoptotic in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1085. [PMID: 37376474 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of Johne's disease, a severe gastroenteritis of ruminants. This study developed a model cell culture system to rapidly screen MAP mutants with vaccine potential for apoptosis. Two wild-type strains, a transposon mutant, and two deletion mutant MAP strains (MOI of 10 with 1.2 × 106 CFU) were tested in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages to determine if they induce apoptosis and/or necrosis. Both deletion mutants were previously shown to be attenuated and immunogenic in primary bovine macrophages. All strains had similar growth rates, but cell morphology indicated that both deletion mutants were elongated with cell wall bulging. Cell death kinetics were followed by a real-time cellular assay to measure luminescence (apoptosis) and fluorescence (necrosis). A 6 h infection period was the appropriate time to assess apoptosis that was followed by secondary necrosis. Apoptosis was also quantified via DAPI-stained nuclear morphology and validated via flow cytometry. The combined analysis confirmed the hypothesis that candidate vaccine deletion mutants are pro-apoptotic in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, the increased apoptosis seen in the deletion mutants correlates with the attenuated phenotype and immunogenicity observed in bovine macrophages, a property associated with good vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul G Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - John P Bannantine
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Judith R Stabel
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Ezhumalai Muthukrishnan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Dirk K Anderson
- Nebraska Center for Biotechnology, Flow Cytometry Core Facility, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Enakshy Dutta
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Vamsi Manthena
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Mostafa Hanafy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Denise K Zinniel
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Bao Y, Wu S, Yang T, Wang Z, Wang Y, Jiang X, Ma H. Analysis of long non-coding RNA expression profile of bovine monocyte-macrophage infected by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:768. [PMID: 36418939 PMCID: PMC9685057 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis. As a potential zoonotic pathogen, MAP also seriously threatens human health and social security. At present, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has attracted wide attention as an useful biomarker in various diseases. Therefore, our study analyzed the lncRNA expression profiles and lncRNA-mRNA regulatory network of MAP infected bovine monocytes-macrophages and uninfected bovine cells by high-throughput sequencing. A total of 4641 differentially expressed lncRNAs genes were identified, including 3111 up-regulated genes and 1530 down-regulated genes. In addition, lncRNA-mRNA interaction analysis was performed to predict the target genes of lncRNA. Among them, after MAP infection, 86 lncRNAs targeted to mRNA, of which only 6 genes were significantly different. The results of Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes significantly enriched in functional groups were related to immune regulation. Multiple signal pathways including NF-κB, NOD-like receptor, Cytokine-cytokine receptor, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Chemokine signaling pathway, and other important biochemical, metabolic and signal transduction pathways were enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). In this study, analysis of macrophage transcriptomes in response to MAP infection is expected to provide key information to deeply understand role of the pathogen in initiating an inappropriate and persistent infection in susceptible hosts and molecular mechanisms that might underlie the early phases of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Bao
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Shuiyin Wu
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Tianze Yang
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Zi Wang
- grid.411647.10000 0000 8547 6673College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028000 China
| | - Yiming Wang
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Xiuyun Jiang
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun, 130118 China ,grid.440668.80000 0001 0006 0255College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, 130600 P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XCollege of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, 130118 China ,grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XThe Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, 130118 China ,grid.464353.30000 0000 9888 756XThe Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun, 130118 China
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Wherry TLT, Dassanayake RP, Bannantine JP, Mooyottu S, Stabel JR. Vitamin D3 alters macrophage phenotype and endosomal trafficking markers in dairy cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1021657. [PMID: 36275033 PMCID: PMC9579537 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1021657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important host defense cells in ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease; JD), a chronic enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Classical macrophage functions of pathogen trafficking, degradation, and antigen presentation are interrupted in mycobacterial infection. Immunologic stimulation by 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) enhances bovine macrophage function. The present study aimed to investigate the role of vitamin D3 on macrophage phenotype and endosomal trafficking of MAP in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) cultured from JD-, JD+ subclinical, and JD+ clinically infected cattle. MDMs were pre-treated 100 ng/ml 25(OH)D3 or 4 ng/ml 1,25(OH)2D3 and incubated 24 hrs with MAP at 10:1 multiplicity of infection (MOI). In vitro MAP infection upregulated pro-inflammatory (M1) CD80 and downregulated resolution/repair (M2) CD163. Vitamin D3 generally decreased CD80 and increased CD163 expression. Furthermore, early endosomal marker Rab5 was upregulated 140× across all stages of paratuberculosis infection following in vitro MAP infection; however, Rab5 was reduced in MAP-activated MDMs from JD+ subclinical and JD+ clinical cows compared to healthy controls. Rab7 expression decreased in control and clinical cows following MDM infection with MAP. Both forms of vitamin D3 reduced Rab5 expression in infected MDMs from JD- control cows, while 1,25(OH)2D3 decreased Rab7 expression in JD- and JD+ subclinical animals regardless of MAP infection in vitro. Vitamin D3 promoted phagocytosis in MDMs from JD- and JD+ clinical cows treated with either vitamin D3 analog. Results from this study show exogenous vitamin D3 influences macrophage M1/M2 polarization and Rab GTPase expression within MDM culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - John P. Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Judith R. Stabel,
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Heidari M, Pakdel A, Bakhtiarizadeh MR, Dehghanian F. A framework for non-preserved consensus gene module detection in Johne's disease. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:974444. [PMID: 35968017 PMCID: PMC9363878 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.974444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a major concern in dairy industry. Since, the pathogenesis of the disease is not clearly known, it is necessary to develop an approach to discover molecular mechanisms behind this disease with high confidence. Biological studies often suffer from issues with reproducibility. Lack of a method to find stable modules in co-expression networks from different datasets related to Johne's disease motivated us to present a computational pipeline to identify non-preserved consensus modules. Two RNA-Seq datasets related to MAP infection were analyzed, and consensus modules were detected and were subjected to the preservation analysis. The non-preserved consensus modules in both datasets were determined as they are modules whose connectivity and density are affected by the disease. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and TF genes in the non-preserved consensus modules were identified to construct integrated networks of lncRNA-mRNA-TF. These networks were confirmed by protein-protein interactions (PPIs) networks. Also, the overlapped hub genes between two datasets were considered hub genes of the consensus modules. Out of 66 consensus modules, 21 modules were non-preserved consensus modules, which were common in both datasets and 619 hub genes were members of these modules. Moreover, 34 lncRNA and 152 TF genes were identified in 12 and 19 non-preserved consensus modules, respectively. The predicted PPIs in 17 non-preserved consensus modules were significant, and 283 hub genes were commonly identified in both co-expression and PPIs networks. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that eight out of 21 modules were significantly enriched for biological processes associated with Johne's disease including “inflammatory response,” “interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway”, “type I interferon signaling pathway,” “cytokine-mediated signaling pathway,” “regulation of interferon-beta production,” and “response to interferon-gamma.” Moreover, some genes (hub mRNA, TF, and lncRNA) were introduced as potential candidates for Johne's disease pathogenesis such as TLR2, NFKB1, IRF1, ATF3, TREM1, CDH26, HMGB1, STAT1, ISG15, CASP3. This study expanded our knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in Johne's disease, and the presented pipeline enabled us to achieve more valid results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Heidari
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Pakdel
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Abbas Pakdel
| | - Mohammad Reza Bakhtiarizadeh
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Mohammad Reza Bakhtiarizadeh
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Mycobacterium intracellulare induces a Th17 immune response via M1-like macrophage polarization in canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11818. [PMID: 35821058 PMCID: PMC9276657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) is one of the most prevalent pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria that cause chronic pulmonary disease. The prevalence of MAC infection has been rising globally in a wide range of hosts, including companion animals. MAC infection has been reported in dogs; however, little is known about interaction between MAC and dogs, especially in immune response. In this study, we investigated the host immune response driven by M. intracellulare using the co-culture system of canine T helper cells and autologous monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that canine MDMs differentiated into M1-like macrophages after M. intracellulare infection and the macrophages secreted molecules that induced Th1/Th17 cell polarization. Furthermore, canine lymphocytes co-cultured with M. intracellulare-infected macrophages induced the adaptive Th17 responses after 5 days. Taken together, our results indicate that M. intracellulare elicits a Th17 response through macrophage activation in this system. Those findings might help the understanding of the canine immune response to MAC infection and diminishing the potential zoonotic risk in One Health aspect.
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Kirkpatrick BW, Cooke ME, Frie M, Sporer KRB, Lett B, Wells SJ, Coussens PM. Genome-wide association analysis for susceptibility to infection by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in US Holsteins. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:4301-4313. [PMID: 35307176 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease, is a chronic, granulomatous, gastrointestinal tract disease of cattle and other ruminants caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Control of Johne's disease is based on programs of testing and culling animals positive for infection with MAP and concurrently modifying management to reduce the likelihood of infection. The current study was motivated by the hypothesis that genetic variation in host susceptibility to MAP infection can be dissected and quantifiable associations with genetic markers identified. Two separate GWAS analyses were conducted, the first using 897 genotyped Holstein artificial insemination sires with phenotypes derived from incidence of MAP infection among daughters based on milk ELISA testing records. The second GWAS analysis was a case-control design using US Holstein cows phenotyped for MAP infection by serum ELISA or fecal culture tests. Cases included cows positive for either serum ELISA, fecal culture, or both. Controls consisted of animals negative for all tests conducted. A total of 376 samples (70 cases and 306 controls) from a University of Minnesota Johne's management demonstration project and 184 samples (76 cases and 108 controls) from a Michigan State University study were used. Medium-density (sires) and high-density (cows) genotype data were imputed to full genome sequence for the analyses. Marker-trait associations were analyzed using the single-step (ss)GWAS procedure implemented in the BLUPF90 suite of programs. Evidence of significant genomic contributions for susceptibility to MAP infection were observed on multiple chromosomes. Results were combined across studies in a meta-analysis, and increased support for genomic regions on BTA7 and BTA21 were observed. Gene set enrichment analysis suggested pathways for antigen processing and presentation, antimicrobial peptides and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity are relevant to variation in host susceptibility to MAP infection, among others. Genomic prediction was evaluated using a 5-fold cross-validation, and moderate correlations were observed between genomic breeding value predictions and daughter averages (∼0.43 to 0.53) for MAP infection in testing data sets. These results suggest that genomic selection against susceptibility to MAP infection is feasible in Holstein cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Kirkpatrick
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison 53706.
| | - M E Cooke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison 53706
| | - M Frie
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing 48824
| | - K R B Sporer
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing 48824
| | - B Lett
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison 53706
| | - S J Wells
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul 55108
| | - P M Coussens
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing 48824
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11
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Wherry TLT, Mooyottu S, Stabel JR. Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 on PBMCs From Dairy Cattle Naturally Infected With Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:830144. [PMID: 35211544 PMCID: PMC8861496 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.830144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of vitamin D3 in modulating immune responses has been well-established for over two decades; however, its specific functions have not been extensively detailed in cattle, particularly cattle in different stages of infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Consistent with previous work in our lab, the present study showed that infected cattle in the clinical stage of disease have reduced serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. Additionally, effects of vitamin D3 on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from naturally infected dairy cattle in subclinical (n = 8) or clinical (n = 8) stages of infection were compared to non-infected control cows (n = 8). Briefly, PBMCs were isolated and cultured in vitro with 4 ng/ml 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] or 100 ng/ml 25(OH)D3. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 resulted in decreased secretion for some pro-inflammatory cytokines in clinical animals, including IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ. Similar responses for IL-1β and IL-6 were noted with the addition of 25(OH)D3. Additionally, pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression tended to be upregulated in PBMCs from clinical animals after treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. In contrast, PBMCs from clinical animals treated with 25(OH)D3 showed downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, although only significant for IL1B. Following 25(OH)D3 treatment, clinical animals showed significant reduction in CD4+CD25+ T cells. CYP27B1 gene expression was notably decreased in clinical and control animals following 25(OH)D3 treatment but increased in subclinical cows. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment reduced CYP24A1 gene expression in all groups, while 25(OH)D3 treatment only significantly reduced expression for control cows. Lastly, serum 25(OH)D3 levels were significantly lower in clinical animals. Taken together, these data show vitamin D3 modulates cytokine signaling in cattle at different stages of MAP infection and, therefore, may have implications on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Judith R. Stabel
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12
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Wherry TLT, Dassanayake RP, Casas E, Mooyottu S, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR. Exogenous Vitamin D3 Modulates Response of Bovine Macrophages to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Infection and Is Dependent Upon Stage of Johne’s Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:773938. [PMID: 35111692 PMCID: PMC8801714 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.773938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of ruminant enteritis, targets intestinal macrophages. During infection, macrophages contribute to mucosal inflammation and development of granulomas in the small intestine which worsens as disease progression occurs. Vitamin D3 is an immunomodulatory steroid hormone with beneficial roles in host-pathogen interactions. Few studies have investigated immunologic roles of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in cattle, particularly cattle infected with MAP. This study examined the effects of exogenous vitamin D3 on immune responses of monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) isolated from dairy cattle naturally infected with MAP. MDMs were pre-treated with ± 100 ng/ml 25(OH)D3 or ± 4 ng/ml 1,25(OH)2D3, then incubated 24 hrs with live MAP in the presence of their respective pre-treatment concentrations. Following treatment with either vitamin D3 analog, phagocytosis of MAP by MDMs was significantly greater in clinically infected animals, with a greater amount of live and dead bacteria. Clinical cows had significantly less CD40 surface expression on MDMs compared to subclinical cows and noninfected controls. 1,25(OH)2D3 also significantly increased nitrite production in MAP infected cows. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment played a key role in upregulating secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-12 while downregulating IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ. 1,25(OH)2D3 also negatively regulated transcripts of CYP24A1, CYP27B1, DEFB7, NOS2, and IL10. Results from this study demonstrate that vitamin D3 compounds, but mainly 1,25(OH)2D3, modulate both pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses in dairy cattle infected with MAP, impacting the bacterial viability within the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. T. Wherry
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Rohana P. Dassanayake
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shankumar Mooyottu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - John P. Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Judith R. Stabel,
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13
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Huang C, Lin ZJ, Lee CJ, Lai WH, Chen JC, Huang HC. ε-Viniferin and α-viniferin alone or in combination induced apoptosis and necrosis in osteosarcoma and non-small cell lung cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112617. [PMID: 34728247 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects and molecular mechanisms of ε-viniferin and α-viniferin in non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549, melanoma cell line A2058, and osteosarcoma cell lines HOS and U2OS. Results showed ε-viniferin having antiproliferative effects on HOS, U2OS, and A549 cells. Compared with ε-viniferin at the same concentration, α-viniferin had higher antiproliferative effects on HOS cells, but not the same effect on U2OS and A549 cells. Lower dose combination of α-viniferin and ε-viniferin had more synergistic effects on A549 cells than either drug alone. α-Viniferin induced apoptosis in HOS cells by decreasing expression of phospho-c-Jun-N-terminal kinase 1/2 (p-JNK1/2) and increasing expression of cleaved Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), whereas α-viniferin in combination with ε-viniferin induced apoptosis in A549 cells by decreasing expression of phospho-protein kinase B (p-AKT) and increasing expression of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3. ε-Viniferin and α-viniferin have not been studied using in vivo tumor models for cancer. This research is the first showing that ε-viniferin treatment resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth in A549-cell xenograft-bearing nude mice compared with the control group. Consequently, ε-viniferin and α-viniferin may prove to be new approaches and effective therapeutic agents for osteosarcoma and lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Jun Lin
- Center for Teacher Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Applied Science, National Tsing Hua University, Nanda Campus, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ju Lee
- Center for Teacher Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Applied Science, National Tsing Hua University, Nanda Campus, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Lai
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan; Center for Teacher Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Applied Science, National Tsing Hua University, Nanda Campus, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Chen Huang
- Center for Teacher Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Applied Science, National Tsing Hua University, Nanda Campus, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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14
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Mallikarjunappa S, Brito LF, Pant SD, Schenkel FS, Meade KG, Karrow NA. Johne's Disease in Dairy Cattle: An Immunogenetic Perspective. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:718987. [PMID: 34513975 PMCID: PMC8426623 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), also known as paratuberculosis, is a severe production-limiting disease with significant economic and welfare implications for the global cattle industry. Caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), JD manifests as chronic enteritis in infected cattle. In addition to the economic losses and animal welfare issues associated with JD, MAP has attracted public health concerns with potential association with Crohn's disease, a human inflammatory bowel disease. The lack of effective treatment options, such as a vaccine, has hampered JD control resulting in its increasing global prevalence. The disease was first reported in 1895, but in recognition of its growing economic impact, extensive recent research facilitated by a revolution in technological approaches has led to significantly enhanced understanding of the immunological, genetic, and pathogen factors influencing disease pathogenesis. This knowledge has been derived from a variety of diverse models to elucidate host-pathogen interactions including in vivo and in vitro experimental infection models, studies measuring immune parameters in naturally-infected animals, and by studies conducted at the population level to enable the estimation of genetic parameters, and the identification of genetic markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL) putatively associated with susceptibility or resistance to JD. The main objectives of this review are to summarize these recent developments from an immunogenetics perspective and attempt to extract the principal and common findings emerging from this wealth of recent information. Based on these analyses, and in light of emerging technologies such as gene-editing, we conclude by discussing potential future avenues for effectively mitigating JD in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mallikarjunappa
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Luiz F Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sameer D Pant
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Flavio S Schenkel
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kieran G Meade
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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15
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Using Omics Approaches in the Discovery of Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Johne's Disease in Sheep and Goats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071912. [PMID: 34199073 PMCID: PMC8300312 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Johne’s disease (JD) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and is an important and emerging problem in livestock. Most JD research has been carried out on cattle, but interest in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of this disease in sheep and goats is greatest in developing countries. Sheep and goats are also a relevant part of livestock production in Europe and Australia, and these species provide an excellent resource to study and better understand the mechanism of survival of MAP and gain insights into possible approaches to control this disease. This review gives an overview of the literature on paratuberculosis in sheep and goats, highlighting the immunological aspects and the potential for “omics” approaches to identify effective biomarkers for the early detection of infection. Abstract Johne’s disease (JD) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and is an important and emerging problem in livestock; therefore, its control and prevention is a priority to reduce economic losses and health risks. Most JD research has been carried out on cattle, but interest in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of this disease in sheep and goats is greatest in developing countries. Sheep and goats are also a relevant part of livestock production in Europe and Australia, and these species provide an excellent resource to study and better understand the mechanism of survival of MAP and gain insights into possible approaches to control this disease. This review gives an overview of the literature on paratuberculosis in sheep and goats, highlighting the immunological aspects and the potential for “omics” approaches to identify effective biomarkers for the early detection of infection. As JD has a long incubation period before the disease becomes evident, early diagnosis is important to control the spread of the disease.
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16
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Shin MK, Shin SJ. Genetic Involvement of Mycobacterium avium Complex in the Regulation and Manipulation of Innate Immune Functions of Host Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063011. [PMID: 33809463 PMCID: PMC8000623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), a collection of mycobacterial species representing nontuberculous mycobacteria, are characterized as ubiquitous and opportunistic pathogens. The incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases caused by MAC have been emerging globally due to complications in the treatment of MAC-pulmonary disease (PD) in humans and the lack of understating individual differences in genetic traits and pathogenesis of MAC species or subspecies. Despite genetically close one to another, mycobacteria species belonging to the MAC cause diseases to different host range along with a distinct spectrum of disease. In addition, unlike Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the underlying mechanisms for the pathogenesis of MAC infection from environmental sources of infection to their survival strategies within host cells have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we highlight unique genetic and genotypic differences in MAC species and the virulence factors conferring the ability to MAC for the tactics evading innate immune attacks of host cells based on the recent advances in genetic analysis by exemplifying M. avium subsp. hominissuis, a major representative pathogen causing MAC-PD in humans. Further understanding of the genetic link between host and MAC may contribute to enhance host anti-MAC immunity, but also provide novel therapeutic approaches targeting the pangenesis-associated genes of MAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea;
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-1813
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17
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Kim S, Park HE, Park WB, Kim SY, Park HT, Yoo HS. Mycobacterium avium Modulates the Protective Immune Response in Canine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:609712. [PMID: 33520738 PMCID: PMC7840563 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.609712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium, an opportunistic intracellular pathogen, is a member of the non-tuberculous mycobacteria species. M. avium causes respiratory disease in immunosuppressed individuals and a wide range of animals, including companion dogs and cats. In particular, the number of infected companion dogs has increased, although the underlying mechanism of M. avium pathogenesis in dogs has not been studied. Therefore, in the present study, the host immune response against M. avium in dogs was investigated by transcriptome analysis of canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. M. avium was shown to induce different immune responses in canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells at different time points after infection. The expression of Th1-associated genes occurred early during M. avium infection, while that of Th17-associated genes increased after 12 h. In addition, the expression of apoptosis-related genes decreased and the abundance of intracellular M. avium increased in monocyte-derived macrophages after infection for 24 h. These results reveal the M. avium induces Th17 immune response and avoids apoptosis in infected canine cells. As the number of M. avium infection cases increases, the results of the present study will contribute to a better understanding of host immune responses to M. avium infection in companion dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Woo Bin Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seo Yihl Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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18
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Rees WD, Lorenzo-Leal AC, Steiner TS, Bach H. Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infects and Replicates within Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070994. [PMID: 32635236 PMCID: PMC7409171 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), a member of the mycobacteriaceae family, causes Johne's disease in ruminants, which resembles Crohn's disease (CD) in humans. MAP was proposed to be one of the causes of human CD, but the evidence remains elusive. Macrophages were reported to be the only cell where MAP proliferates in ruminants and humans and is likely the major producer of TNFα-associated inflammation. However, whether human dendritic cells (DCs), another major antigen-presenting cell (APC), have the ability to harbor MAP and disseminate infection, remains unknown. METHODS Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were infected with MAP and phagocytosis and intracellular survival were quantified by immunofluorescence (IF) and colony counts, respectively. MoDC cytokine expression was measured via ELISA and their activation state was measured via flow cytometry. RESULTS We showed that MAP can infect and replicate in human moDCs as means to evade the immune system for successful infection, through inhibition of the phago-lysosome fusion via the secretion of protein tyrosine phosphatase PtpA. This mechanism initially led to a state of tolerance in moDCs and then subsequently caused a pro-inflammatory response as infection persisted, characterized by the upregulation of IL-6 and TNFα, and downregulation of IL-10. Moreover, we showed that moDCs have the ability to phagocytose up to 18% of MAP, when exposed at a multiplicity of infection of 1:1. CONCLUSION Infection and subsequent proliferation of MAP within moDCs could provide a unique means for the dissemination of MAP to lymphoid tissue, while altering immune responses to facilitate the persistence of infection of host tissues in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Rees
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z3J5, Canada; (W.D.R.); (A.C.L.-L.)
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H3N1, Canada
| | - Ana C. Lorenzo-Leal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z3J5, Canada; (W.D.R.); (A.C.L.-L.)
- Chemical and Food Engineering Department, Universidad de las Americas Puebla, San Andres Cholula, Puebla 72810, Mexico
| | - Theodore S. Steiner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z3J5, Canada; (W.D.R.); (A.C.L.-L.)
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H3N1, Canada
- Correspondence: (T.S.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Horacio Bach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z3J5, Canada; (W.D.R.); (A.C.L.-L.)
- Correspondence: (T.S.S.); (H.B.)
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19
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Taniguchi Y, Sakakibara SI, Fujihara M, Yagi A, Fujiyoshi S. The association between detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis DNA in feces and histopathological classification. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:541-545. [PMID: 32161236 PMCID: PMC7273589 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease (JD), a chronic infectious disease that causes intractable
diarrhea in ruminants. To control the occurrence of JD in cattle, a national surveillance is conducted in Japan. Since 2013, real-time quantitative PCR has been used for definite diagnosis.
In this study, we compared the amount of fecal MAP DNA with histopathological classification of ileocecal lesions. Multinomial logistic regression models enabled us to predict the
probability of finding the histopathological classification from the amount of fecal MAP DNA. These results suggest that shedding level of MAP DNA could act as an indicator of JD
progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Taniguchi
- Hokkaido Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen Kawanishicho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sakakibara
- Hokkaido Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen Kawanishicho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan.,Hokkaido Ishikari Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 3 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Fujihara
- Hokkiado Livestock Farming Promotion Division, Kita 3 Jo Nishi 6 Chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8588, Japan
| | - Azusa Yagi
- Hokkaido Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen Kawanishicho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan.,Hokkiado Livestock Farming Promotion Division, Kita 3 Jo Nishi 6 Chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8588, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujiyoshi
- Hokkaido Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 59-6 Kisen Kawanishicho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 089-1182, Japan.,Zen-noh Embryo Transfer Center, 331-11, Nishi 6 Sen, Kamiotofuke, Kamishihoro, Katohgun, Hokkaido 080-1407, Japan
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20
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Ariel O, Gendron D, Dudemaine PL, Gévry N, Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Bissonnette N. Transcriptome Profiling of Bovine Macrophages Infected by Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis Depicts Foam Cell and Innate Immune Tolerance Phenotypes. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2874. [PMID: 31969876 PMCID: PMC6960179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD), also known as paratuberculosis, in ruminants. The mechanisms of JD pathogenesis are not fully understood, but it is known that MAP subverts the host immune system by using macrophages as its primary reservoir. MAP infection in macrophages is often studied in healthy cows or experimentally infected calves, but reports on macrophages from naturally infected cows are lacking. In our study, primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from cows diagnosed as positive (+) or negative (–) for JD were challenged in vitro with live MAP. Analysis using next-generation RNA sequencing revealed that macrophages from JD(+) cows did not present a definite pattern of response to MAP infection. Interestingly, a considerable number of genes, up to 1436, were differentially expressed in JD(–) macrophages. The signatures of the infection time course of 1, 4, 8, and 24 h revealed differential expression of ARG2, COL1A1, CCL2, CSF3, IL1A, IL6, IL10, PTGS2, PTX3, SOCS3, TNF, and TNFAIP6 among other genes, with major effects on host signaling pathways. While several immune pathways were affected by MAP, other pathways related to hepatic fibrosis/hepatic stellate cell activation, lipid homeostasis, such as LXR/RXR (liver X receptor/retinoid X receptor) activation pathways, and autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis or atherosclerosis) also responded to the presence of live MAP. Comparison of the profiles of the unchallenged MDMs from JD(+) vs. JD(–) cows showed that 868 genes were differentially expressed, suggesting that these genes were already affected before monocytes differentiated into macrophages. The downregulated genes predominantly modified the general cell metabolism by downregulating amino acid synthesis and affecting cholesterol biosynthesis and other energy production pathways while introducing a pro-fibrotic pattern associated with foam cells. The upregulated genes indicated that lipid homeostasis was already supporting fat storage in uninfected JD(+) MDMs. For JD(+) MDMs, differential gene expression expounds long-term mechanisms established during disease progression of paratuberculosis. Therefore, MAP could further promote disease persistence by influencing long-term macrophage behavior by using both tolerance and fat-storage states. This report contributes to a better understanding of MAP's controls over the immune cell response and mechanisms of MAP survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Ariel
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Gendron
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pier-Luc Dudemaine
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gévry
- Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Department of Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Mathie HA, Jensen K, Stevens JM, Glass EJ, Hope JC. Quantifying Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection of bovine monocyte derived macrophages by confocal microscopy. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 168:105779. [PMID: 31756349 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) during in vitro infection experiments is challenging due to limitations of currently utilised methods, such as colony counting. Here we describe quantifying MAP infection of bovine macrophages (Mφ) using confocal microscopy. Bovine monocyte derived macrophages were infected with MAP at a high or low dose and the number of intracellular bacteria calculated at 2 h post infection using confocal microscopy. Bacteria within simultaneously infected Mφ were quantified by colony counting in order to compare confocal microscopy results with results obtained by an established method. Confocal microscopy provided a robust alternative quantification method that allowed for assessment of the infection at the individual Mφ level. This demonstrated that MAP infection was not homogeneous, and that there were higher numbers of both infected Mφ and intracellular bacteria and bacterial aggregates at the high dose compared to the low dose, potentially impacting the Mφ response to infection. Confocal microscopy can therefore provide a level of detail regarding the infection unobtainable by other quantification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Mathie
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Kirsty Jensen
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Joanne M Stevens
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Glass
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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22
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Analysis of the microRNA Expression Profile of Bovine Monocyte-derived Macrophages Infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis Reveals that miR-150 Suppresses Cell Apoptosis by Targeting PDCD4. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112708. [PMID: 31159463 PMCID: PMC6600136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative pathogen of Johne’s disease, a chronic granulomatous enteritis that principally affects ruminants and can survive, proliferate and disseminate in macrophages. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and can impact the processes of cells. To investigate the role of miRNAs in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) during MAP infection, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze small RNA libraries of MAP-infected and control MDMs. The results showed that a total of 21 miRNAs were differentially expressed in MDMs after MAP infection, and 8864 target genes were predicted. A functional analysis showed that the target genes were mainly involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway and apoptosis. In addition, using a dual-luciferase reporter assay, flow cytometry, and a small interfering (si)RNA knockdown assay, the role of miR-150 in regulating macrophage apoptosis by targeting the programmed cell death protein-4 (PDCD4) was demonstrated. These results provide an experimental basis to reveal the regulatory mechanism of MAP infection and suggest the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers for the diagnosis of Johne’s disease in bovines.
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Response of the respiratory mucosal cells to mycobacterium avium subsp. Hominissuis microaggregate. Arch Microbiol 2018; 200:729-742. [PMID: 29383404 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1479-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium: subsp. hominissuis (MAH) is an opportunistic pathogen that commonly infects immunocompromised individuals. Recently, we described an invasive phenotypic change MAH undergoes when incubated with lung airway epithelial host cells for 24 h, which is accompanied with microaggregate formation in vitro. The microaggregate phenotype also resulted in higher colonization in the lungs of mice early during infection. Previously, we identified genes highly regulated during microaggregate formation and further characterized the function of two highly upregulated bacterial proteins, mycobacterial binding protein-1 (MBP-1) and mycobacterial inversion protein-1 (MIP-1), which were found to be involved in binding and invasion of the respiratory mucosa. While these studies are valuable in understanding the pathogenesis of MAH, they primarily investigated the bacteria during microaggregate infection without commenting on the differences in the host response to microaggregate and planktonic infection. The bacteria-host interaction between microaggregates and epithelial cells was examined in a variety of assays. Using a transwell polarized epithelial cell model, microaggregates translocated through the monolayer more efficiently than planktonic bacteria at set timepoints. In addition, during infection with microaggregate and planktonic bacteria, host phosphorylated proteins were identified revealing differences in immune response, glutathione synthesis, and apoptosis. The host immune response was further investigated by measuring pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion during microaggregate and planktonic infection of BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. The epithelial cells secreted more CCL5 during infection with microaggregates suggesting that this chemokine may play an important role during microaggregate invasion. Subsequent experiments showed that microaggregates are formed more efficiently in the presence of CCL5, suggesting that MAH had evolved a strategy to use the host response in its benefit. Collectively, this study establishes the different nature of infection by planktonic bacteria and microaggregates.
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Wu X, Wang L, Qiu Y, Zhang B, Hu Z, Jin R. Cooperation of IRAK1/4 inhibitor and ABT-737 in nanoparticles for synergistic therapy of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8025-8034. [PMID: 29184402 PMCID: PMC5673049 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s146875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is caused by clonal expansion of variant T cell progenitors and is considered as a high risk leukemia. Contemporary single chemotherapy has a limited effect due to dynamic and versatile properties of T-ALL. Here IRAK1/4 inhibitor and ABT-737 were co-encapsulated into polyethylene glycol modified poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (IRAK/ABT-NP) to enhance synergistic therapy of T-ALL. The formulation was optimized to achieve high drug loading using Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology. The optimal parameter comprised 2.98% polymer in acetonitrile, a ratio of oil phase to water phase of 1:8.33, and 2.12% emulsifier concentration. High drug loading and uniform spherical shape was achieved. In vitro release study showed sustained release of IRAK1/4 inhibitor for 72 hours as well as sustained release of ABT-737 for more than 120 hours. Uptake efficiency of IRAK/ABT-NP and induced apoptotic T-ALL fraction by IRAK/ABT-NP were much higher than the IRAK1/4 and ABT-737 combined solution. IC50 of IRAK/ABT-NP was two-fold lower than free drug combination in Jurkat cells. Additionally, we conducted in vivo experiments in which IRAK/ABT-NP exhibited greater cytotoxicity toward T-ALL cells, the capacity to significantly restore white blood cell number in peripheral blood, and improved survival time of T-ALL mouse model compared to the IRAK1/4 and ABT-737 combined solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Yining Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Zhenhua Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Runming Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
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Thirunavukkarasu S, Plain KM, Purdie AC, Whittington RJ, de Silva K. IFN-γ fails to overcome inhibition of selected macrophage activation events in response to pathogenic mycobacteria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176400. [PMID: 28505170 PMCID: PMC5432162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
According to most models of mycobacterial infection, inhibition of the pro-inflammatory macrophage immune responses contributes to the persistence of bacteria. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a highly successful pathogen in cattle and sheep and is also implicated as the causative agent of Crohn's disease in humans. Pathogenic mycobacteria such as MAP have developed multiple strategies to evade host defence mechanisms including interfering with the macrophages' capacity to respond to IFN-γ, a feature which might be lacking in non-pathogenic mycobacteria such as M. smegmatis. We hypothesized that pre-sensitisation of macrophages with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ would help in overcoming the inhibitory effect of MAP or its antigens on macrophage inflammatory responses. Herein we have compared a series of macrophage activation parameters in response to MAP and M. smegmatis as well as mycobacterial antigens. While IFN-γ did overcome the inhibition in immune suppressive mechanisms in response to MAP antigen as well as M. smegmatis, we could not find a clear role for IFN-γ in overcoming the inhibition of macrophage inflammatory responses to the pathogenic mycobacterium, MAP. We demonstrate that suppression of macrophage defence mechanisms by pathogenic mycobacteria is unlikely to be overcome by prior sensitization with IFN-γ alone. This indicates that IFN-γ signaling pathway-independent mechanisms may exist for overcoming inhibition of macrophage effector functions in response to pathogenic mycobacteria. These findings have important implications in understanding the survival mechanisms of pathogenic mycobacteria directed towards finding better therapeutics and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karren M. Plain
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Auriol C. Purdie
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard J. Whittington
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Ruangkiattikul N, Nerlich A, Abdissa K, Lienenklaus S, Suwandi A, Janze N, Laarmann K, Spanier J, Kalinke U, Weiss S, Goethe R. cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3/7 induced interferon-β contributes to the clearing of non tuberculous mycobacterial infection in mice. Virulence 2017; 8:1303-1315. [PMID: 28422568 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1321191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I), such as IFN-α and IFN-β are important messengers in the host response against bacterial infections. Knowledge about the role of IFN-I in infections by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is limited. Here we show that macrophages infected with pathogens of the Mycobacterium avium complex produced significantly lower amounts of IFN-β than macrophages infected with the opportunistic pathogen M. smegmatis. To dissect the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon, we focused on the obligate pathogen Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis (MAP) and the opportunistic M. smegmatis. Viability of both bacteria was required for induction of IFN-β in macrophages. Both bacteria induced IFN-β via the cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3/7-pathway of IFN-β activation. Stronger phosphorylation of TBK1 and higher amounts of extracellular bacterial DNA in the macrophage cytosol were found in M. smegmatis infected macrophages than in MAP infected macrophages. After intraperitoneal infection of mice, a strong Ifnb induction by M. smegmatis correlated with clearance of the bacteria. In contrast, MAP only induced weak Ifnb expression which correlated with bacterial persistence and increased number of granulomas in the liver. In mice lacking the type I interferon receptor we observed improved survival of M. smegmatis while survival of MAP was similar to that in wildtype mice. On the other hand, treatment of MAP infected wildtype mice with the IFN-I inducer poly(I:C) or recombinant IFN-β impaired the survival of MAP. This indicates an essential role of IFN-I in clearing infections by MAP and M. smegmatis. The expression level of IFN-I is decisive for transient versus persistent NTM infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Nerlich
- a Institute for Microbiology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Ketema Abdissa
- a Institute for Microbiology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany.,b Department of Molecular Immunology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- b Department of Molecular Immunology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- b Department of Molecular Immunology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Nina Janze
- a Institute for Microbiology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Kristin Laarmann
- a Institute for Microbiology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- c Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research , a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- c Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research , a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Siegfried Weiss
- b Department of Molecular Immunology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany.,d Institute of Immunology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- a Institute for Microbiology , University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover , Germany
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The immunoregulatory effects of co-infection with Fasciola hepatica: From bovine tuberculosis to Johne's disease. Vet J 2017; 222:9-16. [PMID: 28410676 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) is a parasite prevalent in much of the world that causes the economically-important disease of fasciolosis in livestock. The threat that this disease poses extends beyond its direct effects due to the parasite's immunomodulatory effects. Research at this laboratory is focusing on whether this immunoregulation can, in animals infected with liver fluke, exert a bystander effect on concurrent infections in the host. It has already been established that F. hepatica infection reduces cell mediated immune responses to Mycobacterium bovis in cattle, and that the interaction between the two pathogens can be detected on an epidemiological scale. This review explores the immunological consequences of co-infection between F. hepatica and other bacterial infections. Arguments are presented suggesting that immunity of cattle to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is also likely to be affected.
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28
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Chaubey KK, Gupta RD, Gupta S, Singh SV, Bhatia AK, Jayaraman S, Kumar N, Goel A, Rathore AS, Sahzad, Sohal JS, Stephen BJ, Singh M, Goyal M, Dhama K, Derakhshandeh A. Trends and advances in the diagnosis and control of paratuberculosis in domestic livestock. Vet Q 2016; 36:203-227. [PMID: 27356470 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2016.1196508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis (pTB) is a chronic granulomatous enteritis caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in a wide variety of domestic and wild animals. Control of pTB is difficult due to the lack of sensitive, efficacious and cost-effective diagnostics and marker vaccines. Microscopy, culture, and PCR have been used for the screening of MAP infection in animals for quite a long time. Besides, giving variable sensitivity and specificity, these tests have not been considered ideal for large-scale screening of domestic livestock. Serological tests like ELISA easily detects anti-MAP antibodies. However, it cannot differentiate between the vaccinated and infected animals. Nanotechnology-based diagnostic tests are underway to improve the sensitivity and specificity. Newer generation diagnostic tests based on recombinant MAP secretory proteins would open new paradigm for the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals and for early detection of the infection. Due to higher seroreactivity of secretory proteins vis-à-vis cellular proteins, the secretory proteins may be used as marker vaccine, which may aid in the control of pTB infection in animals. Secretory proteins can be potentially used to develop future diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring of the disease progression in animals and the marker vaccine for the control and eradication of pTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Rinkoo Devi Gupta
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Sujata Jayaraman
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Anjana Goel
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , India
| | - Abhishek Singh Rathore
- c Department of Life sciences and Biotechnology , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
| | - Sahzad
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- d Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology , Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Bjorn John Stephen
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manju Singh
- a Microbiology Laboratory, Animal Health Division , Central Institute for Research on Goats , Mathura , India
| | - Manish Goyal
- e Division of Parasitology , Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- f Pathology Division , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- g Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine , Shiraz University , Shiraz , Iran
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Lin WC, Huang CC, Chen HL, Chou KH, Chen PC, Tsai NW, Chen MH, Friedman M, Lin HC, Lu CH. Longitudinal brain structural alterations and systemic inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea before and after surgical treatment. J Transl Med 2016; 14:139. [PMID: 27188598 PMCID: PMC4901987 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic inflammation, neurocognitive impairments, and morphologic brain changes are associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Understanding their longitudinal evolution and interactions after surgical treatment provides clues to the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment and its reversibility. In the present study, we investigate clinical disease severity, systemic inflammation, cognitive deficits, and corresponding gray matter volume (GMV) changes in OSA, and the modifications following surgery. Methods Twenty-one patients with OSA (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI > 5) and 15 healthy volunteers (AHI < 5) underwent serial evaluation, including polysomnography, flow cytometry for leukocyte apoptosis categorization, cognitive function evaluation, and high-resolution brain scan. Disease severity, leukocyte apoptosis, cognitive function, and imaging data were collected to assess therapeutic efficacy 3 months after surgery. Results Pre-operatively, patients presented with worse cognitive function, worse polysomnography scores, and higher early leukocyte apoptosis associated with increased insular GMV. There was reduced GMV in the anterior cingulate gyrus before and after surgery in the cases compared to that in controls, suggesting an irreversible structural deficit. Post-operatively, there were significant improvements in different cognitive domains, including attention, executive and visuospatial function, and depression, and in early leukocyte apoptosis. There was also a significant decrease in GMVs after treatment, suggesting recovery from vasogenic edema in the precuneus, insula, and cerebellum. Improvement in early leukocyte apoptosis post-surgery predicted better recovery of precuneus GMV. Conclusions In OSA, increased disease severity and systemic inflammation can alter GMV in vulnerable regions. Surgical treatment may improve disease severity and systemic inflammation, with subsequent recovery in brain structures and functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0887-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Che Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hsien Chou
- Department of Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chin Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Friedman
- Division of Sleep Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Advanced Center for Specialty Care, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hsin-Ching Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123, Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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30
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Hempel RJ, Bannantine JP, Stabel JR. Transcriptional Profiling of Ileocecal Valve of Holstein Dairy Cows Infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153932. [PMID: 27093613 PMCID: PMC4836751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease is a chronic infection of the small intestine caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), an intracellular bacterium. The events of pathogen survival within the host cell(s), chronic inflammation and the progression from asymptomatic subclinical stage to an advanced clinical stage of infection, are poorly understood. This study examines gene expression in the ileocecal valve (ICV) of Holstein dairy cows at different stages of MAP infection. The ICV is known to be a primary site of MAP colonization and provides an ideal location to identify genes that are relevant to the progression of this disease. RNA was prepared from ICV tissues and RNA-Seq was used to compare gene transcription between clinical, subclinical, and uninfected control animals. Interpretation of the gene expression data was performed using pathway analysis and gene ontology categories containing multiple differentially expressed genes. Results demonstrated that many of the pathways that had strong differential gene expression between uninfected control and clinical cows were related to the immune system, such as the T- and B-cell receptor signaling, apoptosis, NOD-like receptor signaling, and leukocyte transendothelial migration pathways. In contrast, the comparison of gene transcription between control and subclinical cows identified pathways that were primarily involved in metabolism. The results from the comparison between clinical and subclinical animals indicate recruitment of neutrophils, up regulation of lysosomal peptidases, increase in immune cell transendothelial migration, and modifications of the extracelluar matrix. This study provides important insight into how cattle respond to a natural MAP infection at the gene transcription level within a key target tissue for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy J. Hempel
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John P. Bannantine
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Judith R. Stabel
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Qasem A, Abdel-Aty A, Abu-Suwa H, Naser SA. Oxidative stress due to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection upregulates selenium-dependent GPx activity. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:12. [PMID: 26997979 PMCID: PMC4797197 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was designed to determine the relationship between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, in the blood of humans and cattle infected with MAP. Design MAP infection status and GPx activity were determined in sera from 42 cattle, a group of 27 patients with Crohn’s disease and 27 of their healthy biological relatives, and a group of 66 subjects with various diseases other than Crohn’s disease and 34 non-related healthy subjects. Results GPx activity was significantly higher overall in the case of MAP infection in both humans and cattle. The mean value for GPx activity was 1.59 ± 0.65 units/ml in MAP positive cattle compared to 0.46907 ± 0.28 units/ml in healthy cattle sera, where a unit was defined as one mmol/minute (P < 0.01). The mean value of the GPx activity in MAP negative humans clinical sera was 0.42367 ± 0.229 units/ml compared to 0.80941 ± 0.521 in MAP positive sera in a study comparing Crohn’s disease patients to their healthy relatives. The mean activity in MAP negative humans was 0.4702 ± 0.1299 compared to 0.6510 ± 00.1665 units/ml in positive samples in a randomized field study of 100 subjects. Conclusion This study demonstrated a strong correlation between MAP and the elevation of GPx activity. This was especially evident in Crohn’s patients, which further supports the association of MAP and Crohn’s disease. GPx activity may also be used to predict MAP infection status and to show that Crohn’s disease patients who are infected with MAP have higher tendency to develop oxidative stress than Crohn’s disease patients who are negative for the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Qasem
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Ahmad Abdel-Aty
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Huda Abu-Suwa
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Saleh A Naser
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL USA
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Evidence of a pro-apoptotic effect of specific antibodies in a bovine macrophage model of infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 169:47-53. [PMID: 26827838 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD), a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. Understanding the protective immune response following infection is crucial to improve the diagnosis and the development of vaccines against this disease. The goal of this work was to assess whether specific antibodies were able to modulate the macrophage response to MAP infection by evaluating apoptosis and TNF-α secretion in an in vitro model. Sera from healthy (n=2), MAP-infected (n=3) and lipoarabinomannan (LAM)-immunized (n=3) bovines were evaluated. LAM was chosen as immunogen due to its relevant role in mycobacterial pathogenesis. We demonstrated by two different techniques (Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide microscopy and Annexin V/7-Amino-Actinomycin D flow cytometry) that the immune sera from both, MAP-infected and LAM-immunized bovines, significantly increased macrophage apoptosis in infected cultures. Comparable levels of apoptosis were detected when MAP was pre-incubated with purified specific antibodies instead of whole serum. Furthermore, this effect was accompanied by a significantly higher secretion of TNF-α. These results strongly suggest that specific antibodies could limit the impact of MAP on the apoptosis of bovine cells. This work would contribute to elucidate the role of the specific antibody response in bovine JD and its prevention.
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Bermudez LE, Danelishvili L, Babrack L, Pham T. Evidence for genes associated with the ability of Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis to escape apoptotic macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:63. [PMID: 26380226 PMCID: PMC4548235 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) is an environmental bacteria that infects immunocompromised humans. MAH cases are increasing in incidence, making it crucial to gain knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms associated with the bacterium. MAH infects macrophages and after several days the infection triggers the phagocyte apoptosis. Many of the intracellular MAH escape the cell undergoing apoptosis leading to infection of neighboring macrophages. We screened a transposon bank of MAH mutants in U937 mononuclear phagocytes for the inability to escape macrophages undergoing apoptosis. Mutations in genes; MAV_2235, MAV_2120, MAV_2410, and MAV_4563 resulted in the inability of the bacteria to exit macrophages upon apoptosis. Complementation of the mutations corrected the phenotype either completely or partially. Testing for the ability of the mutants to survive in macrophages compared to the wild-type bacterium revealed that the mutant clones were not attenuated up to 4 days of infection. Testing in vivo, however, demonstrated that all the MAH clones were attenuated compared with the wild-type MAC 104 in tissues of mice. Although the mechanism associated with the bacterial inability to leave apoptotic macrophages is unknown, the identification of macrophage cytoplasm targets for the MAH proteins suggest that they interfere either with protein degradation machinery or post-translation mechanisms. The identification of tatC as a MAH protein involved in the ability of MAH to leave macrophages, suggests that secreted effector(s) are involved in the process. The study reveals a pathway of escape from macrophages, not shared with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz E Bermudez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA ; Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA ; Program of Molecular and Cell Biology, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lia Danelishvili
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA ; Biochemistry Program, College of Science, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lmar Babrack
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA ; Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Tuan Pham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA ; Biochemistry Program, College of Science, Oregon State University Corvallis, OR, USA
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Martcheva M, Lenhart S, Eda S, Klinkenberg D, Momotani E, Stabel J. An immuno-epidemiological model for Johne's disease in cattle. Vet Res 2015; 46:69. [PMID: 26091672 PMCID: PMC4474574 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the mechanisms involved in the dynamics of Johne’s disease in dairy cattle, this paper illustrates a novel way to link a within-host model for Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis with an epidemiological model. The underlying variable in the within-host model is the time since infection. Two compartments, infected macrophages and T cells, of the within-host model feed into the epidemiological model through the direct transmission rate, disease-induced mortality rate, the vertical transmission rate, and the shedding of MAP into the environment. The epidemiological reproduction number depends on the within-host bacteria load in a complex way, exhibiting multiple peaks. A possible mechanism to account for the switch in shedding patterns of the bacteria in this disease is included in the within-host model, and its effect can be seen in the epidemiological reproduction model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Martcheva
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, 358 Little Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Suzanne Lenhart
- Department of Mathematics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Shigetoshi Eda
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Don Klinkenberg
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CL, The Netherlands. .,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Eiichi Momotani
- Department of Human-care, Tohto College of Health Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Fukaya, Saitama, 366-0052, Japan.
| | - Judy Stabel
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
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The within host dynamics of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle: where time and place matter. Vet Res 2015; 46:61. [PMID: 26092382 PMCID: PMC4473847 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), occurs in domestic and wild animals worldwide, causing a significant economic loss to livestock industries. After a prolonged incubation time, infected cattle shed MAP bacilli into feces and spread the disease to an uninfected animal population. It is largely unknown how (or whether) the interplay between the pathogen and the host immunity determines timing of shedding after the long incubation time. Such information would provide an understanding of pathogenesis in individual animals and the epidemiology of MAP infection in animal populations. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of bovine Johne’s disease pathology, pathogenesis, immunology and genetics. We discuss knowledge gaps that direly need to be addressed to provide a science-based approach to diagnostics and (immuno)prophylaxis. These knowledge gaps are related to anatomical/clinical manifestation of MAP invasion, interaction of bacteria with phagocytes, granuloma formation, shedding, establishment and kinetics of adaptive immune responses in the pathogenesis of the disease. These topics are discussed at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels with special attention to the within host dynamics including the temporal and the spatial context relevant for the various host-pathogen interactions.
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36
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Rana A, Kumar D, Rub A, Akhter Y. Proteome-scale identification and characterization of mitochondria targeting proteins of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: Potential virulence factors modulating host mitochondrial function. Mitochondrion 2015; 23:42-54. [PMID: 26048556 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent of Johne's Disease among ruminants. During the course of infection, it expresses a number of proteins for its successful persistence inside the host that cause variety of physiological abnormalities in the host. Mitochondrion is one of the attractive targets for pathogenic bacteria. Employing a proteome-wide sequence and structural signature based approach we have identified 46 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteins as potential targets for the host mitochondrial targeting. These may act as virulence factors modulating mitochondrial physiology for bacterial survival and immune evasion inside the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Rana
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, District-Kangra, 176206 Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Devender Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, District-Kangra, 176206 Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Abdur Rub
- Infection and Immunity Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur, District-Kangra, 176206 Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Chen HL, Lu CH, Lin HC, Chen PC, Chou KH, Lin WM, Tsai NW, Su YJ, Friedman M, Lin CP, Lin WC. White matter damage and systemic inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2015; 38:361-70. [PMID: 25325459 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To evaluate white matter integrity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and to assess its relationship with systemic inflammation. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING One tertiary medical center research institute. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Twenty patients with severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] > 30, 18 men and 2 women) and 14 healthy volunteers (AHI < 5, 11 men and 3 women). INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Patients with severe OSA and healthy volunteers underwent polysomnography to determine the severity of sleep apnea, and DTI scanning to determine fiber integrity. Early or late phase changes in leukocyte apoptosis and its subsets were determined by flow cytometry. DTI-related indices (including fractional anisotropy [FA], axial diffusivity [AD], radial diffusivity [RD], and mean diffusivity [MD]) were derived from DTI. The FA maps were compared using voxel-based statistics to determine differences between the severe OSA and control groups. The differences in DTI indices, clinical severity, and leukocyte apoptosis were correlated after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure. Exploratory group-wise comparison between the two groups revealed that patients with OSA exhibited low FA accomplished by high RD in several brain locations, without any differences in AD and MD. The FA values were negatively correlated with clinical disease severity and leukocyte early apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Obstructive sleep apnea impairs white matter integrity in vulnerable regions, and this impairment is associated with increased disease severity. The possible interactions between systemic inflammation and central nervous system microstructural damage may represent variant hypoxic patterns and their consequent processes in OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ching Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Sleep Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chin Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Hsien Chou
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jih Su
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Friedman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Sleep Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.,Department of Otolaryngology, Advanced Center for Specialty Care, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Increased viability but decreased culturability of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in macrophages from inflammatory bowel disease patients under Infliximab treatment. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:647-56. [PMID: 25702170 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0393-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) has long been implicated as a triggering agent in Crohn's disease (CD). In this study, we investigated the growth/persistence of both M. avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) and MAP, in macrophages from healthy controls (HC), CD and ulcerative colitis patients. For viability assessment, both CFU counts and a pre16SrRNA RNA/DNA ratio assay (for MAP) were used. Phagolysosome fusion was evaluated by immunofluorescence, through analysis of LAMP-1 colocalization with MAP. IBD macrophages were more permissive to MAP survival than HC macrophages (a finding not evident with MAH), but did not support MAP active growth. The lower MAP CFU counts in macrophage cultures associated with Infliximab treatment were not due to increased killing, but possibly to elevation in the proportion of intracellular dormant non-culturable MAP forms, as MAP showed higher viability in those macrophages. Increased MAP viability was not related to lack of phagolysosome maturation. The predominant induction of MAP dormant forms by Infliximab treatment may explain the lack of MAP reactivation during anti-TNF therapy of CD but does not exclude the possibility of MAP recrudescence after termination of therapy.
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Casey ME, Meade KG, Nalpas NC, Taraktsoglou M, Browne JA, Killick KE, Park SDE, Gormley E, Hokamp K, Magee DA, MacHugh DE. Analysis of the Bovine Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Response to Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infection Using RNA-seq. Front Immunol 2015; 6:23. [PMID: 25699042 PMCID: PMC4316787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease, caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, (MAP), is a chronic intestinal disease of ruminants with serious economic consequences for cattle production in the United States and elsewhere. During infection, MAP bacilli are phagocytosed and subvert host macrophage processes, resulting in subclinical infections that can lead to immunopathology and dissemination of disease. Analysis of the host macrophage transcriptome during infection can therefore shed light on the molecular mechanisms and host-pathogen interplay associated with Johne's disease. Here, we describe results of an in vitro study of the bovine monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) transcriptome response during MAP infection using RNA-seq. MDM were obtained from seven age- and sex-matched Holstein-Friesian cattle and were infected with MAP across a 6-h infection time course with non-infected controls. We observed 245 and 574 differentially expressed (DE) genes in MAP-infected versus non-infected control samples (adjusted P value ≤0.05) at 2 and 6 h post-infection, respectively. Functional analyses of these DE genes, including biological pathway enrichment, highlighted potential functional roles for genes that have not been previously described in the host response to infection with MAP bacilli. In addition, differential expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes, such as those associated with the IL-10 signaling pathway, and other immune-related genes that encode proteins involved in the bovine macrophage response to MAP infection emphasize the balance between protective host immunity and bacilli survival and proliferation. Systematic comparisons of RNA-seq gene expression results with Affymetrix(®) microarray data generated from the same experimental samples also demonstrated that RNA-seq represents a superior technology for studying host transcriptional responses to intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura E Casey
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc , Dunsany , Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc , Dunsany , Ireland
| | - Nicolas C Nalpas
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | | | - John A Browne
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Kate E Killick
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stephen D E Park
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Eamonn Gormley
- Tuberculosis Diagnostics and Immunology Research Centre, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - David A Magee
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - David E MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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40
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Rue-Albrecht K, Magee DA, Killick KE, Nalpas NC, Gordon SV, MacHugh DE. Comparative functional genomics and the bovine macrophage response to strains of the mycobacterium genus. Front Immunol 2014; 5:536. [PMID: 25414700 PMCID: PMC4220711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in cattle and are also potential zoonotic agents with implications for human health. Despite the implementation of comprehensive animal surveillance programs, many mycobacterial diseases have remained recalcitrant to eradication in several industrialized countries. Two major mycobacterial pathogens of cattle are Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agents of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and Johne's disease (JD), respectively. BTB is a chronic, granulomatous disease of the respiratory tract that is spread via aerosol transmission, while JD is a chronic granulomatous disease of the intestines that is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Although these diseases exhibit differential tissue tropism and distinct complex etiologies, both M. bovis and MAP infect, reside, and replicate in host macrophages - the key host innate immune cell that encounters mycobacterial pathogens after initial exposure and mediates the subsequent immune response. The persistence of M. bovis and MAP in macrophages relies on a diverse series of immunomodulatory mechanisms, including the inhibition of phagosome maturation and apoptosis, generation of cytokine-induced necrosis enabling dissemination of infection through the host, local pathology, and ultimately shedding of the pathogen. Here, we review the bovine macrophage response to infection with M. bovis and MAP. In particular, we describe how recent advances in functional genomics are shedding light on the host macrophage-pathogen interactions that underlie different mycobacterial diseases. To illustrate this, we present new analyses of previously published bovine macrophage transcriptomics data following in vitro infection with virulent M. bovis, the attenuated vaccine strain M. bovis BCG, and MAP, and discuss our findings with respect to the differing etiologies of BTB and JD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Rue-Albrecht
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David A. Magee
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate E. Killick
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicolas C. Nalpas
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David E. MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Rathnaiah G, Lamont EA, Harris NB, Fenton RJ, Zinniel DK, Liu X, Sotos J, Feng Z, Livneh-Kol A, Shpigel NY, Czuprynski CJ, Sreevatsan S, Barletta RG. Generation and screening of a comprehensive Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis transposon mutant bank. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:144. [PMID: 25360421 PMCID: PMC4197770 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of Johne's Disease in ruminants. This enteritis has significant economic impact and worldwide distribution. Vaccination is one of the most cost effective infectious disease control measures. Unfortunately, current vaccines reduce clinical disease and shedding, but are of limited efficacy and do not provide long-term protective immunity. Several strategies have been followed to mine the MAP genome for virulence determinants that could be applied to vaccine and diagnostic assay development. In this study, a comprehensive mutant bank of 13,536 MAP K-10 Tn5367 mutants (P > 95%) was constructed and screened in vitro for phenotypes related to virulence. This strategy was designated to maximize identification of genes important to MAP pathogenesis without relying on studies of other mycobacterial species that may not translate into similar effects in MAP. This bank was screened for mutants with colony morphology alterations, susceptibility to D-cycloserine, impairment in siderophore production or secretion, reduced cell association, and decreased biofilm and clump formation. Mutants with interesting phenotypes were analyzed by PCR, Southern blotting and DNA sequencing to determine transposon insertion sites. These insertion sites mapped upstream from the MAP1152-MAP1156 cluster, internal to either the Mod operon gene MAP1566 or within the coding sequence of lsr2, and several intergenic regions. Growth curves in broth cultures, invasion assays and kinetics of survival and replication in primary bovine macrophages were also determined. The ability of vectors carrying Tn5370 to generate stable MAP mutants was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govardhan Rathnaiah
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Elise A Lamont
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN, USA
| | - N Beth Harris
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Robert J Fenton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Denise K Zinniel
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Josh Sotos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zhengyu Feng
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ayala Livneh-Kol
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nahum Y Shpigel
- The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN, USA
| | - Raúl G Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
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42
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Gene-expression profiling of calves 6 and 9 months after inoculation with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2014; 45:96. [PMID: 25294045 PMCID: PMC4198621 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of Johne’s disease (JD) caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is essential to reduce transmission; consequently, new diagnostic techniques and approaches to detect MAP or markers of early MAP infection are being explored. The objective was to identify biomarkers associated with MAP infection at 6 and 9 months after oral inoculation. Therefore, gene expression analysis was done using whole blood cells obtained from MAP-infected calves. All MAP-inoculated calves had a cell-mediated immune response (IFN-γ) to Johnin PPD specific antigens, and 60% had an antibody response to MAP antigens. Gene expression analysis at 6 months after inoculation revealed downregulation of chemoattractants, namely neutrophil beta-defensin-9 like peptide (BNBD9-Like), S100 calcium binding protein A9 (s100A9) and G protein coupled receptor 77 (GPR77) or C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor (C5a2). Furthermore, BOLA/MHC-1 intracellular antigen presentation gene was downregulated 9 months after inoculation. In parallel, qPCR experiments to evaluate the robustness of some differentially expressed genes revealed consistent downregulation of BOLA/MHC-I, BNBD9-Like and upregulation of CD46 at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 months after inoculation. In conclusion, measuring the expression of these genes has potential for implementation in a diagnostic tool for the early detection of MAP infection.
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Bannantine JP, Hines ME, Bermudez LE, Talaat AM, Sreevatsan S, Stabel JR, Chang YF, Coussens PM, Barletta RG, Davis WC, Collins DM, Gröhn YT, Kapur V. A rational framework for evaluating the next generation of vaccines against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:126. [PMID: 25250245 PMCID: PMC4158869 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1980s, several investigations have focused on developing a vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and sheep. These studies used whole-cell inactivated vaccines that have proven useful in limiting disease progression, but have not prevented infection. In contrast, modified live vaccines that invoke a Th1 type immune response, may improve protection against infection. Spurred by recent advances in the ability to create defined knockouts in MAP, several independent laboratories have developed modified live vaccine candidates by transpositional mutation of virulence and metabolic genes in MAP. In order to accelerate the process of identification and comparative evaluation of the most promising modified live MAP vaccine candidates, members of a multi-institutional USDA-funded research consortium, the Johne's disease integrated program (JDIP), met to establish a standardized testing platform using agreed upon protocols. A total of 22 candidates vaccine strains developed in five independent laboratories in the United States and New Zealand voluntarily entered into a double blind stage gated trial pipeline. In Phase I, the survival characteristics of each candidate were determined in bovine macrophages. Attenuated strains moved to Phase II, where tissue colonization of C57/BL6 mice were evaluated in a challenge model. In Phase III, five promising candidates from Phase I and II were evaluated for their ability to reduce fecal shedding, tissue colonization and pathology in a baby goat challenge model. Formation of a multi-institutional consortium for vaccine strain evaluation has revealed insights for the implementation of vaccine trials for Johne's disease and other animal pathogens. We conclude by suggesting the best way forward based on this 3-phase trial experience and challenge the rationale for use of a macrophage-to-mouse-to native host pipeline for MAP vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Bannantine
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
| | - Murray E Hines
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Lab, The University of Georgia Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Luiz E Bermudez
- Departments of Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University Corvalis, OR, USA
| | - Adel M Talaat
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI, USA ; Department of Food Hygenie, Cairo University Cairo, Egypt
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Judith R Stabel
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paul M Coussens
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Raúl G Barletta
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Yrjö T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA
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Lamont EA, Talaat AM, Coussens PM, Bannantine JP, Grohn YT, Katani R, Li LL, Kapur V, Sreevatsan S. Screening of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis mutants for attenuation in a bovine monocyte-derived macrophage model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:87. [PMID: 25072030 PMCID: PMC4075333 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination remains a major tool for prevention and progression of Johne's disease, a chronic enteritis of ruminants worldwide. Currently there is only one licensed vaccine within the United States and two vaccines licensed internationally against Johne's disease. All licensed vaccines reduce fecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and delay disease progression. However, there are no available vaccines that prevent disease onset. A joint effort by the Johne's Disease Integrated Program (JDIP), a USDA-funded consortium, and USDA—APHIS/VS sought to identify transposon insertion mutant strains as vaccine candidates in part of a three phase study. The focus of the Phase I study was to evaluate MAP mutant attenuation in a well-defined in vitro bovine monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) model. Attenuation was determined by colony forming unit (CFUs) counts and slope estimates. Based on CFU counts alone, the MDM model did not identify any mutant that significantly differed from the wild-type control, MAP K-10. Slope estimates using mixed models approach identified six mutants as being attenuated. These were enrolled in protection studies involving murine and baby goat vaccination-challenge models. MDM based approach identified trends in attenuation but this did not correlate with protection in a natural host model. These results suggest the need for alternative strategies for Johne's disease vaccine candidate screening and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Lamont
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Adel M Talaat
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul M Coussens
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John P Bannantine
- Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture Ames, IA, USA
| | - Yrjo T Grohn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robab Katani
- Department Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University State College, PA, USA
| | - Ling-ling Li
- Department Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University State College, PA, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State University State College, PA, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA ; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota St. Paul, MN, USA
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45
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Arsenault RJ, Maattanen P, Daigle J, Potter A, Griebel P, Napper S. From mouth to macrophage: mechanisms of innate immune subversion by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Res 2014; 45:54. [PMID: 24885748 PMCID: PMC4046017 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease (JD) is a chronic enteric infection of cattle caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The high economic cost and potential zoonotic threat of JD have driven efforts to develop tools and approaches to effectively manage this disease within livestock herds. Efforts to control JD through traditional animal management practices are complicated by MAP’s ability to cause long-term environmental contamination as well as difficulties associated with diagnosis of JD in the pre-clinical stages. As such, there is particular emphasis on the development of an effective vaccine. This is a daunting challenge, in large part due to MAP’s ability to subvert protective host immune responses. Accordingly, there is a priority to understand MAP’s interaction with the bovine host: this may inform rational targets and approaches for therapeutic intervention. Here we review the early host defenses encountered by MAP and the strategies employed by the pathogen to avert or subvert these responses, during the critical period between ingestion and the establishment of persistent infection in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott Napper
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
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46
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David J, Barkema HW, Mortier R, Ghosh S, Guan LL, De Buck J. Gene expression profiling and putative biomarkers of calves 3 months after infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 160:107-17. [PMID: 24841487 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease (JD), a chronic granulomatous intestinal inflammation of ruminants. Current diagnostic tools lack sensitivity to detect JD early in infection; therefore, alternatives are desired. The objective was to identify potential biomarkers in whole blood of high- and low-dose (LD) MAP-challenged Holstein-Friesian calves 3 months after inoculation. Infected calves were designated MAP-positive using the IFN-γ release assay. Differential expression of transcripts in whole blood was compared between non-infected controls and HD, as well as LD calves, using the Affymetrix(®) GeneChip(®) Bovine Genome Array. Microarray data were analyzed using RMA and PLIER algorithms; 296 transcripts were differentially expressed (17 had ≥ 1.5 fold change). The HD and LD calves had differential gene expression profiles for up to 80% of differentially expressed genes. Pathway analyses using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA(®)) indicated inhibition of several defence mechanisms, including apoptosis, leukocyte and lymphocyte trafficking, overall repression of gene expression and potentially hydrogen peroxide production in macrophages. Further validation using qPCR verified increased expression of CD46, ICOS, and CEP350, but decreased expression of CTLA4, YARS, and PARVB in infected calves. Additionally, a comparison of seropositive and seronegative infected calves identified transcripts predictive of seroconversion. We concluded that IL6ST/gp130 and CD22 may have important roles in the induction of antibodies against MAP. Putative biomarkers of early MAP infection with roles in immune responses were identified; in addition, the importance of infective dose on biomarkers was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel David
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Rienske Mortier
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5.
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.
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Agdestein A, Jones A, Flatberg A, Johansen TB, Heffernan IA, Djønne B, Bosco A, Olsen I. Intracellular growth of Mycobacterium avium subspecies and global transcriptional responses in human macrophages after infection. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:58. [PMID: 24450835 PMCID: PMC3906092 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (Maa) and M. avium subsp. hominissuis (Mah) are environmental mycobacteria and significant opportunistic pathogens. Mycobacterium avium infections in humans and pigs are mainly due to Mah. It is not known whether this is caused by a difference in virulence or difference in exposure to the two subspecies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of the M. avium subspecies to replicate intracellularly and to characterise the gene expression program triggered by infection of human primary macrophages. Results All isolates were able to invade and persist within human macrophages. However, intracellular replication was only evident in cells infected with the two Maa isolates. Transcriptional responses to the isolates were characterized by upregulation of genes involved in apoptosis, immune- and inflammatory response, signal transduction and NF-kB signaling, cell proliferation and T-cell activation. Although similar pathways and networks were perturbed by the different isolates, the response to the Maa subspecies was exaggerated, and there was evidence of increased activation of type I and II interferon signaling pathways. Conclusion Mycobacterium avium isolates of different genetic characteristics invaded monocytes and induced different degree of macrophage activation. Isolates of Maa were able to replicate intracellularly suggesting that differences in exposure, uptake or induction of adaptive immunity are more likely explanations for the difference in prevalence between M. avium subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ingrid Olsen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, PO, Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway.
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Mechanisms of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis induced apoptosis and necrosis in bovine macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:392-401. [PMID: 23639474 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) and macrophages is a complex process to maximize the chances of their respective survival. Previous studies have shown that Map induces cell death in macrophages, but the mechanism is not known. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which Map induces cell death in bovine macrophages using the fluorescent and electron microscopic techniques. The macrophages infected with an equal number of Map (i.e., multiplicity of infection, MOI=1) showed no changes of cell death, but those macrophages infected at MOI=10 showed the morphological changes consistent with apoptosis. Strikingly, the macrophages infected by Map at MOI=50 showed the changes of apoptosis and necrosis. The Map-induced apoptosis was a caspase-dependent mechanism at MOI=10 while it was caspase- and nitric oxide-independent at MOI=50. The results of the present study suggest that the mitochondrial damage following Map infection initiates the cell death processes in macrophages.
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Key role for the alternative sigma factor, SigH, in the intracellular life of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis during macrophage stress. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2242-57. [PMID: 23569115 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01273-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease, an enteric infection in cattle and other ruminants, greatly afflicting the dairy industry worldwide. Once inside the cell, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is known to survive harsh microenvironments, especially those inside activated macrophages. To improve our understanding of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis pathogenesis, we examined phagosome maturation associated with transcriptional responses of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis during macrophage infection. Monitoring cellular markers, only live M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis bacilli were able to prevent phagosome maturation and reduce its acidification. On the transcriptional level, over 300 M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genes were significantly and differentially regulated in both naive and IFN-γ-activated macrophages. These genes include the sigma factor H (sigH) that was shown to be important for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival inside gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-activated bovine macrophages. Interestingly, an sigH-knockout mutant showed increased sensitivity to a sustained level of thiol-specific oxidative stress. Large-scale RNA sequence analysis revealed that a large number of genes belong to the sigH regulon, especially following diamide stress. Genes involved in oxidative stress and virulence were among the induced genes in the sigH regulon with a putative consensus sequence for SigH binding that was recognized in a subset of these genes (n = 30), suggesting direct regulation by SigH. Finally, mice infections showed a significant attenuation of the ΔsigH mutant compared to its parental strain, suggesting a role for sigH in M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis virulence. Such analysis could identify potential targets for further testing as vaccine candidates against Johne's disease.
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50
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Dobson B, Liggett S, O'Brien R, Griffin JFT. Innate immune markers that distinguish red deer (Cervus elaphus) selected for resistant or susceptible genotypes for Johne's disease. Vet Res 2013; 44:5. [PMID: 23347398 PMCID: PMC3574005 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While many factors contribute to resistance and susceptibility to infectious disease, a major component is the genotype of the host and the way in which it is expressed. Johne’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting ruminants and is caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). We have previously identified red deer breeds (Cervus elaphus) that are resistant; have a low rate of MAP infection and do not progress to develop Johne’s disease. In contrast, susceptible breeds have a high rate of MAP infection as seen by seroconversion and progress to develop clinical Johne’s disease. The aim of this study was to determine if immunological differences exist between animals of resistant or susceptible breeds. Macrophage cultures were derived from the monocytes of deer genotypically defined as resistant or susceptible to the development of Johne’s disease. Following in vitro infection of the cells with MAP, the expression of candidate genes was assessed by quantitative PCR as well as infection rate and cell death rate. The results indicate that macrophages from susceptible animals show a significantly higher upregulation of inflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1α, TNF-α and IL-23p19) than the macrophages from resistant animals. Cells from resistant animals had a higher rate of apoptosis at 24 hours post infection (hpi) compared to macrophages from susceptible animals. The excessive expression of inflammatory mRNA transcripts in susceptible animals could cause inefficient clearing of the mycobacterial organism and the establishment of disease. Controlled upregulation of inflammatory pathways coupled with programmed cell death in the macrophages of resistant animals may predispose the host to a protective immune response against this mycobacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Dobson
- Disease Research Laboratory, 720 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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