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O'Neill EA, Rowan NJ. Potential disruptive effects of zoosporic parasites on peatland-based organic freshwater aquaculture: Case study from the Republic of Ireland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161495. [PMID: 36634789 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Irish freshwater aquaculture holds great potential for aiding food security. However, its necessary expansion has been hampered by the adoption of important environmental EU directives. A novel peatland-based recirculating aquaculture multi-trophic pond system (RAMPS) was developed to assess its potential to assist in the sustainable development of industry whilst remaining aligned with environmental protection by adhering to organic aquaculture practices. Microalgae play a pivotal role in the farms' wastewater bioremediation. However, a collapse of the algal population within the system towards the end of the pilot study was observed. No relationship between physicochemical fluctuations and the collapse were indicated. Further investigations into the potential presence of biological agents were then conducted and fourteen species of zoosporic parasites from five different genera (Labyrinthula, Vampyrella, Amoeboaphelidium, Paraphelidium and Aphelidium) were identified after conducting next-generation sequencing (MinION). The presence of these species indicated the potential cause of algal collapse. Additionally, changes in weather conditions may have also contributed to the issue. Given the lack of data available on zoosporic parasites and their potential impact on organic aquaculture practices, additional research needs to be conducted. Developing a means to monitor and mitigate against these complex zoosporic parasites will inform food security, it will particularly help safeguard "organic" freshwater aquaculture where there is a reliance on using natural-based approaches to address disease mitigation. This information will in turn inform the replication of this RAMPs system in peatlands internationally creating local employment in green technologies, as communities' transition away from burning peat as fossil fuel. Also, zoosporic parasites may reduce important microalgae in peatland-based culture ponds that serve as exceptional sequesters of carbon. Findings of this study will inform related research that focus on the emergence of microbial pathogens in local aquatic ecosystems brought on by variances in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer A O'Neill
- Centre for Sustainable Disinfection and Sustainability, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone Campus, University Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland; Faculty of Science & Health, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone Campus, University Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland.
| | - Neil J Rowan
- Centre for Sustainable Disinfection and Sustainability, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone Campus, University Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland; Faculty of Science & Health, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Athlone Campus, University Road, Athlone, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
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Frolova EV, Paskerova GG, Smirnov AV, Nassonova ES. Diversity, Distribution, and Development of Hyperparasitic Microsporidia in Gregarines within One Super-Host. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010152. [PMID: 36677444 PMCID: PMC9864637 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metchnikovellids (Microsporidia: Metchnikovellida) are poorly studied hyperparasitic microsporidia that live in gregarines inhabiting the intestines of marine invertebrates, mostly polychaetes. Our recent studies showed that diversity of metchnikovellids might be significantly higher than previously thought, even within a single host. Four species of metchnikovellids were found in the gregarines inhabiting the gut of the polychaete Pygospio elegans from littoral populations of the White and Barents Seas: the eugregarine Polyrhabdina pygospionis is the host for Metchnikovella incurvata and M. spiralis, while the archigregarine Selenidium pygospionis is the host for M. dogieli and M. dobrovolskiji. The most common species in the White Sea is M. incurvata, while M. dobrovolskiji prevails in the Barents Sea. Gregarines within a single worm could be infected with different metchnikovellid species. However, co-infection of one and the same gregarine with several species of metchnikovellids has never been observed. The difference in prevalence and intensity of metchnikovellid invasion apparently depends on the features of the life cycle and on the development strategies of individual species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Frolova
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St Petersburg University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gita G. Paskerova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St Petersburg University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Smirnov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, St Petersburg University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena S. Nassonova
- Laboratory of Cytology of Unicellular Organisms, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Bermúdez-Cova MA, Cruz-Laufer AJ, Piepenbring M. Hyperparasitic Fungi on Black Mildews (Meliolales, Ascomycota): Hidden Fungal Diversity in the Tropics. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:885279. [PMID: 37746226 PMCID: PMC10512288 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.885279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Hyperparasitism on plant-parasitic fungi is a widespread but rarely studied phenomenon. Here, for the first time, we compile in a checklist information provided by peer-reviewed literature for fungi growing on colonies of black mildews (Meliolales, Ascomycota), a species-rich group of tropical and subtropical plant-parasitic microfungi. The checklist contains information on 189 species of contact-biotrophic microfungi in 82 genera. They belong to seven morphological groups: dematiaceous hyphomycetes, moniliaceous hyphomycetes, pycnidioid, perithecioid, catathecioid, and apothecioid fungi. By the fact that species accumulation curves do not reach saturation for any tropical country, it is evident that the knowledge of the diversity of hyperparasitic fungi on Meliolales is incomplete. A network analysis of records of hyperparasitic fungi, their host fungi and host plants shows that genera of hyperparasitic fungi are generalists concerning genera of Meliolales. However, most species of hyperparasitic fungi are restricted to meliolalean hosts. In addition to hyperparasitic fungi, diverse further microorganisms use meliolalean colonies as ecological niche. Systematic positions of most species are unknown because DNA sequence data are lacking for species of fungi hyperparasitic on Meliolales. We discuss the specific challenges of obtaining DNA sequence data from hyperparasitic fungi. In order to better understand the diversity, evolution and biology of hyperparasitic fungi, it is necessary to increase sampling efforts and to undertake further morphological, molecular, and ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Bermúdez-Cova
- Mycology Research Group, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos, División de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Armando J. Cruz-Laufer
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Meike Piepenbring
- Mycology Research Group, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bouguerche C, Tazerouti F, Justine JL. Truly a hyperparasite, or simply an epibiont on a parasite? The case of Cyclocotyla bellones (Monogenea, Diclidophoridae). Parasite 2022; 29:28. [PMID: 35588271 PMCID: PMC9119087 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclocotyla bellones Otto, 1823 (Monogenea, Diclidophoridae) is one of the few monogenean species reported as hyperparasitic: the worms dwell on cymothoid isopods, themselves parasites of the buccal cavity of fishes. We present here observations based on newly collected monogenean specimens from Ceratothoa parallela (Otto, 1828), an isopod parasite of Boops boops off Algeria and also investigated its diet to address whether Cy. bellones is indeed a hyperparasite, i.e., whether it feeds on the isopod. We also compared the body shape of various monogeneans belonging to the same family as Cy. bellones, the Diclidophoridae, including Choricotyle cf. chrysophryi Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863, collected from Pagellus acarne off Algeria. No morphological character of the anterior organs suggested any special adaptation in Cy. bellones to the perforation of the crustacean cuticle. The wall of the oesophagus and of the intestine of Cy. bellones was lined with a dark pigment similar to what is usually observed in haematophagous polyopisthocotyleans, and which is derived from ingested fish blood. We noticed that an anterior elongate stem exists only in diclidophorids dwelling on parasitic isopods and never in those attached to the gills. We hypothesize that the anterior stem of the body of Cy. bellones is an anatomical adaptation for the monogenean to feed on the fish while dwelling on the isopod. We thus consider that Cy. bellones is an epibiont of the parasitic crustacean, as it uses it merely as an attachment substrate, and is not a true hyperparasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahinez Bouguerche
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fadila Tazerouti
- Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, Faculté des Sciences Biologiques, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Environnement: Interactions - Génomes, BP 32, El Alia Bab Ezzouar, Alger, Algérie
| | - Jean-Lou Justine
- Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 51, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Sen K, Sen B, Wang G. Diversity, Abundance, and Ecological Roles of Planktonic Fungi in Marine Environments. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050491. [PMID: 35628747 PMCID: PMC9147564 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are considered terrestrial and oceans are a “fungal desert”. However, with the considerable progress made over past decades, fungi have emerged as morphologically, phylogenetically, and functionally diverse components of the marine water column. Although their communities are influenced by a plethora of environmental factors, the most influential include salinity, temperature, nutrients, and dissolved oxygen, suggesting that fungi respond to local environmental gradients. The biomass carbon of planktonic fungi exhibits spatiotemporal dynamics and can reach up to 1 μg CL−1 of seawater, rivaling bacteria on some occasions, which suggests their active and important role in the water column. In the nutrient-rich coastal water column, there is increasing evidence for their contribution to biogeochemical cycling and food web dynamics on account of their saprotrophic, parasitic, hyper-parasitic, and pathogenic attributes. Conversely, relatively little is known about their function in the open-ocean water column. Interestingly, methodological advances in sequencing and omics approach, the standardization of sequence data analysis tools, and integration of data through network analyses are enhancing our current understanding of the ecological roles of these multifarious and enigmatic members of the marine water column. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the diversity and abundance of planktonic fungi in the world’s oceans and provides an integrated and holistic view of their ecological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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6
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Bahram M, Netherway T. Fungi as mediators linking organisms and ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6468741. [PMID: 34919672 PMCID: PMC8892540 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi form a major and diverse component of most ecosystems on Earth. They are both micro and macroorganisms with high and varying functional diversity as well as great variation in dispersal modes. With our growing knowledge of microbial biogeography, it has become increasingly clear that fungal assembly patterns and processes differ from other microorganisms such as bacteria, but also from macroorganisms such as plants. The success of fungi as organisms and their influence on the environment lies in their ability to span multiple dimensions of time, space, and biological interactions, that is not rivalled by other organism groups. There is also growing evidence that fungi mediate links between different organisms and ecosystems, with the potential to affect the macroecology and evolution of those organisms. This suggests that fungal interactions are an ecological driving force, interconnecting different levels of biological and ecological organisation of their hosts, competitors, and antagonists with the environment and ecosystem functioning. Here we review these emerging lines of evidence by focusing on the dynamics of fungal interactions with other organism groups across various ecosystems. We conclude that the mediating role of fungi through their complex and dynamic ecological interactions underlie their importance and ubiquity across Earth's ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bahram
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Ulls väg 16, 756 51 Sweden.,Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, 40 Lai St. Estonia
| | - Tarquin Netherway
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Ulls väg 16, 756 51 Sweden
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Blaalid R, Khomich M. Current knowledge of Chytridiomycota diversity in Northern Europe and future research needs. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Laas P, Ugarelli K, Absten M, Boyer B, Briceño H, Stingl U. Composition of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microbial Communities in Waters around the Florida Reef Tract. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061120. [PMID: 34064293 PMCID: PMC8224282 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Florida Keys, a delicate archipelago of sub-tropical islands extending from the south-eastern tip of Florida, host the vast majority of the only coral barrier reef in the continental United States. Abiotic as well as microbial components of the surrounding waters are pivotal for the health of reef habitats, and thus could play an important role in understanding the development and transmission of coral diseases in Florida. In this study, we analyzed microbial community structure and abiotic factors in waters around the Florida Reef Tract. Both bacterial and eukaryotic community structure were significantly linked with variations in temperature, dissolved oxygen, and total organic carbon values. High abundances of copiotrophic bacteria as well as several potentially harmful microbes, including coral pathogens, fish parasites and taxa that have been previously associated with Red Tide and shellfish poisoning were present in our datasets and may have a pivotal impact on reef health in this ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peeter Laas
- Fort Lauderdale Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA; (P.L.); (K.U.)
| | - Kelly Ugarelli
- Fort Lauderdale Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA; (P.L.); (K.U.)
| | - Michael Absten
- Institute of the Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.A.); (B.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Breege Boyer
- Institute of the Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.A.); (B.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Henry Briceño
- Institute of the Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.A.); (B.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Ulrich Stingl
- Fort Lauderdale Research & Education Center, Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA; (P.L.); (K.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-954-577-6326
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Yang Y, Banos S, Gerdts G, Wichels A, Reich M. Mycoplankton Biome Structure and Assemblage Processes Differ Along a Transect From the Elbe River Down to the River Plume and the Adjacent Marine Waters. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:640469. [PMID: 33967979 PMCID: PMC8102988 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.640469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rivers are transport systems and supply adjacent ecosystems with nutrients. They also serve human well-being, for example as a source of food. Microorganism biodiversity is an important parameter for the ecological balance of river ecosystems. Despite the knowledge that fungi are key players in freshwater nutrient cycling and food webs, data on planktonic fungi of streams with higher stream order are scarce. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by a fungi-specific 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene tag sequencing approach, investigating mycoplankton diversity in the Elbe River along a transect from shallow freshwater, to the estuary and river plume down to the adjacent marine waters (sections of seventh stream order number). Using multivariate analyses and the quantitative process estimates (QPEs) method, questions (i) of how mycoplankton communities as part of the river continuum change along the transect, (ii) what factors, spatial and environmental, play a role, and (iii) what assembly processes, such as selection or dispersion, operate along the transect, were addressed. The partitioning of mycoplankton communities into three significant distant biomes was mainly driven by local environmental conditions that were partly under spatial control. The assembly processes underlying the biomes also differed significantly. Thus, variable selection dominated the upstream sections, while undominated processes like ecological drift dominated the sections close to the river mouth and beyond. Dispersal played a minor role. The results suggest that the ecological versatility of the mycoplankton communities changes along the transect as response, for example, to a drastic change from an autotrophic to a heterotrophic system caused by an abrupt increase in the river depth. Furthermore, a significant salinity-dependent occurrence of diverse basal fungal groups was observed, with no clade found exclusively in marine waters. These results provide an important framework to help understand patterns of riverine mycoplankton communities and serve as basis for a further in-depth work so that fungi, as an important ecological organism group, can be integrated into models of, e.g., usage-balance considerations of rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yang
- Molecular Ecology Group, University of Bremen, FB2, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefanos Banos
- Molecular Ecology Group, University of Bremen, FB2, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Gerdts
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Antje Wichels
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland, Germany
| | - Marlis Reich
- Molecular Ecology Group, University of Bremen, FB2, Bremen, Germany
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10
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Farthing HN, Jiang J, Henwood AJ, Fenton A, Garner TWJ, Daversa DR, Fisher MC, Montagnes DJS. Microbial Grazers May Aid in Controlling Infections Caused by the Aquatic Zoosporic Fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:592286. [PMID: 33552011 PMCID: PMC7858660 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.592286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-living eukaryotic microbes may reduce animal diseases. We evaluated the dynamics by which micrograzers (primarily protozoa) apply top-down control on the chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) a devastating, panzootic pathogen of amphibians. Although micrograzers consumed zoospores (∼3 μm), the dispersal stage of chytrids, not all species grew monoxenically on zoospores. However, the ubiquitous ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, which likely co-occurs with Bd, grew at near its maximum rate (r = 1.7 d-1). A functional response (ingestion vs. prey abundance) for T. pyriformis, measured using spore-surrogates (microspheres) revealed maximum ingestion (I max ) of 1.63 × 103 zoospores d-1, with a half saturation constant (k) of 5.75 × 103 zoospores ml-1. Using these growth and grazing data we developed and assessed a population model that incorporated chytrid-host and micrograzer dynamics. Simulations using our data and realistic parameters obtained from the literature suggested that micrograzers could control Bd and potentially prevent chytridiomycosis (defined as 104 sporangia host-1). However, simulated inferior micrograzers (0.7 × I max and 1.5 × k) did not prevent chytridiomycosis, although they ultimately reduced pathogen abundance to below levels resulting in disease. These findings indicate how micrograzer responses can be applied when modeling disease dynamics for Bd and other zoosporic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel N. Farthing
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jiamei Jiang
- Shanghai Universities Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Taxonomy and Evolution, Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alexandra J. Henwood
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Fenton
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Trent W. J. Garner
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Daversa
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C. Fisher
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J. S. Montagnes
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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de Groot MD, Dumolein I, Hiller T, Sándor AD, Szentiványi T, Schilthuizen M, Aime MC, Verbeken A, Haelewaters D. On the Fly: Tritrophic Associations of Bats, Bat Flies, and Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040361. [PMID: 33322768 PMCID: PMC7770572 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitism is one of the most diverse and abundant modes of life, and of great ecological and evolutionary importance. Notwithstanding, large groups of parasites remain relatively understudied. One particularly unique form of parasitism is hyperparasitism, where a parasite is parasitized itself. Bats (Chiroptera) may be parasitized by bat flies (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea), obligate blood-sucking parasites, which in turn may be parasitized by hyperparasitic fungi, Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota: Laboulbeniomycetes). In this study, we present the global tritrophic associations among species within these groups and analyze their host specificity patterns. Bats, bat flies, and Laboulbeniales fungi are shown to form complex networks, and sixteen new associations are revealed. Bat flies are highly host-specific compared to Laboulbeniales. We discuss possible future avenues of study with regard to the dispersal of the fungi, abiotic factors influencing the parasite prevalence, and ecomorphology of the bat fly parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel D. de Groot
- Research Group Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Iris Dumolein
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.D.); (A.V.); (D.H.)
| | - Thomas Hiller
- Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 13, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
| | - Attila D. Sándor
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamara Szentiványi
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, 1395 S. Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA;
| | - Menno Schilthuizen
- Research Group Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
| | - Annemieke Verbeken
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.D.); (A.V.); (D.H.)
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.D.); (A.V.); (D.H.)
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
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12
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Where are the basal fungi? Current status on diversity, ecology, evolution, and taxonomy. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Zhao B, Xing P, Wu QL. Interactions between bacteria and fungi in macrophyte leaf litter decomposition. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1130-1144. [PMID: 33015932 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microbes play an important role in decomposition of macrophytes in shallow lakes, and the process can be greatly affected by bacteria-fungi interactions in response to material composition and environmental conditions. In this study, microbes involved in the decomposition of leaf litter from three macrophyte species, Zizania latifolia, Hydrilla verticillata and Nymphoides peltata, were analysed at temperatures of 5, 15 and 25 °C. Results indicate that the decomposition rate was affected by temperature. Bacterial alpha diversity increased significantly along the time, while both temperature and plant species had a significant impact on the bacterial community, and plant type was shown to be the most important driving factor for the fungal community. The cosmopolitan bacterial taxa affiliated with Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes and Spirochaetes were key species in the investigated ecological networks, demonstrating significant co-occurrence or co-exclusion relationships with Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, according to different macrophyte species. This study indicates that bacteria involved in the decomposition of macrophyte leaf litter are more sensitive to temperature variance, and that fungi have a higher specificity to the composition of plant materials. The nutrient content of Hydrilla verticillata promoted a positive bacteria-fungi interaction, thereby accelerating the decomposition and re-circulation of leaf litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Zhao
- International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Peng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qinglong L Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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14
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First record of eulimids on brittle stars from Spratly Islands. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Fungi are phylogenetically and functionally diverse ubiquitous components of almost all ecosystems on Earth, including aquatic environments stretching from high montane lakes down to the deep ocean. Aquatic ecosystems, however, remain frequently overlooked as fungal habitats, although fungi potentially hold important roles for organic matter cycling and food web dynamics. Recent methodological improvements have facilitated a greater appreciation of the importance of fungi in many aquatic systems, yet a conceptual framework is still missing. In this Review, we conceptualize the spatiotemporal dimensions, diversity, functions and organismic interactions of fungi in structuring aquatic food webs. We focus on currently unexplored fungal diversity, highlighting poorly understood ecosystems, including emerging artificial aquatic habitats.
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16
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Naranjo‐Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of the Fungi. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:2101-2137. [PMID: 31659870 PMCID: PMC6899921 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fungal kingdom comprises a hyperdiverse clade of heterotrophic eukaryotes characterized by the presence of a chitinous cell wall, the loss of phagotrophic capabilities and cell organizations that range from completely unicellular monopolar organisms to highly complex syncitial filaments that may form macroscopic structures. Fungi emerged as a 'Third Kingdom', embracing organisms that were outside the classical dichotomy of animals versus vegetals. The taxonomy of this group has a turbulent history that is only now starting to be settled with the advent of genomics and phylogenomics. We here review the current status of the phylogeny and taxonomy of fungi, providing an overview of the main defined groups. Based on current knowledge, nine phylum-level clades can be defined: Opisthosporidia, Chytridiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Zoopagomycota, Mucoromycota, Glomeromycota, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. For each group, we discuss their main traits and their diversity, focusing on the evolutionary relationships among the main fungal clades. We also explore the diversity and phylogeny of several groups of uncertain affinities and the main phylogenetic and taxonomical controversies and hypotheses in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Naranjo‐Ortiz
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88Barcelona08003Spain
- Health and Experimental Sciences DepartmentUniversitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)08003BarcelonaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
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17
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Highly diverse fungal communities in carbon-rich aquifers of two contrasting lakes in Northeast Germany. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Frenken T, Agha R, Schmeller DS, van West P, Wolinska J. Biological Concepts for the Control of Aquatic Zoosporic Diseases. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:571-582. [PMID: 31076352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aquatic zoosporic diseases are threatening global biodiversity and ecosystem services, as well as economic activities. Current means of controlling zoosporic diseases are restricted primarily to chemical treatments, which are usually harmful or likely to be ineffective in the long term. Furthermore, some of these chemicals have been banned due to adverse effects. As a result, there is a need for alternative methods with minimal side-effects on the ecosystem or environment. Here, we integrate existing knowledge of three poorly interconnected areas of disease research - amphibian conservation, aquaculture, and plankton ecology - and arrange it into seven biological concepts to control zoosporic diseases. These strategies may be less harmful and more sustainable than chemical approaches. However, more research is needed before safe application is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Frenken
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ramsy Agha
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk S Schmeller
- ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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19
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20
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Ramond P, Sourisseau M, Simon N, Romac S, Schmitt S, Rigaut-Jalabert F, Henry N, de Vargas C, Siano R. Coupling between taxonomic and functional diversity in protistan coastal communities. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:730-749. [PMID: 30672084 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The study of protistan functional diversity is crucial to understand the dynamics of oceanic ecological processes. We combined the metabarcoding data of various coastal ecosystems and a newly developed trait-based approach to study the link between taxonomic and functional diversity across marine protistan communities of different size-classes. Environmental DNA was extracted and the V4 18S rDNA genomic region was amplified and sequenced. In parallel, we tried to annotate the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from our metabarcoding dataset to 30 biological traits using published and accessible information on protists. We then developed a method to study trait correlations across protists (i.e. trade-offs) in order to build the best functional groups. Based on the annotated OTUs and our functional groups, we demonstrated that the functional diversity of marine protist communities varied in parallel with their taxonomic diversity. The coupling between functional and taxonomic diversity was conserved across different protist size classes. However, the smallest size-fraction was characterized by wider taxonomic and functional groups diversity, corroborating the idea that nanoplankton and picoplankton are part of a more stable ecological background on which larger protists and metazoans might develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Ramond
- IFREMER, Dyneco Pelagos, BP 70, 29280 Plouzané, France.,Sorbonne University, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, ECOMAP, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | | | - Nathalie Simon
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, ECOMAP, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Sarah Romac
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, ECOMAP, 29688 Roscoff, France.,Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris, France
| | | | - Fabienne Rigaut-Jalabert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS - FR2424, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Nicolas Henry
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, ECOMAP, 29688 Roscoff, France.,Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Colomban de Vargas
- Sorbonne University, CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, ECOMAP, 29688 Roscoff, France.,Research Federation for the Study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/GOSEE, 3 rue Michel-Ange, 75016 Paris, France
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21
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Sullivan BK, Trevathan-Tackett SM, Neuhauser S, Govers LL. Review: Host-pathogen dynamics of seagrass diseases under future global change. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 134:75-88. [PMID: 28965923 PMCID: PMC6445351 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced global change is expected to amplify the disease risk for marine biota. However, the role of disease in the rapid global decline of seagrass is largely unknown. Global change may enhance seagrass susceptibility to disease through enhanced physiological stress, while simultaneously promoting pathogen development. This review outlines the characteristics of disease-forming organisms and potential impacts of global change on three groups of known seagrass pathogens: labyrinthulids, oomycetes and Phytomyxea. We propose that hypersalinity, climate warming and eutrophication pose the greatest risk for increasing frequency of disease outbreaks in seagrasses by increasing seagrass stress and lowering seagrass resilience. In some instances, global change may also promote pathogen development. However, there is currently a paucity of information on these seagrass pathosystems. We emphasise the need to expand current research to better understand the seagrass-pathogen relationships, serving to inform predicative modelling and management of seagrass disease under future global change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K Sullivan
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Victorian Marine Science Consortium, 2A Bellarine Highway, Queenscliff, Victoria 3225, Australia.
| | - Stacey M Trevathan-Tackett
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Laura L Govers
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Post Office Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Wang Y, Sen B, He Y, Xie N, Wang G. Spatiotemporal Distribution and Assemblages of Planktonic Fungi in the Coastal Waters of the Bohai Sea. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:584. [PMID: 29643845 PMCID: PMC5882831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi play a critical role in the nutrient cycling and ecological function in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Yet, many ecological aspects of their counterparts in coastal ecosystems remain largely elusive. Using high-throughput sequencing, quantitative PCR, and environmental data analyses, we studied the spatiotemporal changes in the abundance and diversity of planktonic fungi and their abiotic and biotic interactions in the coastal waters of three transects along the Bohai Sea. A total of 4362 ITS OTUs were identified and more than 60% of which were unclassified Fungi. Of the classified OTUs three major fungal phyla, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chytridiomycota were predominant with episodic low dominance phyla Cryptomycota and Mucoromycota (Mortierellales). The estimated average Fungi-specific 18S rRNA gene qPCR abundances varied within 4.28 × 106 and 1.13 × 107copies/L with significantly (P < 0.05) different abundances among the transects suggesting potential influence of the different riverine inputs. The spatiotemporal changes in the OTU abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla coincided significantly (P < 0.05) with nutrients traced to riverine inputs and phytoplankton detritus. Among the eight major fungal orders, the abundance of Hypocreales varied significantly (P < 0.01) across months while Capnodiales, Pleosporales, Eurotiales, and Sporidiobolales varied significantly (P < 0.05) across transects. In addition, our results likely suggest a tripartite interaction model for the association within members of Cryptomycota (hyperparasites), Chytridiomycota (both parasites and saprotrophs), and phytoplankton in the coastal waters. The fungal network featured several hubs and keystone OTUs besides the display of cooperative and competitive relationship within OTUs. These results support the notion that planktonic fungi, hitherto mostly undescribed, play diverse ecological roles in marine habitats and further outline niche processes, tripartite and co-occurrence interaction as the major drivers of their community structure and spatiotemporal distribution in the coastal water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Xining, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaodong He
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningdong Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Duke Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environment Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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23
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Sungthong R, Tauler M, Grifoll M, Ortega-Calvo JJ. Mycelium-Enhanced Bacterial Degradation of Organic Pollutants under Bioavailability Restrictions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11935-11942. [PMID: 28921965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work examines the role of mycelia in enhancing the degradation by attached bacteria of organic pollutants that have poor bioavailability. Two oomycetes, Pythium oligandrum and Pythium aphanidermatum, were selected as producers of mycelial networks, while Mycobacterium gilvum VM552 served as a model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degrading bacterium. The experiments consisted of bacterial cultures exposed to a nondisturbed nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) layer containing a heavy fuel spiked with 14C-labeled phenanthrene that were incubated in the presence or absence of the mycelia of the oomycetes in both shaking and static conditions. At the end of the incubation, the changes in the total alkane and PAH contents in the NAPL residue were quantified. The results revealed that with shaking and the absence of mycelia, the strain VM552 grew by utilizing the bulk of alkanes and PAHs in the fuel; however, biofilm formation was incipient and phenanthrene was mineralized following zero-order kinetics, due to bioavailability limitations. The addition of mycelia favored biofilm formation and dramatically enhanced the mineralization of phenanthrene, up to 30 times greater than the rate without mycelia, possibly by providing a physical support to bacterial colonization and by supplying nutrients at the NAPL/water interface. The results in the static condition were very different because the bacterial strain alone degraded phenanthrene with sigmoidal kinetics but could not degrade alkanes or the bulk of PAHs. We suggest that bacteria/oomycete interactions should be considered not only in the design of new inoculants in bioremediation but also in biodegradation assessments of chemicals present in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungroch Sungthong
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC) , Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, Seville 41012, Spain
| | - Margalida Tauler
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona , Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Magdalena Grifoll
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona , Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Jose Julio Ortega-Calvo
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC) , Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, Seville 41012, Spain
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24
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Frenken T, Alacid E, Berger SA, Bourne EC, Gerphagnon M, Grossart HP, Gsell AS, Ibelings BW, Kagami M, Küpper FC, Letcher PM, Loyau A, Miki T, Nejstgaard JC, Rasconi S, Reñé A, Rohrlack T, Rojas-Jimenez K, Schmeller DS, Scholz B, Seto K, Sime-Ngando T, Sukenik A, Van de Waal DB, Van den Wyngaert S, Van Donk E, Wolinska J, Wurzbacher C, Agha R. Integrating chytrid fungal parasites into plankton ecology: research gaps and needs. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:3802-3822. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Frenken
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; Wageningen PB 6708 The Netherlands
| | - Elisabet Alacid
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia; Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49; Barcelona 08003 Spain
| | - Stella A. Berger
- Department of Experimental Limnology; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhuette 2; Stechlin D-16775 Germany
| | - Elizabeth C. Bourne
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Königin-Luise-Straβe 6-8; Berlin D-14195 Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Research; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301; Berlin 12587 Germany
| | - Mélanie Gerphagnon
- Department of Ecosystem Research; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301; Berlin 12587 Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Department of Experimental Limnology; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhuette 2; Stechlin D-16775 Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Maulbeerallee 2; Potsdam D-14476 Germany
| | - Alena S. Gsell
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; Wageningen PB 6708 The Netherlands
| | - Bas W. Ibelings
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences & Institute for Environmental Sciences; University of Geneva, 66 Boulevard Carl Vogt; Geneva 4 CH 1211 Switzerland
| | - Maiko Kagami
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science; Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama; Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Frithjof C. Küpper
- Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Main Street; Newburgh Scotland AB41 6AA UK
| | - Peter M. Letcher
- Department of Biological Sciences; The University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane; Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA
| | - Adeline Loyau
- Department of System Ecotoxicology; Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15; 04318 Leipzig Germany
- Department of Conservation Biology; Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15; Leipzig 04318 Germany
- ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS; Toulouse France
| | - Takeshi Miki
- Institute of Oceanography; National Taiwan University, No.1 Section 4, Roosevelt Road; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Changes; Academia Sinica, No.128 Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang; Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Jens C. Nejstgaard
- Department of Experimental Limnology; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhuette 2; Stechlin D-16775 Germany
| | - Serena Rasconi
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biological Station; Inter-University Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, A-3293 Lunz am See; Austria
| | - Albert Reñé
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia; Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49; Barcelona 08003 Spain
| | - Thomas Rohrlack
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås; Norway
| | - Keilor Rojas-Jimenez
- Department of Experimental Limnology; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhuette 2; Stechlin D-16775 Germany
- Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, Campus San Pedro, Apdo; San Jose 10138-1000 Costa Rica
| | - Dirk S. Schmeller
- Department of Conservation Biology; Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15; Leipzig 04318 Germany
- ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS; Toulouse France
| | - Bettina Scholz
- BioPol ehf, Einbúastig 2, Skagaströnd 545; Iceland
- Faculty of Natural Resource Sciences; University of Akureyri, Borgir v. Nordurslod; Akureyri IS 600 Iceland
| | - Kensuke Seto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science; Toho University, 2-2-1, Miyama; Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center; University of Tsukuba, 1278-294, Sugadaira-Kogen; Ueda, Nagano, 386-2204 Japan
| | - Télesphore Sime-Ngando
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS 6023 LMGE, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE); Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, Impasse Amélie Murat 1, CS 60026, Aubière, 63178 France
| | - Assaf Sukenik
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory; Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, P.O.Box 447; Migdal, 14950 Israel
| | - Dedmer B. Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; Wageningen PB 6708 The Netherlands
| | - Silke Van den Wyngaert
- Department of Experimental Limnology; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhuette 2; Stechlin D-16775 Germany
| | - Ellen Van Donk
- Department of Aquatic Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10; Wageningen PB 6708 The Netherlands
- Department of Biology; University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8; Utrecht TB 3508 The Netherlands
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Ecosystem Research; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301; Berlin 12587 Germany
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straβe 1-3; Berlin, 14195 Germany
| | - Christian Wurzbacher
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Gothenburg, Box 461; Göteborg, 405 30 Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461; Göteborg, SE-405 30 Sweden
| | - Ramsy Agha
- Department of Ecosystem Research; Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301; Berlin 12587 Germany
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25
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Abstract
The diversity and abundance of zoosporic true fungi have been analyzed recently using fungal sequence libraries and advances in molecular methods, such as high-throughput sequencing. This review focuses on four evolutionary primitive true fungal phyla: the Aphelidea, Chytridiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, and Rosellida (Cryptomycota), most species of which are not polycentric or mycelial (filamentous), rather they tend to be primarily monocentric (unicellular). Zoosporic fungi appear to be both abundant and diverse in many aquatic habitats around the world, with abundance often exceeding other fungal phyla in these habitats, and numerous novel genetic sequences identified. Zoosporic fungi are able to survive extreme conditions, such as high and extremely low pH; however, more work remains to be done. They appear to have important ecological roles as saprobes in decomposition of particulate organic substrates, pollen, plant litter, and dead animals; as parasites of zooplankton and algae; as parasites of vertebrate animals (such as frogs); and as symbionts in the digestive tracts of mammals. Some chytrids cause economically important diseases of plants and animals. They regulate sizes of phytoplankton populations. Further metagenomics surveys of aquatic ecosystems are expected to enlarge our knowledge of the diversity of true zoosporic fungi. Coupled with studies on their functional ecology, we are moving closer to unraveling the role of zoosporic fungi in carbon cycling and the impact of climate change on zoosporic fungal populations.
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26
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Li S, Bronner G, Lepère C, Kong F, Shi X. Temporal and spatial variations in the composition of freshwater photosynthetic picoeukaryotes revealed by MiSeq sequencing from flow cytometry sorted samples. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2286-2300. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment; Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Nanjing 210008 China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Gisèle Bronner
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement,”; CLERMONT-FERRAND F-63000 France
| | - Cécile Lepère
- Université Clermont Auvergne CNRS Laboratoire “Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement,”; CLERMONT-FERRAND F-63000 France
| | - Fanxiang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment; Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Nanjing 210008 China
| | - Xiaoli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment; Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Nanjing 210008 China
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27
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Sullivan BK, Robinson KL, Trevathan-Tackett SM, Lilje ES, Gleason FH, Lilje O. The First Isolation and Characterisation of the Protist Labyrinthula sp. in Southeastern Australia. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:504-513. [PMID: 28004878 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As a result of anthropogenic influences and global climate change, emerging infectious marine diseases are thought to be increasingly more common and more severe than in the past. The aim of our investigation was to confirm the presence of Labyrinthula, the aetiological agent of the seagrass wasting disease, in Southeastern Australia and provide the first isolation and characterisation of this protist, in Australia. Colonies and individual cells were positively identified as Labyrinthula using published descriptions, diagrams, and photographs. Their identity was then confirmed using DNA barcoding of a region of the 18S rRNA gene. Species level identification of isolates was not possible as the taxonomy of the Labyrinthula is still poorly resolved. Still, a diversity of Labyrinthula was isolated from small sections of the southeast coast of Australia. The isolates were grouped into three haplotypes that are biogeographically restricted. These haplotypes are closely related to previously identified saprotrophic clades. The study highlights the need for further investigation into the global distribution of Labyrinthula, including phylogenetic pathogenicity and analysis of host-parasite interactions in response to stressors. Given the results of our analyses, it is prudent to continue research into disease and epidemic agents to better prepare researchers for potential future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K Sullivan
- School of Biosciences, Victorian Marine Science Consortium, University of Melbourne, Queenscliff, Vic., 3225, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., 3125, Australia
| | - Katie L Robinson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Stacey M Trevathan-Tackett
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., 3125, Australia
| | - Erna S Lilje
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Frank H Gleason
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Osu Lilje
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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28
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Hérivaux A, Dugé de Bernonville T, Roux C, Clastre M, Courdavault V, Gastebois A, Bouchara JP, James TY, Latgé JP, Martin F, Papon N. The Identification of Phytohormone Receptor Homologs in Early Diverging Fungi Suggests a Role for Plant Sensing in Land Colonization by Fungi. mBio 2017; 8:e01739-16. [PMID: 28143977 PMCID: PMC5285503 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01739-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidine kinases (HKs) are among the most prominent sensing proteins studied in the kingdom Fungi. Their distribution and biological functions in early diverging fungi (EDF), however, remain elusive. We have taken advantage of recent genomic resources to elucidate whether relationships between the occurrence of specific HKs in some EDF and their respective habitat/lifestyle could be established. This led to the unexpected discovery of fungal HKs that share a high degree of similarity with receptors for plant hormones (ethylene and cytokinin). Importantly, these phytohormone receptor homologs are found not only in EDF that behave as plant root symbionts or endophytes but also in EDF species that colonize decaying plant material. We hypothesize that these particular sensing proteins promoted the interaction of EDF with plants, leading to the conquest of land by these ancestral fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Hérivaux
- Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, Angers, France
| | - Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA 2106, Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Tours, France
| | - Christophe Roux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marc Clastre
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA 2106, Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Tours, France
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, EA 2106, Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Tours, France
| | - Amandine Gastebois
- Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, Angers, France
| | | | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Institut Pasteur de Paris, Unité des Aspergillus, Paris, France
| | - Francis Martin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Université d'Angers, Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, Angers, France
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29
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Parratt SR, Laine AL. The role of hyperparasitism in microbial pathogen ecology and evolution. THE ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:1815-22. [PMID: 26784356 PMCID: PMC5029149 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many micro-organisms employ a parasitic lifestyle and, through their antagonistic interactions with host populations, have major impacts on human, agricultural and natural ecosystems. Most pathogens are likely to host parasites of their own, that is, hyperparasites, but how nested chains of parasites impact on disease dynamics is grossly neglected in the ecological and evolutionary literature. In this minireview we argue that the diversity and dynamics of micro-hyperparasites are an important component of natural host-pathogen systems. We use the current literature from a handful of key systems to show that observed patterns of pathogen virulence and disease dynamics may well be influenced by hyperparasites. Exploring these factors will shed light on many aspects of microbial ecology and disease biology, including resistance-virulence evolution, apparent competition, epidemiology and ecosystem stability. Considering the importance of hyperparasites in natural populations will have applied consequences for the field of biological control and therapeutic science, where hyperparastism is employed as a control mechanism but not necessarily ecologically understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Parratt
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Biosciences, Metapopulation Research Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Martinson EO, Martinson VG, Edwards R, Mrinalini, Werren JH. Laterally Transferred Gene Recruited as a Venom in Parasitoid Wasps. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1042-52. [PMID: 26715630 PMCID: PMC5013869 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps use venom to manipulate the immunity and metabolism of their host insects in a variety of ways to provide resources for their offspring. Yet, how genes are recruited and evolve to perform venom functions remain open questions. A recently recognized source of eukaryotic genome innovation is lateral gene transfer (LGT). Glycoside hydrolase family 19 (GH19) chitinases are widespread in bacteria, microsporidia, and plants where they are used in nutrient acquisition or defense, but have previously not been known in metazoans. In this study, a GH19 chitinase LGT is described from the unicellular microsporidia/Rozella clade into parasitoid wasps of the superfamily Chalcidoidea, where it has become recruited as a venom protein. The GH19 chitinase is present in 15 species of chalcidoid wasps representing four families, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that it was laterally transferred near or before the origin of Chalcidoidea (∼95 Ma). The GH19 chitinase gene is highly expressed in the venom gland of at least seven species, indicating a role in the complex host manipulations performed by parasitoid wasp venom. RNAi knockdown in the model parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis reveals that-following envenomation-the GH19 chitinase induces fly hosts to upregulate genes involved in an immune response to fungi. A second, independent LGT of GH19 chitinase from microsporidia into mosquitoes was also found, also supported by phylogenetic reconstructions. Besides these two LGT events, GH19 chitinase is not found in any other sequenced animal genome, or in any fungi outside the microsporidia/Rozella clade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mrinalini
- Biology Department, University of Rochester
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31
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Sime-Ngando T, Lafferty KD, Biron DG. Editorial: Roles and mechanisms of parasitism in aquatic microbial communities. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:446. [PMID: 26029187 PMCID: PMC4428133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Télesphore Sime-Ngando
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, France ; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aubière, France
| | - Kevin D Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center - The United States Geological Survey, Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - David G Biron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand, France ; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aubière, France
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32
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Lazarus KL, James TY. Surveying the biodiversity of the Cryptomycota using a targeted PCR approach. FUNGAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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