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Formenti L, Iwanycki Ahlstrand N, Hassemer G, Glauser G, van den Hoogen J, Rønsted N, van der Heijden M, Crowther TW, Rasmann S. Macroevolutionary decline in mycorrhizal colonization and chemical defense responsiveness to mycorrhization. iScience 2023; 26:106632. [PMID: 37168575 PMCID: PMC10165190 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have evolved associations with roots of 60% plant species, but the net benefit for plants vary broadly from mutualism to parasitism. Yet, we lack a general understanding of the evolutionary and ecological forces driving such variation. To this end, we conducted a comparative phylogenetic experiment with 24 species of Plantago, encompassing worldwide distribution, to address the effect of evolutionary history and environment on plant growth and chemical defenses in response to AMF colonization. We demonstrate that different species within one plant genus vary greatly in their ability to associate with AMF, and that AMF arbuscule colonization intensity decreases monotonically with increasing phylogenetic branch length, but not with concomitant changes in pedological and climatic conditions across species. Moreover, we demonstrate that species with the highest colonization levels are also those that change their defensive chemistry the least. We propose that the costs imposed by high AMF colonization in terms of reduced changes in secondary chemistry might drive the observed macroevolutionary decline in mycorrhization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Formenti
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Terrestrial ecology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Iwanycki Ahlstrand
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo Hassemer
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gaëtan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry (NPAC), University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI 96741, USA
| | - Marcel van der Heijden
- Plant-Soil Interactions, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas W. Crowther
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Corresponding author
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DeVan MR, Johnstone JF, Mack MC, Hollingsworth TN, Taylor DL. Host identity affects the response of mycorrhizal fungal communities to high severity fires in Alaskan boreal forests. FUNGAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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3
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Shuster SM, Keith AR, Whitham TG. Simulating selection and evolution at the community level using common garden data. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8696. [PMID: 35342594 PMCID: PMC8928883 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A key issue in evolutionary biology is whether selection acting at levels higher than the individual can cause evolutionary change. If it can, then conceptual and empirical studies must consider how selection operates at multiple levels of biological organization. Here, we test the hypothesis that estimates of broad‐sense community heritability, HC2, can be used to predict the evolutionary response by community‐level phenotypes when community‐level selection is imposed. Using an approach informed by classic quantitative genetics, we made three predictions. First, when we imposed community‐level selection, we expected a significant change in the average phenotype of arthropod communities associated with individual tree genotypes [we imposed selection by favoring high and low NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) scores that reflected differences in arthropod species richness, abundance and composition]. Second, we expected HC2 to predict the magnitude of the community‐level response. Third, we expected no significant change in average NMDS scores with community‐level selection imposed at random. We tested these hypotheses using three years of common garden data for 102 species comprising the arthropod communities, associated with nine clonally replicated Populus angustifolia genotypes. Each of our predictions were met. We conclude that estimates of HC2 account for the resemblance among communities sharing common ancestry, the persistence of community composition over time, and the outcome of selection when it occurs at the community level. Our results provide a means for exploring how this process leads to large‐scale community evolutionary change, and they identify the circumstances in which selection may routinely act at the community level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Shuster
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Arthur R. Keith
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Center for Adaptable Western Landscapes Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
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Gemmamyces piceae Bud Blight Damage in Norway Spruce (Picea abies) and Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea pungens) Forest Stands. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Since 2008, spruce bud blight (Gemmamyces piceae (Borthw.) Casagr.) has been spreading epidemically in forest stands of the Czech Republic’s Ore Mountains. This fungus, with a disjunct Holarctic range, injures buds, especially of Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.). Damaged buds do not sprout, and, in case of a stronger attack, the tree does not recover its assimilation apparatus and may die. Within the past few years, there has been a huge spread of this fungus throughout the mountain range. This paper summarizes the biology of G. piceae, its host plants, and presents the first findings from the massive outbreak of G. piceae. In 2015, an increase in damage was detected on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst). The course of the G. piceae epidemic had been monitored in 25 permanent research plots over the course of 11 years. In the case of Colorado blue spruce, stands aged 10–60 years were attacked, with 60% of buds damaged on average. The intensity of damage to Norway spruce buds was around 25%. Norway spruce infestation varied significantly depending upon the age of the stand (GLMM: p < 0.01). In the age class of 31–60 years, on average 80% of individuals were infested. In older stands, only 42% of trees were infested, and no infestation was found in individuals younger than 15 years. In Colorado blue spruce, the distribution of the pathogen was continuous, whereby all individuals in the research plots were affected, and, with the exception of a few trees, the infestation was lethal or resulted in a significant reduction of the assimilation apparatus. The development of damage on Colorado blue spruce can be characterized as continuous growth.
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Islam W, Noman A, Naveed H, Huang Z, Chen HYH. Role of environmental factors in shaping the soil microbiome. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41225-41247. [PMID: 32829437 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The soil microbiome comprises one of the most important and complex components of all terrestrial ecosystems as it harbors millions of microbes including bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoa. Together, these microbes and environmental factors contribute to shaping the soil microbiome, both spatially and temporally. Recent advances in genomic and metagenomic analyses have enabled a more comprehensive elucidation of the soil microbiome. However, most studies have described major modulators such as fungi and bacteria while overlooking other soil microbes. This review encompasses all known microbes that may exist in a particular soil microbiome by describing their occurrence, abundance, diversity, distribution, communication, and functions. Finally, we examined the role of several abiotic factors involved in the shaping of the soil microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Naveed
- College of Life Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, 614004, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqun Huang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Han Y H Chen
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada.
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Pérez-Izquierdo L, Zabal-Aguirre M, Verdú M, Buée M, Rincón A. Ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity decreases in Mediterranean pine forests adapted to recurrent fires. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:2463-2476. [PMID: 32500559 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fire is a major disturbance linked to the evolutionary history and climate of Mediterranean ecosystems, where the vegetation has evolved fire-adaptive traits (e.g., serotiny in pines). In Mediterranean forests, mutualistic feedbacks between trees and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, essential for ecosystem dynamics, might be shaped by recurrent fires. We tested how the structure and function of ECM fungal communities of Pinus pinaster and Pinus halepensis vary among populations subjected to high and low fire recurrence in Mediterranean ecosystems, and analysed the relative contribution of environmental (climate, soil properties) and tree-mediated (serotiny) factors. For both pines, local and regional ECM fungal diversity were lower in areas of high than low fire recurrence, although certain fungal species were favoured in the former. A general decline of ECM root-tip enzymatic activity for P. pinaster was associated with high fire recurrence, but not for P. halepensis. Fire recurrence and fire-related factors such as climate, soil properties or tree phenotype explained these results. In addition to the main influence of climate, the tree fire-adaptive trait serotiny recovered a great portion of the variation in structure and function of ECM fungal communities associated with fire recurrence. Edaphic conditions (especially pH, tightly linked to bedrock type) were an important driver shaping ECM fungal communities, but mainly at the local scale and probably independently of the fire recurrence. Our results show that ECM fungal community shifts are associated with fire recurrence in fire-prone dry Mediterranean forests, and reveal complex feedbacks among trees, mutualistic fungi and the surrounding environment in these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc Buée
- INRA, UMR1136 INRA Nancy - Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes Labex ARBRE, Champenoux, France
| | - Ana Rincón
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, ICA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Mueller RC, Scudder CM, Whitham TG, Gehring CA. Legacy effects of tree mortality mediated by ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:155-165. [PMID: 31209891 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Successive droughts have resulted in extensive tree mortality in the southwestern United States. Recovery of these areas is dependent on the survival and recruitment of young trees. For trees that rely on ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) for survival and growth, changes in soil fungal communities following tree mortality could negatively affect seedling establishment. We used tree-focused and stand-scale measurements to examine the impact of pinyon pine mortality on the performance of surviving juvenile trees and the potential for mutualism limitation of seedling establishment via altered EMF communities. Mature pinyon mortality did not affect the survival of juvenile pinyons, but increased their growth. At both tree and stand scales, high pinyon mortality had no effect on the abundance of EMF inocula, but led to altered EMF community composition including increased abundance of Geopora and reduced abundance of Tuber. Seedling biomass was strongly positively associated with Tuber abundance, suggesting that reductions in this genus with pinyon mortality could have negative consequences for establishing seedlings. These findings suggest that whereas mature pinyon mortality led to competitive release for established juvenile pinyons, changes in EMF community composition with mortality could limit successful seedling establishment and growth in high-mortality sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Crescent M Scudder
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver Street, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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Geml J. Soil fungal communities reflect aspect-driven environmental structuring and vegetation types in a Pannonian forest landscape. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Voříšková A, Jansa J, Püschel D, Vosátka M, Šmilauer P, Janoušková M. Abiotic contexts consistently influence mycorrhiza functioning independently of the composition of synthetic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:127-139. [PMID: 30612193 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-00878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between mycorrhiza functioning and composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities is an important but experimentally still rather little explored topic. The main aim of this study was thus to link magnitude of plant benefits from AM symbiosis in different abiotic contexts with quantitative changes in AM fungal community composition. A synthetic AM fungal community inoculated to the model host plant Medicago truncatula was exposed to four different abiotic contexts, namely drought, elevated phosphorus availability, and shading, as compared to standard cultivation conditions, for two cultivation cycles. Growth and phosphorus uptake of the host plants was evaluated along with the quantitative composition of the synthetic AM fungal community. Abiotic context consistently influenced mycorrhiza functioning in terms of plant benefits, and the effects were clearly linked to the P requirement of non-inoculated control plants. In contrast, the abiotic context only had a small and transient effect on the quantitative AM fungal community composition. Our findings suggest no relationship between the degree of mutualism in AM symbiosis and the relative abundances of AM fungal species in communities in our simplified model system. The observed progressive dominance of one AM fungal species indicates an important role of different growth rates of AM fungal species for the establishment of AM fungal communities in simplified systems such as agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Voříšková
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Püschel
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Vosátka
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šmilauer
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Janoušková
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
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Mrak T, Štraus I, Grebenc T, Gričar J, Hoshika Y, Carriero G, Paoletti E, Kraigher H. Different belowground responses to elevated ozone and soil water deficit in three European oak species (Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens and Q. robur). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1310-1320. [PMID: 30360263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Effects on roots due to ozone and/or soil water deficit often occur through diminished belowground allocation of carbon. Responses of root biomass, morphology, anatomy and ectomycorrhizal communities were investigated in seedlings of three oak species: Quercus ilex L., Q. pubescens Willd. and Q. robur L., exposed to combined effects of elevated ozone (ambient air and 1.4 × ambient air) and water deficit (100% and 10% irrigation relative to field capacity) for one growing season at a free-air ozone exposure facility. Effects on root biomass were observed as general reduction in coarse root biomass by -26.8% and in fine root biomass by -13.1% due to water deficit. Effect on coarse root biomass was the most prominent in Q. robur (-36.3%). Root morphological changes manifested as changes in proportions of fine root (<2 mm) diameter classes due to ozone and water deficit in Q. pubescens and due to water deficit in Q. robur. In addition, reduced fine root diameter (-8.49%) in Q. robur was observed under water deficit. Changes in root anatomy were observed as increased vessel density (+18.5%) due to ozone in all three species, as reduced vessel tangential diameter (-46.7%) in Q. ilex due to interaction of ozone and water, and as generally increased bark to secondary xylem ratio (+47.0%) due to interaction of ozone and water. Water deficit influenced occurrence of distinct growth ring boundaries in roots of Q. ilex and Q. robur. It shifted the ectomycorrhizal community towards dominance of stress-resistant species, with reduced relative abundance of Tomentella sp. 2 and increased relative abundances of Sphaerosporella brunnea and Thelephora sp. Our results provide evidence that expression of stress effects varies between root traits; therefore the combined analysis of root traits is necessary to obtain a complete picture of belowground responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Mrak
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ines Štraus
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tine Grebenc
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Giulia Carriero
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Hojka Kraigher
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Stone AC, Gehring CA, Cobb NS, Whitham TG. Genetic-Based Susceptibility of a Foundation Tree to Herbivory Interacts With Climate to Influence Arthropod Community Composition, Diversity, and Resilience. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1831. [PMID: 30619404 PMCID: PMC6298196 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how genetic-based traits of plants interact with climate to affect associated communities will help improve predictions of climate change impacts on biodiversity. However, few community-level studies have addressed such interactions. Pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) in the southwestern U.S. shows genetic-based resistance and susceptibility to pinyon needle scale (Matsucoccus acalyptus). We sought to determine if susceptibility to scale herbivory influenced the diversity and composition of the extended community of 250+ arthropod species, and if this influence would be consistent across consecutive years, an extreme drought year followed by a moderate drought year. Because scale insects alter the architecture of susceptible trees, it is difficult to separate the direct influences of susceptibility on arthropod communities from the indirect influences of scale-altered tree architecture. To separate these influences, scales were experimentally excluded from susceptible trees for 15 years creating susceptible trees with the architecture of resistant trees, hereafter referred to as scale-excluded trees. Five patterns emerged. (1) In both years, arthropod abundance was 3-4X lower on susceptible trees compared to resistant and scale-excluded trees. (2) Species accumulation curves show that alpha and gamma diversity were 2-3X lower on susceptible trees compared to resistant and scale-excluded trees. (3) Reaction norms of arthropod richness and abundance on individual tree genotypes across years showed genotypic variation in the community response to changes in climate. (4) The genetic-based influence of susceptibility on arthropod community composition is climate dependent. During extreme drought, community composition on scale-excluded trees resembled susceptible trees indicating composition was strongly influenced by tree genetics independent of tree architecture. However, under moderate drought, community composition on scale-excluded trees resembled resistant trees indicating traits associated with tree architecture became more important. (5) One year after extreme drought, the arthropod community rebounded sharply. However, there was a much greater rebound in richness and abundance on resistant compared to susceptible trees suggesting that reduced resiliency in the arthropod community is associated with susceptibility. These results argue that individual genetic-based plant-herbivore interactions can directly and indirectly impact community-level diversity, which is modulated by climate. Understanding such interactions is important for assessing the impacts of climate change on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C. Stone
- Department of Biology, Metropolitan State University, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Catherine A. Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Neil S. Cobb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Thomas G. Whitham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
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12
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Pither J, Pickles BJ, Simard SW, Ordonez A, Williams JW. Below-ground biotic interactions moderated the postglacial range dynamics of trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1148-1160. [PMID: 29770964 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tree range shifts during geohistorical global change events provide a useful real-world model for how future changes in forest biomes may proceed. In North America, during the last deglaciation, the distributions of tree taxa varied significantly as regards the rate and direction of their responses for reasons that remain unclear. Local-scale processes such as establishment, growth, and resilience to environmental stress ultimately influence range dynamics. Despite the fact that interactions between trees and soil biota are known to influence local-scale processes profoundly, evidence linking below-ground interactions to distribution dynamics remains scarce. We evaluated climate velocity and plant traits related to dispersal, environmental tolerance and below-ground symbioses, as potential predictors of the geohistorical rates of expansion and contraction of the core distributions of tree genera between 16 and 7 ka bp. The receptivity of host genera towards ectomycorrhizal fungi was strongly supported as a positive predictor of poleward rates of distribution expansion, and seed mass was supported as a negative predictor. Climate velocity gained support as a positive predictor of rates of distribution contraction, but not expansion. Our findings indicate that understanding how tree distributions, and thus forest ecosystems, respond to climate change requires the simultaneous consideration of traits, biotic interactions and abiotic forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pither
- Okanagan Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience, and Ecosystem Services, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Brian J Pickles
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Harborne Building, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AS, UK
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Suzanne W Simard
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alejandro Ordonez
- Department of Bioscience - Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Queen's University Belfast - School of Biological Sciences, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - John W Williams
- Department of Geography and Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Mercado-Blanco J, Abrantes I, Barra Caracciolo A, Bevivino A, Ciancio A, Grenni P, Hrynkiewicz K, Kredics L, Proença DN. Belowground Microbiota and the Health of Tree Crops. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1006. [PMID: 29922245 PMCID: PMC5996133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trees are crucial for sustaining life on our planet. Forests and land devoted to tree crops do not only supply essential edible products to humans and animals, but also additional goods such as paper or wood. They also prevent soil erosion, support microbial, animal, and plant biodiversity, play key roles in nutrient and water cycling processes, and mitigate the effects of climate change acting as carbon dioxide sinks. Hence, the health of forests and tree cropping systems is of particular significance. In particular, soil/rhizosphere/root-associated microbial communities (known as microbiota) are decisive to sustain the fitness, development, and productivity of trees. These benefits rely on processes aiming to enhance nutrient assimilation efficiency (plant growth promotion) and/or to protect against a number of (a)biotic constraints. Moreover, specific members of the microbial communities associated with perennial tree crops interact with soil invertebrate food webs, underpinning many density regulation mechanisms. This review discusses belowground microbiota interactions influencing the growth of tree crops. The study of tree-(micro)organism interactions taking place at the belowground level is crucial to understand how they contribute to processes like carbon sequestration, regulation of ecosystem functioning, and nutrient cycling. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between roots and their associate microbiota can also facilitate the design of novel sustainable approaches for the benefit of these relevant agro-ecosystems. Here, we summarize the methodological approaches to unravel the composition and function of belowground microbiota, the factors influencing their interaction with tree crops, their benefits and harms, with a focus on representative examples of Biological Control Agents (BCA) used against relevant biotic constraints of tree crops. Finally, we add some concluding remarks and suggest future perspectives concerning the microbiota-assisted management strategies to sustain tree crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mercado-Blanco
- Department of Crop Protection, Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel Abrantes
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Annamaria Bevivino
- Department for Sustainability of Production and Territorial Systems, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelio Ciancio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Grenni
- Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Diogo N. Proença
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes (CEMMPRE) and Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Abstract
Before the application of molecular techniques, evolutionary relationships between sequestrate genera and their epigeous counterparts in the Russulaceae were unclear. Based on overwhelming evidence now available, personal observations, and consideration of the International Code for Nomenclature of Algae, Fungi and Plants, we combine the overlapping sequestrate generic names Bucholtzia, Cystangium, Elasmomyces, Gymnomyces, Macowanites, and Martellia with the agaricoid genus Russula. This nomenclatural action follows precedents set by earlier mycologists and continues an effort to create clarity in our understanding of the evolutionary affiliations among sequestrate fungi - particularly the Russulaceae. We also provide the first comprehensive list of described sequestrate species of Russula.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Elliott
- Ecosystem Management, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - J M Trappe
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-5752, USA.,U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-8550, USA
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15
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Bowman EA, Arnold AE. Distributions of ectomycorrhizal and foliar endophytic fungal communities associated with Pinus ponderosa along a spatially constrained elevation gradient. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:687-699. [PMID: 29756204 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Understanding distributions of plant-symbiotic fungi is important for projecting responses to environmental change. Many coniferous trees host ectomycorrhizal fungi (EM) in association with roots and foliar endophytic fungi (FE) in leaves. We examined how EM and FE associated with Pinus ponderosa each vary in abundance, diversity, and community structure over a spatially constrained elevation gradient that traverses four plant communities, 4°C in mean annual temperature, and 15 cm in mean annual precipitation. METHODS We sampled 63 individuals of Pinus ponderosa in 10 sites along a 635 m elevation gradient that encompassed a geographic distance of 9.8 km. We used standard methods to characterize each fungal group (amplified and sequenced EM from root tips; isolated and sequenced FE from leaves). KEY RESULTS Abundance and diversity of EM were similar across sites, but community composition and distributions of the most common EM differed with elevation (i.e., with climate, soil chemistry, and plant communities). Abundance and composition of FE did not differ with elevation, but diversity peaked in mid-to-high elevations. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest relatively tight linkages between EM and climate, soil chemistry, and plant communities. That FE appear less linked with these factors may speak to limitations of a culture-based approach, but more likely reflects the small spatial scale encompassed by our study. Future work should consider comparable methods for characterizing these functional groups, and additional transects to understand relationships of EM and FE to environmental factors that are likely to shift as a function of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bowman
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - A Elizabeth Arnold
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
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16
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Livne-Luzon S, Ovadia O, Weber G, Avidan Y, Migael H, Glassman SI, Bruns TD, Shemesh H. Small-scale spatial variability in the distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi affects plant performance and fungal diversity. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1192-1202. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stav Livne-Luzon
- Department of Life Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; POB 653 Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Ofer Ovadia
- Department of Life Sciences; Ben-Gurion University of the Negev; POB 653 Beer Sheva Israel
| | - Gil Weber
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Tel-Hai College; Kiryat Shmona 1220800 Israel
| | - Yael Avidan
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Tel-Hai College; Kiryat Shmona 1220800 Israel
| | - Hen Migael
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Tel-Hai College; Kiryat Shmona 1220800 Israel
| | - Sydney I. Glassman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; UC Irvine; Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Thomas D. Bruns
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology; UC Berkeley; Berkeley CA 94720-3102 USA
| | - Hagai Shemesh
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Tel-Hai College; Kiryat Shmona 1220800 Israel
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17
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Pérez-Izquierdo L, Zabal-Aguirre M, Flores-Rentería D, González-Martínez SC, Buée M, Rincón A. Functional outcomes of fungal community shifts driven by tree genotype and spatial-temporal factors in Mediterranean pine forests. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1639-1652. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marc Buée
- INRA, UMR1136 INRA Nancy - Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes Labex ARBRE; Champenoux 54280 France
| | - Ana Rincón
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias; ICA-CSIC. Serrano 115bis Madrid 28006 Spain
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18
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DiRenzo GV, Che-Castaldo C, Rugenski A, Brenes R, Whiles MR, Pringle CM, Kilham SS, Lips KR. Disassembly of a tadpole community by a multi-host fungal pathogen with limited evidence of recovery. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:309-320. [PMID: 28052493 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases can cause host community disassembly, but the mechanisms driving the order of species declines and extirpations following a disease outbreak are unclear. We documented the community disassembly of a Neotropical tadpole community during a chytridiomycosis outbreak, triggered by the generalist fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Within the first 11 months of Bd arrival, tadpole density and occupancy rapidly declined. Species rarity, in terms of tadpole occupancy and adult relative abundance, did not predict the odds of tadpole occupancy declines. But species losses were taxonomically selective, with glassfrogs (Family: Centrolenidae) disappearing the fastest and tree frogs (Family: Hylidae) and dart-poison frogs (Family: Dendrobatidae) remaining the longest. We detected biotic homogenization of tadpole communities, with post-decline communities resembling one another more strongly than pre-decline communities. The entire tadpole community was extirpated within 22 months following Bd arrival, and we found limited signs of recovery within 10 years post-outbreak. Because of imperfect species detection inherent to sampling species-rich tropical communities and the difficulty of devising a single study design protocol to sample physically complex tropical habitats, we used simulations to provide recommendations for future surveys to adequately sample diverse Neotropical communities. Our unique data set on tadpole community composition before and after Bd arrival is a valuable baseline for assessing amphibian recovery. Our results are of direct relevance to conservation managers and community ecologists interested in understanding the timing, magnitude, and consequences of disease outbreaks as emerging infectious diseases spread globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella V DiRenzo
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20744, USA
| | | | - Amanda Rugenski
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85281, USA
| | - Roberto Brenes
- Department of Biology, Carroll University, Waukesha, Wisconsin, 53186, USA
| | - Matt R Whiles
- Department of Zoology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois, 62901, USA
| | | | - Susan S Kilham
- Department of Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Karen R Lips
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20744, USA
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19
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Tardif S, Yergeau É, Tremblay J, Legendre P, Whyte LG, Greer CW. The Willow Microbiome Is Influenced by Soil Petroleum-Hydrocarbon Concentration with Plant Compartment-Specific Effects. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1363. [PMID: 27660624 PMCID: PMC5015464 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between plants and microorganisms, which is the driving force behind the decontamination of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contamination in phytoremediation technology, is poorly understood. Here, we aimed at characterizing the variations between plant compartments in the microbiome of two willow cultivars growing in contaminated soils. A field experiment was set-up at a former petrochemical plant in Canada and after two growing seasons, bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, roots, and stems samples of two willow cultivars (Salix purpurea cv. FishCreek, and Salix miyabeana cv. SX67) growing at three PHC contamination concentrations were taken. DNA was extracted and bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified and sequenced using an Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM). Following multivariate statistical analyses, the level of PHC-contamination appeared as the primary factor influencing the willow microbiome with compartment-specific effects, with significant differences between the responses of bacterial, and fungal communities. Increasing PHC contamination levels resulted in shifts in the microbiome composition, favoring putative hydrocarbon degraders, and microorganisms previously reported as associated with plant health. These shifts were less drastic in the rhizosphere, root, and stem tissues as compared to bulk soil, probably because the willows provided a more controlled environment, and thus, protected microbial communities against increasing contamination levels. Insights from this study will help to devise optimal plant microbiomes for increasing the efficiency of phytoremediation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie Tardif
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill UniversitySainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada; Section of Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Étienne Yergeau
- Energy, Mining, and Environment, National Research Council CanadaMontréal, QC, Canada; Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueLaval, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Tremblay
- Energy, Mining, and Environment, National Research Council Canada Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Legendre
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lyle G Whyte
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Charles W Greer
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill UniversitySainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada; Energy, Mining, and Environment, National Research Council CanadaMontréal, QC, Canada
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20
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Moeller HV, Dickie IA, Peltzer DA, Fukami T. Hierarchical neighbor effects on mycorrhizal community structure and function. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:5416-30. [PMID: 27551393 PMCID: PMC4984514 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts that neighboring communities can shape one another's composition and function, for example, through the exchange of member species. However, empirical tests of the directionality and strength of these effects are rare. We determined the effects of neighboring communities on one another through experimental manipulation of a plant-fungal model system. We first established distinct ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on Douglas-fir seedlings that were initially grown in three soil environments. We then transplanted seedlings and mycorrhizal communities in a fully factorial experiment designed to quantify the direction and strength of neighbor effects by focusing on changes in fungal community species composition and implications for seedling growth (a proxy for community function). We found that neighbor effects on the composition and function of adjacent communities follow a dominance hierarchy. Specifically, mycorrhizal communities established from soils collected in Douglas-fir plantations were both the least sensitive to neighbor effects, and exerted the strongest influence on their neighbors by driving convergence in neighbor community composition and increasing neighbor seedling vigor. These results demonstrate that asymmetric neighbor effects mediated by ecological history can determine both community composition and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly V. Moeller
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia94305
- EcologyEvolution & Marine BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCalifornia93106
- Present address: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution266 Woods Hole Road, Mail Stop 52Woods HoleMassachusetts02543
| | - Ian A. Dickie
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreLincoln UniversityLincoln7640New Zealand
| | | | - Tadashi Fukami
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCalifornia94305
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21
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Long D, Liu J, Han Q, Wang X, Huang J. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with Populus simonii and Pinus tabuliformis in the hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau, China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24336. [PMID: 27063338 PMCID: PMC4827030 DOI: 10.1038/srep24336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Loess Plateau region of northwestern China has unique geological and dry/semi-dry climate characteristics. However, knowledge about ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) communities in the Loess Plateau is limited. In this study, we investigated EMF communities in Populus simonii and Pinus tabuliformis patches within the forest-steppe zone, in pine forests within the forest zone, and the transitional zone between them. We revealed high species richness (115 operational taxonomic units [OTUs]) of indigenous EMF resources at the Loess Plateau, of which Tomentella (35 OTUs), Inocybe (16), Sebacina (16), and Geopora (7) were the most OTU-rich lineages. EMF richness within the forest-steppe zone and the transitional zone was limited, while the natural pine forest maintained diverse EMF communities in the forest zone. The changes of EMF community richness and composition along arid eco-zones were highlighted for the complex factors including precipitation, soil factors, host, DBH, and altitude. Indicator analysis revealed that some EMF showed clear host preference and some taxa, i.e., genera Geopora and Inocybe, were dominant in drought and alkaline-saline conditions attributed to their environmental preference. This study revealed that EMF communities were quite limited in the forest-steppe zone, while the forest region contained diverse EMF communities in the Loess Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Long
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Ningxia Helan Mountain Forest Ecosystem Orientational Research Station, Yinchuan, 750000, Ningxia, China
| | - Qisheng Han
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Huang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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22
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Henke C, Jung EM, Kothe E. Hartig' net formation of Tricholoma vaccinum-spruce ectomycorrhiza in hydroponic cultures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19394-9. [PMID: 25791268 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
For re-forestation of metal-contaminated land, ectomycorrhizal trees may provide a solution. Hence, the study of the interaction is necessary to allow for comprehensive understanding of the mutually symbiotic features. On a structural level, hyphal mantle and the Hartig' net formed in the root apoplast are essential for plant protection and mycorrhizal functioning. As a model, we used the basidiomycete Tricholoma vaccinum and its host spruce (Picea abies). Using an optimized hydroponic cultivation system, both features could be visualized and lower stress response of the tree was obtained in non-challenged cultivation. Larger spaces in the apoplasts could be shown with high statistical significance. The easy accessibility will allow to address metal stress or molecular responses in both partners. Additionally, the proposed cultivation system will enable for other experimental applications like addressing flooding, biological interactions with helper bacteria, chemical signaling, or other biotic or abiotic challenges relevant in the natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Henke
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07734, Jena, Germany.
| | - Elke-Martina Jung
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07734, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 25, 07734, Jena, Germany
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23
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Séne S, Avril R, Chaintreuil C, Geoffroy A, Ndiaye C, Diédhiou AG, Sadio O, Courtecuisse R, Sylla SN, Selosse MA, Bâ A. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. mature trees and seedlings in the neotropical coastal forests of Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles). MYCORRHIZA 2015; 25:547-559. [PMID: 25711744 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied belowground and aboveground diversity and distribution of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal species colonizing Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. (seagrape) mature trees and seedlings naturally regenerating in four littoral forests of the Guadeloupe island (Lesser Antilles). We collected 546 sporocarps, 49 sclerotia, and morphotyped 26,722 root tips from mature trees and seedlings. Seven EM fungal species only were recovered among sporocarps (Cantharellus cinnabarinus, Amanita arenicola, Russula cremeolilacina, Inocybe littoralis, Inocybe xerophytica, Melanogaster sp., and Scleroderma bermudense) and one EM fungal species from sclerotia (Cenococcum geophilum). After internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, the EM root tips fell into 15 EM fungal taxa including 14 basidiomycetes and 1 ascomycete identified. Sporocarp survey only weakly reflected belowground assessment of the EM fungal community, although 5 fruiting species were found on roots. Seagrape seedlings and mature trees had very similar communities of EM fungi, dominated by S. bermudense, R. cremeolilacina, and two Thelephoraceae: shared species represented 93 % of the taxonomic EM fungal diversity and 74 % of the sampled EM root tips. Furthermore, some significant differences were observed between the frequencies of EM fungal taxa on mature trees and seedlings. The EM fungal community composition also varied between the four investigated sites. We discuss the reasons for such a species-poor community and the possible role of common mycorrhizal networks linking seagrape seedlings and mature trees in regeneration of coastal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seynabou Séne
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie, IRD/UCAD/ISRA, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
- Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205 CNRS OSEB Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP 5045 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Raymond Avril
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Clémence Chaintreuil
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, UMR113 INRA/AGRO-M/CIRAD/IRD/UM2-TA10/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Alexandre Geoffroy
- Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205 CNRS OSEB Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP 5045 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Cheikh Ndiaye
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie, IRD/UCAD/ISRA, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Oumar Sadio
- IRD, UMR 195 LEMAR (UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer), BP 1386, CP 18524, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Régis Courtecuisse
- Laboratoire des Sciences Végétales et Fongiques, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Lille Nord de France, BP 83, 59006, Lille cedex, France
| | - Samba Ndao Sylla
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie, IRD/UCAD/ISRA, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7205 CNRS OSEB Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CP 5045 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Amadou Bâ
- Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie, IRD/UCAD/ISRA, BP 1386, Dakar, Sénégal.
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, BP 592, 97159, Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France.
- Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, UMR113 INRA/AGRO-M/CIRAD/IRD/UM2-TA10/J, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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24
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Sloan SS, Lebeis SL. Exercising influence: distinct biotic interactions shape root microbiomes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 26:32-36. [PMID: 26116973 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Root microbiomes are formed from diverse microbial soil settings with extraordinary consistency, suggesting both defined mechanisms of assembly and specific microbial activity. Recent improvements in sequencing technologies, data analysis techniques, and study design, allow definition of the microbiota within these intimate and important relationships with increasing accuracy. Comparing datasets provides powerful insights into the overlap of plant microbiomes, as well as the impacts of surrounding plants and microbes on root microbiomes and long-term soil conditioning. Here we address how recent studies tease apart the impact of various biotic interactions, including: plant-plant, plant-microbe, and microbe-microbe on root microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stuart Sloan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States
| | - Sarah L Lebeis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, United States.
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25
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Herczeg T, Száz D, Blahó M, Barta A, Gyurkovszky M, Farkas R, Horváth G. The effect of weather variables on the flight activity of horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in the continental climate of Hungary. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1087-97. [PMID: 25563609 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the tabanid species and populations occurring in eastern central Europe (Carpathian Basin) are thoroughly studied, there are only sporadic data about the influence of weather conditions on the abundance and activity of horseflies. To fill in this lack, in Hungary, we performed a 3-month summer survey of horsefly catches registering the weather parameters. Using common canopy traps and polarization liquid traps, we found the following: (i) rainfall, air temperature, and sunshine were the three most important factors influencing the trapping number of tabanids. (ii) The effect of relative air humidity H on tabanids was indirect through the air temperature T: H ≈ 35 % (corresponding to T ≈ 32 °C) was optimal for tabanid trapping, and tabanids were not captured for H ≥ 80 % (corresponding to T ≤ 18 °C). (iii) A fast decrease in the air pressure enhanced the trapping number of both water-seeking and host-seeking horseflies. (iv) Wind velocities larger than 10 km/h reduced drastically the number of trapped tabanids. Our data presented here may serve as a reference for further investigations of the effect of climate change on tabanids in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Herczeg
- Department of Biological Physics, Environmental Optics Laboratory, Physical Institute, Eötvös University, H-1117, Budapest, Pázmány sétány 1, Hungary,
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