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Del Río MV, Radicioni MB, Cutine AM, Mariño KV, Mora-Montes HM, Cagnoni AJ, Regente MC. The sunflower jacalin Helja: biological and structural insights of its antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae058. [PMID: 39088584 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The limited availability of efficient treatments for Candida infections and the increased emergence of antifungal-resistant strains stimulates the search for new antifungal agents. We have previously isolated a sunflower mannose-binding lectin (Helja) with antifungal activity against Candida albicans, capable of binding mannose-bearing oligosaccharides exposed on the cell surface. This work aimed to investigate the biological and biophysical basis of Helja's binding to C. albicans cell wall mannans and its influence on the fungicidal activity of the lectin. We evaluated the interaction of Helja with the cell wall mannans extracted from the isogenic parental strain (WT) and a glycosylation-defective C. albicans with altered cell wall phosphomannosylation (mnn4∆ null mutants) and investigated its antifungal effect. Helja exhibited stronger antifungal activity on the mutant strain, showing greater inhibition of fungal growth, loss of cell viability, morphological alteration, and formation of clusters with agglutinated cells. This differential biological activity of Helja was correlated with the biophysical parameters determined by solid phase assays and isothermal titration calorimetry, which demonstrated that the lectin established stronger interactions with the cell wall mannans of the mnn4∆ null mutant than with the WT strain. In conclusion, our results provide new evidence on the nature of the Helja molecular interactions with cell wall components, i.e. phosphomannan, and its impact on the antifungal activity. This study highlights the relevance of plant lectins in the design of effective antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela V Del Río
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Funes 3250, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - Melisa B Radicioni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Funes 3250, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
| | - Anabela M Cutine
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, Gto, C.P. 36050, México
| | - Alejandro J Cagnoni
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana C Regente
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Funes 3250, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina
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Hernández-Chávez MJ, Martínez-Duncker I, Clavijo-Giraldo DM, López-Ramirez LA, Mora-Montes HM. Candida tropicalis PMT2 Is a Dispensable Gene for Viability but Required for Proper Interaction with the Host. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:502. [PMID: 39057387 PMCID: PMC11277967 DOI: 10.3390/jof10070502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Candidemia is an opportunistic mycosis with high morbidity and mortality rates. Even though Candida albicans is the main causative agent, other Candida species, such as Candida tropicalis, are relevant etiological agents of candidiasis and candidemia. Compared with C. albicans, there is currently limited information about C. tropicalis' biological aspects, including those related to the cell wall and the interaction with the host. Currently, it is known that its cell wall contains O-linked mannans, and the contribution of these structures to cell fitness has previously been addressed using cells subjected to chemical treatments or in mutants where O-linked mannans and other wall components are affected. Here, we generated a C. tropicalis pmt2∆ null mutant, which was affected in the first step of the O-linked mannosylation pathway. The null mutant was viable, contrasting with C. albicans where this gene is essential. The phenotypical characterization showed that O-linked mannans were required for filamentation; proper cell wall integrity and organization; biofilm formation; protein secretion; and adhesion to extracellular matrix components, in particular to fibronectin; and type I and type II collagen. When interacting with human innate immune cells, it was found that this cell wall structure is dispensable for cytokine production, but mutant cells were more phagocytosed by monocyte-derived macrophages. Furthermore, the null mutant cells showed virulence attenuation in Galleria mellonella larvae. Thus, O-linked mannans are minor components of the cell wall that are involved in different aspects of C. tropicalis' biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J. Hernández-Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, GTO, Mexico; (M.J.H.-C.); (D.M.C.-G.); (L.A.L.-R.)
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, MOR, Mexico;
| | - Diana M. Clavijo-Giraldo
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, GTO, Mexico; (M.J.H.-C.); (D.M.C.-G.); (L.A.L.-R.)
| | - Luz A. López-Ramirez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, GTO, Mexico; (M.J.H.-C.); (D.M.C.-G.); (L.A.L.-R.)
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, GTO, Mexico; (M.J.H.-C.); (D.M.C.-G.); (L.A.L.-R.)
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Pathakumari B, Liu W, Wang Q, Kong X, Liang G, Chokkakula S, Pathakamuri V, Nunna V. Comparative Evaluation of Candida Species-Specific T-Cell Immune Response in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1487. [PMID: 39062060 PMCID: PMC11274682 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-albicans Candida (NAC) species are increasingly recognized as significant contributors to candidemia infections; however, relatively less is known about the immune responses induced by these species. In this study, we compared the cytokine production ability of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) upon stimulation with different Candida species (Candida spp.). We measured secreted cytokines using ELISA and checked the functional profiles of T-cell responses using multicolor flow cytometry. Although there was a differential expression of cytokines against Candida spp., significant difference were observed in the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12p40, and IL-23 (p < 0.05) between Candida spp. A significant difference was observed between C. albicans and C. glabrata (p = 0.026) in the levels of TNF-α. C. glabrata showed significant differences compared to C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei in the levels of IL-10 (p values of 0.02, 0.04, and 0.01, respectively). Despite the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ expressing Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines being higher in stimulated PBMCs, none of the Candida spp. showed significant differences. The levels of secreted IL-17A and IL-23 were consistently lower in Candida spp. regardless of the stimulus used. Here, we showed the differential regulation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 during Candida spp. stimulation of the immune system ex vivo. Additionally, our findings suggest that C. albicans elicits an IFN-γ response, whereas C. glabrata promotes IL-10 cellular responses, but this warrants additional studies to conclude this association. This investigation holds the potential to advance our comprehension of the distinct immune responses induced by Candida spp., with probable implications in designing antifungal immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Pathakumari
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.L.); (Q.W.); (X.K.); (G.L.)
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.L.); (Q.W.); (X.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.L.); (Q.W.); (X.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Xue Kong
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.L.); (Q.W.); (X.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Guanzhao Liang
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.L.); (Q.W.); (X.K.); (G.L.)
| | - Santosh Chokkakula
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea;
| | - Vasundhara Pathakamuri
- Department of Radio-Diagnosis, Sri Venkateshwara Medical College, Tirupathi 517507, India;
| | - Venkatrao Nunna
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
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Gómez-Gaviria M, García-Carnero LC, Baruch-Martínez DA, Mora-Montes HM. The Emerging Pathogen Candida metapsilosis: Biological Aspects, Virulence Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:171-185. [PMID: 38268929 PMCID: PMC10807450 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s448213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a constant and growing menace to public health. This concern is due to the emergence of new fungal species and the increase in antifungal drug resistance. Mycoses caused by Candida species are among the most common nosocomial infections and are associated with high mortality rates when the infection affects deep-seated organs. Candida metapsilosis is part of the Candida parapsilosis complex and has been described as part of the oral microbiota of healthy individuals. Within the complex, this species is considered the least virulent; however, the prevalence has been increasing in recent years, as well as an increment in the resistance to some antifungal drugs. One of the main concerns of candidiasis caused by this species is the wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from tissue colonization to superficial infections, and in more severe cases it can spread, which makes diagnosis and treatment difficult. The study of virulence factors of this species is limited, however, proteomic comparisons between species indicate that virulence factors in this species could be similar to those already described for C. albicans. However, differences may exist, taking into account changes in the lifestyle of the species. Here, we provide a detailed review of the current literature about this organism, the caused disease, and some sharing aspects with other members of the complex, focusing on its biology, virulence factors, the host-fungus interaction, the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Dario A Baruch-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., México
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Gómez-Gaviria M, Martínez-Duncker I, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Differential Recognition of Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa by Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:4817-4834. [PMID: 37520448 PMCID: PMC10386844 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s419629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sporotrichosis is a mycosis frequently caused by Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. The cell wall is a species-specific fungal structure with a direct role in activating the host's immune response. The current knowledge about anti-Sporothrix immunity comes from studies using S. schenckii or S. brasiliensis and murine cells. Macrophages and dendritic cells detect and eliminate pathogens, and although the function of these cells links innate with adaptive immunity, little is known about their interaction with Sporothrix spp. Methods S. schenckii, S. brasiliensis, and S. globosa conidia or yeast-like cells were co-incubated with human monocyte-derived macrophages or dendritic cells, and the phagocytosis and cytokine stimulation were assessed. These interactions were also performed in the presence of specific blocking agents of immune receptors or fungal cells with altered walls to analyze the contribution of these molecules to the immune cell-fungus interaction. Results Both types of immune cells phagocytosed S. globosa conidia and yeast-like cells to a greater extent, followed by S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii. Furthermore, when the wall internal components were exposed, the phagocytosis level increased for S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, in contrast to S. globosa. Thus, the cell wall components have different functions during the interaction with macrophages and dendritic cells. S. globosa stimulated an increased proinflammatory response when compared to the other species. In macrophages, this was a dectin-1-, mannose receptor-, and TLR2-dependent response, but dectin-1- and TLR2-dependent stimulation in dendritic cells. For S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis, cytokine production was dependent on the activation of TLR4, CR3, and DC-SIGN. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that these species are recognized by immune cells differently and that this may depend on both the structure and cell wall organization of the different morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GuanajuatoMéxico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular; Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GuanajuatoMéxico
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GuanajuatoMéxico
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Inomata M, Amano S, Abe M, Hayashi T, Sakagami H. Innate immune response of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts via the Dectin-1/Syk pathway. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36748551 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. A diverse microbiota including fungi exists in the subgingival sites of patients with chronic periodontitis. The cell wall of Candida albicans, the most abundant fungal species, contains β-glucan. Dectin-1 binds β-glucan and participates in fungal recognition.Gap statement. Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) are present in the periodontal ligament and synthesize immunomodulatory cytokines that influence the local response to infections. However, the expression and role of Dectin-1 in PDLFs have not been explored.Aim. This study aimed to determine if PDLFs express Dectin-1 and induce innate immune responses through Dectin-1 and the signalling molecule Syk.Methodology. The expression of Dectin-1 in PDLFs was determined by flow cytometry, western blotting and confocal microscopy. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the immune response of PDLFs stimulated with β-glucan-rich zymosan and C. albicans.Results. Dectin-1 was constitutively expressed in PDLFs. Zymosan induced the expression of cytokines, including IL6, IL1B and IL17A, and the chemokine IL8. Zymosan also induced the expression of the antimicrobial peptide β-defensin-1 (DEFB1). Further, the phosphorylation of Syk and NF-κB occurred upon Dectin-1 activation. Notably, heat-killed C. albicans induced the expression of IL6, IL17A, IL8 and DEFB1, and this activation was suppressed by the Syk inhibitor, R406.Conclusion. These findings indicate that the Dectin-1/Syk pathway induces an innate immune response of PDLFs, which may facilitate the control of oral infections such as candidiasis and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Inomata
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Japan
| | - Shigeru Amano
- Research Institute of Odontology (M-RIO), Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Japan
| | - Masayo Abe
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Japan
| | - Toru Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Kitasato, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakagami
- Research Institute of Odontology (M-RIO), Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, Japan
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López-Ramírez LA, Martínez-Duncker I, Márquez-Márquez A, Vargas-Macías AP, Mora-Montes HM. Silencing of ROT2, the Encoding Gene of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Glucosidase II, Affects the Cell Wall and the Sporothrix schenckii-Host Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1220. [PMID: 36422041 PMCID: PMC9692468 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii is a member of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade and one of the most common etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous fungal infection that affects both animal and human beings. Like other fungal pathogens, the Sporothrix cell wall is composed of structural polysaccharides and glycoproteins that are covalently modified with both N-linked and O-linked glycans. Thus far, little is known about the N-linked glycosylation pathway in this organism or its contribution to cell wall composition and interaction with the host. Here, we silenced ROT2, which encodes the catalytic subunit of the endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidase II, a processing enzyme key for the N-linked glycan core processing. Silencing of ROT2 led to the accumulation of the Glc2Man9GlcNAC2 glycan core at the cell wall and a reduction in the total content of N-linked glycans found in the wall. However, the highly silenced mutants showed a compensatory mechanism with increased content of cell wall O-linked glycans. The phenotype of mutants with intermediate levels of ROT2 silencing was more informative, as they showed changes in the cell wall composition and exposure of β-1.3-glucans and chitin at the cell surface. Furthermore, the ability to stimulate cytokine production by human mononuclear cells was affected, along with the phagocytosis by human monocyte-derived macrophages, in a mannose receptor-, complement receptor 3-, and TLR4-dependent stimulation. In an insect model of experimental sporotrichosis, these mutant cells showed virulence attenuation. In conclusion, S. schenckii ROT2 is required for proper N-linked glycosylation, cell wall organization and composition, and interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz A. López-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
| | - Anayeli Márquez-Márquez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Ana P. Vargas-Macías
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato 36050, Mexico
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Mendoza-Reyes DF, Gómez-Gaviria M, Mora-Montes HM. Candida lusitaniae: Biology, Pathogenicity, Virulence Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:5121-5135. [PMID: 36068831 PMCID: PMC9441179 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s383785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections is increasing at an alarming rate and has posed a great challenge for science in recent years. The rise in these infections has been related to the increase in immunocompromised patients and the resistance of different species to antifungal drugs. Infections caused by the different Candida species, especially Candida albicans, are one of the most common mycoses in humans, and the etiological agents are considered opportunistic pathogens associated with high mortality rates when disseminated infections occur. Candida lusitaniae is considered an emerging opportunistic pathogen that most frequently affects immunocompromised patients with some comorbidity. Although it is a low-frequency pathogen, and the mortality rate of C. lusitaniae-caused candidemia does not exceed 5%, some isolates are known to be resistant to antifungals such as amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, and fluconazole. In this paper, a detailed review of the current literature on this organism and its different aspects, such as its biology, possible virulence factors, pathogen-host interaction, diagnosis, and treatment of infection, is provided. Of particular interest, through Blastp analysis we predicted possible virulence factors in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana F Mendoza-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, C.P. 36050, México
| | - Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, C.P. 36050, México
- Correspondence: Manuela Gómez-Gaviria; Héctor M Mora-Montes, Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, Guanajuato, Gto, C.P. 36050, México, Tel +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8193, Fax +52 473-7320006 Ext. 8153, Email ;
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, C.P. 36050, México
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Grosjean N, Le Jean M, Chalot M, Mora-Montes HM, Armengaud J, Gross EM, Blaudez D. Genome-Wide Mutant Screening in Yeast Reveals that the Cell Wall is a First Shield to Discriminate Light From Heavy Lanthanides. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:881535. [PMID: 35663896 PMCID: PMC9162579 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.881535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly expanding utilization of lanthanides (Ln) for the development of new technologies, green energies, and agriculture has raised concerns regarding their impacts on the environment and human health. The absence of characterization of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms regarding their toxicity is a caveat in the apprehension of their environmental impacts. We performed genomic phenotyping and molecular physiology analyses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants exposed to La and Yb to uncover genes and pathways affecting Ln resistance and toxicity. Ln responses strongly differed from well-known transition metal and from common responses mediated by oxidative compounds. Shared response pathways to La and Yb exposure were associated to lipid metabolism, ion homeostasis, vesicular trafficking, and endocytosis, which represents a putative way of entry for Ln. Cell wall organization and related signaling pathways allowed for the discrimination of light and heavy Ln. Mutants in cell wall integrity-related proteins (e.g., Kre1p, Kre6p) or in the activation of secretory pathway and cell wall proteins (e.g., Kex2p, Kex1p) were resistant to Yb but sensitive to La. Exposure of WT yeast to the serine protease inhibitor tosyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone mimicked the phenotype of kex2∆ under Ln, strengthening these results. Our data also suggest that the relative proportions of chitin and phosphomannan could modulate the proportion of functional groups (phosphates and carboxylates) to which La and Yb could differentially bind. Moreover, we showed that kex2∆, kex1∆, kre1∆, and kre6∆ strains were all sensitive to light Ln (La to Eu), while being increasingly resistant to heavier Ln. Finally, shotgun proteomic analyses identified modulated proteins in kex2∆ exposed to Ln, among which several plasmalemma ion transporters that were less abundant and that could play a role in Yb uptake. By combining these different approaches, we unraveled that cell wall components not only act in Ln adsorption but are also active signal effectors allowing cells to differentiate light and heavy Ln. This work paves the way for future investigations to the better understanding of Ln toxicity in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Grosjean
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, Metz, France
| | | | - Michel Chalot
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Besançon, France
- Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | | | - Damien Blaudez
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, Nancy, France
- *Correspondence: Damien Blaudez,
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10
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Tamez-Castrellón AK, van der Beek SL, López-Ramírez LA, Martínez-Duncker I, Lozoya-Pérez NE, van Sorge NM, Mora-Montes HM. Disruption of protein rhamnosylation affects the Sporothrix schenckii-host interaction. Cell Surf 2021; 7:100058. [PMID: 34308006 PMCID: PMC8258688 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2021.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a fungal disease caused by the members of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade, and one of the etiological agents is Sporothrix schenckii. The cell wall of this organism has been previously analyzed and thus far is known to contain an inner layer composed of chitin and β -glucans, and an outer layer of glycoproteins, which are decorated with mannose and rhamnose-containing oligosaccharides. The L-rhamnose biosynthesis pathway is common in bacteria but rare in members of the Fungi kingdom. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to disrupt this metabolic route to assess the contribution of rhamnose during the S. schenckii-host interaction. We identified and silenced in S. schenckii a functional ortholog of the bacterial rmlD gene, which encodes for an essential reductase for the synthesis of nucleotide-activated L-rhamnose. RmlD silencing did not affect fungal growth or morphology but decreased cell wall rhamnose content. Compensatory, the β-1,3-glucan levels increased and were more exposed at the cell surface. Moreover, when incubated with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the RmlD silenced mutants differentially stimulated cytokine production when compared with the wild-type strain, reducing TNFα and IL-6 levels and increasing IL-1 β and IL-10 production. Upon incubation with human monocyte-derived macrophages, the silenced strains were more efficiently phagocytosed than the wild-type strain. In both cases, our data suggest that rhamnose-based oligosaccharides are ligands that interact with TLR4. Finally, our findings showed that cell wall rhamnose is required for the S. schenckii virulence in the G. mellonella model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma K. Tamez-Castrellón
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Samantha L. van der Beek
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Medical Microbiology, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luz A. López-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Mor. 62209, Mexico
| | - Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Nina M. van Sorge
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Medical Microbiology, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
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11
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Dinu MV, Gradinaru AC, Lazar MM, Dinu IA, Raschip IE, Ciocarlan N, Aprotosoaie AC. Physically cross-linked chitosan/dextrin cryogels entrapping Thymus vulgaris essential oil with enhanced mechanical, antioxidant and antifungal properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:898-908. [PMID: 34157333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we entrapped Thymus vulgaris essential oil (EO) within the physically cross-linked sponge-like architecture of cryogels by ice template-assisted freeze-drying. Their 3D cryogenically-structured network was built through hydrogen bonding formed by blending two naturally-derived polysaccharides, chitosan and dextrin. The embedment of EOs within the cryogel matrix generates porous films with an increased elasticity that allows their fast shape recovery after full compression. Thus, the swollen EOs-loaded cryogel films exhibited an elastic modulus of 3.00 MPa, which is more than 40 times higher than that of polysaccharide films without EOs (an elastic modulus of only 0.07 MPa). In addition, the encapsulation of bioactive compounds endows the bio-based films with both antioxidant and antifungal properties, showing a radical scavenging activity of 65% and a zone inhibition diameter of 40 mm for Candida parapsilosis fungi. Our results recommend the entrapment of EOs into bio-based cryogel carriers as a straightforward approach to provide 'green' polysaccharide-based films having both improved physicochemical properties and remarkable antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valentina Dinu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Functional Polymers, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, Iasi 700487, Romania.
| | - Adina Catinca Gradinaru
- "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii Street 16, Iasi 700115, Romania
| | - Maria Marinela Lazar
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Functional Polymers, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, Iasi 700487, Romania
| | - Ionel Adrian Dinu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Functional Polymers, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, Iasi 700487, Romania; University of Basel, Department of Chemistry, BioPark Rosental (BPR) 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irina Elena Raschip
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Functional Polymers, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41A, Iasi 700487, Romania
| | - Nina Ciocarlan
- Botanical Garden, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Padurii Street 18, 2002, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Ana Clara Aprotosoaie
- "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii Street 16, Iasi 700115, Romania
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12
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Influences of the Culturing Media in the Virulence and Cell Wall of Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040323. [PMID: 33260702 PMCID: PMC7712150 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa are etiological agents of sporotrichosis, a human subcutaneous mycosis. Although the protocols to evaluate Sporothrix virulence in animal models are well described, the cell preparation before inoculation is not standardized, and several culturing media are used to grow yeast-like cells. Here, we found that carbon or nitrogen limitation during fungal cell preparation negatively impacted the ability of S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis to kill Galleria mellonella larvae, but not S. globosa. The fungal growth conditions associated with the short median survival of animals were accompanied by increased hemocyte countings, phenoloxidase activity, and cytotoxicity. The fungal growth under carbon or nitrogen limitation also affected the cell wall composition of both S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis and showed increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan at the cell surface, while those growing conditions had a minimal impact on the S.globosa wall, which had higher levels of this polysaccharide exposed on the wall regardless of the culture condition. This polysaccharide exposure was linked to the increased ability of insect hemocytes to uptake fungal cells, suggesting that this is one of the mechanisms behind the lower virulence of S.globosa or cells from the other species grown in carbon or nitrogen limitation.
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13
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García-Carnero LC, Clavijo-Giraldo DM, Gómez-Gaviria M, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Tamez-Castrellón AK, López-Ramírez LA, Mora-Montes HM. Early Virulence Predictors during the Candida Species- Galleria mellonella Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030152. [PMID: 32867152 PMCID: PMC7559698 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a serious and increasing threat for human health, and one of the most frequent etiological agents for systemic mycoses is Candida spp. The gold standard to assess Candida virulence is the mouse model of systemic candidiasis, a restrictive, expensive, and time-consuming approach; therefore, invertebrate models have been proposed as alternatives. Galleria mellonella larvae have several traits that make them good candidates to study the fungal virulence. Here, we showed that a reduction in circulating hemocytes, increased melanin production, phenoloxidase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were observed at 12 and 24 h postinoculation of highly virulent Candidatropicalis strains, while minimal changes in these parameters were observed in low-virulent strains. Similarly, the most virulent species Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida auris, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida orthopsilosis have led to significant changes in those parameters; while the low virulent species Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, and Candida metapsilosis induced modest variations in these immunological and cytotoxicity parameters. Since changes in circulating hemocytes, melanin production, phenoloxidase and lactate dehydrogenase activities showed a correlation with the larval median survival rates at 12 and 24 h postinoculation, we proposed them as candidates for early virulence predictors in G. mellonella.
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14
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Gómez-Gaviria M, Mora-Montes HM. Current Aspects in the Biology, Pathogeny, and Treatment of Candida krusei, a Neglected Fungal Pathogen. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:1673-1689. [PMID: 32606818 PMCID: PMC7293913 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s247944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a constant and growing menace to human health, because of the emergence of new species as causative agents of diseases and the increment of antifungal drug resistance. Candidiasis is one of the most common fungal infections in humans and is associated with a high mortality rate when the fungi infect deep-seated organs. Candida krusei belongs to the group of candidiasis etiological agents, and although it is not isolated as frequently as other Candida species, the infections caused by this organism are of special relevance in the clinical setting because of its intrinsic resistance to fluconazole. Here, we offer a thorough revision of the current literature dealing with this organism and the caused disease, focusing on its biological aspects, the host-fungus interaction, the diagnosis, and the infection treatment. Of particular relevance, we provide the most recent genomic information, including the gene prediction of some putative virulence factors, like proteases, adhesins, regulators of biofilm formation and dimorphism. Moreover, C. krusei veterinary aspects and the exploration of natural products with anti-C. krusei activity are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, México
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto, México
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15
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Walker LA, Munro CA. Caspofungin Induced Cell Wall Changes of Candida Species Influences Macrophage Interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:164. [PMID: 32528900 PMCID: PMC7247809 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are known to differ in their ability to cause infection and have been shown to display varied susceptibilities to antifungal drugs. Treatment with the echinocandin, caspofungin, leads to compensatory alterations in the fungal cell wall. This study was performed to compare the structure and composition of the cell walls of different Candida species alone and in response to caspofungin treatment, and to evaluate how changes at the fungal cell surface affects interactions with macrophages. We demonstrated that the length of the outer fibrillar layer varied between Candida species and that, in most cases, reduced fibril length correlated with increased exposure of β-1,3-glucan on the cell surface. Candida glabrata and Candida guilliermondii, which had naturally more β-1,3-glucan exposed on the cell surface, were phagocytosed significantly more efficiently by J774 macrophages. Treatment with caspofungin resulted in increased exposure of chitin and β-1,3-glucan on the surface of the majority of Candida species isolates that were tested, with the exception of C. glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. This increase in exposure of the inner cell wall polysaccharides, in most cases, correlated with reduced uptake by macrophages and in turn, a decrease in production of TNFα. Here we show that differences in the exposure of cell wall carbohydrates and variations in the repertoire of covalently attached surface proteins of different Candida species contributes to their recognition by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Walker
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Carol A Munro
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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16
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Gómez-Gaviria M, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Staniszewska M, Franco B, Niño-Vega GA, Mora-Montes HM. Loss of Kex2 Affects the Candida albicans Cell Wall and Interaction with Innate Immune Cells. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020057. [PMID: 32365492 PMCID: PMC7344602 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretory pathway in Candida albicans involves the protein translocation into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and transport to the Golgi complex, where proteins undergo posttranslational modifications, including glycosylation and proteolysis. The Golgi-resident Kex2 protease is involved in such processing and disruption of its encoding gene affected virulence and dimorphism. These previous studies were performed using cells without URA3 or with URA3 ectopically placed into the KEX2 locus. Since these conditions are known to affect the cellular fitness and the host-fungus interaction, here we generated a kex2Δ null mutant strain with URA3 placed into the neutral locus RPS1. The characterization of this strain showed defects in the cell wall composition, with a reduction in the N-linked mannan content, and the increment in the levels of O-linked mannans, chitin, and β-glucans. The defects in the mannan content are likely linked to changes in Golgi-resident enzymes, as the α-1,2-mannosyltransferase and α-1,6-mannosyltransferase activities were incremented and reduced, respectively. The mutant cells also showed reduced ability to stimulate cytokine production and phagocytosis by human mononuclear cells and macrophages, respectively. Collectively, these data showed that loss of Kex2 affected the cell wall composition, the protein glycosylation pathways, and interaction with innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato Gto 36050, Mexico; (M.G.-G.); (N.E.L.-P.); (B.F.); (G.A.N.-V.)
| | - Nancy E. Lozoya-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato Gto 36050, Mexico; (M.G.-G.); (N.E.L.-P.); (B.F.); (G.A.N.-V.)
| | - Monika Staniszewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Bernardo Franco
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato Gto 36050, Mexico; (M.G.-G.); (N.E.L.-P.); (B.F.); (G.A.N.-V.)
| | - Gustavo A. Niño-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato Gto 36050, Mexico; (M.G.-G.); (N.E.L.-P.); (B.F.); (G.A.N.-V.)
| | - Hector M. Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato Gto 36050, Mexico; (M.G.-G.); (N.E.L.-P.); (B.F.); (G.A.N.-V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-473-732-0006 (ext. 8193)
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17
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Zeynali M, Hatamian-Zarmi A, Larypoor M. Evaluation of Chitin-Glucan Complex Production in Submerged Culture of Medicinal Mushroom of Schizophilum commune: Optimization and Growth Kinetic. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.30699/ijmm.13.5.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Hernández-Chávez MJ, Clavijo-Giraldo DM, Novák Á, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Salinas-Marín R, Hernández NV, Martínez-Duncker I, Gácser A, Mora-Montes HM. Role of Protein Mannosylation in the Candida tropicalis-Host Interaction. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2743. [PMID: 31849889 PMCID: PMC6892782 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannans are components of the fungal wall attached to proteins via N- or O-linkages. In Candida albicans, Och1 is an α1,6-mannosyltransferase that adds the first mannose unit to the N-linked mannan outer chain; whereas Pmr1 is an ion pump that imports Mn2+ into the Golgi lumen. This cation is the cofactor of Golgi-resident mannosyltransferases, and thus Pmr1 is involved in the synthesis of both N- and O-linked mannans. Since we currently have limited information about the genetic network behind the Candida tropicalis protein mannosylation machinery, we disrupted OCH1 and PMR1 in this organism. The C. tropicalis pmr1Δ and och1Δ mutants showed increased doubling times, aberrant colony and cellular morphology, reduction in the wall mannan content, and increased susceptibility to wall perturbing agents. These changes were accompanied by increased exposure of both β1,3-glucan and chitin at the wall surface of both mutant strains. Our results showed that O-linked mannans are dispensable for cytokine production by human mononuclear cells, but N-linked mannans and β1,3-glucan are key ligands to trigger cytokine production in a co-stimulatory pathway involving dectin-1 and mannose receptor. Moreover, we found that the N-linked mannan core found on the surface of C. tropicalis och1Δ null mutant was capable of inducing cytokine production; and that a mannan-independent pathway for IL-10 production is present in the C. tropicalis-mononuclear cell interaction. Both mutant strains showed virulence attenuation in the Galleria mellonella and the mouse model of systemic candidiasis. Therefore, mannans are relevant for cell wall composition and organization, and for the C. tropicalis-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Hernández-Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Diana M Clavijo-Giraldo
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Ádám Novák
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Roberta Salinas-Marín
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Nahúm V Hernández
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Mycobiome Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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19
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Oliveira WF, Cabrera MP, Santos NRM, Napoleão TH, Paiva PMG, Neves RP, Silva MV, Santos BS, Coelho LCBB, Cabral Filho PE, Fontes A, Correia MTS. Evaluating glucose and mannose profiles in Candida species using quantum dots conjugated with Cramoll lectin as fluorescent nanoprobes. Microbiol Res 2019; 230:126330. [PMID: 31541842 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates found on cell walls of Candida species are fundamental for their pathogenicity. Laborious techniques have been employed to investigate the sugar composition of these microorganisms. Herein, we prepared a nanotool, based on the fluorescence of quantum dots (QDs) combined with the specificity of Cramoll lectin, to evaluate glucose/mannose profiles on three Candida species. The QDs-Cramoll conjugates presented specificity and bright fluorescence emission. The lectin preserved its biological activity after the conjugation process mediated by adsorption interactions. The labeling of Candida species was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and quantified by flow cytometry. Morphological analyses of yeasts labeled with QDs-Cramoll conjugates indicated that C. glabrata (2.7 μm) was smaller when compared to C. albicans (4.0 μm) and C. parapsilosis sensu stricto (3.8 μm). Also, C. parapsilosis population was heterogeneous, presenting rod-shaped blastoconidia. More than 90% of cells of the three species were labeled by conjugates. Inhibition and saturation assays indicated that C. parapsilosis had a higher content of exposed glucose/mannose than the other two species. Therefore, QDs-Cramoll conjugates demonstrated to be effective fluorescent nanoprobes for evaluation of glucose/mannose constitution on the cell walls of fungal species frequently involved in candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weslley F Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Cabrera
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Natália R M Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Thiago H Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M G Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Rejane P Neves
- Departamento de Micologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Márcia V Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Beate S Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Luana C B B Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Cabral Filho
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Maria T S Correia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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20
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Sneaking Out for Happy Hour: Yeast-Based Approaches to Explore and Modulate Immune Response and Immune Evasion. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090667. [PMID: 31480411 PMCID: PMC6770942 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens (virus, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) have developed a wide variety of mechanisms to evade their host immune system. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has successfully been used to decipher some of these immune evasion strategies. This includes the cis-acting mechanism that limits the expression of the oncogenic Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-encoded EBNA1 and thus of antigenic peptides derived from this essential but highly antigenic viral protein. Studies based on budding yeast have also revealed the molecular bases of epigenetic switching or recombination underlying the silencing of all except one members of extended families of genes that encode closely related and highly antigenic surface proteins. This mechanism is exploited by several parasites (that include pathogens such as Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Candida, or Pneumocystis) to alternate their surface antigens, thereby evading the immune system. Yeast can itself be a pathogen, and pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans, which is phylogenetically very close to S. cerevisiae, have developed stealthiness strategies that include changes in their cell wall composition, or epitope-masking, to control production or exposure of highly antigenic but essential polysaccharides in their cell wall. Finally, due to the high antigenicity of its cell wall, yeast has been opportunistically exploited to create adjuvants and vectors for vaccination.
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21
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Thompson A, Griffiths JS, Walker L, da Fonseca DM, Lee KK, Taylor PR, Gow NAR, Orr SJ. Dependence on Dectin-1 Varies With Multiple Candida Species. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1800. [PMID: 31447813 PMCID: PMC6691182 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Four Candida spp. (albicans, glabrata, tropicalis, parapsilosis) cause >95% of invasive Candida infections. C. albicans elicits immune responses via pathogen recognition receptors including C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs). The CLR, Dectin-1 is important for host immunity to C. albicans and C. glabrata, however, whether Dectin-1 is important for host defense against C. tropicalis or C. parapsilosis is unknown. Therefore, we compared the involvement of Dectin-1 in response to these four diverse Candida spp. We found that Dectin-1 mediates innate cytokine responses to these Candida spp. in a species- and cell-dependent manner. Dectin-1 KO mice succumbed to infection with highly virulent C. albicans while they mostly survived infection with less virulent Candida spp. However, Dectin-1 KO mice displayed increased fungal burden following infection with each Candida spp. Additionally, T cells from Dectin-1 KO mice displayed enhanced effector functions likely due to the inability of Dectin-1 KO mice to clear the infections. Together, these data indicate that Dectin-1 is important for host defense to multiple Candida spp., although the specific roles for Dectin-1 varies with different Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James S Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Walker
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Diogo M da Fonseca
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Keunsook K Lee
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A R Gow
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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22
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Intravital Imaging Reveals Divergent Cytokine and Cellular Immune Responses to Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00266-19. [PMID: 31088918 PMCID: PMC6520444 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00266-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern medicine, physicians are frequently forced to balance immune suppression against immune stimulation to treat patients such as those undergoing transplants and chemotherapy. More-targeted therapies designed to preserve immunity and prevent opportunistic fungal infection in these patients could be informed by an understanding of how fungi interact with professional and nonprofessional immune cells in mucosal candidiasis. In this study, we intravitally imaged these host-pathogen dynamics during Candida infection in a transparent vertebrate model host, the zebrafish. Single-cell imaging revealed an unexpected partitioning of the inflammatory response between phagocytes and epithelial cells. Surprisingly, we found that in vivo cytokine profiles more closely match in vitro responses of epithelial cells rather than phagocytes. Furthermore, we identified a disconnect between canonical inflammatory cytokine production and phagocyte recruitment to the site of infection, implicating noncytokine chemoattractants. Our study contributes to a new appreciation for the specialization and cross talk among cell types during mucosal infection. Candida yeasts are common commensals that can cause mucosal disease and life-threatening systemic infections. While many of the components required for defense against Candida albicans infection are well established, questions remain about how various host cells at mucosal sites assess threats and coordinate defenses to prevent normally commensal organisms from becoming pathogenic. Using two Candida species, C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, which differ in their abilities to damage epithelial tissues, we used traditional methods (pathogen CFU, host survival, and host cytokine expression) combined with high-resolution intravital imaging of transparent zebrafish larvae to illuminate host-pathogen interactions at the cellular level in the complex environment of a mucosal infection. In zebrafish, C. albicans grows as both yeast and epithelium-damaging filaments, activates the NF-κB pathway, evokes proinflammatory cytokines, and causes the recruitment of phagocytic immune cells. On the other hand, C. parapsilosis remains in yeast morphology and elicits the recruitment of phagocytes without inducing inflammation. High-resolution mapping of phagocyte-Candida interactions at the infection site revealed that neutrophils and macrophages attack both Candida species, regardless of the cytokine environment. Time-lapse monitoring of single-cell gene expression in transgenic reporter zebrafish revealed a partitioning of the immune response during C. albicans infection: the transcription factor NF-κB is activated largely in cells of the swimbladder epithelium, while the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is expressed in motile cells, mainly macrophages. Our results point to different host strategies for combatting pathogenic Candida species and separate signaling roles for host cell types.
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23
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Vaz C, Reales-Calderon JA, Pitarch A, Vellosillo P, Trevisan M, Hernáez ML, Monteoliva L, Gil C. Enrichment of ATP Binding Proteins Unveils Proteomic Alterations in Human Macrophage Cell Death, Inflammatory Response, and Protein Synthesis after Interaction with Candida albicans. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2139-2159. [PMID: 30985132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in the primary human response to Candida albicans. After pathogen recognition, signaling pathways are activated, leading to the production of cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides. ATP binding proteins are crucial for this regulation. Here, a quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic approach was carried out for the study of human macrophage ATP-binding proteins after interaction with C. albicans. From a total of 547 nonredundant quantified proteins, 137 were ATP binding proteins and 59 were detected as differentially abundant. From the differentially abundant ATP-binding proteins, 6 were kinases (MAP2K2, SYK, STK3, MAP3K2, NDKA, and SRPK1), most of them involved in signaling pathways. Furthermore, 85 phosphopeptides were quantified. Macrophage proteomic alterations including an increase of protein synthesis with a consistent decrease in proteolysis were observed. Besides, macrophages showed changes in proteins of endosomal trafficking together with mitochondrial proteins, including some involved in the response to oxidative stress. Regarding cell death mechanisms, an increase of antiapoptotic over pro-apoptotic signals is suggested. Furthermore, a high pro-inflammatory response was detected, together with no upregulation of key mi-RNAs involved in the negative feedback of this response. These findings illustrate a strategy to deepen the knowledge of the complex interactions between the host and the clinically important pathogen C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Vaz
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Reales-Calderon
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain
| | - Aida Pitarch
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain
| | - Perceval Vellosillo
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Marco Trevisan
- Laboratorio de Proteómica Cardiovascular , Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - María Luisa Hernáez
- Unidad de Proteómica , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
| | - Lucía Monteoliva
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain
| | - Concha Gil
- Departamento de Microbiologı́a y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria IRYCIS , 28034 Madrid , Spain.,Unidad de Proteómica , Universidad Complutense de Madrid , 28040 Madrid , Spain
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24
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Navarro-Arias MJ, Hernández-Chávez MJ, García-Carnero LC, Amezcua-Hernández DG, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Estrada-Mata E, Martínez-Duncker I, Franco B, Mora-Montes HM. Differential recognition of Candida tropicalis, Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, and Candida auris by human innate immune cells. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:783-794. [PMID: 31040708 PMCID: PMC6459152 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s197531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The deep-seated infections caused by the Candida genus are associated with a high mortality rate, and Candida albicans is the most frequent species associated with these diseases. The fungal wall is composed of macromolecules not synthesized by the host, and therefore is a source of ligands recognized by innate immune cells. Methods We performed a comparative study analyzing the cell wall composition and organization of Candida tropicalis, Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, and Candida auris, along with their ability to stimulate cytokine production and phagocytosis by human innate immune cells. Results We found that the wall of these species had the basic components already described in C. albicans, with most of the chitin and b1,3-glucan located underneath the mannan layer. However, the walls of C. krusei and C. auris were rich in chitin and the former had a lower content of mannans. C. guilliermondii contained changes in the mannan and the b1,3-glucan levels. These species were differentially phagocytosed by human macrophages and stimulated cytokine production in a dectin-1-dependent pathway. C. krusei showed the most significant changes in the tested parameters, whereas C. auris behaved like C. albicans. Conclusion Our results suggest that the cell wall and innate immune recognition of C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. krusei, and Candida auris is different from that reported for C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Navarro-Arias
- Department of Biology, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México,
| | - Marco J Hernández-Chávez
- Department of Biology, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México,
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Department of Biology, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México,
| | - Diana G Amezcua-Hernández
- Department of Biology, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México,
| | - Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- Department of Biology, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México,
| | - Eine Estrada-Mata
- Department of Biology, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México,
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratory of Human Glycobiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, 62209, Morelos, México
| | - Bernardo Franco
- Department of Biology, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México,
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Department of Biology, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México,
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25
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Abstract
Patients with suppressed immunity are at the highest risk for hospital-acquired infections. Among these, invasive candidiasis is the most prevalent systemic fungal nosocomial infection. Over recent decades, the combined prevalence of non-albicans Candida species outranked Candida albicans infections in several geographical regions worldwide, highlighting the need to understand their pathobiology in order to develop effective treatment and to prevent future outbreaks. Candida parapsilosis is the second or third most frequently isolated Candida species from patients. Besides being highly prevalent, its biology differs markedly from that of C. albicans, which may be associated with C. parapsilosis' increased incidence. Differences in virulence, regulatory and antifungal drug resistance mechanisms, and the patient groups at risk indicate that conclusions drawn from C. albicans pathobiology cannot be simply extrapolated to C. parapsilosis Such species-specific characteristics may also influence their recognition and elimination by the host and the efficacy of antifungal drugs. Due to the availability of high-throughput, state-of-the-art experimental tools and molecular genetic methods adapted to C. parapsilosis, genome and transcriptome studies are now available that greatly contribute to our understanding of what makes this species a threat. In this review, we summarize 10 years of findings on C. parapsilosis pathogenesis, including the species' genetic properties, transcriptome studies, host responses, and molecular mechanisms of virulence. Antifungal susceptibility studies and clinician perspectives are discussed. We also present regional incidence reports in order to provide an updated worldwide epidemiology summary.
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26
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Lozoya-Pérez NE, Casas-Flores S, de Almeida JRF, Martínez-Álvarez JA, López-Ramírez LA, Jannuzzi GP, Trujillo-Esquivel E, Estrada-Mata E, Almeida SR, Franco B, Lopes-Bezerra LM, Mora-Montes HM. Silencing of OCH1 unveils the role of Sporothrix schenckii N-linked glycans during the host-fungus interaction. Infect Drug Resist 2018; 12:67-85. [PMID: 30643435 PMCID: PMC6312695 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s185037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporothrix schenckii is a neglected fungal pathogen for the human being and other mammals. In several fungal systems, Och1 is a Golgi α1,6-mannosyltransferase with a key function in the synthesis of N-linked glycans; which are important elements during the host-fungus interplay. The role of OCH1 in fungal virulence seems to be species-specific, being an essential component for Candida albicans virulence and dispensable during the interaction of Aspergillus fumigatus with the host. METHODS Here, we silenced S. schenckii OCH1 and characterized the phenotype of the mutant strains. RESULTS The mutant strains did not show defects in the cell or colony morphology, the growth rate or the ability to undergo dimorphism; but the cell wall changed in both composition and exposure of inner components at the surface. When interacting with human monocytes, the silenced strains had a reduced ability to stimulate TNFα and IL-6 but stimulated higher levels of IL-10. The interaction with human macrophages was also altered, with reduced numbers of silenced cells phagocytosed. These strains showed virulence attenuation in both Galleria mellonella and in the mouse model of sporotrichosis. Nonetheless, the cytokine levels in infected organs did not vary significantly when compared with the wild-type strain. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that OCH1 silencing affects different aspects of the S. schenckii-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
| | | | | | - José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
| | - Luz A López-Ramírez
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
| | | | - Elías Trujillo-Esquivel
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
| | - Eine Estrada-Mata
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
| | - Sandro R Almeida
- Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Franco
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
| | - Leila M Lopes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Clinical Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Department of Biology, Division of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico,
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27
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Papp C, Kocsis K, Tóth R, Bodai L, Willis JR, Ksiezopolska E, Lozoya-Pérez NE, Vágvölgyi C, Mora Montes H, Gabaldón T, Nosanchuk JD, Gácser A. Echinocandin-Induced Microevolution of Candida parapsilosis Influences Virulence and Abiotic Stress Tolerance. mSphere 2018; 3:e00547-18. [PMID: 30429225 PMCID: PMC6236803 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00547-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species are a major cause of life-threatening bloodstream infections worldwide. Although Candida albicans is responsible for the vast majority of infections, the clinical relevance of other Candida species has also emerged over the last twenty years. This shift might be due in part to changes in clinical guidelines, as echinocandins became the first line of therapeutics for the treatment. Candida parapsilosis is an emerging non-albicans Candida species that exhibits lower susceptibility levels to these drugs. Candida species frequently display resistance to echinocandins, and the mechanism for this is well-known in C. albicans and Candida glabrata, where it is mediated by amino acid substitutions at defined locations of the β-1,3-glucan synthase, Fks1p. In C. parapsilosis isolates, Fks1p harbors an intrinsic amino acid change at position 660 of the hot spot 1 (HS1) region, which is thought to be responsible for the high MIC values. Less is known about acquired substitutions in this species. In this study, we used directed evolution experiments to generate C. parapsilosis strains with acquired resistance to caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin. We showed that cross-resistance was dependent on the type of echinocandin used to generate the evolved strains. During their characterization, all mutant strains showed attenuated virulence in vivo and also displayed alterations in the exposure of inner cell wall components. The evolved strains harbored 251 amino acid changes, including three in the HS1, HS2, and HS3 regions of Fks1p. Altogether, our results demonstrate a direct connection between acquired antifungal resistance and virulence of C. parapsilosisIMPORTANCECandida parapsilosis is an opportunistic fungal pathogen with the ability to cause infections in immunocompromised patients. Echinocandins are the currently recommended first line of treatment for all Candida species. Resistance of Candida albicans to this drug type is well characterized. C. parapsilosis strains have the lowest in vitro susceptibility to echinocandins; however, patients with such infections typically respond well to echinocandin therapy. There is little knowledge of acquired resistance in C. parapsilosis and its consequences on other characteristics such as virulence properties. In this study, we aimed to dissect how acquired echinocandin resistance influences the pathogenicity of C. parapsilosis and to develop explanations for why echinocandins are clinically effective in the setting of acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Papp
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katica Kocsis
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Renáta Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Bodai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jesse R Willis
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ewa Ksiezopolska
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hector Mora Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Mycobiome Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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28
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Goyal S, Castrillón-Betancur JC, Klaile E, Slevogt H. The Interaction of Human Pathogenic Fungi With C-Type Lectin Receptors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 29915598 PMCID: PMC5994417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi, usually present as commensals, are a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Such infections, if not diagnosed or treated properly, can prove fatal. However, in most cases healthy individuals are able to avert the fungal attacks by mounting proper antifungal immune responses. Among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the major players in antifungal immunity. CLRs can recognize carbohydrate ligands, such as β-glucans and mannans, which are mainly found on fungal cell surfaces. They induce proinflammatory immune reactions, including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, cytokine, and chemokine production from innate effector cells, as well as activation of adaptive immunity via Th17 responses. CLRs such as Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Mincle, mannose receptor (MR), and DC-SIGN can recognize many disease-causing fungi and also collaborate with each other as well as other PRRs in mounting a fungi-specific immune response. Mutations in these receptors affect the host response and have been linked to a higher risk in contracting fungal infections. This review focuses on how CLRs on various immune cells orchestrate the antifungal response and on the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in these receptors toward the risk of developing such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Goyal
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Camilo Castrillón-Betancur
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,International Leibniz Research School for Microbial and Biomolecular Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology/Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Klaile
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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29
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Hernández-Chávez MJ, Pérez-García LA, Niño-Vega GA, Mora-Montes HM. Fungal Strategies to Evade the Host Immune Recognition. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3040051. [PMID: 29371567 PMCID: PMC5753153 DOI: 10.3390/jof3040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of fungal cells by the host immune system is key during the establishment of a protective anti-fungal response. Even though the immune system has evolved a vast number of processes to control these organisms, they have developed strategies to fight back, avoiding the proper recognition by immune components and thus interfering with the host protective mechanisms. Therefore, the strategies to evade the immune system are as important as the virulence factors and attributes that damage the host tissues and cells. Here, we performed a thorough revision of the main fungal tactics to escape from the host immunosurveillance processes. These include the composition and organization of the cell wall, the fungal capsule, the formation of titan cells, biofilms, and asteroid bodies; the ability to undergo dimorphism; and the escape from nutritional immunity, extracellular traps, phagocytosis, and the action of humoral immune effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Hernández-Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Romualdo del Campo 501, Fracc. Rafael Curiel, C.P., Cd. Valle SLP. 79060, México.
| | - Gustavo A Niño-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, col. Noria Alta, C.P., Guanajuato Gto. 36050, México.
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Inflammation Induced by Candida parapsilosis in THP-1 Cells and Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Mycopathologia 2017; 182:1015-1023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Martínez-Álvarez JA, Pérez-García LA, Mellado-Mojica E, López MG, Martínez-Duncker I, Lópes-Bezerra LM, Mora-Montes HM. Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto and Sporothrix brasiliensis Are Differentially Recognized by Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:843. [PMID: 28539922 PMCID: PMC5423980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto and S. brasiliensis are usually associated to sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis worldwide distributed. Comparative analyses between these two species indicate they contain genetic and physiological differences that are likely to impact the interaction with host cells. Here, we study the composition of the cell wall from conidia, yeast-like cells and germlings of both species and found they contained the same sugar composition. The carbohydrate proportion in the S. schenckii sensu stricto wall was similar across the three cell morphologies, with exception in the chitin content, which was significantly different in the three morphologies. The cell wall from germlings showed lower rhamnose content and higher glucose levels than other cell morphologies. In S. brasiliensis, the wall sugars were constant in the three morphologies, but glucose was lower in yeast-like cells. In S. schenckii sensu stricto cells most of chitin and β1,3-glucan were underneath wall components, but in S. brasiliensis germlings, chitin was exposed at the cell surface, and β1,3-glucan was found in the outer part of the conidia wall. We also compared the ability of these cells to stimulate cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The three S. schenckii sensu stricto morphologies stimulated increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, when compared to S. brasiliensis cells; while the latter, with exception of conidia, stimulated higher IL-10 levels. Dectin-1 was a key receptor for cytokine production during stimulation with the three morphologies of S. schenckii sensu stricto, but dispensable for cytokine production stimulated by S. brasiliensis germlings. TLR2 and TLR4 were also involved in the sensing of Sporothrix cells, with a major role for the former during cytokine stimulation. Mannose receptor had a minor contribution during cytokine stimulation by S. schenckii sensu stricto yeast-like cells and germlings, but S. schenckii sensu stricto conidia and S. brasiliensis yeast-like cells stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines via this receptor. In conclusion, S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii sensu stricto, have similar wall composition, which undergoes changes depending on the cell morphology. These differences in the cell wall composition, are likely to influence the contribution of immune receptors during cytokine stimulation by human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de GuanajuatoGuanajuato, Mexico
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de GuanajuatoGuanajuato, Mexico
| | - Erika Mellado-Mojica
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalIrapuato, Mexico
| | - Mercedes G López
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalIrapuato, Mexico
| | - Iván Martínez-Duncker
- Laboratorio de Glicobiología Humana y Diagnóstico Molecular, Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Leila M Lópes-Bezerra
- Laboratory of Cellular Mycology and Proteomics, Biology Institute, University of Rio de Janeiro StateRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de GuanajuatoGuanajuato, Mexico
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Navarro-Arias MJ, Defosse TA, Dementhon K, Csonka K, Mellado-Mojica E, Dias Valério A, González-Hernández RJ, Courdavault V, Clastre M, Hernández NV, Pérez-García LA, Singh DK, Vizler C, Gácser A, Almeida RS, Noël T, López MG, Papon N, Mora-Montes HM. Disruption of Protein Mannosylation Affects Candida guilliermondii Cell Wall, Immune Sensing, and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1951. [PMID: 27994582 PMCID: PMC5133257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall contains glycoproteins that interact with the host immune system. In the prominent pathogenic yeast Candida albicans, Pmr1 acts as a Golgi-resident ion pump that provides cofactors to mannosyltransferases, regulating the synthesis of mannans attached to glycoproteins. To gain insight into a putative conservation of such a crucial process within opportunistic yeasts, we were particularly interested in studying the role of the PMR1 homolog in a low-virulent species that rarely causes candidiasis, Candida guilliermondii. We disrupted C. guilliermondii PMR1 and found that loss of Pmr1 affected cell growth and morphology, biofilm formation, susceptibility to cell wall perturbing agents, mannan levels, and the wall composition and organization. Despite the significant increment in the amount of β1,3-glucan exposed at the wall surface, this positively influenced only the ability of the mutant to stimulate IL-10 production by human monocytes, suggesting that recognition of both mannan and β1,3-glucan, is required to stimulate strong levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Accordingly, our results indicate C. guilliermondii sensing by monocytes was critically dependent on the recognition of N-linked mannans and β1,3-glucan, as reported in other Candida species. In addition, chemical remotion of cell wall O-linked mannans was found to positively influence the recognition of C. guilliermondii by human monocytes, suggesting that O-linked mannans mask other cell wall components from immune cells. This observation contrasts with that reported in C. albicans. Finally, mice infected with C. guilliermondii pmr1Δ null mutant cells had significantly lower fungal burdens compared to animals challenged with the parental strain. Accordingly, the null mutant showed inability to kill larvae in the Galleria mellonella infection model. This study thus demonstrates that mannans are relevant for the C. guilliermondii-host interaction, with an atypical role for O-linked mannans.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Navarro-Arias
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Tatiana A Defosse
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-Rabelais de ToursTours, France; Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, Université d'AngersAngers, France
| | - Karine Dementhon
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université Bordeaux 2, UMR-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5234 Bordeaux, France
| | - Katalin Csonka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erika Mellado-Mojica
- Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Aline Dias Valério
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina, Brazil
| | - Roberto J González-Hernández
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-Rabelais de Tours Tours, France
| | - Marc Clastre
- Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, Université François-Rabelais de Tours Tours, France
| | - Nahúm V Hernández
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Csaba Vizler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Gácser
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ricardo S Almeida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina Londrina, Brazil
| | - Thierry Noël
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université Bordeaux 2, UMR-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5234 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mercedes G López
- Centro de Investigaciones y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Nicolas Papon
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène, Université d'Angers Angers, France
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato Guanajuato, Mexico
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