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Titouche Y, Akkou M, Campaña-Burguet A, González-Azcona C, Djaoui Y, Mechoub D, Fatihi A, Bouchez P, Bouhier L, Houali K, Nia Y, Torres C, Hennekinne JA. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Nasal Samples of Healthy Dairy Goats in Algeria. Pathogens 2024; 13:408. [PMID: 38787260 PMCID: PMC11124369 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of S. aureus isolates from the nasal swabs of goats. A total of 232 nasal samples (one per animal) were collected from goats on 13 farms located in two regions of Algeria and were analyzed for the presence of S. aureus. The detection of virulence factors was carried out using PCR. The antibiotic susceptibility of the recovered isolates was assessed using the disc diffusion method. The biofilm formation ability was assessed by the Congo red agar method and a microtiter plate assay, and the molecular characterization of isolates was carried out by spa-typing, and for selected isolates also by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Overall, 36 out of 232 nasal swabs (15.5%) contained S. aureus, and 62 isolates were recovered. Regarding the virulence factors, at least one staphylococcal enterotoxin gene was detected in 30 (48.4%) isolates. The gene tst encoding the toxic shock syndrome toxin was detected in fifteen isolates (24.2%), but none of the isolates harbored the gene of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (lukF/S-PV). Nine different spa-types were identified, including the detection of a new one (t21230). The recovered isolates were assigned to three clonal complexes, with CC5 (51.8%) being the most common lineage. Two isolates were methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and belonged to ST5 (CC5) and to spa-types t450 and t688. Moreover, 27 (43.5%) of the S. aureus isolates were found to be slime producers in Congo red agar, and all of the recovered isolates could produce biofilms in the microtiter plate assay. Our study showed that the nares of healthy goats could be a reservoir of toxigenic and antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus isolates, including MRSA, which could have implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Titouche
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LABAB), University Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria; (Y.D.); (D.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Madjid Akkou
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Saad Dahlab Blida 1, Blida 09000, Algeria;
| | - Allelen Campaña-Burguet
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.C.-B.); (C.G.-A.); (C.T.)
| | - Carmen González-Azcona
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.C.-B.); (C.G.-A.); (C.T.)
| | - Yasmina Djaoui
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LABAB), University Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria; (Y.D.); (D.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Donia Mechoub
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LABAB), University Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria; (Y.D.); (D.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Abdelhak Fatihi
- University Paris Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Pascal Bouchez
- University Paris Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Laurence Bouhier
- University Paris Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Karim Houali
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LABAB), University Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria; (Y.D.); (D.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Yacine Nia
- University Paris Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.C.-B.); (C.G.-A.); (C.T.)
| | - Jacques-Antoine Hennekinne
- University Paris Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
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Forouzani‐Moghaddam MJ, Habibi S, Hosseini‐Safa A, Khanaliha K, Mokarinejad R, Akhoundzadeh F, Oshaghi M. Rapid detection of major enterotoxin genes and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk in the Yazd province, Iran. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1407. [PMID: 38519836 PMCID: PMC10959825 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Raw milk is a nutrient-rich food, but it may harbour harmful bacteria, such as enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which can cause staphylococcal food poisoning. Antibiotic resistance of S. aureus in raw milk can increase the risk of such infections, particularly among susceptible individuals. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of enterotoxin genes a, d, g, i and j and the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus isolated from raw milk samples. METHODS During a 6-month sampling period, 60 raw milk specimens were obtained from diverse locations in Yazd province, Iran. Antibiogram profiling was conducted via the disc diffusion method. In addition, staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) genes a, d, g, i, and j were detected through real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS Bacteriological assays confirmed the presence of S. aureus in 11 samples (18.3%). All isolates demonstrated 100% resistance to penicillin G but exhibited sensitivity to vancomycin, while resistance to other antibiotics ranged from 36.4% to 45.5%. The prevalence of enterotoxin genes in these strains showed variable distribution, with sea being the predominant SE (45.5%), followed by sed (36.4%), seg (18.2), sej and sei (9.1% each). CONCLUSIONS This study discovered the presence of multiple enterotoxins in S. aureus strains obtained from raw milk samples. These strains also demonstrated resistance to a variety of antibiotics. Since enterotoxigenic S. aureus is known to cause human food poisoning, monitoring food hygiene practices, especially during raw milk production, is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sina Habibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ahmad Hosseini‐Safa
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Khadijeh Khanaliha
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious DiseasesInstitute of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Roya Mokarinejad
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Akhoundzadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mojgan Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Laboratory SciencesFaculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Toquet M, Bataller E, Toledo-Perona R, Gomis J, Contreras A, Sánchez A, Jiménez-Trigos E, Gómez-Martín Á. In Vitro Interaction between Mycoplasma agalactiae and Small Ruminants' Endogenous Bacterial Strains of Enterococcus spp. and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus. Microorganisms 2024; 12:406. [PMID: 38399811 PMCID: PMC10891560 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, an antimicrobial effect on Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma), the main etiological agent of contagious agalactia (CA), was reported in vitro with strains of Enterococcus spp. from ovine and caprine milk. The aim of this work was to evaluate the interaction of Ma with the same Enterococcus spp. isolated from other anatomical locations (vagina) and other bacterial populations present in milk, such as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The vaginal Enterococcus strains and the raw milk CNS were isolated from sheep and goats. Experimental in vitro conditions were prepared to assess the growth of Ma with and without the presence of these strains. The selected vaginal strains were identified as Enterococcus (E.) hirae and E. mundtii, and the strains of CNS were identified as Staphylococcus petrasii. Different interactions of Ma with ovine and caprine wild vaginal strains of Enterococcus and dairy strains of CNS are described for the first time: Ma can grow exponentially during 15 h with the selected strains, although with certain strains, its optimal growth can be negatively affected (p < 0.05). The colonization and/or excretion of Ma could, therefore, be influenced by certain endogenous bacterial strains. Our results increase the knowledge about possible bacterial ecology dynamics surrounding CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Toquet
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Bataller
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Toledo-Perona
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Gomis
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Contreras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Estrella Jiménez-Trigos
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
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Li Q, Dou L, Zhang Y, Luo L, Yang H, Wen K, Yu X, Shen J, Wang Z. A comprehensive review on the detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins in food samples. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13264. [PMID: 38284582 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), the major virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus, cause a wide range of food poisoning and seriously threaten human health by infiltrating the food supply chain at different phases of manufacture, processes, distribution, and market. The significant prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus calls for efficient, fast, and sensitive methods for the early detection of SEs. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the hazards of SEs in contaminated food, the characteristic and worldwide regulations of SEs, and various detection methods for SEs with extensive comparison and discussion of benefits and drawbacks, mainly including biological detection, genetic detection, and mass spectrometry detection and biosensors. We highlight the biosensors for the screening purpose of SEs, which are classified according to different recognition elements such as antibodies, aptamers, molecularly imprinted polymers, T-cell receptors, and transducers such as optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors. We analyzed challenges of biosensors for the monitoring of SEs and conclude the trends for the development of novel biosensors should pay attention to improve samples pretreatment efficiency, employ innovative nanomaterials, and develop portable instruments. This review provides new information and insightful commentary, important to the development and innovation of further detection methods for SEs in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health safety, College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Leina Dou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health safety, College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health safety, College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health safety, College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health safety, College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health safety, College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Xuezhi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health safety, College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health safety, College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health safety, College of Veterinary Medicine China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
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Azara E, Foddai AC, Longheu CM, Addis MF, Tola S. Production of recombinant proteins including the B-cell epitopes of autolysin A of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical sheep mastitis and their potential for vaccine development. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1665-1674. [PMID: 37074614 PMCID: PMC10113713 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common clinical mastitis-associated pathogen in sheep which contributes to reduced welfare of affected animals and, therefore, compromises the quality and quantity of milk production. To prevent mastitis and its spread, it is essential to guarantee adequate breeding conditions and animal health, through the adoption of good farm management practices and the application of suitable biosecurity measures. Vaccination can play a strategic role in prevention, control, and eradication of diseases. The identification of secreted and cellular antigens of the predominant sheep-CC130/ST700/t1773 lineage would assist in the design of effective vaccine against mammary infections caused by S. aureus. In the current study, we carried out a 3D structural prediction analysis with the identification of the best B cell epitopes of the whole and secreted portion of S. aureus AtlA. Fragments of atlA, containing the main predicted epitopes, were amplified, cloned, and expressed in Escherichia coli for recombinant protein production. Two selected clones produced recombinant proteins (rAtl4 and rAtl8) showing strong reactivity with a hyperimmune serum against the native AtlA and with blood sera collected from sheep with clinical S. aureus mastitis. These may represent potential candidate protein-based vaccines able to elicit a protective immune response to be evaluated by vaccination and subsequent challenge of the vaccinated sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Azara
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | | | - Carla Maria Longheu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, 26900, Italy.
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, 26900, Italy.
| | - Sebastiana Tola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Sassari, 07100, Italy.
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Li R, Zhao Y, Liang B, Pu Y, Jiang L, Ma Y. Genome-Wide Signal Selection Analysis Revealing Genes Potentially Related to Sheep-Milk-Production Traits. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101654. [PMID: 37238084 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural selection and domestication have shaped modern sheep populations into a vast range of phenotypically diverse breeds. Among these breeds, dairy sheep have a smaller population than meat sheep and wool sheep, and less research is performed on them, but the lactation mechanism in dairy sheep is critically important for improving animal-production methods. In this study, whole-genome sequences were generated from 10 sheep breeds, including 57 high-milk-yield sheep and 44 low-milk-yield sheep, to investigate the genetic signatures of milk production in dairy sheep, and 59,864,820 valid SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) were kept after quality control to perform population-genetic-structure analyses, gene-detection analyses, and gene-function-validation analyses. For the population-genetic-structure analyses, we carried out PCA (Principal Component Analysis), as well as neighbor-joining tree and structure analyses to classify different sheep populations. The sheep used in our study were well distributed in ten groups, with the high-milk-yield-group populations close to each other and the low-milk-yield-group populations showing similar classifications. To perform an exact signal-selection analysis, we used three different methods to find SNPs to perform gene-annotation analyses within the 995 common regions derived from the fixation index (FST), nucleotide diversity (Ɵπ), and heterozygosity rate (ZHp) results. In total, we found 553 genes that were located in these regions. These genes mainly participate in the protein-binding pathway and the nucleoplasm-interaction pathway, as revealed by the GO- and KEGG-function-enrichment analyses. After the gene selection and function analyses, we found that FCGR3A, CTSK, CTSS, ARNT, GHR, SLC29A4, ROR1, and TNRC18 were potentially related to sheep-milk-production traits. We chose the strongly selected genes, FCGR3A, CTSK, CTSS, and ARNT during the signal-selection analysis to perform a RT-qPCR (Reale time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) experiment to validate their expression-level relationship with milk production, and the results showed that FCGR3A has a significant negative relationship with sheep-milk production, while other three genes did not show any positive or negative relations. In this study, it was discovered and proven that the candidate gene FCGR3A potentially contributes to the milk production of dairy sheep and a basis was laid for the further study of the genetic mechanism underlying the strong milk-production traits of sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Teaching and Research Centre (TERRA), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Yuhetian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Benmeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yabin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuehui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
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Herawati O, Bejo SK, Zakaria Z, Ramanoon SZ. The global profile of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from goats and sheep: A systematic review. Vet World 2023; 16:977-986. [PMID: 37576756 PMCID: PMC10420705 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.977-986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Antibiotic resistance has become an issue of global importance due to increasing levels of bacterial infections worldwide. Farm management and usage of antibiotics in livestock are known risk factors associated with the increase in global levels of antibiotic resistance. Goats and sheep are examples of livestock with large populations. Although antibiotic resistance in bacteria from livestock negatively affects both human health and the economy, the global data regarding this issue in goats and sheep are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to provide information on the antibiotic-resistance profile of bacteria isolated from goats and sheep worldwide (Asia, Europe, and Africa). Materials and Methods We performed a systematic review of articles published on this topic without any restriction on the year of publication. We searched the Directory of Open Access Journals, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus using Boolean logic through various keywords. The search generated a total of 1325 articles, and after screening for duplicates and implementing inclusion and exclusion criteria, qualitative synthesis (i.e., qualitative systematic review) was performed on 37 articles. Results The synthesized information indicated that 18 Gram-positive and 13 Gram-negative bacterial species from goats and sheep were resistant to ten antibiotics, namely penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, cephalothin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin (CIP), and sulfamethoxazole. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance ranged from 0.4% to 100%. However, up to 100% of some bacteria, namely, Salmonella Dublin, Aeromonas caviae, and Aeromonas sobria, were susceptible to CIP. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were highly resistant to all antibiotics tested. Moreover, eight of the ten antibiotics tested were critically important antibiotics for humans. Conclusion Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in goats and sheep are a potential risk to animal and human health. Collaboration between all stakeholders and further research is needed to prevent the negative impacts of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okti Herawati
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Siti Khairani Bejo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zubaidah Ramanoon
- Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Praja RN, Yudhana A, Saputro AL, Hamonangan JM. The first study on antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw goat milk associated with subclinical mastitis in Siliragung Subdistrict, East Java, Indonesia. Vet World 2023; 16:786-791. [PMID: 37235151 PMCID: PMC10206972 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.786-791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Raw goat milk is a highly nutritious dairy product and a suitable medium for the growth of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the leading cause of subclinical mastitis. This study aimed to investigate the resistance status of S. aureus which isolated from goat milk associated with subclinical mastitis cases in Siliragung Subdistrict, Banyuwangi District, East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods The S. aureus isolates were recovered from 258 raw goat milk samples from seven different dairy goat farms. Preliminary screening of subclinical mastitis using the California mastitis test, then samples with score +3 and +4 were taken for further isolation and identification, followed by a biochemical test to determine the S. aureus. Moreover, the bacteria susceptibility test against several antimicrobials was done using the disk diffusion method. Results Based on our findings, a total of 66 (25.58%) raw goat milk samples were tested positive for S. aureus, of which 36.36% were identified as multidrug-resistant. Moreover, S. aureus were also identified as resistant to penicillin (81.82%), ampicillin (65.15%), erythromycin (50.52%), and gentamicin (36.09%). Conclusion The prevalence of S. aureus isolated from raw goat milk associated with subclinical mastitis in Siliragung Subdistrict, Banyuwangi District, Indonesia, was recorded at 25.58%. Moreover, 36.36% of S. aureus isolates were categorized as resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics. The biosafety and biosecurity procedures during the milking process should be strengthened in dairy goat farms to prevent the transmission of antimicrobial resistance among animals, humans, and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratih Novita Praja
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Department of Health and Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Wijaya Kusuma Street 113, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Aditya Yudhana
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Department of Health and Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Wijaya Kusuma Street 113, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Amung Logam Saputro
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Department of Health and Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Wijaya Kusuma Street 113, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Jonathan Mark Hamonangan
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Wijaya Kusuma Street 113, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia
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9
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Exel CE, Geus YD, Spaninks M, Koop G, Benedictus L. Colonization of Extramammary Sites with Mastitis-Associated S. aureus Strains in Dairy Goats. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040515. [PMID: 37111401 PMCID: PMC10140999 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a major mastitis pathogen in dairy goats, is classified as a contagious pathogen. Although previous research has shown that extramammary body sites can be colonized with S. aureus, it is unknown whether these sites are reservoirs for intramammary infections. The aim of this research was to determine whether extramammary sites can be colonized with mastitis-associated S. aureus strains in dairy goats. Milk samples were collected from 207 primiparous goats and from 120 of these goats, extramammary site samples (hock, groin, nares, vulva and udder) were collected from a large commercial dairy goat herd in the Netherlands during four sampling visits. Extramammary site swabs and milk samples were (selectively) cultured and S. aureus isolates were spa genotyped. The prevalence of colonization of the extramammary sites at goat level was 51.7% and the prevalence of S. aureus intramammary infections was 7.2%. The nares were colonized most frequently (45%), while the groin area was colonized the least (2.5%). Six spa genotypes were identified in this herd and there was no significant difference in the distribution of spa genotypes between the milk or the extramammary sites (p = 0.141). Both in the extramammary sites and in the milk, spa genotypes t544 (82.3% and 53.3%) and t1236 (22.6% and 33.3%) were the dominant genotypes. These results show that in goats, extramammary sites, particularly the nares, are frequently colonized with mastitis-associated S. aureus strains. Extramammary sites may, thus, be a source of S. aureus intramammary infections that are not targeted by the intervention measures aimed at preventing transmission from infected udder glands.
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10
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Proteomics Characterization of Food-Derived Bioactive Peptides with Anti-Allergic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204400. [PMID: 36297084 PMCID: PMC9609859 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are found in foods and dietary supplements and are responsible for health benefits with applications in human and animal medicine. The health benefits include antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antithrombotic, immunomodulatory, opioid, antioxidant, anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory functions. Bioactive peptides can be obtained by microbial action, mainly by the gastrointestinal microbiota from proteins present in food, originating from either vegetable or animal matter or by the action of different gastrointestinal proteases. Proteomics can play an important role in the identification of bioactive peptides. High-resolution mass spectrometry is the principal technique used to detect and identify different types of analytes present in complex mixtures, even when available at low concentrations. Moreover, proteomics may provide the characterization of epitopes to develop new food allergy vaccines and the use of immunomodulating peptides to induce oral tolerance toward offending food allergens or even to prevent allergic sensitization. In addition, food-derived bioactive peptides have been investigated for their anti-inflammatory properties to provide safer alternatives to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). All these bioactive peptides can be a potential source of novel drugs and ingredients in food and pharmaceuticals. The following review is focused on food-derived bioactive peptides with antiallergic and anti-inflammatory properties and summarizes the new insights into the use of proteomics for their identification and quantification.
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Deddefo A, Mamo G, Leta S, Amenu K. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk and milk products in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-022-00094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus aureus is an important opportunistic pathogen of raw milk and milk products, and the enterotoxins cause food poisoning. Milk and milk products are important reservoirs of enterotoxin-producing S. aureus. The aims of this systematic review were to estimate the pooled prevalence of S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and to summarize their molecular characteristics, assess the potential sources of S. aureus contamination in bulk milk and analyse the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates.
Methods
Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched publicly available scientific online databases and search engines: PubMed, Research for Life, African Journal Online (AJOL), and Google Scholar. In addition, the reference lists of the identified studies were manually checked for relevant literature. A random effects model using the DerSimonian method was used to compute pooled prevalence estimates, and the data were transformed using variance stabilizing Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation.
Results
A total of 38 studies were included in this systematic review. The pooled prevalence of S. aureus was highest in raw cow milk (30.7%), followed by camel milk (19.3%), goat milk (13.6%) and pasteurized milk (3.8%). The pooled prevalence of S. aureus in locally produced soft cheese (ayib) and traditional fermented milk (ergo) was 18.6% and 14.9%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of MRSA in milk and milk products was 0.73%. In this study, 58.9% of S. aureus isolates recovered from milk and milk products harbored at least one type of enterotoxin gene. Raw milk of the three species (cow, goat and camel) showed the highest S. aureus pooled prevalence rate at processing plants (50.3%), followed by milk collection centers (MCCs) (47.1%), selling points (34.5%), farm bulk milk (25.8%), milking buckets (24.8%) and udder milk (20.3%). Water for washing milking utensils (39.3%) was more contaminated than swab samples from farm workers’ nares (31.5%), milkers’ hands (25.9%), MCCs containers (23.8%), bulk tanks (20.4%), udders (15.6%), milking buckets (14.2%) and towels (10%). S. aureus isolates were highly resistant to penicillin G (92%), followed by ampicillin (82%) and amoxicillin (62.6%). The pooled multidrug resistance (MDR) was high (62.1%).
Conclusion
This systematic review revealed a high and increasing level of S. aureus contamination of raw milk from udder to MCCs or processing plants. Enterotoxin genes and MRSA were reported in milk, milk products and samples from farm workers. S. aureus showed resistance to different antimicrobial agents, with β-lactams showing the highest pooled antimicrobial resistance and the level of MDR was high. The results of this study indicated that the consumption of raw milk and milk products may predispose consumers to staphylococcal food poisoning. Application of good hygiene and handling practices across the dairy value chain starting from farm, udder health, milk cooling, heat treatment of milk before drinking and rational use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine can reduce the potential health risks from S. aureus and MRSA contamination of milk and milk products.
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12
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Titouche Y, Akkou M, Houali K, Auvray F, Hennekinne JA. Role of milk and milk products in the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the dairy production chain. J Food Sci 2022; 87:3699-3723. [PMID: 35894258 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Milk and milk products can harbor a multiple varieties of microorganisms. Therefore, they can be an important source of foodborne pathogens, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes a wide spectrum of infections both in animals and humans. Over the last two decades, the presence of MRSA in foods and food-producing animals, including milk and milk products, has been frequently reported worldwide, raising public health concerns. In order to monitor and prevent foodborne MRSA contamination, it is necessary to understand their sources, the pheno/genotypic characteristics of the strains, and their transmission dynamics. In this review, studies conducted worldwide were summarized in order to assess the prevalence and diversity of MRSA circulating in milk and milk products. The risk factors for the occurrence of MRSA in milk and milk products were also discussed with preventive and control measures to avoid MRSA contamination in the dairy food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Titouche
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologie (LABAB), Université Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
| | - Madjid Akkou
- Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Saad Dahlab, Blida, Algérie
| | - Karim Houali
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Analytique et Biotechnologie (LABAB), Université Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou, Algérie
| | - Frédéric Auvray
- IRSD, INSERM, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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13
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Liu H, Dong L, Zhao Y, Meng L, Wang J, Wang C, Zheng N. Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Different Raw Milk Samples in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:840670. [PMID: 35633704 PMCID: PMC9136321 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the main pathogens in different raw milk and dairy products, which may lead to economic losses. Staphylococcus aureus is a significant and costly public health concern because it may enter the human food chain and contaminate milk causing foodborne illness. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence genes of S. aureus in raw milks. In total, 125 raw milk samples collected from goat (n = 50), buffalo (n = 25), camel (n = 25), and yak (n = 25) were collected from 5 provinces in China in 2016. Out of 125 samples, 36 (28.8%) S. aureus were isolated (16 from goat, 9 from buffalo, 6 from camel, and 5 from yak). Out of 36 S. aureus, 26 strains (26/36, 72.2%) showed antibiotics resistance, and 6 strains isolated from goats were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The antimicrobial resistance against Penicillin G, tetracycline and gentamicin was 50% (18/36), 41.7% (15/36), and 36.1% (13/36), respectively. 19 S. aureus (52.8%) were considered as multidrug resistant. The highest prevalence of resistant S. aureus was observed in goat milk (13/36, 36.1%). Among the 36 strains, 16 isolates harbored three or more resistant genes. The resistance genes were detected in 25 S. aureus, including 13 strains in goat, 5 strains in buffalo, 4 strains in camel, and 3 strains in yak. Among the 26 resistant strains, 61.5% of isolates harbored three or more resistant genes. The resistance genes were detected in 25 S. aureus, including 13 strains in goat milk, 5 strains in buffalo milk, 4 strains in camel milk, and 3 strains in yak milk. The most predominant resistance genes were blaZ (18/26, 69.2%), aac6′-aph2″ (13/26, 50.0%), and tet(M) (10/26, 38.5%). The mecA, ant(6)-Ia and fexA gene were only detected in S. aureus from goat milk. The most predominant toxin gene were sec (8/26, 30.8%). The majority of S. aureus were multidrug resistant and carried multiple virulence genes, which may pose potential risk to public health. Our findings indicated that the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus was a serious concern in different raw milks in China, especially goat milks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Yankun Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Lu Meng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture—Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center (Beijing), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Nan Zheng,
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14
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Diversity and pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis: current understanding and future perspectives. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:115. [PMID: 35331225 PMCID: PMC8944054 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bovine mastitis worldwide. Despite some improved understanding of disease pathogenesis, progress towards new methods for the control of intramammary infections (IMI) has been limited, particularly in the field of vaccination. Although herd management programs have helped to reduce the number of clinical cases, S. aureus mastitis remains a major disease burden. This review summarizes the past 16 years of research on bovine S. aureus population genetics, and molecular pathogenesis that have been conducted worldwide. We describe the diversity of S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis and the geographical distribution of S. aureus clones in different continents. We also describe studies investigating the evolution of bovine S. aureus and the importance of host-adaptation in its emergence as a mastitis pathogen. The available information on the prevalence of virulence determinants and their functional relevance during the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis are also discussed. Although traits such as biofilm formation and innate immune evasion are critical for the persistence of bacteria, the current understanding of the key host-pathogen interactions that determine the outcome of S. aureus IMI is very limited. We suggest that greater investment in research into the genetic and molecular basis of bovine S. aureus pathogenesis is essential for the identification of novel therapeutic and vaccine targets.
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Ibrahim ES, Arafa AA, Dorgam SM, Eid RH, Atta NS, El-Dabae WH, Gaber ES. Molecular characterization of genes responsible for biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mastitic cows. Vet World 2022; 15:205-212. [PMID: 35369599 PMCID: PMC8924378 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.205-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Mastitis is considered a significant disease of lactating animals. There are new attitudes for recognizing genes responsible for causing this disease to overcome and change the manipulation of this problem. This study aimed to isolate and identify Staphylococcusaureus strains from mastitic bovine animals and detect some specific biofilm-forming genes (icaA, icaD, and biofilm-associated protein [bap] genes clfA, fnbA, agrI, agrII, agrIII, agrIV, and cna). Materials and Methods: A total of 121 mastitic milk samples were analyzed using biochemical tests (catalase test, oxidative-fermentative test, and coagulase test) and Gram stain. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was applied to characterize biofilm genes (icaA, icaD, bap, clfA, and fnbA) in addition to (agrI, agrII, agrIII, agrIV, and cna). Results: Among the 121 milk samples, 35 staphylococci isolates were derived with an incidence of 28.92% (35/121); among them, 19 are coagulase positive. Ninety percent of the isolates had ica genes (icaA and icaD) while bap gene was not recognized in any isolate. In addition, the incidence of fnbA, can, andclfA was 89.5% each. The prevalence of agr specific groups (agrI, agrII, agrIII, and agrIV) was 78.9%, 52.6%, 10.5%, and 15.8%, respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that S. aureus has variant mechanisms of pathogenicity to form biofilm devoid of carrying a specific gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Shafeek Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany Ahmed Arafa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sohad Mohamed Dorgam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rasha Hamdy Eid
- Udder Health and Neonatal Disease, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Sayed Atta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Eslam Sadek Gaber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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16
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Niedziela DA, Cormican P, Foucras G, Leonard FC, Keane OM. Bovine milk somatic cell transcriptomic response to Staphylococcus aureus is dependent on strain genotype. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:796. [PMID: 34740333 PMCID: PMC8571842 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mastitis is an economically important disease of dairy cows with Staphylococcus aureus a major cause worldwide. Challenge of Holstein-Friesian cows demonstrated that S. aureus strain MOK124, which belongs to Clonal Complex (CC)151, caused clinical mastitis, while strain MOK023, belonging to CC97, caused mild or subclinical mastitis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the host immune response utilising a transcriptomic approach. Milk somatic cells were collected from cows infected with either S. aureus MOK023 or MOK124 at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h post-infection (hpi) and analysed for differentially expressed (DE) genes in response to each strain. Results In response to MOK023, 1278, 2278, 1986 and 1750 DE genes were found at 24, 48, 72 and 168 hpi, respectively, while 2293, 1979, 1428 and 1544 DE genes were found in response to MOK124 at those time points. Genes involved in milk production (CSN1, CSN10, CSN1S2, CSN2, a-LACTA and PRLR) were downregulated in response to both strains, with a more pronounced decrease in the MOK124 group. Immune response pathways such as NF-κB and TNF signalling were overrepresented in response to both strains at 24 hpi. These immune pathways continued to be overrepresented in the MOK023 group at 48 and 72 hpi, while the Hippo signalling, extracellular matrix interaction (ECM) and tight junction pathways were overrepresented in the MOK124 group between 48 and 168 hpi. Cellular composition analysis demonstrated that a neutrophil response was predominant in response to MOK124, while M1 macrophages were the main milk cell type post-infection in the MOK023 group. Conclusions A switch from immune response pathways to pathways involved in maintaining the integrity of the epithelial cell layer was observed in the MOK124 group from 48 hpi, which coincided with the occurrence of clinical signs in the infected animals. The higher proportion of M1 macrophages in the MOK023 group and lack of substantial neutrophil recruitment in response to MOK023 may indicate immune evasion by this strain. The results of this study highlight that the somatic cell transcriptomic response to S. aureus is dependent on the genotype of the infecting strain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08135-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara A Niedziela
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Gilles Foucras
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, UMR1225, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Orla M Keane
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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17
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Tamendjari S, Bouzebda FA, Chaib L, Aggad H, Ramdani M, Bouzebda Z. Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw cow and goat milk produced in the Tiaret and Souk Ahras areas of Algeria. Vet World 2021; 14:1929-1934. [PMID: 34475719 PMCID: PMC8404117 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1929-1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of infection in both humans and animals. Most livestock strains have shown antibiotic resistance to the many molecules used in veterinary therapeutics. This study aimed to assess the resistance patterns of these bacteria, we carried out our study in the Tiaret and Souk Ahras areas of Algeria. Materials and Methods: We collected 116 samples of bovine and goat milk to detect S. aureus. We used a selective media to isolate the strains, followed by biochemically identifying the isolates. We determined the susceptibility of the strains to antibiotic molecules using the disk diffusion method and confirmed the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with oxacillin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: Our results showed that 26.72% of the samples were contaminated with S. aureus, and we recovered 31 isolates from the positive samples. We ascribed a high resistance profile to penicillin G (96.77%), fusidic acid (67.74%), and tobramycin (45.16%) and isolated 4MRSA strains. Conclusion: The presence of S. aureus, including MRSA strains in raw milk, can present a public health hazard, because these strains can cause widespread food poisoning. This finding will be useful to the veterinarians to choose an adequate treatment and to sensitize livestock breeders and milk producers to ensure the health of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Tamendjari
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria.,Laboratory of Animal Productions, Biotechnologies and Health, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria
| | - Farida Afri Bouzebda
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria.,Laboratory of Animal Productions, Biotechnologies and Health, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria
| | - Lina Chaib
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria
| | - Hebib Aggad
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Animal Pathology, University of Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Mohammed Ramdani
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Scientific Institute, University Mohammed V of Rabat, Morocco
| | - Zoubir Bouzebda
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria.,Laboratory of Animal Productions, Biotechnologies and Health, University of Souk Ahras, Algeria
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18
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Shittu AO, Taiwo FF, Froböse NJ, Schwartbeck B, Niemann S, Mellmann A, Schaumburg F. Genomic analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from the West African Dwarf (WAD) goat in Nigeria. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2021; 10:122. [PMID: 34412702 PMCID: PMC8375196 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00987-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus can colonize various host species, and human-animal interaction is a significant factor for cross-species transmission. However, data on S. aureus colonization in animals, particularly on ruminants in close contact with humans, is limited. The West African Dwarf (WAD) goat is among the earliest domesticated ruminant associated with rural dwellers and small-holder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed to investigate the population structure, antibiotic resistance, and virulence gene determinants of S. aureus from the WAD goat in Nigeria. Methods Nasal samples were obtained from the WAD goat in five markets in Osun State, South-West Nigeria. S. aureus was characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing, detection of virulence determinants, spa typing, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Representative isolates were selected for whole-genome sequencing, biofilm, and cytotoxicity assay. Results Of the 726 nasal samples obtained from the WAD goat, 90 S. aureus (12.4%) were recovered. Overall, 86 isolates were methicillin-susceptible, and four were mecA-positive (i.e., methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]). A diverse S. aureus clonal population was observed (20 sequence types [STs] and 37 spa types), while 35% (13/37) and 40% (8/20) were new spa types and STs, respectively. Eleven MLST clonal complexes (CC) were identified (CC1, CC5, CC8, CC15, CC30, CC45, CC97, CC121, CC133, CC152, CC522). The MRSA isolates were designated as t127-ST852-CC1-SCCmec type VII, t4690-ST152-CC152-SCCmec type Vc, and t8821-ST152-CC152-SCCmec type Vc. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 60% (54/90) of all isolates were associated with ruminant lineages (i.e., CC133, CC522). Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)-positive S. aureus was identified in CC1, CC30, CC121, and CC152. For the CC522 isolates, we illustrate their pathogenic potential by the detection of the toxic shock syndrome gene and hemolysins, as well as their strong cytotoxicity and ability to form biofilms. Conclusions This is the first detailed investigation on the genomic content of S. aureus from the WAD goat in Nigeria. The S. aureus population of the WAD goat consists mainly of ruminant-associated lineages (e.g., CC133, CC522), interspersed with human-associated clones, including PVL-positive MRSA CC1 and CC152. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13756-021-00987-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo Osagie Shittu
- Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. .,Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstraße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | | | - Neele Judith Froböse
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstraße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bianca Schwartbeck
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstraße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Silke Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstraße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstraße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Institute for Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 41, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frieder Schaumburg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstraße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Abboud Z, Galuppo L, Tolone M, Vitale M, Puleio R, Osman M, Loria GR, Hamze M. Molecular Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes of Bacterial Pathogens from Bovine and Caprine Mastitis in Northern Lebanon. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1148. [PMID: 34071800 PMCID: PMC8228836 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an infectious disease encountered in dairy animals worldwide that is currently a growing concern in Lebanon. This study aimed at investigating the etiology of the main mastitis-causing pathogens in Northern Lebanon, determining their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and identifying their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. A total of 101 quarter milk samples were collected from 77 cows and 11 goats presenting symptoms of mastitis on 45 dairy farms. Bacterial identification was carried out through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Molecular characterization included polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening for genes encoding extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated AmpC among Enterobacterales isolates, and virulence factors among Staphylococcus isolates. Escherichia coli isolates were subjected to phylogenetic typing by a quadruplex PCR method. The most frequently identified species were Streptococcus uberis (19.2%), Streptococcus agalactiae (15.1%), E. coli (12.3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (10.96%). Gram-positive bacteria were resistant to macrolides and tetracycline, whereas gram-negative bacteria displayed resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. Two ESBL genes, blaTEM (83.3%) and blaOXA (16.7%), and one AmpC beta-lactamase gene, blaCMY-II (16.7%), were detected among six E. coli isolates, which mainly belonged to phylogenetic group B1. Among Staphylococcus spp., the mecA gene was present in three isolates. Furthermore, four isolates contained at least one toxin gene, and all S. aureus isolates carried the ica operon. These findings revealed the alarming risk of AMR in the Lebanese dairy chain and the importance of monitoring antimicrobial usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahie Abboud
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon;
| | - Lucia Galuppo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.G.); (M.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Marco Tolone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Maria Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.G.); (M.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.G.); (M.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon;
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Guido Ruggero Loria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via G. Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.G.); (M.V.); (R.P.)
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli P.O. Box 146404, Lebanon;
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Pathogen-specific changes in composition and quality traits of milk from goats affected by subclinical intramammary infections. J DAIRY RES 2021; 88:166-169. [PMID: 34036927 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029921000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of pathogens associated with subclinical intramammary infections on yield, composition and quality indicators of goat milk. By means of a longitudinal study, individual half udder milk samples (n = 132) were collected at different lactation periods and assessed for milk yield and physicochemical composition, somatic cell count (SCC), total bacteria count (TBC) and microbiological culture. Staphylococci species accounted for the great majority of the isolates (96.1%). Intramammary infections significantly reduced fat and total solids in goat milk and increased both SCC and TBC. However, these indicators were significantly higher in udder halves affected by S. aureus compared with other staphylococci species.
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Virulence Factors in Staphylococcus Associated with Small Ruminant Mastitis: Biofilm Production and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060633. [PMID: 34070557 PMCID: PMC8228312 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ruminant mastitis is a serious problem, mainly caused by Staphylococcus spp. Different virulence factors affect mastitis pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate virulence factors genes for biofilm production and antimicrobial resistance to β-lactams and tetracyclines in 137 staphylococcal isolates from goats (86) and sheep (51). The presence of coa, nuc, bap, icaA, icaD, blaZ, mecA, mecC, tetK, and tetM genes was investigated. The nuc gene was detected in all S. aureus isolates and in some coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). None of the S. aureus isolates carried the bap gene, while 8 out of 18 CNS harbored this gene. The icaA gene was detected in S. aureus and S. warneri, while icaD only in S. aureus. None of the isolates carrying the bap gene harbored the ica genes. None of the biofilm-associated genes were detected in 14 isolates (six S. aureus and eight CNS). An association was found between Staphylococcus species and resistance to some antibiotics and between antimicrobial resistance and animal species. Nine penicillin-susceptible isolates exhibited the blaZ gene, questioning the reliability of susceptibility testing. Most S. aureus isolates were susceptible to tetracycline, and no cefazolin or gentamycin resistance was detected. These should replace other currently used antimicrobials.
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Fountain K, Blackett T, Butler H, Carchedi C, Schilling AK, Meredith A, Gibbon MJ, Lloyd DH, Loeffler A, Feil EJ. Fatal exudative dermatitis in island populations of red squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris): spillover of a virulent Staphylococcus aureus clone (ST49) from reservoir hosts. Microb Genom 2021; 7:000565. [PMID: 34016250 PMCID: PMC8209723 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatal exudative dermatitis (FED) is a significant cause of death of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) on the island of Jersey in the Channel Islands where it is associated with a virulent clone of Staphylococcus aureus, ST49. S. aureus ST49 has been found in other hosts such as small mammals, pigs and humans, but the dynamics of carriage and disease of this clone, or any other lineage in red squirrels, is currently unknown. We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize 228 isolates from healthy red squirrels on Jersey, the Isle of Arran (Scotland) and Brownsea Island (England), from red squirrels showing signs of FED on Jersey and the Isle of Wight (England) and a small number of isolates from other hosts. S. aureus was frequently carried by red squirrels on the Isle of Arran with strains typically associated with small ruminants predominating. For the Brownsea carriage, S. aureus was less frequent and involved strains associated with birds, small ruminants and humans, while for the Jersey carriage S. aureus was rare but ST49 predominated in diseased squirrels. By combining our data with publicly available sequences, we show that the S. aureus carriage in red squirrels largely reflects frequent but facile acquisitions of strains carried by other hosts sharing their habitat ('spillover'), possibly including, in the case of ST188, humans. Genome-wide association analysis of the ruminant lineage ST133 revealed variants in a small number of mostly bacterial-cell-membrane-associated genes that were statistically associated with squirrel isolates from the Isle of Arran, raising the possibility of specific adaptation to red squirrels in this lineage. In contrast there is little evidence that ST49 is a common carriage isolate of red squirrels and infection from reservoir hosts such as bank voles or rats, is likely to be driving the emergence of FED in red squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Fountain
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Tiffany Blackett
- Voluntary Co-ordinator of the JSPCA Animals' Shelter Red Squirrel Disease Surveillance Scheme, JSPCA Animals' Shelter, 89 St Saviours Road, St Helier, Jersey JE2 4GJ, Jersey
| | - Helen Butler
- Wight Squirrel Project, PO Box 33 Nicholson Road, Ryde, Isle of Wight PO33 1BH, UK
| | - Catherine Carchedi
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anna-Katarina Schilling
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anna Meredith
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Marjorie J. Gibbon
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David H. Lloyd
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Edward J. Feil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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Park S, Ronholm J. Staphylococcus aureus in Agriculture: Lessons in Evolution from a Multispecies Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00182-20. [PMID: 33568553 PMCID: PMC7950364 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00182-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable bacterial pathogen that is responsible for infections in humans and various species of wild, companion, and agricultural animals. The ability of S. aureus to move between humans and livestock is due to specific characteristics of this bacterium as well as modern agricultural practices. Pathoadaptive clonal lineages of S. aureus have emerged and caused significant economic losses in the agricultural sector. While humans appear to be a primary reservoir for S. aureus, the continued expansion of the livestock industry, globalization, and ubiquitous use of antibiotics has increased the dissemination of pathoadaptive S. aureus in this environment. This review comprehensively summarizes the available literature on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, genomics, antibiotic resistance (ABR), and clinical manifestations of S. aureus infections in domesticated livestock. The availability of S. aureus whole-genome sequence data has provided insight into the mechanisms of host adaptation and host specificity. Several lineages of S. aureus are specifically adapted to a narrow host range on a short evolutionary time scale. However, on a longer evolutionary time scale, host-specific S. aureus has jumped the species barrier between livestock and humans in both directions several times. S. aureus illustrates how close contact between humans and animals in high-density environments can drive evolution. The use of antibiotics in agriculture also drives the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, making the possible emergence of human-adapted ABR strains from agricultural practices concerning. Addressing the concerns of ABR S. aureus, without negatively affecting agricultural productivity, is a challenging priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoun Park
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Kotzamanidis C, Vafeas G, Giantzi V, Anastasiadou S, Mygdalias S, Malousi A, Loukia E, Daniel S, Zdragas A. Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Ruminants with Mastitis in Northern Greece Dairy Herds: Genetic Relatedness and Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13030176. [PMID: 33668901 PMCID: PMC7996520 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common mastitis-related pathogen in dairy cattle, goats, and sheep worldwide. However, the population structure and genomic characteristics of mastitis-associated S. aureus in small ruminants are limited. Furthermore, the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics involved in the pathogenicity of S. aureus have been thoroughly defined, yet their association with the severity of mastitis is not fully established. Here, we performed genotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and spa analyses to assess the genetic diversity and relatedness of 162 S. aureus strains recovered from clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) cases from goats, sheep, and bovines. PFGE analysis revealed 108 distinguishable pulsotypes and 3 main clusters that comprised isolates from the three host species, while according to spa typing, 32 different spa types were identified. Genotypic analysis revealed a spreading of genetically related or indistinguishable S. aureus strains among ovine, caprine, and bovine farms of distant geographical regions. In total, 28 different staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) gene profiles were observed, revealing a diverse range of SE genes among isolates. By evaluating the antimicrobial resistance, we found low phenotypic antimicrobial resistance among all ruminant isolates. We also performed multiple correspondence analysis, which indicated that the presence of the sec gene, biofilm production, and high autoaggregation ability are associated with CM cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Kotzamanidis
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - George Vafeas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Virginia Giantzi
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Sofia Anastasiadou
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Stavros Mygdalias
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Andigoni Malousi
- Lab of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ekateriniadou Loukia
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
| | - Sergelidis Daniel
- Laboratory of Hygiene of Foods of Animal Origin—Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Antonios Zdragas
- Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Veterinary Research Institute of Thessaloniki, Campus of Thermi, 57001 Thermi, Greece; (G.V.); (V.G.); (S.A.); (S.M.); (E.L.); (A.Z.)
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Staphylococcal Enterotoxin Gene Cluster: Prediction of Enterotoxin (SEG and SEI) Production and of the Source of Food Poisoning on the Basis of vSaβ Typing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0266220. [PMID: 33355100 PMCID: PMC8090894 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02662-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the infection properties in human and animals, S. aureus can produce different enterotoxins in food. The enterotoxins can cause vomiting and diarrhea, often involving many people. Currently, only 5 (SEA to SEE) out of 27 known staphylococcal enterotoxins can be analyzed using commercially available kits. Six genes (seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, and seu), encoding putative and undetectable enterotoxins, are located on the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc), which is part of the Staphylococcus aureus genomic island vSaβ. These enterotoxins have been described as likely being involved in staphylococcal food-poisoning outbreaks. The aim of the present study was to determine if whole-genome data can be used for the prediction of staphylococcal egc enterotoxin production, particularly enterotoxin G (SEG) and enterotoxin I (SEI). For this purpose, whole-genome sequences of 75 Staphylococcus aureus strains from different origins (food-poisoning outbreaks, human, and animal) were investigated by applying bioinformatics methods (phylogenetic analysis using the core genome and different alignments). SEG and SEI expression was tested in vitro using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Strains could be allocated to 14 different vSaβ types, each type being associated with a single clonal complex (CC). In addition, the vSaβ type and CC were associated with the origin of the strain (human or cattle derived). The amount of SEG and SEI produced also correlated with the vSaβ type and the CC of a strain. The present results show promising indications that the in vitro production of SEG and SEI can be predicted based on the vSaβ type or CC of a strain. IMPORTANCE Besides having infectious properties in human and animals, S. aureus can produce different enterotoxins in food. The enterotoxins can cause vomiting and diarrhea, often involving many people. Most of these outbreaks remain undiscovered, as detection methods for enterotoxins are only available for a few enterotoxins but not for the more recently discovered enterotoxins G (SEG) and I (SEI). In this study, we show promising results that in vitro production of SEG and SEI can be predicted based on the whole-genome sequencing data of a strain. In addition, these data could be used to find the source (human or cattle derived) of an outbreak strain, which is the key for a better understanding of the role SEG and SEI play in foodborne outbreaks caused by S. aureus.
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Youssif NH, Hafiz NM, Halawa MA, Aziz HM. Genes conferring antimicrobial resistance in cattle with subclinical mastitis. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2019-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as a risk factor associated with some microorganisms isolated from subclinical mastitis (SCM) milk samples from Holstein Friesian dairy animals in Fayoum area, Egypt. The percentage of the SCM in the farm was found to be 41.18% and 63.88% at quarter and cows level respectively, with mean somatic cell count (SCC) of 8.8×105 ± 9.2×103 cells/mL and electrical conductivity (EC) 6.27 ± 0.066 mS/cm for SCM quarter milk samples. Out of the total 444 SCM cow milk samples, the most often isolated microorganisms were Staphylococcus aureus: 296 (66.6%), Enterococcus spp.: 230 (51.80%), Escherichia coli: 210 (47.29%) and Streptococcus agalactiae: 106 (23.87%). AMR was determined by disc diffusion test and the corresponding resistance genes were detected by PCR. Results of the in vitro susceptibility tests performed and the phenotypes indicated that the highest resistance to antibiotics for isolated microorganisms was against penicillin followed by amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, oxacillin and tetracycline, whereas moderate resistance was exhibited to oxytetracycline, ampicillin, sulfamethazole/trimethoprim, cefotaxime and erythromycin. However the most effective antibiotics against most isolates were nitrofurantoin and gentamicin followed by enrofloxacin, norfloxacin and cefoxitin. It was shown that the resistance to tetracyclines was due to the tetK or tetA(A) genes, the resistance to β-lactams (penicillins) – to blaZ and blaTEM genes, to macrolides (erythromycin): to ermB and ermC genes. Methicillin resistance genes were mecA, mec1 and mecC, glycopeptides (vancomycin) resistance gene was vanA, and norfloxacin resistance was attributed to norA gene.
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Azzi O, Lai F, Tennah S, Menoueri MN, Achek R, Azara E, Tola S. Spa-typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical sheep mastitis in Médéa province, Algeria. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Romanò A, Gazzola A, Bianchini V, Cortimiglia C, Maisano AM, Cremonesi P, Graber HU, Vezzoli F, Luini M. Staphylococcus aureus From Goats Are Genetically Heterogeneous and Distinct to Bovine Ones. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:628. [PMID: 33033723 PMCID: PMC7509144 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major pathogens responsible for intramammary infections in small ruminants, causing severe economic losses in dairy farms. In addition, S. aureus can contaminate milk and dairy products and produce staphylococcal enterotoxins, being responsible for staphylococcal food poisoning. Currently, data on the population structure and the virulence gene patterns of S. aureus strains isolated from goat milk is limited. Therefore, this study aimed at defining Ribosomal Spacer PCR (RS-PCR) genotypes, clonal complexes (CC), spa types, and virulence gene profiles of S. aureus isolated from goat milk samples from Lombardy region of Italy. A total of 295 S. aureus isolates from 65 goat bulk tank milk samples were genotyped by RS-PCR. spa typing and virulence gene patterns of a subgroup of 88 isolates were determined, and MLST was performed on a further subgroup of 39 isolates, representing all the spa types identified during the analysis. This study revealed 7 major genotypic clusters (CLR, CLAA, CLZ, CLAW, CLBW, CLS, and CLI), of which S. aureus CLR (19.8%) was the most common. A total of 26 different spa types were detected, the most prevalent types were t1773 (24%), t5428 (22.7%), and t2678 (12.5%). Overall, 44.3% of all isolates harbored at least one enterotoxin gene. The most prevalent was the combination of sec-sel genes (35.2%). Based on their MLST, isolates were assigned to 14 different CC, with majority grouped as CC133 (24%), CC130 (19.6%), and CC522 (19.6%). The caprine S. aureus population was depicted with a minimum spanning tree and an evolutionary analysis based on spa typing and MLST, respectively. Then, the variability of such strains was compared to that of bovine strains isolated in the same space-time span. Our results confirmed that S. aureus isolates from goats have wide genetic variability and differ from the bovine strains, supporting the idea that S. aureus from small ruminants may constitute a distinct population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Romanò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Lodi, Italy.,Agroscope, Research Division, Food Microbial Systems, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Gazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bianchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - Claudia Cortimiglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - Antonio M Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - Hans U Graber
- Agroscope, Research Division, Food Microbial Systems, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fausto Vezzoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - Mario Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Lodi, Italy.,Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
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G. Abril A, G. Villa T, Barros-Velázquez J, Cañas B, Sánchez-Pérez A, Calo-Mata P, Carrera M. Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxins and Their Detection in the Dairy Industry and Mastitis. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090537. [PMID: 32825515 PMCID: PMC7551672 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus constitutes a major food-borne pathogen, as well as one of the main causative agents of mastitis in dairy ruminants. This pathogen can produce a variety of extracellular toxins; these include the shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), exfoliative toxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), hemolysins, and leukocidins. S. aureus expresses many virulence proteins, involved in evading the host defenses, hence facilitating microbial colonization of the mammary glands of the animals. In addition, S. aureus exotoxins play a role in the development of both skin infections and mastitis. Indeed, if these toxins remain in dairy products for human consumption, they can cause staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. As a result, there is a need for procedures to identify the presence of exotoxins in human food, and the methods used must be fast, sensitive, reliable, and accurate. It is also essential to determine the best medical therapy for human patients suffering from S. aureus infections, as well as establishing the relevant veterinary treatment for infected ruminants, to avoid economic losses in the dairy industry. This review summarizes the role of S. aureus toxins in the development of mastitis in ruminants, their negative effects in the food and dairy industries, and the different methods used for the identification of these toxins in food destined for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G. Abril
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15898 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Tomás G. Villa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15898 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: (T.G.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Jorge Barros-Velázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (J.B.-V.); (P.C.-M.)
| | - Benito Cañas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Angeles Sánchez-Pérez
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Pilar Calo-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (J.B.-V.); (P.C.-M.)
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Department of Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Marine Research Institute (IIM), 36208 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.G.V.); (M.C.)
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Genomic Analysis of Bovine Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Milk To Elucidate Diversity and Determine the Distributions of Antimicrobial and Virulence Genes and Their Association with Mastitis. mSystems 2020; 5:5/4/e00063-20. [PMID: 32636332 PMCID: PMC7343304 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00063-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes persistent clinical and subclinical bovine intramammary infections (IMI) worldwide. However, there is a lack of comprehensive information regarding genetic diversity, the presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and virulence genes for S. aureus in bovine milk in Canada. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 119 Canadian bovine milk S. aureus isolates and determined they belonged to 8 sequence types (ST151, ST352, ST351, ST2187, ST2270, ST126, ST133, and ST8), 5 clonal complexes (CC151, CC97, CC126, CC133, and CC8), and 18 distinct Spa types. Pan-, core, and accessory genomes were composed of 6,340, 1,279, and 2,431 genes, respectively. Based on phenotypic screening for AMR, resistance was common against beta-lactams (19% of isolates) and sulfonamides (7% of isolates), whereas resistance against pirlimycin, tetracycline, ceftiofur, and erythromycin and to the combination of penicillin and novobiocin was uncommon (3, 3, 3, 2, and 2% of all isolates, respectively). We also determined distributions of 191 virulence factors (VFs) in 119 S. aureus isolates after classifying them into 5 functional categories (adherence [n = 28], exoenzymes [n = 21], immune evasion [n = 20], iron metabolism [n = 29], and toxins [n = 93]). Additionally, we calculated the pathogenic potential of distinct CCs and STs and determined that CC151 (ST151 and ST351) had the highest pathogenic potential (calculated by subtracting core-VFs from total VFs), followed by CC97 (ST352 and ST2187) and CC126 (ST126 and ST2270), potentially linked to their higher prevalence in bovine IMI worldwide. However, there was no statistically significant link between the presence of VF genes and mastitis.IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bovine intramammary infections, leading to significant economic losses to dairy industry in Canada and worldwide. There is a lack of knowledge regarding genetic diversity, the presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and virulence genes for S. aureus isolated from bovine milk in Canada. Based on whole-genome sequencing and genomic analysis, we have determined the phylogeny and diversity of S. aureus in bovine milk and concluded that it had a large accessory genome, limited distribution of AMR genes, variable VF gene profiles and sequence types (ST), and clonal complex (CC)-specific pathogenic potentials. Comprehensive information on the population structure, as well as the virulence and resistance characteristics of S. aureus from bovine milk, will allow for source attribution, risk assessment, and improved therapeutic approaches in cattle.
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Okoko IM, Maina N, Kiboi D, Kagira J. β-lactam resistance in bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis in goats in Thika Subcounty, Kenya. Vet World 2020; 13:1448-1456. [PMID: 32848323 PMCID: PMC7429379 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1448-1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study determined the resistance pattern to β-lactam antibiotics of bacteria isolated from goats with subclinical mastitis in Thika subcounty, Kenya. We also administered a questionnaire to assess the risk factors associated with the occurrence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS We collected milk samples from 110 lactating dairy goats in Thika subcounty to screen for subclinical mastitis using the California mastitis test. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed according to colony morphology, the hemolytic pattern on sheep blood agar, lactose fermentation on MacConkey plates, Gram staining, and standard biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the agar disk diffusion method using penicillin G, cephalexin, cefoxitin, and cefotaxime antibiotic disks. The double-disk synergy test using amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was employed as a confirmatory test for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production. Fisher's exact test was used to determine the risk factors associated with the occurrence of antibiotic resistance (p≤0.05 was considered significant). RESULTS Of the 110 dairy goats sampled, 72.7% (80) were positive for subclinical mastitis. Isolation and identification of the bacteria from the positive samples yielded 149 bacteria isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter spp., Yersinia spp., coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Escherichia coli. A high percentage (76.5%, 114/149) of the bacterial isolates was resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics. At least 56/106 isolates (52.8%) showing cross-resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics were resistant to all four of the tested antibiotics, while only one isolate was resistant to three antibiotics (penicillin G, cephalexin, and cefoxitin). The double-disk synergy test confirmed that none of the isolates possessed ESBLs. Pre- and post-milking practices (p=0.0336) were found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSION A large proportion of the goats in our study cohort were infected with β-lactam-resistant bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis. Because the identified bacteria are of zoonotic importance, further studies should be undertaken to determine the transmission dynamics between humans and livestock and to identify novel intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Mkavi Okoko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan-African University, Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Naomi Maina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Pan-African University, Institute of Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Kiboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Kagira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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Friker B, Morach M, Püntener S, Cernela N, Horlbog J, Stephan R. Assessing the microbiological quality of raw goats' and ewes' tank milk samples in Switzerland. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pikhtirova A, Bujok J, Pecka-Kiełb E, Zachwieja A, Vasil M, Elečko J, Zigo F. Fatty acid profile of ewe's milk infected with Staphylococcus spp. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2020; 21:216-220. [PMID: 33178300 PMCID: PMC7608037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis in sheep caused by Staphylococcus spp. is a serious concern for dairy farming. AIMS The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the intramammary infection (IMI) caused by Staphylococcus spp. on the lon g-chain fatty acid profile and composition of ewe's milk. METHODS The experiment was conducted in a herd of Zoslachtena Valaska sheep. Half-udder milk samples were collected from 20 weight-matched sheep at the peak of their first or second lactation. The basic physicochemical composition of milk, somatic cell count (SCC), Staphylococcus spp. infection, and total bacterial contamination (TBC) were determined. The fatty acid profile of the milk fat was determined using gas chromatography. RESULTS The SCC in milk infected with Staphylococcus spp. was 3.25 times higher (P<0.01) than that in the uninfected milk samples. The content of lauric acid (С12:0) was higher (P<0.05) in the milk fat of infected ewes. A significant increase (P<0.05) in the share of linoleic acid (C18:2n6t), arachidonic acid (C20:4n6), and a decrease (P<0.01) in the vaccenic acid (C18:1n7t) were observed in the milk collected from ewes infected with Staphylococcus spp.. Staphylococcus spp. infection increased the ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. CONCLUSION Changes in the fatty acid profile of milk caused by Staphylococcus spp. infection decrease the value of ewes' milk as a health-promoting product.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Pikhtirova
- Department of Public Health, Sumy State University, Rymskogo-Korsakova 2, Sumy 40007, Ukraine
| | - J. Bujok
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, Wrocław 50-375, Poland
| | - E. Pecka-Kiełb
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, Wrocław 50-375, Poland
| | - A. Zachwieja
- Department of Cattle Breeding and Milk Production, Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 38c, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - M. Vasil
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Nutrition, Dietetics and Feed Production, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, Kosice 041 81, Slovak Republic
| | - J. Elečko
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Nutrition, Dietetics and Feed Production, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, Kosice 041 81, Slovak Republic
| | - F. Zigo
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Nutrition, Dietetics and Feed Production, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenskeho 73, Kosice 041 81, Slovak Republic
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Activation of a Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line by Ruminant-Associated Staphylococcus aureus is Lineage Dependent. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120688. [PMID: 31842337 PMCID: PMC6955728 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a costly disease to the dairy industry and intramammary infections (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus are a major cause of mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus strains responsible for mastitis in cattle predominantly belong to ruminant-associated clonal complexes (CCs). Recognition of pathogens by bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) plays a key role in activation of immune responsiveness during IMI. However, it is still largely unknown to what extent the bMEC response differs according to S. aureus CC. The aim of this study was to determine whether ruminant-associated S. aureus CCs differentially activate bMEC. For this purpose, the immortalized bMEC line PS was stimulated with S. aureus mastitis isolates belonging to four different clonal complexes (CCs; CC133, CC479, CC151 and CC425) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) release was measured as indicator of activation. To validate our bMEC model, we first stimulated PS cells with genetically modified S. aureus strains lacking (protein A, wall teichoic acid (WTA) synthesis) or expressing (capsular polysaccharide (CP) type 5 or type 8) factors expected to affect S. aureus recognition by bMEC. The absence of functional WTA synthesis increased IL-8 release by bMEC in response to bacterial stimulation compared to wildtype. In addition, bMEC released more IL-8 after stimulation with S. aureus expressing CP type 5 compared to CP type 8 or a strain lacking CP expression. Among the S. aureus lineages, isolates belonging to CC133 induced a significantly stronger IL-8 release from bMEC than isolates from the other CCs, and the IL-8 response to CC479 was higher compared to CC151 and CC425. Transcription levels of IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in bMEC after bacterial stimulation tended to follow a similar pattern as IL-8 release, but there were no significant differences between the CCs. This study demonstrates a differential activation of bMEC by ruminant-associated CCs of S. aureus, which may have implications for the severity of mastitis during IMI by S. aureus belonging to these lineages.
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Banos G, Clark EL, Bush SJ, Dutta P, Bramis G, Arsenos G, Hume DA, Psifidi A. Genetic and genomic analyses underpin the feasibility of concomitant genetic improvement of milk yield and mastitis resistance in dairy sheep. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214346. [PMID: 31765378 PMCID: PMC6876840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk yield is the most important dairy sheep trait and constitutes the key genetic improvement goal via selective breeding. Mastitis is one of the most prevalent diseases, significantly impacting on animal welfare, milk yield and quality, while incurring substantial costs. Our objectives were to determine the feasibility of a concomitant genetic improvement programme for enhanced milk production and resistance to mastitis. Individual records for milk yield, and four mastitis-related traits (milk somatic cell count, California Mastitis Test score, total viable bacterial count in milk and clinical mastitis presence) were collected monthly throughout lactation for 609 ewes of the Chios breed. All ewes were genotyped with a mastitis specific custom-made 960 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. We performed targeted genomic association studies, (co)variance component estimation and pathway enrichment analysis, and characterised gene expression levels and the extent of allelic expression imbalance. Presence of heritable variation for milk yield was confirmed. There was no significant genetic correlation between milk yield and mastitis traits. Environmental factors appeared to favour both milk production and udder health. There were no overlapping of SNPs associated with mastitis resistance and milk yield in Chios sheep. Furthermore, four distinct Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) affecting milk yield were detected on chromosomes 2, 12, 16 and 19, in locations other than those previously identified to affect mastitis resistance. Five genes (DNAJA1, GHR, LYPLA1, NUP35 and OXCT1) located within the QTL regions were highly expressed in both the mammary gland and milk transcriptome, suggesting involvement in milk synthesis and production. Furthermore, the expression of two of these genes (NUP35 and OXCT1) was enriched in immune tissues implying a potentially pleiotropic effect or likely role in milk production during udder infection, which needs to be further elucidated in future studies. In conclusion, the absence of genetic antagonism between milk yield and mastitis resistance suggests that simultaneous genetic improvement of both traits be achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Banos
- Scotland’s Rural College, Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emily L. Clark
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Prasun Dutta
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Bramis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Arsenos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Androniki Psifidi
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ,
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Achek R, El-Adawy H, Hotzel H, Tomaso H, Ehricht R, Hamdi TM, Azzi O, Monecke S. Short communication: Diversity of staphylococci isolated from sheep mastitis in northern Algeria. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:890-897. [PMID: 31733855 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis in ruminants is an important disease with major effects on both the economy and animal welfare. It is caused by major pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and minor pathogens such as coagulase-negative staphylococci. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize staphylococci as a cause of sheep mastitis in Algeria. In this study, 123 milk samples were collected directly from the udder of sheep suffering from clinical mastitis in 2 provinces in Algeria. Recovered isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Virulence-associated and antimicrobial resistance genes as well as clonal complexes (CC) of S. aureus were determined using microarray-based analysis. A total of 45 staphylococci isolates were cultivated from sheep milk samples, and 28 S. aureus were identified as methicillin susceptible (62.2%). Seventeen other Staphylococcus isolates of different species were identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Subsequent microarray analysis typed the methicillin-susceptible S. aureus to 6 CC: CC8-MSSA, CC97-MSSA, CC130/521-MSSA, CC479-MSSA, CC522-MSSA, and CC705-MSSA. The accessory gene regulator agrIII and the ruminant leukocidin genes lukF-P83 and lukM were found in all isolates of CC130/521, CC479, CC522, and CC705. The toxic shock syndrome toxin gene tst1 was detected exclusively in CC130/521. Additionally, virulence-associated genes (sea, sed, sak, hld, hlgA, edinB, and others) were detected. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes [blaZ, erm(B), and tet(K)] was detected in small numbers of staphylococci. Staphylococci possessing these genes are considered potential hazards for farm animals, farmers, and consumers. Data concerning the prevalence and diversity of staphylococci causing mastitis in sheep from Algeria are lacking. Presented results on different aspects about staphylococci in Algerian sheep populations should at least partially close that gap. However, further extensive studies covering more geographical regions are needed to assess the epidemiological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Achek
- Faculty of Nature and Life and Earth Sciences, Djilali-Bounaama University, Soufay, 44225 Khemis-Miliana, Algeria; Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Assurance System, High National Veterinary School, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 35516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Helmut Hotzel
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 35516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Herbert Tomaso
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 35516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena e. V., 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Taha Mossadak Hamdi
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Assurance System, High National Veterinary School, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Omar Azzi
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Assurance System, High National Veterinary School, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany; InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena e. V., 07743 Jena, Germany; Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty "Carl Gustav Carus," Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Genotyping and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy ruminants: differences in the distribution of clonal types between cattle and small ruminants. Arch Microbiol 2019; 202:115-125. [PMID: 31501949 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is part of the normal flora of animals, and represents one of the leading causes of contagious mastitis in dairy herds worldwide. Sixty-seven epidemiologically unrelated S. aureus isolates from nasal and mastitis milk samples of dairy-producing animals (32 cows, 25 sheep, and 10 goats) were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and spa typing followed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on representative isolates and SCCmec-typing on methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates. The highest resistance was observed to penicillin (64.2%, 43/67), followed by tetracycline (23.9%, 16/67), erythromycin (22.4%, 15/67), and streptomycin (17.9%, 12/67). In general, 18 spa types (including newly identified t16958) and 13 sequence types (STs) belonging to 8 clonal complexes (CCs) were detected. The cow-associated isolates were mainly assigned to CC5 (n = 18, related to t267-ST97, t521-ST352, t527-ST97, t304-ST6, and t084-ST15), followed by CC398 (n = 6, t937-ST291), CC45 (n = 3, t230-ST45), CC88 (n = 2, t2526-ST88), CC22 (n = 2, t3680-ST22), and CC522 (n = 1, t3576-ST522). Small ruminant isolates were mostly clustered into CC522 (n = 29, related to t3576, t1534, t16958, t7308, t7311, t7305 [ST522], t1534-ST2057, and t5428-ST2079). Two isolates from cows with mastitis were found to be MRSA, exhibited a composite profile of t937-ST291-SCCmecIV. No isolates carried the PVL and mecC genes. A significant difference in clonal types of S. aureus isolates from cows in comparison with those from small ruminants was found. This study demonstrated the circulation of diverse clones of S. aureus among dairy animals in Iran, with a different clonal composition between cows and small ruminants. The current study also reports MRSA-related mastitis in dairy cows, emphasizing the need for comprehensive surveillance.
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Epidemiological Characteristics of Staphylococcus Aureus in Raw Goat Milk in Shaanxi Province, China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8030141. [PMID: 31500339 PMCID: PMC6783894 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8030141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Goat milk has been frequently implicated in staphylococcal food poisoning. The potential risk of raw goat milk contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in Shaanxi province of China is still not well documented. This study investigated the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, as well as virulence-related genes of S. aureus from raw goat milk samples in Shaanxi, China. A total of 68 S. aureus isolates were cultured from 289 raw goat milk. Most of the isolates were resistant to penicillin and oxacillin, although 41.18%, 33.82%, and 29.41% of the isolates expressed resistance to piperacillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Our data demonstrated that 91.18% of the isolates produced biofilm, of which 54.41% isolates belonged to high-biofilm producers. In addition, genotypic analysis of biofilm related genes (fnbA, clfB, fnbB, cna) revealed that 91.18% of the isolates harbored at least one of the genes, in which the most prevalent genes were fnbA (66. 17%), clfB (48.53%), and fnbB (26.47%). 94.8% of the isolates contained at least one toxin-related gene, of which seb (76.47%), tsst (36.76%), and sea (23.53%) genes were the more frequently detected. Further analysis revealed a positive association between fnbA, clfB, fnbB, seb, tsst, and sea genes and certain antibiotic resistance. The results indicated that raw goat milk samples contaminated by S. aureus can be a potential risk to public health.
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Khemiri M, Abbassi MS, Elghaieb H, Zouari M, Dhahri R, Pomba C, Hammami S. High occurrence of enterotoxigenic isolates and low antibiotic resistance rates of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk from cows and ewes. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 68:573-579. [PMID: 30924159 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the frequency of genes encoding virulence factors and to characterize resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk. In total, 47 and 9 S. aureus isolates were recovered from 150 and 100 raw bovine and ovine milk samples, respectively, in Tunisia. The majority of isolates was resistant to penicillin, and no methicillin-resistant S. aureus was detected. Eighteen and two isolates harboured etd and eta genes respectively. Sixteen enterotoxin-encoding genes were detected (n, %): sed (25, 44·6%), sec (16, 28·6%), sei (16, 28·6%), seh (13, 23·2%), seln (13, 23·2%), sell (10, 17·8%), seg (9, 16%), selu (8, 14·3%), selq (7, 12·5%), selo (7, 12·5%), selm (7, 12·5%), seb (7, 12·5%), sea (6, 10·7%), selk (3, 5·4%), ser (1, 1·8%) and selp (1, 1·8%). Ten isolates carried the tsst1 gene. All isolates carried the haemolysin toxin (hla, hld and hlg). The immune evasion cluster system-type B was predominant (20 isolates) followed by C (3 isolates), A and E (1 isolate each). The occurrence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in raw milk constitutes a potential risk for human health. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This paper describes the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk samples from healthy cows and ewes collected from small family farms in Tunisia. Fifty-six strains were analysed by determining their antibiotic susceptibility and genes encoding antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. Methicillin-resistant strains were not detected, and overall low level of antimicrobial resistance was reported. However, our strains harboured several genes encoding virulence factors and 87·5% of them carried at least one gene encoding for enterotoxins showing a high risk of spread of food-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Khemiri
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratory of Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance, CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M S Abbassi
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Laboratoire de 'Résistance aux antibiotiques', Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - H Elghaieb
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - M Zouari
- OTD Centre avicole de Mateur, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - R Dhahri
- Complexe Sanitaire de Jebel Ouest, Zaghouan, Tunisia
| | - C Pomba
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance, CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S Hammami
- Université de la Manouba, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Tunis, Tunisia
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Danmallam FA, Pimenov NV. Study on prevalence, clinical presentation, and associated bacterial pathogens of goat mastitis in Bauchi, Plateau, and Edo states, Nigeria. Vet World 2019; 12:638-645. [PMID: 31327898 PMCID: PMC6584850 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.638-645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and clinical presentations of different forms of mastitis and mastitis-causing pathogens in lactating goats in Bauchi, Plateau, and Edo states, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 quarters from 250 lactating goats of Red Sokoto and West African Dwarf breeds during the lactation period were clinically examined. Clinical mastitis was detected by gross signs of udder infection during physical examination and abnormal milk, whereas subclinical mastitis (SCM) was recognized using California mastitis test. The bacterial pathogens were identified by morphology, hemolysis, gram staining, and biochemical tests such as catalase, oxidase, coagulase, reaction on sulfite, indole, and motile medium, and fermentation of sugars. Results: The overall prevalence of mastitis in goats was found to be 101 (40.4%), of which 8% (20/250) were clinical, and 32.4% (81/250) were SCM cases. The quarter level prevalence was 29.4% (145/493), comprising 5.9% (29/493) clinical and 23.2% (116/493) subclinical forms of mastitis. In addition, 1.4% (7/500) of teats were found to be blind on the clinical examination of the udder and teat. Several regional inflammatory reactions and abnormalities in milk were found in 69% and 100% of the cases, respectively. Moreover, some indications of generalized signs such as fever, reduction in appetite, increase in respiration, and pulse rate per minute were recorded in 100%, 75%, 85% and 80% of the cases, respectively. The predominant bacterial isolates recovered were Staphylococcus aureus (20.0%), followed by Escherichia coli (15.5%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (11.0%), and the least isolated microorganisms (≤6%) were bacteria of different species including Staphylococcus auricularis, Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus lentus, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus pluranimalium, Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus ruminatorum, Streptococcus suis, Micrococcus luteus, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Salmonella Typhimurium, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter rudis, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, and Bacillus cereus. Conclusion: Mastitis continues to be recognized as one of the important health issues and leads to major economic losses to the dairy goats caused by many bacterial pathogens, and the effective measures need to be taken to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruq Ahmad Danmallam
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Small Domestic, Laboratory and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology - MVA by K. I. Skryabin, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai Vasilyevich Pimenov
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Small Domestic, Laboratory and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology - MVA by K. I. Skryabin, Moscow, Russia
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Hoekstra J, Rutten VPMG, van den Hout M, Spaninks MP, Benedictus L, Koop G. Differences between Staphylococcus aureus lineages isolated from ovine and caprine mastitis but not between isolates from clinical or subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5430-5437. [PMID: 30981476 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important mastitis pathogen, causing both clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) in small ruminants. In general, CM has a low incidence in sheep and goats but can be very severe and costly. In contrast, subclinical mastitis (SCM) is common but is associated with less cost. For both sheep and goats, S. aureus is the main cause of CM and is associated with SCM cases with a high SCC. Recently, specific lineages of S. aureus have been identified that are associated with CM rather than SCM in dairy cows. It is unknown whether specific S. aureus lineages are associated with CM in goats and sheep. The aim of this study was to compare the clonal complex (CC), staphylococcal protein A (spa) type, leukocidin lukM-lukF' presence, and potential to produce LukMF' in vitro between CM and SCM S. aureus mastitis isolates obtained from sheep and goats. Differences between isolates from different host species were also compared. Ovine (CM, n = 12; SCM, n = 29) and caprine (CM, n = 14; SCM, n = 30) isolates were obtained from 8 sheep flocks and 8 goat herds in the Netherlands. Overall, the isolates belonged to CC133 (85%), CC398 (7%), CC425 (5%), and CC45 (2%). Seventeen spa types were found, including 6 novel types; the predominant types were t2678 (34%), t544 (18%), and t3583 (18%). Although CC133 was dominant among both sheep and goat isolates, spa type CC133/t2678 was associated with ovine isolates, whereas CC133/t544 and CC133/t3583 were found mostly in goats. The presence of lukM-lukF' among the S. aureus isolates was high (87%), especially in CC133 (96%) and CC425 (100%), but the genes were absent in CC45 and CC398. In vitro-cultured lukM-lukF'-positive isolates produced LukM (71 out of 74 positive isolates tested) in the range of 0.4 to 5.0 µg/mL. Interestingly, the goat-associated lineages CC133/t544 and CC133/t3583 produced more LukM in vitro than the sheep-associated CC133/t2678. We found no difference in LukMF' production potential between CM and SCM isolates. In sheep as well as in goats, no association was found between genotype and CM or SCM, demonstrating that the same lineages of S. aureus are responsible for both CM and SCM. These results suggest that subclinically infected animals in a herd or flock likely act as the reservoir of S. aureus causing CM. This highlights the importance of early identification and control of SCM and suggests that controlling SCM within a herd is an effective intervention to prevent CM in small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hoekstra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - M van den Hout
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M P Spaninks
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L Benedictus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - G Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated from Milk of Goats with Subclinical Mastitis in Thika East Subcounty, Kenya. J Vet Med 2018; 2018:3801479. [PMID: 30534572 PMCID: PMC6252223 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3801479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence and risk factors of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in Thika East Subcounty, Kenya. Further the bacterial pathogens and their antibiogram were investigated. Farm level data on risk factors were obtained from 41 farmers using questionnaires. Milk was obtained from 110 lactating dairy goats and tested for submastitis using California Mastitis Test (CMT). The prevalence of subclinical mastitis at goat level was estimated to be at 50.9% using CMT, out of which 86.5% yielded bacteria on culture. The significant risk factors associated with the occurrence of subclinical mastitis were cleaning schedule (p=0.022, OD=1.047) and parity of the goat (p=0048, OD=1.37). Higher prevalence of subclinical mastitis was observed for goats residing in houses cleaned at least once a fortnight. Does in the first parity were least affected. 169 bacterial isolates were obtained from culture, of which 52 isolates from major classes of isolated bacteria were tested for antibiotic sensitivity to six antibiotics. Fourteen different bacteria were isolated and identified from the milk samples. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (20.7%), Serratia spp. (19.5%), Citrobacter spp. (16%), Klebsiella spp. (11%), Staphylococcus aureus (10.7%), Enterobacter spp. (6.5%), Escherichia coli (5.9%), Proteus spp. (3%), Corynebacterium spp. (1.8%), Morganella spp. (1.8%), Streptococcus spp. (1.2%), Providencia spp. (0.6%), Micrococcus spp. (0.6%), and Staphylococcus intermedius (0.6%) were isolated and identified from the samples. All the isolates were resistant to Penicillin G, while 98% of the isolates were sensitive to Streptomycin. In conclusion, the study showed that a large proportion of goats were affected by subclinical mastitis, with the main bacteria being Staphylococci spp. and coliforms, and that most of the tested antibiotics can be used in the treatment of mastitis. Farmers need to be trained on improved control of mastitis through adoption of good dairy husbandry and milking practices.
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43
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Moura G, Gebreyes W, Marques M, Stipp D, Souza F, Da Costa L, Oliveira C. Short communication: Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci in dairy goat herds in Ohio, United States. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7804-7807. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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44
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Lima MC, Souza MC, Espeschit IF, Maciel PA, Sousa JE, Moraes GF, Ribeiro Filho JD, Moreira MA. Mastitis in dairy goats from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil: profiles of farms, risk factors and characterization of bactéria. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais has a specialized goat milk production chain. Goat milk is superior in quality compared with milk of other domestic species, and the demand for milk and milk products for the public has increased. Data on dairy goat breeding in Minas Gerais are scarce and relatively old, and this lack of information has limited the implementation of prophylactic measures, especially for mastitis, which represents the biggest sanitary problem for dairy herds. The objective of this work was to characterize mastitis and bacteria associated with it in milking goats in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais. It also causes socioeconomic problems and market issues for dairy goat farming. A total of 539 lactating goats were examined and 268 individual samples (one for teat) were collected from animals positive for strip cup test and/or the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Microbiological cultures were carried out on blood agar medium and the bacteria were subjected to phenotypic, genotypic and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 28.0% and the clinical prevalence was 2.8%. Bacterial multiplication was obtained in 62% of samples. One hundred eighty seven total bacteria were identified. The most common species identified was Staphylococcus aureus (60%), followed Staphylococcus epidermidis (9.1%,), Escherichia coli (6.9%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (5.9%) e Staphylococcus caprae (4.3%). Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus presented a profile of resistance to antimicrobials belonging to the beta-lactam class (penicillin, ampicillin and oxacillin) in addition to tetracycline, in contrast to the other antimicrobials tested. Twelve percent of multidrug resistence (MDR) was found in five microregions. Among the bacteria with the highest prevalence of MDR, 38.5% were E. coli and 10.6% were S. aureus. The producers of the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais are technicians who work with specialized dairy breeds and practise good management. However, some measures related to prophylaxis and control of diseases, such as vaccination, have low adherence or are not performed due to a lack of veterinary assistance. This is the first study focusing on this region, which is highly prominent in goat milk production in Brazil. It provides important information that can help in the implementation of measures for the prophylaxis and control of diseases, and for maintenance of a constant supply of products in sufficient quantities and of a quality suitable for the consumer population.
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45
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Fox EM, Jiang Y, Gobius KS. Key pathogenic bacteria associated with dairy foods: On-farm ecology and products associated with foodborne pathogen transmission. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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46
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Antibiotic-resistance, enterotoxin gene profiles and farm-level prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in cow, sheep and goat bulk tank milk in Jordan. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Herd-level infectious disease surveillance of livestock populations using aggregate samples. Anim Health Res Rev 2018; 19:53-64. [PMID: 29779505 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252318000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
All sectors of livestock production are in the process of shifting from small populations on many farms to large populations on fewer farms. A concurrent shift has occurred in the number of livestock moved across political boundaries. The unintended consequence of these changes has been the appearance of multifactorial diseases that are resistant to traditional methods of prevention and control. The need to understand complex animal health conditions mandates a shift toward the collection of longitudinal animal health data. Historically, collection of such data has frustrated and challenged animal health specialists. A promising trend in the evolution toward more efficient and effective livestock disease surveillance is the increased use of aggregate samples, e.g. bulk tank milk and oral fluid specimens. These sample types provide the means to monitor disease, estimate herd prevalence, and evaluate spatiotemporal trends in disease distribution. Thus, this article provides an overview of the use of bulk tank milk and pen-based oral fluids in the surveillance of livestock populations for infectious diseases.
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48
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Hoekstra J, Rutten V, Sommeling L, van Werven T, Spaninks M, Duim B, Benedictus L, Koop G. High Production of LukMF' in Staphylococcus aureus Field Strains Is Associated with Clinical Bovine Mastitis. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10050200. [PMID: 29762488 PMCID: PMC5983256 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus, a major cause of bovine mastitis, produces a wide range of immune-evasion molecules. The bi-component leukocidin LukMF’ is a potent killer of bovine neutrophils in vitro. Since the role of LukMF’ in development of bovine mastitis has not been studied in natural infections, we aimed to clarify whether presence of the lukM-lukF’ genes and production levels of LukMF’ are associated with clinical severity of the disease. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from mastitis milk samples (38 clinical and 17 subclinical cases) from 33 different farms. The lukM-lukF’ genes were present in 96% of the isolates. Remarkably, 22% of the lukM-lukF’-positive S. aureus isolates displayed a 10-fold higher in vitro LukMF’ production than the average of the lower-producing ones. These high producing isolates were cultured significantly more frequently from clinical than subclinical mastitis cases. Also, the detection of LukM protein in milk samples was significantly associated with clinical mastitis and high production in vitro. The high producing LukMF’ strains all belonged to the same genetic lineage, spa-type t543. Analysis of their global toxin gene regulators revealed a point mutation in the Repressor of toxins (rot) gene which results in a non-functional start codon, preventing translation of rot. This mutation was only identified in high LukMF’ producing isolates and not in low LukMF’ producing isolates. Since rot suppresses the expression of various toxins including leukocidins, this mutation is a possible explanation for increased LukMF’ production. Identification of high LukMF’ producing strains is of clinical relevance and can potentially be used as a prognostic marker for severity of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan Hoekstra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Victor Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa.
| | - Laura Sommeling
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tine van Werven
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- University Farm Animal Practice, 3481 LZ Harmelen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mirlin Spaninks
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Gerrit Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Johler S, Macori G, Bellio A, Acutis PL, Gallina S, Decastelli L. Short communication: Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated along the raw milk cheese production process in artisan dairies in Italy. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:2915-2920. [PMID: 29397175 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of food-borne intoxications. Several staphylococcal food poisoning outbreaks have been linked to consumption of raw milk cheeses and artisanal cheese production. However, information on Staph. aureus isolated from artisanal raw milk cheeses and small-scale dairy production environments is very limited. Therefore, we aimed to characterize Staph. aureus isolated along the artisanal raw milk production chain by determining (1) the population structure, and (2) the presence/absence of enterotoxin genes, mecA/C, and pvl. We collected 276 samples from different production stages (raw milk, whey, curd, brine, drying worktops, and cheese) at 36 artisan dairies in Italy. A total of 102 samples from 25 dairies tested positive for Staph. aureus, with 80% positive samples among the tested artisan cheeses. All isolates were further characterized by spa typing and PCR screening for staphylococcal enterotoxin genes, the mecA/mecC genes characteristic for methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus, and the pvl gene encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin. The 102 isolates represented 15 different spa types and were assigned to 32 different Staph. aureus strains. The spa type most frequently detected was t2953 (30%), which is associated with genotype B strains causing high within-herd levels of bovine mastitis. In addition, 3 novel spa types (t13269, t13277, and t13278) were identified. Although none of the strains harbored mecA/mecC or pvl, 55% of the isolates exhibited at least one enterotoxin gene. Many strains were present in samples from multiple dairies from different regions and years, highlighting the spread of Staph. aureus in small-scale cheese production plants. Our findings demonstrate that enterotoxigenic Staph. aureus and in particular t2953 (genotype B) isolates commonly occur in artisanal dairies and raw milk cheeses in Italy. It is particularly alarming that 80% of the artisan cheeses sampled in our study were positive for Staph. aureus. These findings stress the need for effective measures preventing staphylococcal food poisoning by limiting Staph. aureus growth and enterotoxin formation along the production chain and in the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - G Macori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - A Bellio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - P L Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - S Gallina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - L Decastelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
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50
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Ma Y, Zhao Y, Tang J, Tang C, Chen J, Liu J. Antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of resistance & enterotoxins/enterotoxin-likes genes in Staphylococcus aureusfrom food. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2017.1340341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yisalan Ma
- College of life science and technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanying Zhao
- College of life science and technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Junni Tang
- College of life science and technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of life science and technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Chen
- College of life science and technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Liu
- College of life science and technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
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