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ATTIA EL HILI H, MAATOUK K. [Zoonotic potential of brucellosis in marine mammals]. MEDECINE TROPICALE ET SANTE INTERNATIONALE 2024; 4:mtsi.v4i1.2024.489. [PMID: 38846127 PMCID: PMC11151931 DOI: 10.48327/mtsi.v4i1.2024.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Brucellosis in marine mammals (cetacean and pinnipeds) has emerged in a very significant way during the last two decades. Currently Brucella ceti and Brucella pinnipedialis are the two recognized species in marine mammals, but available information is still limited. Several genotypes have been identified, and studies on the relationship between sequence type (ST) and organ pathogenicity or tropism have indicated differences in pathogenesis between B. ceti sequences in cetaceans. The zoonotic potential of this disease is based on the identification of the main sources of introduction and spread of Brucella spp. in the marine environment as well as on the factors of exposure of marine mammals and humans to the bacteria. Bibliographic review This article is a bibliographical review on marine mammal brucellosis, including the features, sources and transmission modes of each Brucella species, as well as their potential pathogenicity in animals and humans. Conclusion Different genotypes of marine Brucella spp have been isolated from marine mammal species but without any evidence of pathology induced by these bacteria. Associated lesions are variable and include subcutaneous abscesses, meningo-encephalomyelitis, pneumonia, myocarditis, osteoarthritis, orchitis, endometritis, placentitis and abortion. The isolation of marine B. spp from marine mammal respiratory parasites associated to lung injury has raised the intriguing possibility that they may serve as a vector for the transmission of this bacterium.The severity of marine B. spp remains unknown due to the lack of an estimate of the prevalence of this disease in marine mammals. The number of suspected human cases is still very limited. However, by analogy with other germs of the genus Brucella responsible for abortion in ruminants and for a febrile and painful state in human beings, prevention measures are essential. The significant increase in the number of strandings coupled with a high seroprevalence in certain species of marine mammals must be considered for people in direct or indirect contact with these animals. Ongoing epidemiological monitoring combined with extensive post-mortem examinations (necropsy, bacteriology and sequencing) of all species of stranded marine mammals would deepen knowledge on the zoonotic potential of marine Brucella species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaouthar MAATOUK
- Institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer, Monastir, Tunisie
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OHISHI K, TAJIMA Y, ABE E, YAMADA TK, MARUYAMA T. Brucella infection in rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) with severe orchitis stranded on the Pacific coast of Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:295-299. [PMID: 38267042 PMCID: PMC10963093 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In the western North Pacific, prominent granulomatous testes have been detected in many Brucella-infected common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), but there have been no reports in toothed cetaceans. We found severe orchitis with granulomatous lesions in a rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) stranded on the Pacific coast of Japan in 2011. Histopathological examination revealed leukocyte infiltration of the lesions. DNA from the lesion was analyzed by PCR and it showed molecular biological similarities with those of Brucella-infected common minke whales and Brucella ceti of sequence-type 27 (ST27). These results suggest that the type of Brucella ceti that infected the dolphin was ST27, which may have caused severe orchitis. This study adds to our understanding of Brucella infections in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue OHISHI
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko TAJIMA
- National Museum of Nature and Science, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Erika ABE
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tadashi MARUYAMA
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
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Qureshi KA, Parvez A, Fahmy NA, Abdel Hady BH, Kumar S, Ganguly A, Atiya A, Elhassan GO, Alfadly SO, Parkkila S, Aspatwar A. Brucellosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment-a comprehensive review. Ann Med 2024; 55:2295398. [PMID: 38165919 PMCID: PMC10769134 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2295398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Brucellosis is a pervasive zoonotic disease caused by various Brucella species. It mainly affects livestock and wildlife and poses significant public health threats, especially in regions with suboptimal hygiene, food safety, and veterinary care standards. Human contractions occur by consuming contaminated animal products or interacting with infected animals. Objective: This study aims to provide an updated understanding of brucellosis, from its epidemiology and pathogenesis to diagnosis and treatment strategies. It emphasizes the importance of ongoing research, knowledge exchange, and interdisciplinary collaboration for effective disease control and prevention, highlighting its global health implications. Methods: Pathogenesis involves intricate interactions between bacteria and the host immune system, resulting in chronic infections characterized by diverse clinical manifestations. The diagnostic process is arduous owing to non-specific symptomatology and sampling challenges, necessitating a fusion of clinical and laboratory evaluations, including blood cultures, serological assays, and molecular methods. Management typically entails multiple antibiotics, although the rise in antibiotic-resistant Brucella strains poses a problem. Animal vaccination is a potential strategy to curb the spread of infection, particularly within livestock populations. Results: The study provides insights into the complex pathogenesis of brucellosis, the challenges in its diagnosis, and the management strategies involving antibiotic therapy and animal vaccination. It also highlights the emerging issue of antibiotic-resistant Brucella strains. Conclusions: In conclusion, brucellosis is a significant zoonotic disease with implications for public health. Efforts should be directed towards improved diagnostic methods, antibiotic stewardship to combat antibiotic resistance, and developing and implementing effective animal vaccination programs. Interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing research are crucial for addressing the global health implications of brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal A. Qureshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Adil Parvez
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Nada A. Fahmy
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Biomedical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Applied Health Science, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Bassant H. Abdel Hady
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Biomedical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shweta Kumar
- Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Anusmita Ganguly
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Akhtar Atiya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University (KKU), Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal O. Elhassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed O. Alfadly
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
- Fimlab Ltd., Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia
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Vergnaud G, Zygmunt MS, Ashford RT, Whatmore AM, Cloeckaert A. Genomic Diversity and Zoonotic Potential of Brucella neotomae. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:155-158. [PMID: 38147057 PMCID: PMC10756370 DOI: 10.3201/eid3001.221783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
After reports in 2017 of Brucella neotomae infections among humans in Costa Rica, we sequenced 12 strains isolated from rodents during 1955-1964 from Utah, USA. We observed an exact strain match between the human isolates and 1 Utah isolate. Independent confirmation is required to clarify B. neotomae zoonotic potential.
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Liu X, Bao X, Gao L, Li G, Chen Z, Zhai J. Comparative application of droplet-based digital and quantitative real-time PCR for human brucellosis detection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 107:116087. [PMID: 37801887 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the diagnostic value of droplet-based digital PCR (dd-PCR) by comparing it with the quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) for detecting Brucella DNA, 487 whole blood and serum samples collected from suspected human brucellosis, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were 88.14% and 100% for RT-qPCR; 97.12% and 100% for dd-PCR. The positive rate detected by RT-qPCR and dd-PCR based on the nucleic acid extracted by simultaneous extraction method in serum and blood cells were 56.49% and 62.22%, respectively, which is higher than the commercial kit in 47.74% and 52.77%. Additionally, 32 false-negative samples of chronic patients analyzed by serological tests were positive in the detection from the blood cell nucleic acid. dd-PCR could be considered a valuable tool for detecting Brucella DNA, particularly in false-negative test results. The simultaneous extraction method is complementary to dd-PCR in diagnosing human brucellosis cases at different disease stages, especially in chronic and relapsed stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Xiaoya Bao
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Lanzhu Gao
- Tongliao Infectious Disease Hospital, Tongliao, China
| | - Guangchen Li
- Tongliao Infectious Disease Hospital, Tongliao, China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Innovative Institute of Zoonoses, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China; Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Innovative Institute of Zoonoses, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China; Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao, China.
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Du J, Tao Y, Yang J, Cai J, Zhou H, Zhang R, Hu Y. Case Report: Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Confirmed a Case of Spine Infection with Brucella melitensis in Non-Endemic Area. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:7219-7225. [PMID: 38023409 PMCID: PMC10655603 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s436278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Brucella spp., with the highest prevalence found in the northern cities of China. In this case report, we present an occurrence of spinal infection caused by B. melitensis in a 67-year-old man residing in a non-endemic area of southern China. The patient initially presented with chest and back pain, which was not accurately diagnosed and treated at a local hospital. Subsequently, due to worsening pain, he was admitted to our hospital. To determine the cause of the infection, we performed CT-guided aspiration biopsy and collected biopsy tissue for metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) on the second day of hospitalization. Imaging investigations revealed involvement of the thoracic vertebrae, specifically thoracic 4-7 with the main focus on 5-6, accompanied by stenosis of the intervertebral space. The mNGS results indicated that the spine infection was caused by B. melitensis. The patient's history as a shepherd and a positive Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) further supported the diagnosis of brucella spondylitis. In order to alleviate pain and restore spinal function, the patient underwent posterior internal fixation of the thoracic spine. Treatment was initiated with cefoperazone/sulbactam, followed by doxycycline. Subsequently, the patient was switched to a combination therapy of rifampicin and doxycycline for a duration of six weeks. The patient responded well to treatment, and his condition remained stable. In conclusion, brucellosis is a common disease that can be easily misdiagnosed. This case report highlights the potential value of mNGS in early and rapid diagnosis. We believe that mNGS can serve as an effective tool to improve the diagnosis of spine infections caused by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiqing Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiachang Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Mwampashi R, Cutright E, Fast CD, Bonfoh B, Kazwala RR, Mathew C. Scent detection of Brucella abortus by African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys ansorgei). BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:226. [PMID: 37904151 PMCID: PMC10614360 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a contagious zoonosis caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. While the disease has been eradicated in most developed countries, it remains endemic in sub-Saharan Africa where access to reliable diagnostics is limited. African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys ansorgei) have been trained to detect the scent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to increase case detection in sub-Saharan Africa. Given the similar diagnostic challenges facing brucellosis and tuberculosis, we explored the feasibility of training African giant pouched rats to detect Brucella. RESULTS After 3 months of training, rats reliably identified cultured Brucella, achieving an average sensitivity of 93.56% (SD = 0.650) and specificity of 97.65% (SD = 0.016). Rats readily generalized to novel, younger Brucella cultures that presumably generated a weaker volatile signal and correctly identified at least one out of three fecal samples spiked with Brucella culture during a final test of feasibility. DISCUSSION To our knowledge, these experiments are the first to demonstrate Brucella emits a unique odor profile that scent detection animals can be trained to identify. Importantly, cultured E. coli samples were included throughout training and test to ensure the rats learned to specifically identify Brucella bacteria rather than any bacteria in comparison to bacteria-free culture medium. E. coli controls therefore served a crucial function in determining to what extent Brucella abortus emits a unique odor signature. Further research is needed to determine if a Brucella-specific volatile signature is present within clinical samples. If confirmed, the present results suggest trained rats could serve as a valuable, novel method for the detection of Brucella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Mwampashi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ellie Cutright
- APOPO, SUA-APOPO Rodent Project, Tiba Road, PO Box 3078, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Cynthia D Fast
- APOPO, SUA-APOPO Rodent Project, Tiba Road, PO Box 3078, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium.
- Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Swiss Centre for Scientific Research, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Rudovick R Kazwala
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Coletha Mathew
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Dawood AS, Elrashedy A, Nayel M, Salama A, Guo A, Zhao G, Algharib SA, Zaghawa A, Zubair M, Elsify A, Mousa W, Luo W. Brucellae as resilient intracellular pathogens: epidemiology, host-pathogen interaction, recent genomics and proteomics approaches, and future perspectives. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1255239. [PMID: 37876633 PMCID: PMC10591102 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1255239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered one of the most hazardous zoonotic diseases all over the world. It causes formidable economic losses in developed and developing countries. Despite the significant attempts to get rid of Brucella pathogens in many parts of the world, the disease continues to spread widely. Recently, many attempts proved to be effective for the prevention and control of highly contagious bovine brucellosis, which could be followed by others to achieve a prosperous future without rampant Brucella pathogens. In this study, the updated view for worldwide Brucella distribution, possible predisposing factors for emerging Brucella pathogens, immune response and different types of Brucella vaccines, genomics and proteomics approaches incorporated recently in the field of brucellosis, and future perspectives for prevention and control of bovine brucellosis have been discussed comprehensively. So, the current study will be used as a guide for researchers in planning their future work, which will pave the way for a new world without these highly contagious pathogens that have been infecting and threatening the health of humans and terrestrial animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sobhy Dawood
- Engineering Laboratory for Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Alyaa Elrashedy
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nayel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Akram Salama
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- Engineering Laboratory for Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zaghawa
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Muhammed Zubair
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ahmed Elsify
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Walid Mousa
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Wanhe Luo
- Engineering Laboratory for Tarim Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, China
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Brangsch H, Horstkotte MA, Melzer F. Genotypic peculiarities of a human brucellosis case caused by Brucella suis biovar 5. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16586. [PMID: 37789135 PMCID: PMC10547717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43570-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human brucellosis cases are rare in non-endemic countries, such as Germany, where infections are predominantly caused by Brucella melitensis. The German National Reference Laboratory for Bovine, Porcine, Ovine and Caprine Brucellosis received a suspected Brucella sp. isolate from a patient for identification. Bacteriological tests and PCR-based diagnostics showed the isolate to be B. suis, but did not yield cohesive results regarding the biovar. Whole genome sequencing and subsequent genotyping was employed for a detailed characterization of the isolate and elucidating the reason for failure of the diagnostic PCR to correctly identify the biovar. The isolate was found to be B. suis bv. 5, a rare biovar with limited geographical distribution primarily found in the Northern Caucasus. Due to a deletion in one of the target regions of the diagnostic PCR, the isolate could not be correctly typed. Based on in silico genotyping it could be excluded that the isolate was identical to one of the B. suis bv. 5 reference strains. Here, we report a rare case of a B. suis bv. 5 field isolate. Furthermore, by reporting this finding, we want to make practitioners aware of possible misinterpretation of PCR results, as it cannot be excluded that the detected deletion is common among the B. suis bv. 5 community, as there is currently a lack of field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanka Brangsch
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany.
| | | | - Falk Melzer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Jena, Germany
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Hussen AM, Alemu F, Hasan Hussen A, Mohamed AH, Gebremeskel HF. Herd and animal level seroprevalence and associated risk factors of small ruminant brucellosis in the Korahey zone, Somali regional state, eastern Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1236494. [PMID: 37795014 PMCID: PMC10546184 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1236494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucellosis is a zoonosis of major public health and economic importance that is endemic in livestock in Ethiopia with varying levels of seroprevalence. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the individual and herd-level seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in the Korahey zone of the Ethiopian Somali Region. A total of 324 sera from 63 herds of small ruminants were collected randomly using a multistage sampling technique and the sera were tested using the Rose Bengal Plate Test, and seropositive reactors were confirmed by the Complement Fixation Test. Results and discussion The seroprevalence of brucellosis at the herds and the individual level was 6.35% (95% CI: 0.0-13%) and 1.23% (95% CI: 0.0-2%), respectively; with 1.4% in goats and 0.9% in sheep. Moreover, predicted variables like age group, parity, history of abortion, fetal membranes, herd size, ownership of other livestock species, contact with wild animals in the past year, the introduction of new animals in the past year, and lending of breeding males in the past year were not significantly associated (p > 0.05) with Brucella seropositivity at individual and herd level seroprevalence during multivariable logistic regression analysis. Pastoral community awareness regarding the public health impact of brucellosis and the promotion of an intersectoral One Health approach for the effective control of brucellosis is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fikadu Alemu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
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Brangsch H, Sandalakis V, Babetsa M, Boukouvala E, Ntoula A, Makridaki E, Christidou A, Psaroulaki A, Akar K, Gürbilek SE, Jamil T, Melzer F, Neubauer H, Wareth G. Genotype diversity of brucellosis agents isolated from humans and animals in Greece based on whole-genome sequencing. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:529. [PMID: 37580676 PMCID: PMC10426126 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease whose causative agent, Brucella spp., is endemic in many countries of the Mediterranean basin, including Greece. Although the occurrence of brucellosis must be reported to the authorities, it is believed that the disease is under-reported in Greece, and knowledge about the genomic diversity of brucellae is lacking. METHODS Thus, 44 Brucella isolates, primarily B. melitensis, collected between 1999 and 2009 from humans and small ruminants in Greece were subjected to whole genome sequencing using short-read technology. The raw reads and assembled genomes were used for in silico genotyping based on single nucleotide substitutions and alleles. Further, specific genomic regions encoding putative virulence genes were screened for characteristic nucleotide changes, which arose in different genotype lineages. RESULTS In silico genotyping revealed that the isolates belonged to three of the known sublineages of the East Mediterranean genotype. In addition, a novel subgenotype was identified that was basal to the other East Mediterranean sublineages, comprising two Greek strains. The majority of the isolates can be assumed to be of endemic origin, as they were clustered with strains from the Western Balkans or Turkey, whereas one strain of human origin could be associated with travel to another endemic region, e.g. Portugal. Further, nucleotide substitutions in the housekeeping gene rpoB and virulence-associated genes were detected, which were characteristic of the different subgenotypes. One of the isolates originating from an aborted bovine foetus was identified as B. abortus vaccine strain RB51. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate the existence of several distinct persistent Brucella sp. foci in Greece. To detect these and for tracing infection chains, extensive sampling initiatives are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanka Brangsch
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Fredrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Vassilios Sandalakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71500, Greece
| | - Maria Babetsa
- Veterinary Research Institute, ELGO-DIMITRA, Campus of Thermi, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evridiki Boukouvala
- Veterinary Research Institute, ELGO-DIMITRA, Campus of Thermi, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Artemisia Ntoula
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71500, Greece
| | - Eirini Makridaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71500, Greece
| | - Athanasia Christidou
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71500, Greece
| | - Anna Psaroulaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 71500, Greece
| | - Kadir Akar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, 65090, Turkey
| | - Sevil Erdenlig Gürbilek
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, 63200, Turkey
| | - Tariq Jamil
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Fredrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Fredrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Fredrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gamal Wareth
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Fredrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), 07743, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
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12
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Long GS, Hider J, Duggan AT, Klunk J, Eaton K, Karpinski E, Giuffra V, Ventura L, Prowse TL, Fornaciari A, Fornaciari G, Holmes EC, Golding GB, Poinar HN. A 14th century CE Brucella melitensis genome and the recent expansion of the Western Mediterranean clade. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011538. [PMID: 37523413 PMCID: PMC10414615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Brucella and typically transmitted through contact with infected ruminants. It is one of the most common chronic zoonotic diseases and of particular interest to public health agencies. Despite its well-known transmission history and characteristic symptoms, we lack a more complete understanding of the evolutionary history of its best-known species-Brucella melitensis. To address this knowledge gap we fortuitously found, sequenced and assembled a high-quality ancient B. melitensis draft genome from the kidney stone of a 14th-century Italian friar. The ancient strain contained fewer core genes than modern B. melitensis isolates, carried a complete complement of virulence genes, and did not contain any indication of significant antimicrobial resistances. The ancient B. melitensis genome fell as a basal sister lineage to a subgroup of B. melitensis strains within the Western Mediterranean phylogenetic group, with a short branch length indicative of its earlier sampling time, along with a similar gene content. By calibrating the molecular clock we suggest that the speciation event between B. melitensis and B. abortus is contemporaneous with the estimated time frame for the domestication of both sheep and goats. These results confirm the existence of the Western Mediterranean clade as a separate group in the 14th CE and suggest that its divergence was due to human and ruminant co-migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S. Long
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jessica Hider
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Ana T. Duggan
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jennifer Klunk
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Daicel Arbor Biosciences, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Katherine Eaton
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Emil Karpinski
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Valentina Giuffra
- Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Ventura
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Division of Pathology, San Salvatore Hospital, Coppito, Italy
| | - Tracy L. Prowse
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Antonio Fornaciari
- Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Hendrik N. Poinar
- McMaster Ancient DNA Centre, Departments of Anthropology and Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- CIFAR Humans and the Microbiome Program, Toronto, Canada
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Scholz HC, Heckers KO, Appelt S, Geier-Dömling D, Schlegel P, Wattam AR. Isolation of Brucella inopinata from a White's tree frog ( Litoria caerulea): pose exotic frogs a potential risk to human health? Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1173252. [PMID: 37362939 PMCID: PMC10285381 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1173252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cold-blooded hosts, particularly exotic frogs, have become a newly recognized reservoir for atypical Brucella species and strains worldwide, but their pathogenicity to humans remains largely unknown. Here we report the isolation and molecular characterization of a B. inopinata strain (FO700662) cultured from clinical samples taken from a captive diseased White's Tree Frog (Litoria caerulea) in Switzerland. The isolation of B. inopinata from a frog along with other reports of human infection by atypical Brucella raises the question of whether atypical Brucella could pose a risk to human health and deserves further attention. Methods The investigations included histopathological analysis of the frog, bacterial culture and in-depth molecular characterization of strain FO700662 based on genome sequencing data. Results and Discussion Originally identified as Ochrobactrum based on its rapid growth and biochemical profile, strain FO700622 was positive for the Brucella- specific markers bcsp31 and IS711. It showed the specific banding pattern of B. inopinata in conventional Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR and also had identical 16S rRNA and recA gene sequences as B. inopinata. Subsequent genome sequencing followed by core genome-based MLST (cgMLST) analysis using 2704 targets (74% of the total chromosome) revealed only 173 allelic differences compared to the type strain of B. inopinata BO1T, while previously considered the closest related strain BO2 differed in 2046 alleles. The overall average nucleotide identity (ANI) between the type strain BO1T and FO700622 was 99,89%, confirming that both strains were almost identical. In silico MLST-21 and MLVA-16 also identified strain FO700662 as B. inopinata. The nucleotide and amino acid-based phylogenetic reconstruction and comparative genome analysis again placed the isolate together with B. inopinata with 100% support. In conclusion, our data unequivocally classified strain FO700622, isolated from an exotic frog, as belonging to B. inopinata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger C. Scholz
- Department of Bacteriology and Toxinology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Kim O. Heckers
- LABOklin GmbH and Co KG, Labor für klinische Diagnostik, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Appelt
- Department of Bacteriology and Toxinology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Schlegel
- Kleintierpraxis Dr. med vet. Patrick Schlegel, Sargans, Switzerland
| | - Alice R. Wattam
- Biocomplexity Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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14
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Shome R, Natesan K, Kalleshamurthy T, Yadav C, Sahay S, Skariah S, Mohandoss N, Kumar ORV, Shome BR, Rahman H. Management of bovine brucellosis in organized dairy herds through the identification of risk factors: A cross-sectional study from Karnataka, India. Vet World 2023; 16:1122-1130. [PMID: 37576779 PMCID: PMC10420698 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1122-1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella species. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with bovine brucellosis seropositivity in organized dairy farms to control the disease in unvaccinated adult bovine herds in Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods In total, 3610 samples (3221 cattle and 389 buffaloes) were subjected to parallel testing using the Rose Bengal plate test and protein G-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, followed by analyses of animal- and farm-level epidemiological datasets to identify the risk factors. Results The apparent brucellosis prevalence at the animal level was higher in buffaloes (8.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.9-11.4) than in cattle (6.1%, 95% CI = 5.3-7.0). In a multivariable logistic model, animals calved 3-5 times (odds ratio [OR] = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.50-3.1, reference [ref]: animals calved <2 times); animals with a history of abortion (OR = 54.73, 95% CI = 33.66-89.02), repeat breeding (OR = 19.46, 95% CI = 11.72-32.25), and placental retention (OR = 13.94, 95% CI = 4.92-39.42, ref: no clinical signs); and dogs on farms (OR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.48-4.40, ref: absence of dogs); disposal of aborted fetus in open fields (OR = 4.97, 95% CI = 1.93-12.84) and water bodies (OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.50-3.1, ref: buried); purchase of animals from other farms (OR = 6.46, 95% CI = 1.01-41.67, ref: government farms); hand milking (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.02-10.0, ref: machine milking); and use of monthly veterinary services (OR = 3.45, 95% CI = 1.28-9.29, ref: weekly services) were considered significant risk factors for brucellosis in organized bovine herds (p < 0.01). Conclusion The study identified that the animals calved 3-5 times or with a history of abortion/repeat breeding/placental retention, and disposal of aborted fetus in open fields/water bodies as the potential risk factors for bovine brucellosis. These risk factors should be controlled through the implementation of best practices to reduce the brucellosis burden in bovine farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Triveni Kalleshamurthy
- ICAR-NIVEDI, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Habibur Rahman
- International Livestock Research Institute, NASC Complex, CG Center, DPS Marg, Pusa, New Delhi, India
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15
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Papić B, Kušar D, Krt B, Ocepek M, Avberšek J. Phylogeography of Brucella suis biovar 2 with focus on Slovenian wildlife. Vet Microbiol 2023; 282:109751. [PMID: 37104938 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Brucella suis commonly infects swine but occasionally also other animal species and humans. Wild boars are the most important reservoir of B. suis biovar 2, continually infecting susceptible hosts through close contact. Nevertheless, the genetic diversity of B. suis in wildlife remains understudied. Here, we typed 17 Slovenian B. suis biovar 2 isolates obtained in 2017-2019 from wild boars (n = 16) and a hare (n = 1) using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). To assess the global phylogenetic diversity of B. suis, we compared them to 126 publicly available B. suis genomes. All Slovenian isolates fell within the biovar 2 lineage, confirming the previous multiplex PCR typing results. According to MLST-21, the wild boar isolates were of sequence types (STs) ST16 (n = 8) and ST153 (n = 8); the maximum genetic distance between isolates of the same ST was 28 wgMLST alleles. The ST153 isolates were restricted to the Slovenian-Croatian border and clustered together with the Croatian ST153 isolates from swine, indicating cross-border transmission of B. suis ST153 strain. The hare isolate was of ST40 and was genetically distant (≥ 489 alleles) from the wild boar isolates. The genome-wide phylogeny clearly separated different B. suis biovars. The present study is the first report on the population structure of B. suis in wildlife in Slovenia and shows that the Slovenian B. suis population is genetically heterogeneous. At the species level, B. suis biovars are clearly separated in the WGS-based phylogenetic tree and can therefore be reliably predicted using WGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Papić
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Darja Kušar
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Brane Krt
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Ocepek
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jana Avberšek
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Shevtsov A, Cloeckaert A, Berdimuratova K, Shevtsova E, Shustov AV, Amirgazin A, Karibayev T, Kamalova D, Zygmunt MS, Ramanculov Y, Vergnaud G. Brucella abortus in Kazakhstan, population structure and comparison with worldwide genetic diversity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1106994. [PMID: 37032899 PMCID: PMC10073595 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1106994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus is the main causative agent of brucellosis in cattle, leading to severe economic consequences in agriculture and affecting public health. The zoonotic nature of the infection increases the need to control the spread and dynamics of outbreaks in animals with the incorporation of high resolution genotyping techniques. Based on such methods, B. abortus is currently divided into three clades, A, B, and C. The latter includes subclades C1 and C2. This study presents the results of whole-genome sequencing of 49 B. abortus strains isolated in Kazakhstan between 1947 and 2015 and of 36 B. abortus strains of various geographic origins isolated from 1940 to 2004. In silico Multiple Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) allowed to assign strains from Kazakhstan to subclades C1 and to a much lower extend C2. Whole-genome Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (wgSNP) analysis of the 46 strains of subclade C1 with strains of worldwide origins showed clustering with strains from neighboring countries, mostly North Caucasia, Western Russia, but also Siberia, China, and Mongolia. One of the three Kazakhstan strains assigned to subclade C2 matched the B. abortus S19 vaccine strain used in cattle, the other two were genetically close to the 104 M vaccine strain. Bayesian phylodynamic analysis dated the introduction of B. abortus subclade C1 into Kazakhstan to the 19th and early 20th centuries. We discuss this observation in view of the history of population migrations from Russia to the Kazakhstan steppes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Shevtsov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
- *Correspondence: Alexandr Shevtsov,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yerlan Ramanculov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Gilles Vergnaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Gilles Vergnaud,
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17
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Edao BM, Ameni G, Berg S, Tekle M, Whatmore AM, Wood JLN, van Tonder AJ, Ashford RT. Whole genome sequencing of Ethiopian Brucella abortus isolates expands the known diversity of an early branching sub-Saharan African lineage. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128966. [PMID: 37213520 PMCID: PMC10192883 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis remains one of the most significant zoonotic diseases globally, responsible for both considerable human morbidity and economic losses due to its impacts on livestock productivity. Despite this, there remain significant evidence gaps in many low- and middle-income countries, including those of sub-Saharan Africa. Here we report the first molecular characterisation of Brucella sp. from Ethiopia. Fifteen Brucella sp. isolates from an outbreak in cattle from a herd in central Ethiopia were identified as Brucella abortus, using bacterial culture and molecular methods. Sequencing of the Ethiopian B. abortus isolates allowed their phylogenetic comparison with 411 B. abortus strains of diverse geographical origins, using whole genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (wgSNP). The Ethiopian isolates belonged to an early-branching lineage (Lineage A) previously only represented by data from two strains, both of sub-Saharan African origin (Kenya and Mozambique). A second B. abortus lineage (Lineage B), also comprised solely of strains originating from sub-Saharan Africa, was identified. The majority of strains belonged to one of two lineages of strains originating from a much broader geographical range. Further analyses based on multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) expanded the number of B. abortus strains available for comparison with the Ethiopian isolates and were consistent with the findings from wgSNP analysis. MLST profiles of the Ethiopian isolates expanded the sequence type (ST) diversity of the early branching lineage of B. abortus, equivalent to wgSNP Lineage A. A more diverse cluster of STs, equivalent to wgSNP Lineage B, was comprised solely of strains originating from sub-Saharan Africa. Similarly, analysis of B. abortus MLVA profiles (n = 1891) confirmed that the Ethiopian isolates formed a unique cluster, similar to only two existing strains, and distinct from the majority of other strains of sub-Saharan African origin. These findings expand the known diversity of an under-represented lineage of B. abortus and suggest a potential evolutionary origin for the species in East Africa. In addition to providing information concerning Brucella species extant within Ethiopia this work serves as the basis for further studies on the global population structure and evolutionary history of a major zoonotic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedaso Mammo Edao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stefan Berg
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Muluken Tekle
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Adrian M. Whatmore
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andries J. van Tonder
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roland T. Ashford
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Roland T. Ashford,
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Moravedji M, Beig M, Baseri N, Rahravani M, Latifian M, Esmaeili S. Molecular detection of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in domestic ruminants and their ticks in selected areas of western Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2023; 24:270-275. [PMID: 38269017 PMCID: PMC10804434 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2023.47192.6806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the genus Brucella. Detection of Brucella species in different countries is of utmost importance. Aims This study aimed to detect Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis in domestic ruminant blood samples and their ticks in western Iran. Methods Sampling was conducted on ruminants from August to September 2020 in four different counties of Kurdistan Province, including Divandareh, Marivan, Baneh, and Sanandaj. Totally, 250 blood samples were collected from 250 small ruminants. There were no ticks on the skin of six (2.4%) ruminants, and 244 ticks were isolated from 244 animals. After genomic DNA extraction from all the collected samples, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to detect IS711 gene. Results Based on qPCR results, Brucella genus was detected in two blood samples (0.8%) from female sheep and four ticks (1.6%) from male sheep, including three Dermacentor marginatus (1.22%) and one Rhipicephalus turanicus (0.4%). Although B. melitensis was not detected in any tick or blood sample, one tick sample (D. marginatus) was positive for B. abortus. Conclusion Considering the positivity of ticks for brucellosis in this study, there is a possibility of Brucella transmission from infected ticks to humans and animals through tick bites, nevertheless, in order to identify the Brucella transmission relationship between ticks and animals, serological tests should be used in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Moravedji
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
- These authors contributed equally in this study and should be considered as the first author
| | - M. Beig
- Ph.D. Student in Medical Bacteriology, Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Ph.D. Student in Medical Bacteriology, National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
- These authors contributed equally in this study and should be considered as the first author
| | - N. Baseri
- Ph.D. in Medical Bacteriology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Ph.D. in Medical Bacteriology, National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - M. Rahravani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - M. Latifian
- BSc in Medical Laboratory Sciences, National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
| | - S. Esmaeili
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
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Kurmanov B, Zincke D, Su W, Hadfield TL, Aikimbayev A, Karibayev T, Berdikulov M, Orynbayev M, Nikolich MP, Blackburn JK. Assays for Identification and Differentiation of Brucella Species: A Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081584. [PMID: 36014002 PMCID: PMC9416531 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the most important and widespread bacterial zoonoses worldwide. Cases are reported annually across the range of known infectious species of the genus Brucella. Globally, Brucella melitensis, primarily hosted by domestic sheep and goats, affects large proportions of livestock herds, and frequently spills over into humans. While some species, such as Brucella abortus, are well controlled in livestock in areas of North America, the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem supports the species in native wild ungulates with occasional spillover to livestock. Elsewhere in North America, other Brucella species still infect domestic dogs and feral swine, with some associated human cases. Brucella spp. patterns vary across space globally with B. abortus and B. melitensis the most important for livestock control. A myriad of other species within the genus infect a wide range of marine mammals, wildlife, rodents, and even frogs. Infection in humans from these others varies with geography and bacterial species. Control in humans is primarily achieved through livestock vaccination and culling and requires accurate and rapid species confirmation; vaccination is Brucella spp.-specific and typically targets single livestock species for distribution. Traditional bacteriology methods are slow (some media can take up to 21 days for bacterial growth) and often lack the specificity of molecular techniques. Here, we summarize the molecular techniques for confirming and identifying specific Brucella species and provide recommendations for selecting the appropriate methods based on need, sensitivity, and laboratory capabilities/technology. As vaccination/culling approaches are costly and logistically challenging, proper diagnostics and species identification are critical tools for targeting surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berzhan Kurmanov
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Diansy Zincke
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Wanwen Su
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Ted L. Hadfield
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alim Aikimbayev
- Scientific Practical Center for Sanitary Epidemiological Expertise and Monitoring, Ministry of Health, Almaty 050008, Kazakhstan
| | - Talgat Karibayev
- National Reference Veterinary Center, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Maxat Berdikulov
- National Reference Veterinary Center, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Mukhit Orynbayev
- Research Institute for Biological Special Problems, Otar, Zhambyl 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Mikeljon P. Nikolich
- Bacterial Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Jason K. Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence:
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Hamidi H, Bagheri Nejad R, Es-Haghi A, Ghassempour A. A Combination of MALDI-TOF MS Proteomics and Species-Unique Biomarkers' Discovery for Rapid Screening of Brucellosis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1530-1540. [PMID: 35816556 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered to be a zoonotic infection with a predominant incidence in most parts of Iran that may even simply involve diagnostic laboratory personnel. In the present study, we apply matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for rapid and reliable discrimination of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis, based on proteomic mass patterns from chemically treated whole-cell analyses. Biomarkers of the low molecular weight proteome in the MALDI-TOF MS spectra were assigned to conserved ribosomal and structural protein families that were found in genome assemblies of B. abortus and B. melitensis in the NCBI database. Significant protein mass signals successfully mapped to ribosomal proteins and structural proteins, such as integration host factor subunit alpha, cold-shock proteins, HU family DNA-binding protein, ATP synthase subunit C, and GNAT family N-acetyltransferase, with specific biomarker peaks that have been identified for each virulent and vaccine strain. Web-accessible bioinformatics algorithms, with a robust data analysis workflow, followed by ribosomal and structural protein mapping, significantly enhanced the reliable assignment of key proteins and accurate identification of Brucella species. Furthermore, clinical samples were analyzed to confirm the most dominant protein biomarker candidates and their relevance for the identifications of B. melitensis and B. abortus. With proper optimization, we envision that the presented MALDI-TOF MS proteomics analyses, coupled with special usage of bioinformatics, could be used as a cost-efficient strategy for the diagnostics of brucellosis and introduce a reliable identification protocol for species of dangerous bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Hamidi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, 19839-69411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Bagheri Nejad
- Department of Physico Chemistry, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 31975/148 Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Es-Haghi
- Department of Physico Chemistry, Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 31975/148 Karaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghassempour
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, 19839-69411 Tehran, Iran
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Brucellosis in small ruminant: seroprevalence, risk factors, and distribution in the southeast of Algeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:245. [PMID: 35917026 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03236-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of brucellosis on public health and economy is unquestionable in developing countries such as the case of Algeria. This study aimed to provide further understanding of epidemiological status of brucellosis in small ruminant flocks in the southeast of Algeria. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted among small ruminant flocks (n = 51) in El Oued district using simple random sampling strategy. The serum samples collected from 612 sheep and goats (sheep = 280, goats = 332) were screened for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) in parallel on all the serum samples. The seropositive serum samples of both tests were confirmed with the complement fixation test (CFT). A structured questionnaire regarding animal, herd, and farm management was prepared and completed in parallel to sampling. Association between variables and Brucella spp. seropositivity status of herds was assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis using simple and binary logistic regression. Estimated true herd prevalence was 27.95% (95% CI, 17.18-42.01), and true individual prevalence was 3.98% (95% CI, 2.51-6.03). Seropositive herds were detected in bordering areas and regions with the highest livestock density. Occurrence of abortions in herds (p = 0.03) increased at least five times (5) the odds of being seropositive (OR, 6.25; 95% CI, 1.20-32.46). Poultry presence in farms revealed to be a protective factor (p = 0.01) (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.02-0.61). The high-level seroprevalence quantified in this study in small ruminant flocks reflects the persistent animal infection endemicity and the high risk of human exposure.
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Core Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme for Improved Characterization and Epidemiological Surveillance of Pathogenic Brucella. J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0031122. [PMID: 35852343 PMCID: PMC9387271 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00311-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis poses a significant burden to human and animal health worldwide. Robust and harmonized molecular epidemiological approaches and population studies that include routine disease screening are needed to efficiently track the origin and spread of Brucella strains. Core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) is a powerful genotyping system commonly used to delineate pathogen transmission routes for disease surveillance and control. Except for Brucella melitensis, cgMLST schemes for Brucella species are currently not established. Here, we describe a novel cgMLST scheme that covers multiple Brucella species. We first determined the phylogenetic breadth of the genus using 612 Brucella genomes. We selected 1,764 genes that were particularly well conserved and typeable in at least 98% of these genomes. We tested the new scheme on 600 genomes and found high agreement with the whole-genome-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Next, we applied the scheme to reanalyze the genome of Brucella strains from epidemiologically linked outbreaks. We demonstrated the applicability of the new scheme for high-resolution typing required in outbreak investigations as previously reported with whole-genome SNP methods. We also used the novel scheme to define the global population structure of the genus using 1,322 Brucella genomes. Finally, we demonstrated the possibility of tracing distribution of Brucella strains by performing cluster analysis of cgMLST profiles and found nearly identical cgMLST profiles in different countries. Our results show that sequencing depth of more than 40-fold is optimal for allele calling with this scheme. In summary, this study describes a novel Brucella-wide cgMLST scheme that is applicable in Brucella molecular epidemiology and helps in accurately tracking and thus controlling the sources of infection. The scheme is publicly accessible and should represent a valuable resource for laboratories with limited computational resources and bioinformatics expertise.
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Molecular characterization of zoonotic Brucella species isolated from animal and human samples in Iran. Acta Trop 2022; 229:106363. [PMID: 35149040 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is an endemic infection in Iran and represents a serious health problem in humans and livestock causing important economic losses. The objective of this study was to undertake molecular characterization of Brucella spp. isolated from humans and livestock in several provinces of Iran including by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), in order to understand the genotypes circulating in Iran and their relationship to genotypes globally. A total of 23 Brucella isolates were isolated from eight milk samples (seven cows, and one camel), human blood samples (seven), bovine lymph nodes (two), and samples from aborted fetuses (three sheep, two cows, and one goat). Phenotypic and molecular identification of Brucella isolates was performed on all isolated bacteria and showed that all were either Brucella melitensis or Brucella abortus. B. melitensis was associated with ovine/caprine and camel samples, most human isolates, and a significant minority of cattle isolates. In contrast B. abortus from livestock was associated only with isolations from bovine samples, as well as a single human sample. These results indicate that both B. melitensis and B. abortus contribute to the human brucellosis burden in Iran. B. melitensis isolates comprised three MLST-9 genotypes, the common and globally distributed ST8, a single representative of ST7, and several additional examples of ST102, a genotype previously only reported in a single isolate from a human brucellosis case believed to be acquired through travel to Iran. B. abortus isolates represented two globally common MLST-9 genotypes (ST1 and ST2), with relationships to biotype and other PCR-based typing methods consistent with previous observations. The results provide the basis for further studies examining the molecular epidemiology of Brucella circulating in Iran and the relationships of local isolates to those present globally.
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Lopes CE, De Carli S, Feltes BC, Pinto ÉSM, Sala RDV, Dorn M, Siqueira FM. Genetic and molecular Omp25 analyses from worldwide Brucella canis strains: Possible mutational influences in protein function. Gene 2022; 817:146175. [PMID: 35031422 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brucella canis is responsible for canine brucellosis, a neglected zoonotic disease. The omp25 gene has been described as an important marker for Brucella intra-species differentiation, in addition to the ability to interact with the host immune system. Therefore, this study investigated the omp25 sequence from B. canis strains associated to a phylogenetic characterization and the unveiling of the molecular structure. In vitro analyses comprised DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing of omp25 from 19 B. canis strains. Moreover, in silico analyses were performed at nucleotide level for phylogenetic characterization and evolutionary history of B. canis omp25 gene; and in amino acid level including modeling, dynamics, and epitope prediction of B. canis Omp25 protein. Here, we identified a new mutation, L109P, which diverges the worldwide omp25 sequences in two large branches. Interestingly, this mutation appears to have epidemiology importance, based on a geographical distribution of B. canis strains. Structural and molecular dynamics analyses of Omp25 revealed that Omp25L109P does not sustain its native β-barrel. Likewise, the conformation of B-cell epitope on the mutated region was changed in Omp25L109P protein. Even without an evolutive marker, the new identified mutation appears to affect the basic function of B. canis Omp25 protein, which could indicate virulence adaptation for some B. canis strains in a context of geographical disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassiane Elisabete Lopes
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Veterinary School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvia De Carli
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Veterinary School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Feltes
- Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Éderson Sales Moreira Pinto
- Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Dalla Vecchia Sala
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Veterinary School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcio Dorn
- Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology - Forensic Science, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciele Maboni Siqueira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Veterinary School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Evaluation of the Genetic Profiles of Brucella melitensis Strain from Turkey using Multilocus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) Techniques. Vet Microbiol 2022; 269:109423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ohishi K, Kobayashi M, Maruyama T. Anti-Brucella antibodies in seals at coastal locations of Hokkaido, Japan, with focus on life stages. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:543-547. [PMID: 35173087 PMCID: PMC9096050 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to detect antibodies against
Brucella abortus in serum samples from four seal species at nine
coastal locations of Hokkaido, Japan. These antibodies were detected in 27% (32/118) of
Western Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina stejnegeri) at Cape Erimo.
The antibodies were observed in spotted seals (P. largha) in one out of
six at Nemuro, in two out of three at Rebun Island, in one out of two at Bakkai, and in
examined one at Soya. They were also found in respective examined one ribbon seal
(Histriophoca fasciata) and one ringed seal (Pusa
hispida) at Akkeshi. Harbor seals that tested positive were mostly yearlings
(35%, 20/57) and juveniles (45%, 10/22), while only one pup (1/13) and one subadult (1/5)
tested positive with low titers of the antibody; no antibodies were observed in adults
(n=21). These results suggest that Brucella mainly infected harbor seals
from the environment while weaning, and the bacteria were cleared during the early life
stage of the seals. In spotted seals, however, antibodies were also detected in adults,
suggesting that spotted seals could become infected with Brucella even as
adults. It is also possible that a different, more persistent strain of
Brucella may have infected the spotted seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Ohishi
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University.,Department of Clinical Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology
| | - Mari Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture.,Incorporated Non Profit Organization Marine Wildlife Center of Japan
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Aliyev J, Alakbarova M, Garayusifova A, Omarov A, Aliyeva S, Fretin D, Godfroid J. Identification and molecular characterization of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis isolated from milk in cattle in Azerbaijan. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:71. [PMID: 35168621 PMCID: PMC8845251 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azerbaijan currently ranks thirteenth in global incidence of human brucellosis, with an estimated annual incidence through 2000 at over 50 cases per million. Brucella melitensis has been isolated from patients and is thought to have been acquired through contact with small ruminants or as a foodborne infection. To reduce the burden of human brucellosis, the Azerbaijani government began in 2002, a nationwide vaccination control campaign in small ruminants. There is serological evidence of bovine brucellosis (presumably due to Brucella abortus) in Azerbaijan, but no prevalence estimates were available when this study started in March 2017. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Brucella spp. from cow milk in the Ganja region, where brucellosis takes a heavy toll on humans and livestock. RESULTS Blood and milk samples were collected from cows (n = 1075) in early lactation (up to 90-days) in farms that had a history of previous positive serological results and abortions. Twenty-two out of 57 milk samples collected from seropositive cows, showed growth on Farrell's media, when incubated with 5% CO2. Eight additional milk samples showed growth in the absence of CO2. The classical biotyping classified them as Brucella abortus (22) and Brucella melitensis (8). RT-PCR confirmed that strains belonged to the genus Brucella. MLVA profiles were obtained for DNA extracted from two B. abortus and six B. melitensis strains. While the B. abortus genetic profile was described in the MLVA database, matching the profile of B. abortus strains isolated in East Europe, Central Asia and China, we found a new genotype for the B. melitensis strains isolated in Azerbaijan, clustering with strains belonging to the American clade, rarely identified in the region. CONCLUSION Despite the implementation of the vaccination program in small ruminants, our results suggest that spill-over events of B. melitensis from small ruminants to cattle have occurred. However, cattle are likely to be primarily infected with B. abortus, which warranted the implementation of a bovine brucellosis program. Such a program started in fall 2017. In the Ganja region, cattle should be considered as a potential source of B. abortus and B. melitensis for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyhun Aliyev
- Department of Epizootology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, ASAU - Azerbaijan State Agricultural University, 450, Ataturk Avenue, AZ 2000, Ganja, Azerbaijan
| | - Mahnur Alakbarova
- Goygol Regional Testing Laboratory, Azerbaijan Food Safety Institute, Heydar Aliyev Ave. 142, Goygol, Azerbaijan
| | - Aytan Garayusifova
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, UW - The University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Asaf Omarov
- Life Science Department, Khazar University, 41 Mehseti Street, AZ1096, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Saida Aliyeva
- Black & Veatch Special Projects Corp, Maryam Plaza, 12 B.Baghirova, AZ1065, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - David Fretin
- Sciensano, Veterinary Bacteriology, Groeselenberg 99, 1180, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques Godfroid
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Postbox 6050, Langnes, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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High-Resolution Melting PCR as Rapid Genotyping Tool for Brucella Species. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020336. [PMID: 35208791 PMCID: PMC8876322 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella sp. are the causative agents of brucellosis. One of the main characteristics of the Brucella genus concerns its very high genetic homogeneity. To date, classical bacteriology typing is still considered as the gold standard assay for direct diagnosis of Brucella. Molecular approaches are routinely used for the identification of Brucella at the genus level. However, genotyping is more complex, and to date, no method exists to quickly assign a strain into species and biovar levels, and new approaches are required. Next generation sequencing (NGS) opened a new era into the diagnosis of bacterial diseases. In this study, we designed a high-resolution melting (HRM) method for the rapid screening of DNA and direct assignment into one of the 12 species of the Brucella genus. This method is based on 17 relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), identified and selected from a whole genome SNP (wgSNP) analysis based on 988 genomes (complete and drafts). These markers were tested against the collection of the European Reference Laboratory (EU-RL) for brucellosis (1440 DNAs extracted from Brucella strains). The results confirmed the reliability of the panel of 17 SNP markers, allowing the differentiation of each species of Brucella together with biovars 1, 2, and 3 of B. suis and vaccine strain Rev1 (B. melitensis) within 3 h, which is a considerable gain of time for brucellosis diagnosis. Therefore, this genotyping tool provides a new and quick alternative for Brucella identification based on SNPs with the HRM-PCR assay.
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Zilberman B, Motro Y, Sagi O, Kornspan D, Ben-Shimol S, Gdalevich M, Yagel Y, Davidovitch N, Khalfin B, Rabinowitz P, Nesher L, Grotto I, Bardenstein S, Moran-Gilad J. Genomic Epidemiology of Clinical Brucella melitensis Isolates from Southern Israel. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020238. [PMID: 35208693 PMCID: PMC8878301 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, a zoonosis mainly transmitted by consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, is endemic in Southern Israel, mainly among the Bedouin Arab population. However, the genomic epidemiology of B. melitensis in this region has not yet been elucidated. A cohort of brucellosis cases (n = 118) diagnosed between 2017–2019 was studied using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Phylogenetic analyses utilized core genome MLST (cgMLST) for all local isolates and core genome SNPs for 347 human-associated B. melitensis genomes, including Israeli and publicly available sequences. Israeli isolates formed two main clusters, presenting a notable diversity, with no clear dominance of a specific strain. On a global scale, the Israeli genomes clustered according to their geographical location, in proximity to genomes originating from the Middle East, and formed the largest cluster in the tree, suggesting relatively high conservation. Our study unveils the genomic epidemiology of B. melitensis in Southern Israel, implicating that rather than a common source, the transmission pattern of brucellosis among Bedouin communities is complex, predominantly local, and household-based. Further, genomic surveillance of B. melitensis is expected to inform future public health and veterinary interventions and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bar Zilberman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (B.Z.); (Y.M.); (O.S.); (S.B.-S.); (M.G.); (Y.Y.); (N.D.); (B.K.); (L.N.); (I.G.)
| | - Yair Motro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (B.Z.); (Y.M.); (O.S.); (S.B.-S.); (M.G.); (Y.Y.); (N.D.); (B.K.); (L.N.); (I.G.)
| | - Orli Sagi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (B.Z.); (Y.M.); (O.S.); (S.B.-S.); (M.G.); (Y.Y.); (N.D.); (B.K.); (L.N.); (I.G.)
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - David Kornspan
- Brucellosis Lab, OIE, FAO Reference Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (D.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Shalom Ben-Shimol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (B.Z.); (Y.M.); (O.S.); (S.B.-S.); (M.G.); (Y.Y.); (N.D.); (B.K.); (L.N.); (I.G.)
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Michael Gdalevich
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (B.Z.); (Y.M.); (O.S.); (S.B.-S.); (M.G.); (Y.Y.); (N.D.); (B.K.); (L.N.); (I.G.)
- Southern District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Beer Sheva 84104, Israel
| | - Yael Yagel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (B.Z.); (Y.M.); (O.S.); (S.B.-S.); (M.G.); (Y.Y.); (N.D.); (B.K.); (L.N.); (I.G.)
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Nadav Davidovitch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (B.Z.); (Y.M.); (O.S.); (S.B.-S.); (M.G.); (Y.Y.); (N.D.); (B.K.); (L.N.); (I.G.)
| | - Boris Khalfin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (B.Z.); (Y.M.); (O.S.); (S.B.-S.); (M.G.); (Y.Y.); (N.D.); (B.K.); (L.N.); (I.G.)
| | - Peter Rabinowitz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Lior Nesher
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (B.Z.); (Y.M.); (O.S.); (S.B.-S.); (M.G.); (Y.Y.); (N.D.); (B.K.); (L.N.); (I.G.)
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Itamar Grotto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (B.Z.); (Y.M.); (O.S.); (S.B.-S.); (M.G.); (Y.Y.); (N.D.); (B.K.); (L.N.); (I.G.)
| | - Svetlana Bardenstein
- Brucellosis Lab, OIE, FAO Reference Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; (D.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Jacob Moran-Gilad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (B.Z.); (Y.M.); (O.S.); (S.B.-S.); (M.G.); (Y.Y.); (N.D.); (B.K.); (L.N.); (I.G.)
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva 84101, Israel
- Correspondence:
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First Isolation and Multilocus Sequence Typing of Brucella canis from a Subclinically Infected Pet Dog in China. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9010022. [PMID: 35051106 PMCID: PMC8780227 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine brucellosis, a worldwide zoonotic disease, is mainly caused by Brucella canis. In the present study, we isolated a Brucella strain (CD3) from a subclinically infected pet dog in Sichuan Province, Southwestern China. Classical biotyping methods and molecular biological tests (BCSP31 and BcSS PCR) proved that the strain belonged to B. canis. Furthermore, B. canis CD3 and another two B. canis strains (WJ5 and YA4), which were all isolated from pet dogs in Sichuan, were genotyped using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Our results showed that the three B. canis strains were identified as the same sequence type (ST21). The present study is the first to report B. canis strain from a subclinically infected pet dog in China, indicating a potential threat to public health posed by subclinical infections in pet dogs. We suggest that screening for B. canis should be incorporated into routine medical examination of pet dogs and other companion animals in areas with a history of animal or human brucellosis.
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Microbiological Laboratory Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis: An Overview. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121623. [PMID: 34959578 PMCID: PMC8709366 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. are Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, slow-growing, facultative intracellular bacteria causing brucellosis. Brucellosis is an endemic of specific geographic areas and, although underreported, represents the most common zoonotic infection, with an annual global incidence of 500,000 cases among humans. Humans represent an occasional host where the infection is mainly caused by B. melitensis, which is the most virulent; B. abortus; B. suis; and B. canis. A microbiological analysis is crucial to identifying human cases because clinical symptoms of human brucellosis are variable and aspecific. The laboratory diagnosis is based on three different microbiological approaches: (i) direct diagnosis by culture, (ii) indirect diagnosis by serological tests, and (iii) direct rapid diagnosis by molecular PCR-based methods. Despite the established experience with serological tests and highly sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), a culture is still considered the “gold standard” in the laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis due to its clinical and epidemiological relevance. Moreover, the automated BC systems now available have increased the sensitivity of BCs and shortened the time to detection of Brucella species. The main limitations of serological tests are the lack of common interpretative criteria, the suboptimal specificity due to interspecies cross-reactivity, and the low sensitivity during the early stage of disease. Despite that, serological tests remain the main diagnostic tool, especially in endemic areas because they are inexpensive, user friendly, and have high negative predictive value. Promising serological tests based on new synthetic antigens have been recently developed together with novel point-of-care tests without the need for dedicated equipment and expertise. NAATs are rapid tests that can help diagnose brucellosis in a few hours with high sensitivity and specificity. Nevertheless, the interpretation of NAAT-positive results requires attention because it may not necessarily indicate an active infection but rather a low bacterial inoculum, DNA from dead bacteria, or a patient that has recovered. Refined NAATs should be developed, and their performances should be compared with those of commercial and home-made molecular tests before being commercialized for the diagnosis of brucellosis. Here, we review and report the most common and updated microbiological diagnostic methods currently available for the laboratory diagnosis of brucellosis.
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Dadar M, Tiwari R, Sharun K, Dhama K. Importance of brucellosis control programs of livestock on the improvement of one health. Vet Q 2021; 41:137-151. [PMID: 33618618 PMCID: PMC7946044 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1894501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis not only represents an important health restraint on livestock but also causes high economic losses in many developing countries worldwide. Despite considerable efforts made for the control of brucellosis, the disease is still spreading in many regions (such as the Middle East) where it represents one of the most important health hazards impacting both animals and humans. The present review aims to investigate the efficacy of veterinary control programs regarding brucellosis, with a special focus on current prevention, control, and eradication approaches. The reasons for unsuccessful control programs such as the absence of highly effective vaccines and non-certified bulls are also debated, to understand why the prevalence of brucellosis in livestock is not decreasing in many areas despite considerable efforts taken to date. The importance of governmental and regional investment in brucellosis control remains one of the main limiting factors owing to the limited budget allocated to tackle this disease. In this context, one health concept has generated novel comprehensive approaches with multiple economic implications across the livestock industry and public health. However, the implementation of such global preventive strategies appears to be a key issue for many endemic and low-income countries. According to the collected data, epidemiological contexts including management and trade systems along with well-defined agro-ecological zones should be evaluated in brucellosis endemic countries to improve milk production and to enhance the sustainability of the livestock sector at both national and regional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Vakili S, Samare-Najaf M, Dehghanian A, Tajbakhsh A, Askari H, Tabrizi R, Iravani Saadi M, Movahedpour A, Alizadeh M, Samareh A, Taghizadeh S, Noroozi S. Gold Nanobiosensor Based on the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance is Able to Diagnose Human Brucellosis, Introducing a Rapid and Affordable Method. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:144. [PMID: 34529188 PMCID: PMC8446120 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is considered as the most common bacterial zoonosis in the world. Although the laboratory findings are the most reliable diagnosis today, the current laboratory methods have many limitations. This research aimed to design and evaluate the performance of a novel technique based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) to eliminate or reduce existing shortcomings. For this purpose, smooth lipopolysaccharides were extracted from Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus and fixed on the surface of the gold nanoparticles through covalent interactions. After some optimizing processes, dynamic light scattering was used to characterize the probe. The detection of captured anti-Brucella antibody was performed by measuring the redshift on LSPR peak followed by the determination of cutoff value, which indicated a significant difference between controls and true positive patients (P value < 0.01). Furthermore, 40 sera from true negative samples and positive patients were used to evaluate the performance of this method by comparing its outcomes with the gold standard (culture), standard tube agglutination test, and anti-brucellosis IgM and IgG levels (ELISA). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value showed an appropriate performance of the LSPR-based method (85%, 100%, 100%, and 86%, respectively). The current research results provide a promising fast, convenient, and inexpensive method for detecting the anti-Brucella antibodies in human sera, which can be widely used in medical laboratories to diagnose brucellosis quickly and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Vakili
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Samare-Najaf
- Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirreza Dehghanian
- Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Molecular Pathology and Cytogenetics Division, Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Askari
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Tabrizi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Alizadeh
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Mohammad Rasul Allah Research Tower, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Samareh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Taghizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saam Noroozi
- Department of Biochemistry, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
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Sambu RM, Mathew C, Nonga HE, Lukambagire AS, Yapi RB, Akoko J, Fokou G, Keyyu JD, Bonfoh B, Kazwala RR. Circulating Brucella species in wild animals of the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2021; 3:15. [PMID: 34425909 PMCID: PMC8383352 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-021-00047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonosis of public health and economic importance worldwide. It affects a number of domestic animals, wild animals and humans. Human brucellosis originates from either livestock or wildlife. The species of Brucella circulating in wild animals in Tanzania is largely unknown due to insufficient surveillance. This study was carried out to identify Brucella species found in selected wildlife hosts in the Serengeti ecosystem. METHODOLOGY The study used a total of 189 archived samples that were obtained from cross-sectional studies previously conducted between 2000 and 2017 in the Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania. Whole blood, serum and amniotic fluid collected from buffalos, lions, wildebeest, impala, zebra and hyena were available for DNA extraction. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. ovis and B. suis (AMOS PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting the bcsp31 and IS711 genes for Brucella genus detection and the IS711 targets alkB for B. abortus and BMEI1162 for B. melitensis were used to detect Brucella strains. RESULTS Out of the 189 samples tested, 12 (6.35 %) and 22 (11.6 %) were positive to AMOS-PCR and qPCR, respectively. Most of the positive samples were from lions (52.6 %) and buffaloes (19.6 %). Other animals that were positive included: wildebeest (13.6 %), impala (13.6 %), zebra (4.5 %) and hyena (4.5 %). Out of 22 positive samples, 16 (66.7 %) were identified as B. abortus and the other six samples did not amplify for neither B. abortus nor B. melitensis. CONCLUSIONS The detection of Brucella DNA in archived wild animal samples shows testing potential of samples collected from this population. The zoonotic species B. abortus and B. melitensis detected in wild animals have previously been reported in livestock and humans in the region. The findings suggest that, due to the contact network, some of the identified wild animal hosts in this study could be reservoirs for infections in domestic animals and humans within the Serengeti ecosystem while others are likely dead-end hosts. One Health control strategies and continuous surveillance programs in other wildlife reserved areas should be implemented to help predicting transmission in livestock and humans in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Sambu
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, P.O. Box 129, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - C. Mathew
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - H. E. Nonga
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, P.O. Box 2870, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - A. S. Lukambagire
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - R. B. Yapi
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - J. Akoko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - G. Fokou
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - J. D. Keyyu
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Box 661, Arusha, Sambu, Tanzania
| | - B. Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - R. R. Kazwala
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P. O. Box 3021, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Banai M, Jiang H, Peng X, Feng Y, Jiang H, Ding J. The prevention and control of domesticated animal brucellosis. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Whole-Genome Sequence of a Brucella pinnipedialis Sequence Type 54 Strain Isolated from a Hooded Seal ( Cystophora cristata) from the North Atlantic Ocean, Norway. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:10/18/e00271-21. [PMID: 33958398 PMCID: PMC8103868 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00271-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 1990s, Brucella strains have been isolated from a wide variety of marine mammal species. We report the first complete genome sequence of a Brucella strain isolated from a hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), Brucella pinnipedialis strain 23a-1 of sequence type 54, found in the North Atlantic Ocean surrounding Norway.
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Whatmore AM, Foster JT. Emerging diversity and ongoing expansion of the genus Brucella. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104865. [PMID: 33872784 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable genetic diversity and breadth of host species has been uncovered in the Brucella genus over the past decade, fundamentally changing our concept of what it means to be a Brucella. From ocean fishes and marine mammals, to pond dwelling amphibians, forest foxes, desert rodents, and cave-dwelling bats, Brucella have revealed a variety of previously unknown niches. Classical microbiological techniques have been able to help us classify many of these new strains but at times have limited our ability to see the true relationships among or within species. The closest relatives of Brucella are soil bacteria and the adaptations of Brucella spp. to live intracellularly suggest that the genus has evolved to live in vertebrate hosts. Several recently discovered species appear to have phenotypes that are intermediate between soil bacteria and core Brucella, suggesting that they may represent ancestral traits that were subsequently lost in the traditional species. Remarkably, the broad relationships among Brucella species using a variety of sequence and fragment-based approaches have been upheld when using comparative genomics with whole genomes. Nonetheless, genomes are required for fine-scale resolution of many of the relationships and for understanding the evolutionary history of the genus. We expect that the coming decades will reveal many more hosts and previously unknown diversity in a wide range of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Whatmore
- OIE and FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom.
| | - Jeffrey T Foster
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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Nagalingam M, Basheer TJ, Balamurugan V, Shome R, Kumari SS, Reddy GBM, Shome BR, Rahman H, Roy P, Kingston JJ, Gandham RK. Comparative evaluation of the immunodominant proteins of Brucella abortus for the diagnosis of cattle brucellosis. Vet World 2021; 14:803-812. [PMID: 33935431 PMCID: PMC8076471 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.803-812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The present serodiagnosis of brucellosis in livestock is based on the whole cell or smooth lipopolysaccharide of the Brucella organism in which specificity is hampered by the cross-reactivity, especially with the antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 organism. The problem can be addressed by screening for better immunodominant antigens. Hence, the present study was undertaken to screen protein antigens of Brucella abortus for their diagnostic potential in cattle brucellosis. Materials and Methods: Protein antigens of B. abortus (n=10) non-reactive to antibodies against Y. enterocolitica O:9 were selected, expressed in Escherichia coli, assessed the reactivity of expressed recombinant proteins by Western blot, standardized indirect-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting Brucella antibodies in cattle serum, and comparative evaluation was done. Results: All the selected protein antigens were expressed and in the Western blot with Brucella antibodies positive cattle serum, six recombinant (Brucella protein 26 [BP26], Cu-Zn Superoxide dismutase [SodC], B. abortus I-1885, Serine protease, Bacterioferritin, and Brucella Lumazine Synthase [BLS]) proteins showed reaction whereas none of the proteins showed reactivity with Brucella negative cattle serum. ELISA has been done using known Brucella positive and negative cattle sera samples (n=113 each) in which the performance of recombinant proteins in diagnosing brucellosis was in the order of BP26 > BLS > SodC followed by rest of the proteins. BP26 based ELISA was found to be better with area under the curve as 0.953, and diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, and Youden’s index of 90.27%, 95.58%, and 0.8584, respectively, with the excellent agreement (k=0.85). Conclusion: BP26 could be a potential diagnostic antigen among the immunodominant proteins of B. abortus in ruling out Y. enterocolitica O:9 infection while diagnosing brucellosis in cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohandoss Nagalingam
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Thaslim J Basheer
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Rajeswari Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Sowjanya Kumari
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Habibur Rahman
- International Livestock Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - R K Gandham
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Brucella abortus Isolates from Various Regions of South Africa. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030570. [PMID: 33799545 PMCID: PMC7998772 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of whole genome sequences in public databases permits genome-wide comparative studies of various bacterial species. Whole genome sequence-single nucleotide polymorphisms (WGS-SNP) analysis has been used in recent studies and allows the discrimination of various Brucella species and strains. In the present study, 13 Brucella spp. strains from cattle of various locations in provinces of South Africa were typed and discriminated. WGS-SNP analysis indicated a maximum pairwise distance ranging from 4 to 77 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the South African Brucella abortus virulent field strains. Moreover, it was shown that the South African B. abortus strains grouped closely to B. abortus strains from Mozambique and Zimbabwe, as well as other Eurasian countries, such as Portugal and India. WGS-SNP analysis of South African B. abortus strains demonstrated that the same genotype circulated in one farm (Farm 1), whereas another farm (Farm 2) in the same province had two different genotypes. This indicated that brucellosis in South Africa spreads within the herd on some farms, whereas the introduction of infected animals is the mode of transmission on other farms. Three B. abortus vaccine S19 strains isolated from tissue and aborted material were identical, even though they originated from different herds and regions of South Africa. This might be due to the incorrect vaccination of animals older than the recommended age of 4-8 months or might be a problem associated with vaccine production.
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Brucella species circulating in rural and periurban dairy cattle farms: a comparative study in an endemic area. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:200. [PMID: 33686494 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02645-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is among the most important zoonotic infectious diseases worldwide affecting both humans and domestic animals. The present study aimed to determine and compare the seroprevalence of brucellosis among rural and periurban dairy cattle farms of four Iranian provinces from 2017 to 2019. We applied different serological tests, including RBT, SAT, and iELISA to evaluate the brucellosis prevalence among 2808 dairy cattle. Species-specific multiplex PCR and biotyping tests were also used to further identify the implicated Brucella species. Serological screening using RBT, SAT, and iELISA led to 157 (5.6%), 112 (3.9%), and 139 (4.9%) positive results among tested cattle, respectively. Brucella abortus biovars 1 (2 cases) and biovars 3 (42 cases) were identified by biotyping experiments and multiplex PCR in all 44 tested lymph node samples. Further, Cohen's kappa statistical analysis revealed that the best degree of agreement was seen between RBT and iELISA (99.4%), followed by SAT/iELISA (98.5%) and finally RBT/SAT (98.4%). Our results also showed a significantly lower seroprevalence of brucellosis in periurban dairy cattle when compared to rural dairy cattle population (p value= 0.01). These results reflect the need for better vaccine coverage using RB51 combined with an appropriate test-and-slaughter program in the rural dairy cattle population.
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Neurobrucellosis due to Brucella ceti ST26 in Three Sowerby's Beaked Whales (Mesoplodon bidens). J Comp Pathol 2020; 182:1-8. [PMID: 33494901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fatal meningoencephalitis due to Brucella ceti infection has been described in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus), short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas), which are all within the family Delphinidae. We report B. ceti-associated neurobrucellosis in three juvenile male Sowerby's beaked whales (Mesoplodon bidens) that all had typical lesions of lymphocytic meningoencephalitis, which increased in severity from rostral to caudal regions of the brain. In two cases there was loss of ependymal cells lining the cerebral ventricular system, with large numbers of lymphocytes in the underlying neuropil. This finding suggests that B. ceti gains access to, and multiplies in, the cerebrospinal fluid, and confirms that this is the sample of choice for bacteriological recovery of the causative organism. These findings expand the increasing range of cetaceans susceptible to neurobrucellosis to members of the family Ziphiidae.
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MALDI-TOF MS and genomic analysis can make the difference in the clarification of canine brucellosis outbreaks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19246. [PMID: 33159111 PMCID: PMC7648634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the most common bacterial zoonoses worldwide affecting not only livestock and wildlife but also pets. Canine brucellosis is characterized by reproductive failure in dogs. Human Brucella canis infections are rarely reported but probably underestimated due to insufficient diagnostic surveillance. To improve diagnostics, we investigated dogs in a breeding kennel that showed clinical manifestations of brucellosis and revealed positive blood cultures. As an alternative to the time-consuming and hazardous classical identification procedures, a newly developed species-specific intact-cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry analysis was applied, which allowed for rapid identification of B. canis and differentiation from closely related B. suis biovar 1. High-throughput sequencing and comparative genomics using single nucleotide polymorphism analysis clustered our isolates together with canine and human strains from various Central and South American countries in a distinct sub-lineage. Hence, molecular epidemiology clearly defined the outbreak cluster and demonstrated the endemic situation in South America. Our study illustrates that MALDI-TOF MS analysis using a validated in-house reference database facilitates rapid B. canis identification at species level. Additional whole genome sequencing provides more detailed outbreak information and leads to a deeper understanding of the epidemiology of canine brucellosis.
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Suárez-Esquivel M, Chaves-Olarte E, Moreno E, Guzmán-Verri C. Brucella Genomics: Macro and Micro Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7749. [PMID: 33092044 PMCID: PMC7589603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella organisms are responsible for one of the most widespread bacterial zoonoses, named brucellosis. The disease affects several species of animals, including humans. One of the most intriguing aspects of the brucellae is that the various species show a ~97% similarity at the genome level. Still, the distinct Brucella species display different host preferences, zoonotic risk, and virulence. After 133 years of research, there are many aspects of the Brucella biology that remain poorly understood, such as host adaptation and virulence mechanisms. A strategy to understand these characteristics focuses on the relationship between the genomic diversity and host preference of the various Brucella species. Pseudogenization, genome reduction, single nucleotide polymorphism variation, number of tandem repeats, and mobile genetic elements are unveiled markers for host adaptation and virulence. Understanding the mechanisms of genome variability in the Brucella genus is relevant to comprehend the emergence of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Suárez-Esquivel
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 3000, Costa Rica; (M.S.-E.); (E.M.)
| | - Esteban Chaves-Olarte
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 1180, Costa Rica;
| | - Edgardo Moreno
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 3000, Costa Rica; (M.S.-E.); (E.M.)
| | - Caterina Guzmán-Verri
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 3000, Costa Rica; (M.S.-E.); (E.M.)
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 1180, Costa Rica;
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Shome R, Kalleshamurthy T, Rathore Y, Ramanjinappa KD, Skariah S, Nagaraj C, Mohandoss N, Sahay S, Shome BR, Kuralayanapalya P S, Roy P, Hemadri D. Spatial sero-prevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants of India: Nationwide cross-sectional study for the year 2017-2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2199-2208. [PMID: 33021085 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis in small ruminants caused mainly due to Brucella melitensis is an important zoonotic disease characterized by abortion, retained placenta, infertility, orchitis, epididymitis and rarely arthritis. Small ruminants are the main source of economy for the rural and marginally poor farmers and brucellosis is resulting in huge economic losses due to abortions and infertility and causing public health concern among the small ruminant keepers. Bovine brucellosis control programme has been implemented in India and small ruminants are left out of the programme mainly due to paucity of brucellosis status. The present cross-sectional study based on stratified random sampling was undertaken during 2017-18 to provide the nationwide brucellosis sero-prevalence in small ruminants. A total of 24,056 small ruminant serum samples (sheep samples = 8,103 [male-2,440 and female-5,663] and goat samples = 15,953 [male-4,331 and female-11,622]) sourced from 27 out of 29 states and two out of seven union territories (UTs), 350 districts of total 640 districts (54.68% of the Indian districts) and from 1,462 villages out of 6,40,867 villages (43.83% of the Indian villages). The serum samples were tested by indirect ELISA and overall brucellosis apparent and true prevalence of 7.45 (95% CI: 7.13-7.79) and 3.79 (95% CI: 3.44-4.17) was recorded. Significantly higher brucellosis sero-prevalence (p < .0001) was observed in sheep (11.55%) than goats (5.37%). Similarly, brucellosis seropositivity was highly significant in females compared to males in both sheep and goats. Countrywide, greater than 5% brucellosis sero-prevalence in sheep and goats was recorded in 14 and 10 states, respectively, indicating endemicity of the disease. The study provided the latest update on nationwide spatial sero-prevalence of small ruminant brucellosis which will aid government to strengthen regular surveillance and vaccination to reduce the disease burden and public health problems in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore, India
| | - Triveni Kalleshamurthy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore, India
| | - Yashaswini Rathore
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore, India
| | - Kavana D Ramanjinappa
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore, India
| | - Somy Skariah
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore, India
| | - Chaitra Nagaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore, India
| | - Nagalingam Mohandoss
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore, India
| | - Swati Sahay
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore, India
| | - Suresh Kuralayanapalya P
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bangalore, India
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Janowicz A, De Massis F, Zilli K, Ancora M, Tittarelli M, Sacchini F, Di Giannatale E, Sahl JW, Foster JT, Garofolo G. Evolutionary history and current distribution of the West Mediterranean lineage of Brucella melitensis in Italy. Microb Genom 2020; 6. [PMID: 33030422 PMCID: PMC7725330 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovine and caprine brucellosis, caused by Brucella melitensis, is one of the world’s most widespread zoonoses and is a major cause of economic losses in domestic ruminant production. In Italy, the disease remains endemic in several southern provinces, despite an ongoing brucellosis eradication programme. In this study, we used whole-genome sequencing to detail the genetic diversity of circulating strains, and to examine the origins of the predominant sub-lineages of B. melitensis in Italy. We reconstructed a global phylogeny of B. melitensis, strengthened by 339 new whole-genome sequences, from Italian isolates collected from 2011 to 2018 as part of a national livestock surveillance programme. All Italian strains belonged to the West Mediterranean lineage, which further divided into two major clades that diverged roughly between the 5th and 7th centuries. We observed that Sicily serves as a brucellosis burden hotspot, giving rise to several distinct sub-lineages. More than 20 putative outbreak clusters of ovine and caprine brucellosis were identified, several of which persisted over the 8 year survey period despite an aggressive brucellosis eradication campaign. While the outbreaks in Central and Northern Italy were generally associated with introductions of single clones of B. melitensis and their subsequent dissemination within neighbouring territories, we observed weak geographical segregation of genotypes in the southern regions. Biovar determination, recommended in routine analysis of all Brucella strains by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), could not discriminate among the four main global clades. This demonstrates a need for updating the guidelines used for monitoring B. melitensis transmission and spread, both at the national and international level, and to include whole-genome-based typing as the principal method for identification and tracing of brucellosis outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janowicz
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Massis
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Zilli
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Ancora
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Manuela Tittarelli
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Flavio Sacchini
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Giannatale
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Jason W Sahl
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Foster
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Giuliano Garofolo
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale", via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Draft Genome Sequence of Brucella ceti Isolated in the Western Pacific Ocean. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/39/e00925-20. [PMID: 32972946 PMCID: PMC7516157 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00925-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2018, Brucella ceti was isolated from a bottlenose dolphin from the western Pacific Ocean. Here, we report a draft genome sequence of the isolate BD1442 of sequence type 27, which is the only sequence type known to have been isolated from human clinical cases. In 2018, Brucella ceti was isolated from a bottlenose dolphin from the western Pacific Ocean. Here, we report a draft genome sequence of the isolate BD1442 of sequence type 27, which is the only sequence type known to have been isolated from human clinical cases.
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Heckman TI, Griffin MJ, Camus AC, LaFrentz BR, Morick D, Smirnov R, Ofek T, Soto E. Multilocus sequence analysis of diverse Streptococcus iniae isolates indicates an underlying genetic basis for phenotypic heterogeneity. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 141:53-69. [PMID: 32940251 DOI: 10.3354/dao03521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a Gram-positive, opportunistically zoonotic bacterium infective to a wide variety of farmed and wild fish species worldwide. Outbreaks in wild fish can have detrimental environmental and cultural impacts, and mortality events in aquaculture can result in significant economic losses. As an emerging or re-emerging pathogen of global significance, understanding the coalescing factors contributing to piscine streptococcosis is crucial for developing strategies to control infections. Intraspecific antigenic and genetic variability of S. iniae has made development of autogenous vaccines a challenge, particularly where the diversity of locally endemic S. iniae strains is unknown. This study genetically and phenotypically characterized 11 S. iniae isolates from diseased wild and farmed fish from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. A multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme was developed to phylogenetically compare these isolates to 84 other strains of Streptococcus spp. relevant to aquaculture. MLSA generated phylogenies comparable to established genotyping methods, and isolates formed distinct clades related to phenotype and host species. The endothelial Oreochromis mossambicus bulbus arteriosus cell line and whole blood from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, and white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus were used to investigate the persistence and virulence of the 11 isolates using in vitro assays. In vivo challenges using an O. niloticus model were used to evaluate virulence by the intragastric route of infection. Isolates showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in virulence and persistence, with some correlation to genogroup, establishing a basis for further work uncovering genetic factors leading to increased pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor I Heckman
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Ashford RT, Muchowski J, Koylass M, Scholz HC, Whatmore AM. Application of Whole Genome Sequencing and Pan-Family Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis to Characterize Relationships Within the Family Brucellaceae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1329. [PMID: 32760355 PMCID: PMC7372191 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial family Brucellaceae is currently composed of seven genera, including species of the genus Brucella, a number of which are significant veterinary and zoonotic pathogens. The bacteriological identification of pathogenic Brucella spp. may be hindered by their close phenotypic similarity to other members of the Brucellaceae, particularly of the genus Ochrobactrum. Additionally, a number of novel atypical Brucella taxa have recently been identified, which exhibit greater genetic diversity than observed within the previously described species, and which share genomic features with organisms outside of the genus. Furthermore, previous work has indicated that the genus Ochrobactrum is polyphyletic, raising further questions regarding the relationship between the genus Brucella and wider Brucellaceae. We have applied whole genome sequencing (WGS) and pan-family multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) approaches to a comprehensive panel of Brucellaceae type strains, in order to characterize relationships within the family. Phylogenies based on WGS core genome alignments were able to resolve phylogenetic relationships of 31 non-Brucella spp. type strains from within the family, alongside type strains of twelve Brucella species. A phylogeny based on concatenated pan-family MLSA data was largely consistent with WGS based analyses. Notably, recently described atypical Brucella isolates were consistently placed in a single clade with existing species, clearly distinct from all members of the genus Ochrobactrum and wider family. Both WGS and MLSA methods closely grouped Brucella spp. with a sub-set of Ochrobactrum species. However, results also confirmed that the genus Ochrobactrum is polyphyletic, with seven species forming a separate grouping. The pan-family MLSA scheme was subsequently applied to a panel of 50 field strains of the family Brucellaceae, isolated from a wide variety of sources. This analysis confirmed the utility of the pan-Brucellaceae MLSA scheme in placing field isolates in relation to recognized type strains. However, a significant number of these isolates did not cluster with currently identified type strains, suggesting the existence of additional taxonomic diversity within some members of the Brucellaceae. The WGS and pan-family MLSA approaches applied here provide valuable tools for resolving the identity and phylogenetic relationships of isolates from an expanding bacterial family containing a number of important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland T Ashford
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Muchowski
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Koylass
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Holger C Scholz
- Department of Bacteriology and Toxinology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian M Whatmore
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
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Sun M, Liu M, Zhang X, Zhang G, Zhu L, Ding J, Zhang Z, Sun S, Sun S, Shao W, Zhang P, Zhang J, Sun X, Fan X, Wei R. First identification of a Brucella abortus biovar 4 strain from yak in Tibet, China. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108751. [PMID: 32768205 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the major zoonotic diseases in the world. In China, understanding on its causative agent Brucella is still limited. Recently, we isolated a Brucella strain XZ19-1 from yak in Lhasa, Tibet. Phenotypical characterization proved that it belongs to B. abortus biovar 4, a biotype that has never been reported in China. MLVA-16 genotyping revealed a novel profile (4-5-3-12-2-2-3-3-8-32-8-5-4-3-3-3) in this strain, while MLST sequence typing demonstrated that it belongs to ST 71. Furthermore, the whole genome of XZ19-1 strain was sequenced. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that XZ19-1was genetically more closely related to B. abortus strains originated from European countries rather than to those collected from China previously. Isolation and identification of XZ19-1 strain may thus indicate a unique Brucella lineage existing in Qing-Tibet plateau. These findings will help to improve the diagnosis and epidemiological studies of brucellosis in animals and human in this part of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Sun
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, National Animal Brucellosis Specialized Laboratory, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Mengda Liu
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, National Animal Brucellosis Specialized Laboratory, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Xiyue Zhang
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, National Animal Brucellosis Specialized Laboratory, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- National/OIE Animal Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liangquan Zhu
- National/OIE Animal Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiabo Ding
- National/OIE Animal Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, National Animal Brucellosis Specialized Laboratory, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Shixiong Sun
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, National Animal Brucellosis Specialized Laboratory, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Shufang Sun
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, National Animal Brucellosis Specialized Laboratory, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Weixing Shao
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, National Animal Brucellosis Specialized Laboratory, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, National Animal Brucellosis Specialized Laboratory, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Jiandong Zhang
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, National Animal Brucellosis Specialized Laboratory, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China
| | - Xiangxiang Sun
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, National Animal Brucellosis Specialized Laboratory, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China.
| | - Xuezheng Fan
- National/OIE Animal Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Rong Wei
- Laboratory of Zoonoses, National Animal Brucellosis Specialized Laboratory, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, 266032, China.
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Vaccine Candidate Brucella melitensis 16M ΔvjbR Is Safe in a Pregnant Sheep Model and Confers Protection. mSphere 2020; 5:5/3/e00120-20. [PMID: 32404509 PMCID: PMC7227765 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00120-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a natural host species for Brucella melitensis, pregnant sheep offer an ideal model to evaluate vaccine candidates for safety. B. melitensis strain Rev. 1 has been used almost exclusively to prevent brucellosis in small ruminants, but it causes abortions when given to pregnant animals. To evaluate the comparative safety of the candidate Brucella melitensis 16MΔvjbR, pregnant sheep (n = 6) were vaccinated subcutaneously with 1 × 1010 CFU/ml of 16MΔvjbR or 1 × 109 CFU/ml Rev. 1 at a highly susceptible stage of gestation (approximately 70 days). 16MΔvjbR resulted in only 1 abortion (1 of 6) compared with 4 of 6 (66.7%) abortions in the Rev. 1 cohort. The placenta was evaluated by culture to determine if vaccination resulted in colonization. As another measure of safety, effects of B. melitensis on the fetus/offspring (vertical transmission) was evaluated by culture and histopathology of fetal tissues to determine if vaccination prevented infection of the fetus. Vaccination with 16MΔvjbR resulted in less vertical transmission than Rev. 1. To determine if vaccination was efficacious and could reduce tissue colonization in sheep, the same cohort of sheep were challenged 5 weeks postpartum by conjunctival inoculation with 1 × 107 CFU/ml B. melitensis Protection was similar between Rev. 1 and 16MΔvjbR, with no statistical difference in colonization in the target organs. Overall, the 16MΔvjbR vaccine was considered safer than Rev. 1 based on a reduced number of abortions and limited infection in the offspring. Future experiments are needed to further refine the vaccine dose to increase the safety margin and to evaluate protection in pregnant ewes.IMPORTANCE Brucellosis is one of the most commonly reported zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. Of the 12 Brucella species, Brucella melitensis is considered the most virulent and causes reproductive failure (abortions/stillbirths) in small ruminants, which can spread the disease to other animals or to humans. Vaccination of small ruminants is a key measure used to protect both human and animal health. However, the commercially available live-attenuated vaccine for Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 retains virulence and can cause disease in animals and humans. In order to evaluate the safety and efficacy in sheep, we vaccinated pregnant sheep with 16MΔvjbR Our results indicate that 16MΔvjbR was safer for use during pregnancy, provided a similar level of protection as Rev. 1, and could be considered an improved candidate for future vaccine trials.
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