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Cardoso BB, Amorim C, Franco-Duarte R, Alves JI, Barbosa SG, Silvério SC, Rodrigues LR. Epilactose as a Promising Butyrate-Promoter Prebiotic via Microbiota Modulation. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:643. [PMID: 38792663 PMCID: PMC11123345 DOI: 10.3390/life14050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilactose is a disaccharide composed of galactose and mannose, and it is currently considered an "under development" prebiotic. In this study, we described the prebiotic potential of epilactose by in vitro fermentation using human fecal inocula from individuals following a Mediterranean diet (DM) or a Vegan diet (DV). The prebiotic effect of epilactose was also compared with lactulose and raffinose, and interesting correlations were established between metabolites and microbiota modulation. The production of several metabolites (lactate, short-chain fatty acids, and gases) confirmed the prebiotic properties of epilactose. For both donors, the microbiota analysis showed that epilactose significantly stimulated the butyrate-producing bacteria, suggesting that its prebiotic effect could be independent of the donor diet. Butyrate is one of the current golden metabolites due to its benefits for the gut and systemic health. In the presence of epilactose, the production of butyrate was 70- and 63-fold higher for the DM donor, when compared to lactulose and raffinose, respectively. For the DV donor, an increase of 29- and 89-fold in the butyrate production was obtained when compared to lactulose and raffinose, respectively. In conclusion, this study suggests that epilactose holds potential functional properties for human health, especially towards the modulation of butyrate-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz B. Cardoso
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.B.C.); (C.A.); (J.I.A.); (S.G.B.); (S.C.S.)
| | - Cláudia Amorim
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.B.C.); (C.A.); (J.I.A.); (S.G.B.); (S.C.S.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Franco-Duarte
- CBMA—Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Joana I. Alves
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.B.C.); (C.A.); (J.I.A.); (S.G.B.); (S.C.S.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sónia G. Barbosa
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.B.C.); (C.A.); (J.I.A.); (S.G.B.); (S.C.S.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara C. Silvério
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.B.C.); (C.A.); (J.I.A.); (S.G.B.); (S.C.S.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lígia R. Rodrigues
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (B.B.C.); (C.A.); (J.I.A.); (S.G.B.); (S.C.S.)
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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2
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Yin P, Zhang C, Du T, Yi S, Yu L, Tian F, Chen W, Zhai Q. Meta-analysis reveals different functional characteristics of human gut Bifidobacteria associated with habitual diet. Food Res Int 2023; 170:112981. [PMID: 37316017 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dietary habits contribute to the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Different dietary structures, including vegan, vegetarian, and omnivorous diets, affect intestinal Bifidobacteria; however, the relationship between Bifidobacterial function and host metabolism in subjects with different dietary patterns is unclear. Here, we analyzed five metagenomics studies and six 16S sequencing studies, including 206 vegetarians (VG), 249 omnivores (O), and 270 vegans (V), through an unbiased theme-level meta-analysis framework and discovered that diet significantly affects the composition and functionality of intestinal Bifidobacteria. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum was significantly higher in V than in O and Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and B. pseudocatenulatum differed significantly in carbohydrate transport and metabolism in subjects with different diet types. Diets high in fiber were associated with B. longum with increased capacity for carbohydrate catabolism and genes encoding GH29 and GH43_27 were significantly enriched in V. Bifidobacterium adolescentis and B. pseudocatenulatum, associated with O, had a higher prevalence of the genes related to carbohydrate transport and metabolism, which showed the enrichment of GH26 and GH27 families. The same Bifidobacterium species has different functions in subjects with different diet types, resulting in different physiological significance. The diversification and functionalities of Bifidobacterial species in the gut microbiome can be influenced by the host diet and this aspect should be considered when studying host-microbe associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ting Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Shanrong Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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3
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Seel W, Reiners S, Kipp K, Simon MC, Dawczynski C. Role of Dietary Fiber and Energy Intake on Gut Microbiome in Vegans, Vegetarians, and Flexitarians in Comparison to Omnivores-Insights from the Nutritional Evaluation (NuEva) Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:1914. [PMID: 37111133 PMCID: PMC10146654 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a global trend towards a plant-based lifestyle. In the NuEva study, dietary self-reports of 258 participants following one of four diets (Western diet (WD), flexitarians (Flex), vegetarians (VG), and vegans (VN)) were related to fecal microbiome composition. Reduced consumption of animal products (VN < VG < Flex < WD) was associated with a decreased intake of energy (p < 0.05), and an increased intake of soluble and non-soluble dietary fibers (p < 0.05). We observed the lowest average microbiome diversity in vegans and the highest in WD. Compared to WD, VG (p < 0.05) and VN (p < 0.01) differed significantly in their bacterial composition. These data were related to dietary fiber intake. Furthermore, we identified 14 diet-specific biomarkers at the genus level by using LefSe analysis. Of these, 11 showed minimum or maximum counts in WD or VN. While the VN-specific species were inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors, a positive association was detected for the WD-specific species. Identifying biomarkers for the diets on extreme ends of the spectrum (WD and VN) and their association with cardiovascular risk factors provides a solid evidence base highlighting the potential and the need for the development of personalized recommendations dependent on dietary patterns. Even so, the mechanisms underlying these diet-specific differences in microbiome composition cannot yet be clearly assessed. The elucidation of these associations will provide the basis for personalized nutritional recommendations based on the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Seel
- Nutrition and Microbiota, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, 53012 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Reiners
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kristin Kipp
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Sophien- and Hufeland Hospital, Henry-van-de-Velde-Str. 1, 99425 Weimar, Germany
| | - Marie-Christin Simon
- Nutrition and Microbiota, Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, 53012 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine Dawczynski
- Junior Research Group Nutritional Concepts, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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4
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Sharma P, Singh S, Das K, Mahant S, Das R. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota due to diet, alcohol intake, body mass index, and gastrointestinal diseases in India. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2547-2560. [PMID: 36929191 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is composed of diverse microflora which is influenced by dietary intake. Body mass index (BMI) and lifestyle patterns also play a vital role in human health to alter gut microbial composition. Our study aims to determine the impact of alcohol intake, BMI, and diet on gut microbiota and its relationship with gastrointestinal disorders. Thirty-nine gastric biopsies were taken from patients with various gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, and all the patient's lifestyle behavior were recorded in a written proforma. 16S rRNA metagenome analysis for V3-V4 regions was used to examine microbial compositions. The richness and diversity of gut microbiota were analyzed by PERMANOVA using the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index and principal component analysis. The difference in relative abundance was calculated by ANOVA (p < 0.05). Alpha diversity indexes between vegetarians and non-vegetarians showed no significant difference based on BMI, alcohol status, and GI diseases. We found that in overweight vegetarian individuals Faecalibacterium and Rumicococcus might play a role in the control of Helicobacter pylori. Similarly, the increased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in non-vegetarian individuals with normal BMI might play a role to decrease the level of harmful bacteria like H. pylori, and Corynebacterium sp. Also, the relative abundance of Corynebacterium sp. among the vegetarians and Streptococcus sp. in the non-vegetarians was increased in alcoholics while H. pylori was increased in non-alcoholics irrespective of diet. There is an increased abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in vegetarians among all categories; however, we did not find any correlation between disease outcomes. Our study shows that alcohol intake and dietary habits have independent effects on gut microbial composition. The relative abundance of F. prausnitzii was high among vegetarians in all categories. KEY POINTS: • The presence of H. pylori is less among alcoholics. • Good bacteria help to maintain a normal body mass index. • Gut microbiota richness is high in vegetarians and diversity in non-vegetarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Sharma
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303, UP, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303, UP, India
| | - Kunal Das
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yashoda Super Specialty Hospital, Ghaziabad, UP, India.
| | - Shweta Mahant
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303, UP, India
| | - Rajashree Das
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303, UP, India.
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5
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Wang Y, Uffelman CN, Bergia RE, Clark CM, Reed JB, Cross TWL, Lindemann SR, Tang M, Campbell WW. Meat Consumption and Gut Microbiota: a Scoping Review of Literature and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials in Adults. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:215-237. [PMID: 36822879 PMCID: PMC10229385 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging research indicates the importance of gut microbiota in mediating the relationship between meat intake and human health outcomes. We aimed to assess the state of available scientific literature on meat intake and gut microbiota in humans (PROSPERO, International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, CRD42020135649). We first conducted a scoping review to identify observational and interventional studies on this topic. Searches were performed for English language articles using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and CINAHL (Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) databases from inception to August 2021 and using keywords related to meat (inclusive of mammalian, avian, and aquatic subtypes) and gut microbiota. Of 14,680 records, 85 eligible articles were included in the scoping review, comprising 57 observational and 28 interventional studies. One prospective observational study and 13 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified in adults without diagnosed disease. We included the 13 RCTs, comprising 18 comparisons, in the systematic review to assess the effects of higher and lower intakes of total meat and meat subtypes on the gut microbiota composition. The bacterial composition was differentially affected by consuming diets with and without meat or with varied meat subtypes. For example, higher meat intake tended to decrease population sizes of genera Anerostipes and Faecalibacterium, but it increased the population size of Roseburia across studies. However, the magnitude and directionality of most microbial responses varied, with inconsistent patterns of responses across studies. The data were insufficient for comparison within or between meat subtypes. The paucity of research, especially among meat subtypes, and heterogeneity of findings underscore the need for more well-designed prospective studies and full-feeding RCTs to address the relationships between and effects of consuming total meat and meat subtypes on gut microbiota, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Cassi N Uffelman
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Robert E Bergia
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Caroline M Clark
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jason B Reed
- Libraries and School of Information Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tzu-Wen L Cross
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Minghua Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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6
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Ristori S, Scavone F, Bartolozzi C, Giovannelli L. The comet assay for the evaluation of gut content genotoxicity: Use in human studies as an early biomarker of colon cancer risk. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 878:503477. [PMID: 35649683 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This short narrative review describes the use of the comet assay to evaluate the formation of genotoxic compounds in the gut lumen in human studies. The fecal water genotoxicity assay is based on ability of the gut content to induce genotoxicity in a cellular model, employing the aqueous component of the feces (fecal water) as this is supposed to contain most of the reactive species and to convey them to the intestinal epithelium. This non-invasive and low-cost assay has been demonstrated to be associated with colon cancer risk in animal models, and although the final validation against human tumors is lacking, it is widely used as a colo-rectal cancer risk biomarker in human nutritional intervention studies. The contribution given to the field of nutrition and cancer by the FW genotoxicity assay is highlighted, particularly in conjunction with other risk biomarkers, to shed light on the complex relationship among diet, microbiota, individual subject characteristics and the formation of genotoxic compounds in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ristori
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Scavone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences Mario Serio, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Bartolozzi
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
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7
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Xiao W, Zhang Q, Yu L, Tian F, Chen W, Zhai Q. Effects of vegetarian diet-associated nutrients on gut microbiota and intestinal physiology. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Gaisawat MB, Lopez-Escalera S, MacPherson CW, Iskandar MM, Tompkins TA, Kubow S. Probiotics Exhibit Strain-Specific Protective Effects in T84 Cells Challenged With Clostridioides difficile-Infected Fecal Water. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:698638. [PMID: 35154018 PMCID: PMC8826048 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is frequently associated with intestinal injury and mucosal barrier dysfunction, leading to an inflammatory response involving neutrophil localization and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The severity of clinical manifestations is associated with the extent of the immune response, which requires mitigation for better clinical management. Probiotics could play a protective role in this disorder due to their immunomodulatory ability in gastrointestinal disorders. We assessed five single-strain and three multi-strain probiotics for their ability to modulate CDI fecal water (FW)-induced effects on T84 cells. The CDI-FW significantly (p < 0.05) decreased T84 cell viability. The CDI-FW-exposed cells also exhibited increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production as characterized by interleukin (IL)-8, C-X-C motif chemokine 5, macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), IL-32, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand superfamily member 8. Probiotics were associated with strain-specific attenuation of the CDI-FW mediated effects, whereby Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-1079 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus R0011 were most effective in reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and in increasing T84 cell viability. ProtecFlor™, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 showed moderate effectiveness, and L. rhamnosus GG R0343 along with the two other multi-strain combinations were the least effective. Overall, the findings showed that probiotic strains possess the capability to modulate the CDI-mediated inflammatory response in the gut lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chad W MacPherson
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Thomas A Tompkins
- Rosell Institute for Microbiome and Probiotics, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stan Kubow
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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9
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Intestinal Microbiota as a Contributor to Chronic Inflammation and Its Potential Modifications. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113839. [PMID: 34836095 PMCID: PMC8618457 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a crucial factor in maintaining homeostasis. The presence of commensal microorganisms leads to the stimulation of the immune system and its maturation. In turn, dysbiosis with an impaired intestinal barrier leads to accelerated contact of microbiota with the host’s immune cells. Microbial structural parts, i.e., pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as flagellin (FLG), peptidoglycan (PGN), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induce inflammation via activation of pattern recognition receptors. Microbial metabolites can also develop chronic low-grade inflammation, which is the cause of many metabolic diseases. This article aims to systematize information on the influence of microbiota on chronic inflammation and the benefits of microbiota modification through dietary changes, prebiotics, and probiotic intake. Scientific research indicates that the modification of the microbiota in various disease states can reduce inflammation and improve the metabolic profile. However, since there is no pattern for a healthy microbiota, there is no optimal way to modify it. The methods of influencing microbiota should be adapted to the type of dysbiosis. Although there are studies on the microbiota and its effects on inflammation, this subject is still relatively unknown, and more research is needed in this area.
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10
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Losno EA, Sieferle K, Perez-Cueto FJA, Ritz C. Vegan Diet and the Gut Microbiota Composition in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2021; 13:2402. [PMID: 34371912 PMCID: PMC8308632 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota are the microorganisms (generally bacteria and archaea) that live in the digestive tracts of humans. Due to their numerous functions, the gut microbiota can be considered a virtual organ of the body, playing a pivotal role in health maintenance. Dietary habits contribute to gut microbiota composition, and evidence from observational and intervention studies suggest that vegan diets may promote health, potentially through affecting the diverse ecosystem of beneficial bacteria in the gut. A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed and Scopus to identify studies investigating the microbiota composition in vegans. Vegans are defined as people excluding food products that are derived from animals from their diet. Nine observational studies were identified. The main outcome of the systematic review was an increase in Bacteroidetes on the phylum level and a higher abundance of Prevotella on the genus level. In conclusion, the present systematic literature review highlighted some benefits of a vegan diet but also demonstrated the complexity of evaluating results from gut microbiota research. The available evidence only consisted of cross-sectional studies, therefore suggesting the need for well-designed randomised controlled trials. Furthermore, the quality assessment of the studies included in the review suggested a lack of standardised and validated methods for participant selection as well as for faecal sampling and faecal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Losno
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | - Katharina Sieferle
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
| | | | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, 1455 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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11
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Dietary Habits and Gut Microbiota in Healthy Adults: Focusing on the Right Diet. A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136728. [PMID: 34201611 PMCID: PMC8269086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is the first to affect our intestinal microbiota and therefore the state of eubiosis. Several studies are highlighting the potential benefits of taking certain nutritional supplements, but a dietary regime that can ensure the health of the intestinal microbiota, and the many pathways it governs, is not yet clearly defined. We performed a systematic review of the main studies concerning the impact of an omnivorous diet on the composition of the microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Some genera and phyla of interest emerged significantly and about half of the studies evaluated consider them to have an equally significant impact on the production of SCFAs, to be a source of nutrition for our colon cells, and many other processes. Although numerous randomized trials are still needed, the Mediterranean diet could play a valuable role in ensuring our health through direct interaction with our microbiota.
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12
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Garcia-Gonzalez N, Battista N, Prete R, Corsetti A. Health-Promoting Role of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Isolated from Fermented Foods. Microorganisms 2021; 9:349. [PMID: 33578806 PMCID: PMC7916596 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation processes have been used for centuries for food production and preservation. Besides the contribution of fermentation to food quality, recently, scientific interest in the beneficial nature of fermented foods as a reservoir of probiotic candidates is increasing. Fermented food microbes are gaining attention for their health-promoting potential and for being genetically related to human probiotic bacteria. Among them, Lactiplantibacillus (Lpb.) plantarum strains, with a long history in the food industry as starter cultures in the production of a wide variety of fermented foods, are being investigated for their beneficial properties which are similar to those of probiotic strains, and they are also applied in clinical interventions. Food-associated Lpb. plantarum showed a good adaptation and adhesion ability in the gastro-intestinal tract and the potential to affect host health through various beneficial activities, e.g., antimicrobial, antioxidative, antigenotoxic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, in several in vitro and in vivo studies. This review provides an overview of fermented-associated Lpb. plantarum health benefits with evidence from clinical studies. Probiotic criteria that fermented-associated microbes need to fulfil are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberta Prete
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (N.G.-G.); (N.B.); (A.C.)
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13
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Guerre P. Mycotoxin and Gut Microbiota Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E769. [PMID: 33291716 PMCID: PMC7761905 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota were discovered early in animals and explained part of the differences in susceptibility to mycotoxins among species. Isolation of microbes present in the gut responsible for biotransformation of mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites and for binding mycotoxins led to the development of probiotics, enzymes, and cell extracts that are used to prevent mycotoxin toxicity in animals. More recently, bioactivation of mycotoxins into toxic compounds, notably through the hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins, revealed that the health benefits of the effect of the gut microbiota on mycotoxins can vary strongly depending on the mycotoxin and the microbe concerned. Interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota can also be observed through the effect of mycotoxins on the gut microbiota. Changes of gut microbiota secondary to mycotoxin exposure may be the consequence of the antimicrobial properties of mycotoxins or the toxic effect of mycotoxins on epithelial and immune cells in the gut, and liberation of antimicrobial peptides by these cells. Whatever the mechanism involved, exposure to mycotoxins leads to changes in the gut microbiota composition at the phylum, genus, and species level. These changes can lead to disruption of the gut barrier function and bacterial translocation. Changes in the gut microbiota composition can also modulate the toxicity of toxic compounds, such as bacterial toxins and of mycotoxins themselves. A last consequence for health of the change in the gut microbiota secondary to exposure to mycotoxins is suspected through variations observed in the amount and composition of the volatile fatty acids and sphingolipids that are normally present in the digesta, and that can contribute to the occurrence of chronic diseases in human. The purpose of this work is to review what is known about mycotoxin and gut microbiota interactions, the mechanisms involved in these interactions, and their practical application, and to identify knowledge gaps and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guerre
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, F-31076 Toulouse, France
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14
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Zorraquín-Peña I, González de Llano D, Tamargo A, Moreno-Arribas MV, Bartolomé B. Moderate Wine Consumption Reduces Faecal Water Cytotoxicity in Healthy Volunteers. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092716. [PMID: 32899492 PMCID: PMC7551400 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There are some studies that suggest that moderate consumption of wine, as part of a healthy and balanced diet, has a favourable effect on intestinal health. This study evaluates the effect of moderate wine consumption on faecal water (FW) cytotoxicity as a parameter of gut health. To that end, faecal samples before and after a red wine intervention study (250 mL of wine/day, 4 weeks) in healthy volunteers (n = 8) and in a parallel control group (n = 3) were collected and assayed for in vitro FW cytotoxicity. Two reference compounds, phenol and p-cresol, were used for assessing the cytotoxicity assays using two colon epithelial cell lines (HT-29 and HCT 116) and different assay conditions (FW dilution and incubation time). For the two cell lines and all assay conditions, the means of percentage cell viability were higher (lower cytotoxicity) for samples collected after the red wine intervention than for those collected before, although significant (p < 0.05) differences were only found in certain assay conditions for both cell lines. Significant positive correlations between the percentage cell viability and the contents of some faecal metabolites (short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and phenolic acids (PA)) were found for the more resistant cell line (HCT 116), suggesting that the reduction in FW cytotoxicity observed after moderate red wine consumption was related to the production of microbial-derived metabolites such as SCFA and PA, whose faecal contents have been shown to increase after wine consumption. FW cytotoxicity can be deemed as a holistic biomarker that involves diet, gut microbiota and host.
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Garcia-Gonzalez N, Prete R, Perugini M, Merola C, Battista N, Corsetti A. Probiotic antigenotoxic activity as a DNA bioprotective tool: a minireview with focus on endocrine disruptors. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:fnaa041. [PMID: 32124914 PMCID: PMC7082702 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the interest in the role of dietary components able to influence the composition and the activity of the intestinal microbiota and, consequently, to modulate the risk of genotoxicity and colon cancer is increasing in the scientific community. Within this topic, the microbial ability to have a protective role at gastrointestinal level by counteracting the biological activity of genotoxic compounds, and thus preventing the DNA damage, is deemed important in reducing gut pathologies and is considered a new tool for probiotics and functional foods. A variety of genotoxic compounds can be found in the gut and, besides food-related mutagens and other DNA-reacting compounds, there is a group of pollutants commonly used in food packaging and/or in thousands of everyday products called endocrine disruptors (EDs). EDs are exogenous substances that alter the functions of the endocrine system through estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity, which interfere with normal hormonal function in human and wildlife. Thus, this paper summarizes the main applications of probiotics, mainly lactobacilli, as a bio-protective tool to counteract genotoxic and mutagenic agents, by biologically inhibiting the related DNA damage in the gut and highlights the emerging perspectives to enlarge and further investigate the microbial bio-protective role at intestinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Garcia-Gonzalez
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Roberta Prete
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Monia Perugini
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Carmine Merola
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Aldo Corsetti
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Balzarini 1, 64100, Teramo, Italy
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Sofi F, Dinu M, Pagliai G, Pierre F, Gueraud F, Bowman J, Gerard P, Longo V, Giovannelli L, Caderni G, de Filippo C. Fecal microbiome as determinant of the effect of diet on colorectal cancer risk: comparison of meat-based versus pesco-vegetarian diets (the MeaTIc study). Trials 2019; 20:688. [PMID: 31815647 PMCID: PMC6902610 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3801-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Convincing evidence suggests that the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increased by the typical Western diet characterized by high consumption of red and processed meat. In addition, some epidemiological studies suggest a reduction in the risk of CRC associated with fish consumption. The role of the gut microbiome in this diet-associated risk is not well understood. Methods/design This is a randomized parallel open clinical trial comprising a total of 150 clinically healthy subjects randomly assigned to three groups: a meat-based diet of which 4 portions per week are red meat (1 portion = 150 g), 3 portions per week are processed meat (1 portion = 50 g), and 1 portion per week is poultry (1 portion = 150 g), for a total amount of 900 g per week of meat and derivatives; a meat-based diet supplemented with alpha-tocopherol; and a pesco-vegetarian diet excluding fresh and processed meat and poultry, but which includes 3 portions per week of fish for a total amount of 450 g per week. Each intervention will last 3 months. The three diets will be isocaloric and of three different sizes according to specific energy requirements. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, and blood and fecal samples will be obtained from each participant at the beginning and end of each intervention phase. The measure of the primary outcome will be the change from baseline in DNA damage induced by fecal water using the comet assay in a cellular model. Secondary outcome measures will be changes in the profile of fecal microbiomes, global fecal and urinary peroxidation markers, and neoplastic biomarkers. Discussion Although epidemiological data support the promoting role of meat and the possible protective role of fish in colon carcinogenesis, no study has directly compared dietary profiles characterized by the presence of these two food groups and the role of the gut microbiome in these diet-associated CRC risks. This study will test the effect of these dietary profiles on validated CRC risk biomarkers. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03416777. Registered on 3 May 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sofi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy. .,Unit of Clinical Nutrition, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy. .,Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation Italy, Onlus IRCCS, Florence, Italy.
| | - Monica Dinu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuditta Pagliai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Human Health Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrice Pierre
- INRA, ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universitè de Toulouse, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Francoise Gueraud
- INRA, ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universitè de Toulouse, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jildau Bowman
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Research group: Microbiology and Systems Biology (MSB), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Gerard
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincenzo Longo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Children's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlotta de Filippo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
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Trefflich I, Jabakhanji A, Menzel J, Blaut M, Michalsen A, Lampen A, Abraham K, Weikert C. Is a vegan or a vegetarian diet associated with the microbiota composition in the gut? Results of a new cross-sectional study and systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:2990-3004. [PMID: 31631671 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1676697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is assumed that diet influences the composition of gut microbiota, which in turn may affect human health status. This systematic review aimed to summarize associations of a vegan or vegetarian diet with the composition of microbiota. A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase for eligible human studies with vegan or vegetarian diets as an exposure and microbiota composition as an outcome in healthy adults. Furthermore, data from our cross-sectional study with vegan participants were included. Out of sixteen included studies, six investigated the association between gut microbiota composition in both vegans and in vegetarians, six in vegans and four studies in vegetarians compared to omnivores, respectively. Among 5 different phyla, 28 families, 96 genera and 177 species, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Prevotella were the most reported genera, followed by the species Prevotella copri, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Escherichia coli in all diets. No consistent association between a vegan diet or vegetarian diet and microbiota composition compared to omnivores could be identified. Moreover, some studies revealed contradictory results. This result could be due to high microbial individuality, and/or differences in the applied approaches. Standardized methods with high taxonomical and functional resolutions are needed to clarify this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Trefflich
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Afraa Jabakhanji
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Menzel
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Blaut
- Department of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Andreas Michalsen
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Weikert
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Knani L, Bartolini D, Kechiche S, Tortoioli C, Murdolo G, Moretti M, Messaoudi I, Reiter RJ, Galli F. Melatonin prevents cadmium-induced bone damage: First evidence on an improved osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation balance of mesenchymal stem cells as underlying mechanism. J Pineal Res 2019; 67:e12597. [PMID: 31340072 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) plays a role in preserving bone health, a function that may depend on homeostatic effects on both mature osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the bone tissue. In this study, these functions of MLT have been investigated in rat bone (femur) and in human adipose MSC (hMSC) during chronic exposure to low-grade cadmium (Cd) toxicity, a serious public health concern. The in vivo findings demonstrate that MLT protects against Cd-induced bone metabolism disruption and accumulation of bone marrow adipocytes, a cue of impaired osteogenic potential of skeletal MSC niches. This latter symptom was recapitulated in hMSCs in which Cd toxicity stimulated adipogenic differentiation. MLT was found to rescue, at least in part, the osteogenic differentiation properties of these cells. This study reports on a new bone cytoprotection function of MLT pertinent to Cd toxicity and its interfering effect on skeletal MSC differentiation properties that is worth investigating for its possible impact on human bone pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Knani
- Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio-ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Safa Kechiche
- Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio-ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Cristina Tortoioli
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Murdolo
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Imed Messaoudi
- Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio-ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Rectal Cancer: 20% Risk Reduction Thanks to Dietary Fibre Intake. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071579. [PMID: 31336939 PMCID: PMC6683071 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between dietary fibre intake and rectal cancer (RC) risk. In January 2019, a structured computer search on PubMed/Medline, Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE) and Scopus was performed for studies reporting the results of primary research evaluating dietary fibre intake in women and men as well as the risk of developing RC. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations were followed. Highest vs. lowest fibre concentrations was compared. The Egger test was used to estimate publication bias. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated with I2 statistics. The search strategy identified 912 papers, 22 of which were included in our meta-analysis. Having evaluated a total of 2,876,136 subjects, the results suggest a protective effect of dietary fibre intake on RC prevention. The effect Size (ES) was [0.77 (95% CI = 0.66–0.89), p-value = 0.001)]. Moderate statistical heterogeneity (Chi2 = 51.36, df = 21, I2 = 59.11%, p-value = 0.000) was found. However, no publication bias was found, as confirmed by Egger’s linear regression test (Intercept −0.21, t = −0.24, p = 0.816). The findings suggest that dietary fibre intake could be protective against RC, with a clinically relevant reduction of RC risk. Identifying preventive measures to avoid the development of RC, especially by following a healthy lifestyle including healthy diet, is pivotal.
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Sarmiento MRA, de Paula TO, Borges FM, Ferreira-Machado AB, Resende JA, Moreira APB, Dutra Luquetti SCP, Cesar DE, da Silva VL, Diniz CG. Obesity, Xenobiotic Intake and Antimicrobial-Resistance Genes in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: A Comparative Study of Eutrophic, Overweight and Obese Individuals. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050349. [PMID: 31067837 PMCID: PMC6562451 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although lifestyle and physiology in obese individuals are accepted to lead to changes in the intestinal microbiota, uncertainty remains about microbiota dysbiosis, and xenobiotics intake, as a source of selective pressure, independent of antimicrobial chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance genetic markers (ARG) in faecal specimens of eutrophic, overweight and obese individuals, and their correlation with xenobiotic intake and gut bacteria density. Methods: This was a cross-sectional case-controlled study including 72 adult participants with no record of intestinal or systemic diseases, or recent use of antimicrobials, grouped as eutrophic, overweight, or obese. Anthropometric profile, eating habits and oral xenobiotics intake were recorded. Faecal metagenomic DNA was used to screen for ARG by PCR, and to measure bacterial groups by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Student’s t and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare means and differences in ARG detection (95% confidence intervals). Correlation analyses (odds ratio) and relationships between bacteria density and ARG were determined. Results: Increase in abdominal circumference, waist circumference, hip, waist-hip ratio, BMI, carbohydrate, fibres, and total calorie intakes were different from eutrophic to obese participants. Habitual use of antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory drugs, antacids, and artificial sweeteners were associated mainly with obesity and overweight. Nutritional supplements were associated to the eutrophic group. ARG screening showed differences being more frequent among obese, and positive for 27 genetic markers related to β-lactams, tetracyclines, the macrolide lincosamide and streptogramin group, quinolones, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, and efflux pump. Positive correlation between ARG and BMI, caloric intake, and intake of xenobiotics, was observed for obese individuals. Relationships among ARG detection and bacteria densities were also different. Conclusions: This study reinforces the hypothesis that obese individuals may harbour an altered gut microbiota, if compared to eutrophic. The overweight individuals display a transitional gut microbiota which seems to be between eutrophic and obese. Furthermore, the increased xenobiotic intake associated to obesity may play an important role in the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Raquel Anariba Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Thais Oliveira de Paula
- Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Francis Moreira Borges
- Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Barbosa Ferreira-Machado
- Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Alves Resende
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espirito Santo, 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brasil.
| | - Ana Paula Boroni Moreira
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Vânia Lúcia da Silva
- Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Claudio Galuppo Diniz
- Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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Xenobiotics Formed during Food Processing: Their Relation with the Intestinal Microbiota and Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082051. [PMID: 31027304 PMCID: PMC6514608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonic epithelium is exposed to a mixture of compounds through diet, among which some are procarcinogens, whereas others have a protective effect. Therefore, the net impact of these compounds on human health depends on the overall balance between all factors involved. Strong scientific evidence has demonstrated the relationship between nitrosamines (NA), heterocyclic amines (HCAs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are the major genotoxins derived from cooking and food processing, and cancer. The mechanisms of the relationship between dietary toxic xenobiotics and cancer risk are not yet well understood, but it has been suggested that differences in dietary habits affect the colonic environment by increasing or decreasing the exposure to mutagens directly and indirectly through changes in the composition and activity of the gut microbiota. Several changes in the proportions of specific microbial groups have been proposed as risk factors for the development of neoplastic lesions and the enrichment of enterotoxigenic microbial strains in stool. In addition, changes in the gut microbiota composition and activity promoted by diet may modify the faecal genotoxicity/cytotoxicity, which can be associated with a higher or lower risk of developing cancer. Therefore, the interaction between dietary components and intestinal bacteria may be a modifiable factor for the development of colorectal cancer in humans and deserves more attention in the near future.
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22
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Wojas-Krawczyk K, Kalinka E, Grenda A, Krawczyk P, Milanowski J. Beyond PD-L1 Markers for Lung Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1915. [PMID: 31003463 PMCID: PMC6515086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using immune checkpoints inhibitors has become the standard treatment for first and second line therapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, proper predictive factors allowing precise qualification of NSCLC patients for immunotherapy have not been developed so far. Expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells and tumor mutation burden are used in qualification of patients to first line therapy with pembrolizumab and atezolizumab in combination with ipilimumab in prospective clinical trials. Nevertheless, not all patients with these predictive factors benefit from immunotherapy. Major methodological difficulties in testing of these factors and in the interpretation of test results still exist. Therefore, other predictive factors are sought. Intensive research on the recognition of tumor immunophenotype and gut microbiome in NSCLC patients are underway. The first correlations between the effectiveness of immunotherapy and the intensity of inflammatory response in the tumor, microbiome diversity, and the occurrence of certain bacterial species in gut have been described. The purpose of our manuscript is to draw attention to factors affecting the efficacy of immunotherapy with anti-PD-L1 antibodies in NSCLC patients. Additional markers, for example TMB (tumor mutations burden) or microbiome profile, are needed to more accurately determine which patients will benefit from immunotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Wojas-Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kalinka
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Clinic of Clinical Oncology and Breast Diseases Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Research Institute, 93-338 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Anna Grenda
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Paweł Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Janusz Milanowski
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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23
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Caprara G. Diet and longevity: The effects of traditional eating habits on human lifespan extension. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-180225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the dawn of time human beings have been trying to improve the quality of the existence and extend their lifespan. Genetic, environmental, behavioral and dietary factors influence the pathways that regulate aging and life expectancy, thus rendering longevity a very complex phenomenon. Although a long-lived elixir has not yet been found, physicians and scientists agree that nutrition has a major impact on the overall mortality and morbidity, hence becoming the subject of a widespread scientific research. This review describes, analyzes and compares the effects of different types of diets in reducing the onset of typical Western countries non-communicable diseases (NCDs) (cardiovascular diseases, tumors, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, etc.), thus increasing the average lifespan. It will first depict the most relevant characteristics, nutraceutical properties and effects on the populations of the Mediterranean, Japanese, Vegetarian and New Nordic Diet. Finally, it will describe the impact of different dietary restrictions in modulating the genetic pathways that regulate metabolism and aging. Overall, this work reinforces the evidence that specific eating habits, in addition to healthy and active lifestyles, are crucial to increase people’s health span and to achieve an optimal longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Caprara
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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