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Chen S, Pham S, Terrapon N, Blom J, Walker ED. Elizabethkingia anophelis MSU001 Isolated from Anopheles stephensi: Molecular Characterization and Comparative Genome Analysis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1079. [PMID: 38930461 PMCID: PMC11206156 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Elizabethkingia anophelis MSU001, isolated from Anopheles stephensi in the laboratory, was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF/MS), biochemical testing, and genome sequencing. Average nucleotide identity analysis revealed 99% identity with the type species E. anophelis R26. Phylogenetic placement showed that it formed a clade with other mosquito-associated strains and departed from a clade of clinical isolates. Comparative genome analyses further showed that it shared at least 98.6% of genes with mosquito-associated isolates (except E. anophelis As1), while it shared at most 88.8% of common genes with clinical isolates. Metabolites from MSU001 significantly inhibited growth of E. coli but not the mosquito gut symbionts Serratia marcescens and Asaia sp. W12. Insect-associated E. anophelis carried unique glycoside hydrolase (GH) and auxiliary activities (AAs) encoding genes distinct from those of clinical isolates, indicating their potential role in reshaping chitin structure and other components involved in larval development or formation of the peritrophic matrix. Like other Elizabethkingia, MSU001 also carried abundant genes encoding two-component system proteins (51), transcription factor proteins (188), and DNA-binding proteins (13). E. anophelis MSU001 contains a repertoire of antibiotic resistance genes and several virulence factors. Its potential for opportunistic infections in humans should be further evaluated prior to implementation as a paratransgenesis agent (by transgenesis of a symbiont of the vector).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Chen
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - Steven Pham
- Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA;
| | - Nicolas Terrapon
- Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), UMR7257 CNRS AMU, USC 1408 INRAE, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Edward D. Walker
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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Boby F, Bhuiyan MNH, Saha BK, Dey SS, Saha AK, Islam MJ, Bashera MA, Moulick SP, Jahan F, Zaman MAU, Chowdhury SF, Naser SR, Khan MS, Sarkar MMH. In silico exploration of Serratia sp. BRL41 genome for detecting prodigiosin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster (BGC) and in vitro antimicrobial activity assessment of secreted prodigiosin. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294054. [PMID: 37967102 PMCID: PMC10651056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The raising concern of drug resistance, having substantial impacts on public health, has instigated the search of new natural compounds with substantial medicinal activity. In order to find out a natural solution, the current study has utilized prodigiosin, a linear tripyrrole red pigment, as an active ingredient to control bacterial proliferation and prevent cellular oxidation caused by ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species). A prodigiosin-producing bacterium BRL41 was isolated from the ancient Barhind soil of BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh, and its morphological and biochemical characteristics were investigated. Whole genome sequencing data of the isolate revealed its identity as Serratia sp. and conferred the presence of prodigiosin gene cluster in the bacterial genome. "Prodigiosin NRPS", among the 10 analyzed gene clusters, showed 100% similarity with query sequences where pigC, pigH, pigI, and pigJ were identified as fundamental genes for prodigiosin biosynthesis. Some other prominent clusters for synthesis of ririwpeptides, yersinopine, trichrysobactin were also found in the chromosome of BRL41, whilst the rest displayed less similarity with query sequences. Except some first-generation beta-lactam resistance genes, no virulence and resistance genes were found in the genome of BRL41. Structural illumination of the extracted red pigment by spectrophotometric scanning, Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and change of color at different pH solutions verified the identity of the isolated compound as prodigiosin. Serratia sp. BRL41 attained its maximum productivity 564.74 units/cell at temperature 30˚C and pH 7.5 in two-fold diluted nutrient broth medium. The compound exhibited promising antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) values ranged from 3.9 to15.62 μg/mL and 7.81 to 31.25 μg/mL respectively. At concentration 500 μg/mL, except in Salmonella enterica ATCC-10708, prodigiosin significantly diminished biofilm formed by Listeria monocytogens ATCC-3193, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC-9027, Escherichia coli (environmental isolate), Staphylococcus aureus (environmental isolate). Cellular glutathione level (GSH) was elevated upon application of 250 and 500 μg/mL pigment where 125 μg/mL failed to show any free radical scavenging activity. Additionally, release of cellular components in growth media of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were facilitated by the extract that might be associated with cell membrane destabilization. Therefore, the overall findings of antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antioxidant activities suggest that in time to come prodigiosin might be a potential natural source to treat various diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Boby
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Nurul Huda Bhuiyan
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Barun Kanti Saha
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Subarna Sandhani Dey
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anik Kumar Saha
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jahidul Islam
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahci Al Bashera
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shyama Prosad Moulick
- BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Jahan
- BCSIR Rajshahi Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sanjana Fatema Chowdhury
- BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Showti Raheel Naser
- BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Salim Khan
- BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Murshed Hasan Sarkar
- BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Bello Gonzalez TDJ, van Gelderen B, Harders F, Vloet R, Voorbergen-Laarman M, de Ruiter B, Haenen OLM. Molecular Characterization of Serratia marcescens Strain Isolated from Yellow Mealworms, Tenebrio molitor, in The Netherlands. INSECTS 2023; 14:770. [PMID: 37754738 PMCID: PMC10531621 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Insect culture has developed rapidly worldwide; it faces important security and safety control issues, including animal infections and disease development. In the Netherlands, in 2021, a ~30% mortality of mealworms, Tenebrio molitor, occurred at one farm, where over-humid sites in the substrate were observed. Bacterial cultures from both the external and internal partsof fry and larger mealworms were identified by MALDI-TOF to predominantly Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococus saprofyticus. Due to the important role of S. marcescens as a potential zoonotic bacterium, we performed a molecular characterization of the isolated strain. Genomic analysis showed a multidrug-resistant S. marcescens isolate carrying a tet (41), aac (6')-Ic, and blaSST-1 chromosomal class C beta-lactamase-resistantgenes, all located on the chromosome. Additionally, several virulence genes were identified. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the S. marcescens strain from this study was similar to other S. marcescens strains from different ecological niches. Although the entomopathogenic activity was not confirmed, this case demonstrates that T. molitor can act as a reservoir and as an alternative path for exposing clinically important antibiotic-resistant bacteria that can affect animals and humans. It underlines the need to keep management factors optimal, before insects and their products enter the feed and food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita d. J. Bello Gonzalez
- Department of Bacteriology, Host Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostic Development, Antimicrobial Resistance Group, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Betty van Gelderen
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.v.G.); (R.V.); (M.V.-L.)
| | - Frank Harders
- Department of Epidemiology, Bioinformatics and Animal Models, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Rianka Vloet
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.v.G.); (R.V.); (M.V.-L.)
| | - Michal Voorbergen-Laarman
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.v.G.); (R.V.); (M.V.-L.)
| | - Bart de Ruiter
- Independent Researcher, Ringlaan 1, P.O. Box 65, 6961 KJ Eerbeek, The Netherlands;
| | - Olga L. M. Haenen
- National Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University Research, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.v.G.); (R.V.); (M.V.-L.)
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Accoti A, Damiani C, Nunzi E, Cappelli A, Iacomelli G, Monacchia G, Turco A, D’Alò F, Peirce MJ, Favia G, Spaccapelo R. Anopheline mosquito saliva contains bacteria that are transferred to a mammalian host through blood feeding. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1157613. [PMID: 37533823 PMCID: PMC10392944 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1157613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Malaria transmission occurs when Plasmodium sporozoites are transferred from the salivary glands of anopheline mosquitoes to a human host through the injection of saliva. The need for better understanding, as well as novel modes of inhibiting, this key event in transmission has driven intense study of the protein and miRNA content of saliva. Until now the possibility that mosquito saliva may also contain bacteria has remained an open question despite the well documented presence of a rich microbiome in salivary glands. Methods Using both 16S rRNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF approaches, we characterized the composition of the saliva microbiome of An. gambiae and An. stephensi mosquitoes which respectively represent two of the most important vectors for the major malaria-causing parasites P. falciparum and P. vivax. Results To eliminate the possible detection of non-mosquito-derived bacteria, we used a transgenic, fluorescent strain of one of the identified bacteria, Serratiamarcescens, to infect mosquitoes and detect its presence in mosquito salivary glands as well as its transfer to, and colonization of, mammalian host tissues following a mosquito bite. We also showed that Plasmodium infection modified the mosquito microbiota, increasing the presence of Serratia while diminishing the presence of Elizabethkingia and that both P. berghei and Serratia were transferred to, and colonized mammalian tissues. Discussion These data thus document the presence of bacteria in mosquito saliva, their transfer to, and growth in a mammalian host as well as possible interactions with Plasmodium transmission. Together they raise the possible role of mosquitoes as vectors of bacterial infection and the utility of commensal mosquito bacteria for the development of transmission-blocking strategies within a mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Accoti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Damiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino, Italy
| | - Emilia Nunzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Cappelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino, Italy
| | - Gloria Iacomelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Monacchia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Turco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco D’Alò
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matthew J. Peirce
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guido Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino, Italy
| | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology (C.I.B.), Trieste, Italy
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Scrascia M, Roberto R, D'Addabbo P, Ahmed Y, Porcelli F, Oliva M, Calia C, Marzella A, Pazzani C. Bioinformatic survey of CRISPR loci across 15 Serratia species. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1339. [PMID: 37186230 PMCID: PMC9981886 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR‐associated proteins (CRISPR–Cas) system of prokaryotes is an adaptative immune defense mechanism to protect themselves from invading genetic elements (e.g., phages and plasmids). Studies that describe the genetic organization of these prokaryotic systems have mainly reported on the Enterobacteriaceae family (now reorganized within the order of Enterobacterales). For some genera, data on CRISPR–Cas systems remain poor, as in the case of Serratia (now part of the Yersiniaceae family) where data are limited to a few genomes of the species marcescens. This study describes the detection, in silico, of CRISPR loci in 146 Serratia complete genomes and 336 high‐quality assemblies available for the species ficaria, fonticola, grimesii, inhibens, liquefaciens, marcescens, nematodiphila, odorifera, oryzae, plymuthica, proteomaculans, quinivorans, rubidaea, symbiotica, and ureilytica. Apart from subtypes I‐E and I‐F1 which had previously been identified in marcescens, we report that of I‐C and the I‐E unique locus 1, I‐E*, and I‐F1 unique locus 1. Analysis of the genomic contexts for CRISPR loci revealed mdtN‐phnP as the region mostly shared (grimesii, inhibens, marcescens, nematodiphila, plymuthica, rubidaea, and Serratia sp.). Three new contexts detected in genomes of rubidaea and fonticola (puu genes‐mnmA) and rubidaea (osmE‐soxG and ampC‐yebZ) were also found. The plasmid and/or phage origin of spacers was also established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scrascia
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Roberta Roberto
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli AlimentiUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | | | - Yosra Ahmed
- Plant Quarantine Pathogens Laboratory, Mycology Research & Disease SurveyPlant Pathology Research Institute, ARCGizaEgypt
| | - Francesco Porcelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli AlimentiUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Marta Oliva
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | - Carla Calia
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
| | | | - Carlo Pazzani
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Bari Aldo MoroBariItaly
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Villegas LEM, Radl J, Dimopoulos G, Short SM. Bacterial communities of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes differ between crop and midgut tissues. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011218. [PMID: 36989328 PMCID: PMC10085046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota studies of Aedes aegypti and other mosquitoes generally focus on the bacterial communities found in adult female midguts. However, other compartments of the digestive tract maintain communities of bacteria which remain almost entirely unstudied. For example, the Dipteran crop is a food storage organ, but few studies have looked at the microbiome of crops in mosquitoes, and only a single previous study has investigated the crop in Ae. aegypti. In this study, we used both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to compare the bacterial communities in midguts and crops of laboratory reared Ae. aegypti. Both methods revealed a trend towards higher abundance, but also higher variability, of bacteria in the midgut than the crop. When present, bacteria from the genus Elizabethkingia (family Weeksellaceae) dominated midgut bacterial communities. In crops, we found a higher diversity of bacteria, and these communities were generally dominated by acetic acid bacteria (family Acetobacteriaceae) from the genera Tanticharoenia and Asaia. These three taxa drove significant community structure differences between the tissues. We used FAPROTAX to predict the metabolic functions of these communities and found that crop bacterial communities were significantly more likely to contain bacteria capable of methanol oxidation and methylotrophy. Both the presence of acetic acid bacteria (which commonly catabolize sugar to produce acetic acid) and the functional profile that includes methanol oxidation (which is correlated with bacteria found with natural sources like nectar) may relate to the presence of sugar, which is stored in the mosquito crop. A better understanding of what bacteria are present in the digestive tract of mosquitoes and how these communities assemble will inform how the microbiota impacts mosquito physiology and the full spectrum of functions provided by the microbiota. It may also facilitate better methods of engineering the mosquito microbiome for vector control or prevention of disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Radl
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Short
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Williams DJ, Grimont PAD, Cazares A, Grimont F, Ageron E, Pettigrew KA, Cazares D, Njamkepo E, Weill FX, Heinz E, Holden MTG, Thomson NR, Coulthurst SJ. The genus Serratia revisited by genomics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5195. [PMID: 36057639 PMCID: PMC9440931 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Serratia has been studied for over a century and includes clinically-important and diverse environmental members. Despite this, there is a paucity of genomic information across the genus and a robust whole genome-based phylogenetic framework is lacking. Here, we have assembled and analysed a representative set of 664 genomes from across the genus, including 215 historic isolates originally used in defining the genus. Phylogenomic analysis of the genus reveals a clearly-defined population structure which displays deep divisions and aligns with ecological niche, as well as striking congruence between historical biochemical phenotyping data and contemporary genomics data. We highlight the genomic, phenotypic and plasmid diversity of Serratia, and provide evidence of different patterns of gene flow across the genus. Our work provides a framework for understanding the emergence of clinical and other lineages of Serratia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Williams
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Patrick A D Grimont
- Unité Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM Unité 389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Adrián Cazares
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Francine Grimont
- Unité Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM Unité 389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Ageron
- Unité Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM Unité 389, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Daniel Cazares
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Elisabeth Njamkepo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, France
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Paris, France
| | - Eva Heinz
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Departments of Vector Biology and Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Nicholas R Thomson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Sarah J Coulthurst
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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Dawit M, Hill SR, Birgersson G, Tekie H, Ignell R. Malaria mosquitoes acquire and allocate cattle urine to enhance life history traits. Malar J 2022; 21:180. [PMID: 35690854 PMCID: PMC9188207 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nutrient acquisition and allocation integrate foraging and life-history traits in insects. To compensate for the lack of a particular nutrient at different life stages, insects may acquire these through supplementary feeding, for example, on vertebrate secretions, in a process known as puddling. The mosquito Anopheles arabiensis emerges undernourished, and as such, requires nutrients for both metabolism and reproduction. The purpose of this study was to assess whether An. arabiensis engage in puddling on cattle urine to obtain nutrients to improve life history traits. Methods To determine whether An. arabiensis are attracted to the odour of fresh, 24 h, 72 h and 168 h aged cattle urine, host-seeking and blood-fed (48 h post-blood meal) females were assayed in a Y-tube olfactometer, and gravid females assessed in an oviposition assay. Combined chemical and electrophysiological analyses were subsequently used to identify the bioactive compounds in all four age classes of cattle urine. Synthetic blends of bioactive compounds were evaluated in both Y-tube and field assays. To investigate the cattle urine, and its main nitrogenous compound, urea, as a potential supplementary diet for malaria vectors, feeding parameters and life history traits were measured. The proportion of female mosquitoes and the amount of cattle urine and urea imbibed, were assessed. Following feeding, females were evaluated for survival, tethered flight and reproduction. Results Host-seeking and blood-fed An. arabiensis were attracted to the natural and synthetic odour of fresh and aged cattle urine in both laboratory and field studies. Gravid females were indifferent in their response to cattle urine presence at oviposition sites. Host-seeking and blood-fed females actively imbibed cattle urine and urea, and allocated these resources according to life history trade-offs to flight, survival or reproduction, as a function of physiological state. Conclusions Anopheles arabiensis acquire and allocate cattle urine to improve life history traits. Supplementary feeding on cattle urine affects vectorial capacity directly by increasing daily survival and vector density, as well as indirectly by altering flight activity, and thus should be considered in future models.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-022-04179-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengistu Dawit
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Biology, Debre Berhan University, PO. Box 445, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.,Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Sharon R Hill
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Göran Birgersson
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Habte Tekie
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.
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Devi S, Saini HS, Kaur S. Assessing the pathogenicity of gut bacteria associated with tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fab.). Sci Rep 2022; 12:8257. [PMID: 35585189 PMCID: PMC9117240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12319-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between insects and gut microbes contributes to their fitness by serving immense range of functions viz. nutrition and digestion, detoxification, communication and reproduction etc. However, this relationship between insect and gut microbes varies from mutualistic to pathogenic. Gut microbes become pathogenic when the healthy normal microbial composition is perturbed leading to the death of insect host. Spodoptera litura (Fab.) is a polyphagous pest that causes significant damage to many agricultural crops. The management of this pest primarily depends upon chemical insecticides which have resulted in development of resistance. Thus in search for alternative strategies, culturable gut bacteria isolated from S. litura were screened for insecticidal potential. Among these Serratia marcescens and Enterococcus mundtii induced higher larval mortality in S. litura. The mortality rate increased from 32 to 58% due to S. marcescens at concentrations ranging from 2.6 × 108 to 5.2 × 109 cfu/ml and 26 to 52% in case of E. mundtii due to increase in concentration from 4.6 × 108 to 6.1 × 109 cfu/ml. Both the bacteria negatively affected the development, nutritional physiology and reproductive potential of insect. The results indicated a change in gut microbial composition as well as damage to the gut epithelial membrane. Invasion of gut bacteria into the haemocoel led to septicaemia and ultimately death of host insect. In conclusion both these gut bacteria may serve as potential biocontrol agents against S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Devi
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Harvinder Singh Saini
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Sanehdeep Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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10
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Metabolic interactions between disease-transmitting vectors and their microbiota. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:697-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Genomic characterisation of an entomopathogenic strain of Serratia ureilytica in the critically endangered phasmid Dryococelus australis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265967. [PMID: 35442959 PMCID: PMC9020675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 2014 and 2019, unexpected mortalities were observed in a colony of Dryococelus australis, an endangered stick-insect kept at the Melbourne Zoo for a breeding and conservation program. Pure cultures of Serratia spp. were obtained from the haemolymph of moribund and recently deceased individuals. The combined bacteriological and histopathological observations suggested an infectious cause of these mortalities. Genotyping of Serratia sp. isolated from the insects and their environment revealed a predominant strain profile. A representative isolate, AM923, was entirely sequenced and compared to 616 publicly available Serratia spp. genomes, including 37 associated with insects. The genomes were distributed into 3 distinct groups, with 63% of the insect-associated isolates within a single clade (clade A) containing AM923, separated from most environmental/plant-associated strains (clade B) and human isolates (clade C). Average nucleotide identity and phylogenetic analyses identified AM923 as S. ureilytica and revealed similarities with putatively entomopathogenic strains. An experimental infection model in honey bees (Apis mellifera) confirmed the pathogenic potential of AM923. A urease operon was found in most insect isolates and a PCR assay, based on the ureB gene sequence, was used to confirm the presence of AM923 in experimentally infected bees. This species-specific PCR could be applied to detect entomopathogenic Serratia spp. in infected insects or their environment.
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12
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Ratcliffe NA, Furtado Pacheco JP, Dyson P, Castro HC, Gonzalez MS, Azambuja P, Mello CB. Overview of paratransgenesis as a strategy to control pathogen transmission by insect vectors. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:112. [PMID: 35361286 PMCID: PMC8969276 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents an overview of paratransgenesis as a strategy to control pathogen transmission by insect vectors. It first briefly summarises some of the disease-causing pathogens vectored by insects and emphasises the need for innovative control methods to counter the threat of resistance by both the vector insect to pesticides and the pathogens to therapeutic drugs. Subsequently, the state of art of paratransgenesis is described, which is a particularly ingenious method currently under development in many important vector insects that could provide an additional powerful tool for use in integrated pest control programmes. The requirements and recent advances of the paratransgenesis technique are detailed and an overview is given of the microorganisms selected for genetic modification, the effector molecules to be expressed and the environmental spread of the transgenic bacteria into wild insect populations. The results of experimental models of paratransgenesis developed with triatomines, mosquitoes, sandflies and tsetse flies are analysed. Finally, the regulatory and safety rules to be satisfied for the successful environmental release of the genetically engineered organisms produced in paratransgenesis are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman A Ratcliffe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil. .,Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK.
| | - João P Furtado Pacheco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Paul Dyson
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - Helena Carla Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Gonzalez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Patricia Azambuja
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Cicero B Mello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
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13
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Xiang T, Zhou W, Xu C, Xu J, Liu R, Wang N, Xu L, Zhao Y, Luo M, Mo X, Mao Z, Wan Y. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Competitive Growth Advantage of Non-pigmented Serratia marcescens Mutants. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:793202. [PMID: 35058908 PMCID: PMC8764370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.793202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is a common bacterium well-known for the red secondary metabolite prodigiosin. However, color mutants have long been described. Non-pigmented strains can be found to exist both naturally and under laboratory conditions. It is unclear why S. marcescens loses prodigiosin synthesis capacity in certain conditions. In the present study, we find that the spontaneous color mutants arise within a few generations (about five passages) and rapidly replace the wild-type parent cells (about 24 passages), which indicates a growth advantage of the former. Although, the loss of prodigiosin synthesis genes (pigA-N) is frequently reported as the major reason for pigment deficiency, it was unexpected that the whole gene cluster is completely preserved in the different color morphotypes. Comparative transcriptomic analysis indicates a dramatic variation at the transcriptional level. Most of the pig genes are significantly downregulated in the color morphotypes which directly lead to prodigiosin dyssynthesis. Besides, the transcriptional changes of several other genes have been noticed, of which transcriptional regulators, membrane proteins, and nearly all type VI secretion system (T6SS) components are generally downregulated, while both amino acid metabolite and transport systems are activated. In addition, we delete the transcription regulator slyA to generate a non-pigmented mutant. The ΔslyA strain loses prodigiosin synthesis capacity, but has a higher cell density, and surprisingly enhances the virulence as an entomopathogen. These data indicate that S. marcescens shuts down several high-cost systems and activates the amino acid degradation and transport pathways at the transcriptional level to obtain extra resources, which provides new insights into the competitive growth advantage of bacterial spontaneous color mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xiang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cailing Xu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nuo Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minhui Luo
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Mo
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Mao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongji Wan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Pathology and Applied Microbiology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Caragata EP, Otero LM, Tikhe CV, Barrera R, Dimopoulos G. Microbial Diversity of Adult Aedes aegypti and Water Collected from Different Mosquito Aquatic Habitats in Puerto Rico. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:182-201. [PMID: 33860847 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes, the major vectors of viruses like dengue, are naturally host to diverse microorganisms, which play an important role in their development, fecundity, immunity, and vector competence. The composition of their microbiota is strongly influenced by the environment, particularly their aquatic larval habitat. In this study, we used 2×300 bp 16s Illumina sequencing to compare the microbial profiles of emerging adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and the water collected from common types of aquatic habitat containers in Puerto Rico, which has endemic dengue transmission. We sequenced 141 mosquito and 46 water samples collected from plastic containers, septic tanks, discarded tires, underground trash cans, tree holes, or water meters. We identified 9 bacterial genera that were highly prevalent in the mosquito microbiome, and 77 for the microbiome of the aquatic habitat. The most abundant mosquito-associated bacterial OTUs were from the families Burkholderiaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Comamonadaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae. Microbial profiles varied greatly between mosquitoes, and there were few major differences explained by container type; however, the microbiome of mosquitoes from plastic containers was more diverse and contained more unique taxa than the other groups. Container water was significantly more diverse than mosquitoes, and our data suggest that mosquitoes filter out many bacteria, with Alphaproteobacteria in particular being far more abundant in water. These findings provide novel insight into the microbiome of mosquitoes in the region and provide a platform to improve our understanding of the fundamental mosquito-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Caragata
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L M Otero
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Entomology and Ecology Team, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - C V Tikhe
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R Barrera
- Entomology and Ecology Team, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - G Dimopoulos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Leska A, Nowak A, Nowak I, Górczyńska A. Effects of Insecticides and Microbiological Contaminants on Apis mellifera Health. Molecules 2021; 26:5080. [PMID: 34443668 PMCID: PMC8398688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there has been an alarming decline in the number of honey bee colonies. This phenomenon is called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). Bee products play a significant role in human life and have a huge impact on agriculture, therefore bees are an economically important species. Honey has found its healing application in various sectors of human life, as well as other bee products such as royal jelly, propolis, and bee pollen. There are many putative factors of CCD, such as air pollution, GMO, viruses, or predators (such as wasps and hornets). It is, however, believed that pesticides and microorganisms play a huge role in the mass extinction of bee colonies. Insecticides are chemicals that are dangerous to both humans and the environment. They can cause enormous damage to bees' nervous system and permanently weaken their immune system, making them vulnerable to other factors. Some of the insecticides that negatively affect bees are, for example, neonicotinoids, coumaphos, and chlorpyrifos. Microorganisms can cause various diseases in bees, weakening the health of the colony and often resulting in its extinction. Infection with microorganisms may result in the need to dispose of the entire hive to prevent the spread of pathogens to other hives. Many aspects of the impact of pesticides and microorganisms on bees are still unclear. The need to deepen knowledge in this matter is crucial, bearing in mind how important these animals are for human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Leska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Nowak
- Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 8/12, 90-232 Lodz, Poland; (I.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Górczyńska
- Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Lodz, Kopcinskiego 8/12, 90-232 Lodz, Poland; (I.N.); (A.G.)
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16
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Arruda A, Ferreira GEM, Santos Júnior A, Matos NB, Carvalho TS, Ozaki LS, Stabeli RG, Silva AAE. Diversity of Culturable Bacteria Isolated From the Feces of Wild Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes From the Brazilian Amazon. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:1900-1907. [PMID: 33704463 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms living in the midgut of Anopheles mosquitoes have been studied to fight vector-borne diseases, such as malaria. Studies on the microbiota of the Neotropical Anopheles darlingi, the most important Brazilian vector for malaria, have been reported for the same purpose. Our aims were to isolate and identify culturable bacteria from An. darlingi mosquito guts through their feces and to estimate the species richness and the frequency distribution of the sampled bacteria. Sixty wild females of An. darlingi mosquitoes were captured at two rural locations, near Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. Bacteria were isolated from mosquito feces, which were collected using cages which permit the collection of feces on LB nutrient agar plates. Sixty bacterial colonies were isolated and stored in glycerol at -80°C. Bacteria were identified by sequencing their 16S rRNA gene obtained using PCR and Sanger sequencing. To aid in species identification, MALDI-TOF, VITEK2, and BBL Crystal were used as complementary protocols. The sequences obtained from the 60 bacterial isolates were compared to sequences deposited in GenBank (NCBI) using BLAST. Homology greater than 97% between the query and the subject was used as the criteria for assigning the identity of each isolate. Fourteen species from eight different genera were identified among the 60 isolates. The most frequent species were Serratia liquefaciens (20%) and Serratia marcescens (15%). Due to their established apathogenicity and according to previous studies, we suggest Serratia and Pantoea species as suitable for paratransgenesis development to fight malaria in Brazilian Amazon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Najla B Matos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ RONDÔNIA, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Tatiane S Carvalho
- Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Luiz S Ozaki
- Virginia Commonwealth University, CSBC, Life Sciences, Richmond - Virginia, USA
| | - Rodrigo G Stabeli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Plataforma Bi-institucional de Medicina Translacional, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A E Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
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17
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Steven B, Hyde J, LaReau JC, Brackney DE. The Axenic and Gnotobiotic Mosquito: Emerging Models for Microbiome Host Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:714222. [PMID: 34322111 PMCID: PMC8312643 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.714222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing availability of modern research tools has enabled a revolution in studies of non-model organisms. Yet, one aspect that remains difficult or impossible to control in many model and most non-model organisms is the presence and composition of the host-associated microbiota or the microbiome. In this review, we explore the development of axenic (microbe-free) mosquito models and what these systems reveal about the role of the microbiome in mosquito biology. Additionally, the axenic host is a blank template on which a microbiome of known composition can be introduced, also known as a gnotobiotic organism. Finally, we identify a "most wanted" list of common mosquito microbiome members that show the greatest potential to influence host phenotypes. We propose that these are high-value targets to be employed in future gnotobiotic studies. The use of axenic and gnotobiotic organisms will transition the microbiome into another experimental variable that can be manipulated and controlled. Through these efforts, the mosquito will be a true model for examining host microbiome interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaire Steven
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Josephine Hyde
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jacquelyn C. LaReau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Doug E. Brackney
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, United States
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18
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Huang HJ, Ye YX, Ye ZX, Yan XT, Wang X, Wei ZY, Chen JP, Li JM, Sun ZT, Zhang CX. Chromosome-level genome assembly of the bean bug Riptortus pedestris. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:2423-2436. [PMID: 34038033 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The bean bug (Riptortus pedestris) causes great economic losses of soybeans by piercing and sucking pods and seeds. Although R. pedestris has become the focus of numerous studies associated with insect-microbe interactions, plant-insect interactions, and pesticide resistance, a lack of genomic resources has limited deeper insights. Here, we report the first R. pedestris genome at the chromosomal level using PacBio, Illumina, and Hi-C technologies. The assembled genome was 1.080 Gb in size with a contig N50 of 2.882 Mb. More than 96.3% of the total genome bases were successfully anchored to six unique chromosomes. Genome resequencing of male and female individuals and chromosomic staining demonstrated that the sex chromosome system of R. pedestris is XO, and the shortest chromosome is the X chromosome. In total, 19,026 protein-coding genes were predicted, 18,745 of which were validated as being expressed. Temporospatial expression of R. pedestris genes in six tissues and 37 development stages revealed 4,657 and 7,793 genes mainly expressed in gonads and egg periods, respectively. Evolutionary analysis demonstrated that R. pedestris and Oncopeltus fasciatus formed a sister group and split ∼80 million years ago (Mya). Additionally, a 5.04 Mb complete genome of symbiotic Serratia marcescens Rip1 was assembled, and the virulence factors that account for successful colonization in the host midgut were identified. The high-quality R. pedestris genome provides a valuable resource for further research, as well as for the pest management of bug pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Ye
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang-Xin Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhong-Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zong-Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA of China and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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19
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Abstract
In nature, insects face a constant threat of infection by numerous exogeneous viruses, and their intestinal tracts are the predominant ports of entry. Insects can acquire these viruses orally during either blood feeding by hematophagous insects or sap sucking and foliage feeding by insect herbivores. However, the insect intestinal tract forms several physical and immunological barriers to defend against viral invasion, including cell intrinsic antiviral immunity, the peritrophic matrix and the mucin layer, and local symbiotic microorganisms. Whether an infection can be successfully established in the intestinal tract depends on the complex interactions between viruses and those barriers. In this review, we summarize recent progress on virus-intestinal tract interplay in insects, in which various underlying mechanisms derived from nutritional status, dynamics of symbiotic microorganisms, and virus-encoded components play intricate roles in the regulation of virus invasion in the intestinal tract, either directly or indirectly. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 8 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enhao Ma
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Yibin Zhu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; .,Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.,Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ziwen Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-Borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; .,Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.,Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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20
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Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108992. [PMID: 33882310 PMCID: PMC8116483 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-nectar-derived sugar is the major energy source for mosquitoes, but its influence on vector competence for malaria parasites remains unclear. Here, we show that Plasmodium berghei infection of Anopheles stephensi results in global metabolome changes, with the most significant impact on glucose metabolism. Feeding on glucose or trehalose (the main hemolymph sugars) renders the mosquito more susceptible to Plasmodium infection by alkalizing the mosquito midgut. The glucose/trehalose diets promote proliferation of a commensal bacterium, Asaia bogorensis, that remodels glucose metabolism in a way that increases midgut pH, thereby promoting Plasmodium gametogenesis. We also demonstrate that the sugar composition from different natural plant nectars influences A. bogorensis growth, resulting in a greater permissiveness to Plasmodium. Altogether, our results demonstrate that dietary glucose is an important determinant of mosquito vector competency for Plasmodium, further highlighting a key role for mosquito-microbiota interactions in regulating the development of the malaria parasite.
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21
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Chakraborty M, Ramaiah A, Adolfi A, Halas P, Kaduskar B, Ngo LT, Jayaprasad S, Paul K, Whadgar S, Srinivasan S, Subramani S, Bier E, James AA, Emerson JJ. Hidden genomic features of an invasive malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, revealed by a chromosome-level genome assembly. BMC Biol 2021; 19:28. [PMID: 33568145 PMCID: PMC7876825 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mosquito Anopheles stephensi is a vector of urban malaria in Asia that recently invaded Africa. Studying the genetic basis of vectorial capacity and engineering genetic interventions are both impeded by limitations of a vector's genome assembly. The existing assemblies of An. stephensi are draft-quality and contain thousands of sequence gaps, potentially missing genetic elements important for its biology and evolution. RESULTS To access previously intractable genomic regions, we generated a reference-grade genome assembly and full transcript annotations that achieve a new standard for reference genomes of disease vectors. Here, we report novel species-specific transposable element (TE) families and insertions in functional genetic elements, demonstrating the widespread role of TEs in genome evolution and phenotypic variation. We discovered 29 previously hidden members of insecticide resistance genes, uncovering new candidate genetic elements for the widespread insecticide resistance observed in An. stephensi. We identified 2.4 Mb of the Y chromosome and seven new male-linked gene candidates, representing the most extensive coverage of the Y chromosome in any mosquito. By tracking full-length mRNA for > 15 days following blood feeding, we discover distinct roles of previously uncharacterized genes in blood metabolism and female reproduction. The Y-linked heterochromatin landscape reveals extensive accumulation of long-terminal repeat retrotransposons throughout the evolution and degeneration of this chromosome. Finally, we identify a novel Y-linked putative transcription factor that is expressed constitutively throughout male development and adulthood, suggesting an important role. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results and resources underscore the significance of previously hidden genomic elements in the biology of malaria mosquitoes and will accelerate the development of genetic control strategies of malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahul Chakraborty
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Arunachalam Ramaiah
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0335, USA
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Center at inStem, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - Adriana Adolfi
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Paige Halas
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Bhagyashree Kaduskar
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0335, USA
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Center at inStem, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - Luna Thanh Ngo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Suvratha Jayaprasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, KA, 560100, India
| | - Kiran Paul
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, KA, 560100, India
| | - Saurabh Whadgar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, KA, 560100, India
| | - Subhashini Srinivasan
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Center at inStem, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560065, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, KA, 560100, India
| | - Suresh Subramani
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Center at inStem, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560065, India
- Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0322, USA
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0335, USA
| | - Ethan Bier
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0335, USA
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0335, USA
| | - Anthony A James
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0335, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - J J Emerson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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22
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Alvarado WA, Agudelo SO, Velez ID, Vivero RJ. Description of the ovarian microbiota of Aedes aegypti (L) Rockefeller strain. Acta Trop 2021; 214:105765. [PMID: 33245909 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is one of the vectors responsible for transmitting the viruses that cause dengue, Zika and chikungunya in the human population. Mosquitoes have bacterial communities in different organs, mainly in the midgut, but to a lesser extent in their reproductive organs, such as the ovaries, where replication and vertical transmission is decisive for dengue virus. These bacteria also influence metabolic and physiological processes such as ingestion and digestion of blood. In this study, aerobic bacterial communities associated with ovaries of A. aegypti Rockefeller strain were determined, describing their potential function during ovocitary development. The groups of mosquitoes were separated into three treatments: diet with 10% sugar solution, diet with blood supply, and blood feeding combined with tetracycline. The ovaries were extracted from the mosquitoes, and then put in enriched culture media (blood and nutritive agar) by direct inoculation, for subsequent isolation and macroscopic and microscopic characterization of the colonies. The taxonomic determination of bacterial isolates was achieved by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. A higher bacterial load was observed in the sugar feeding group (6 × 10³ CFU/ml) in contrast to the group fed only with blood, with and without an antibiotic (4.03-4.04 × 10³CFU/ml; 4.85-5.04 × 10³CFU/ml). As a result, a total of 35 colonies were isolated, of which 80% were gram-negative and 20% gram-positive; 72% were lactose negative and 8% lactose positive. Of the total bacteria, 83% had gamma hemolysis, 17% alpha hemolysis, and none presented beta hemolysis. After phenotypic and biochemical characterization, 17 isolates were selected for molecular identification. Only phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were found. Bacteria associated with ovaries of A. aegypti were mainly identified as belonging to the Serratia and Klebsiella genera. Some bacteria (Serratia marcescens, Pantoea dispersa and Klebsiella oxytoca) have wide biotechnological potential due to their entomopathogenic power and their bioactivity against different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilber A Alvarado
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia. Laboratory 632, Medellín Postal Code 050003, Colombia.
| | - Susana Ochoa Agudelo
- Research Group BIOCIENCIAS, Institución Universitaria Colegio Mayor. Tv. 78 #65 - 46, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.
| | - Iván Darío Velez
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia. Laboratory 632, Medellín Postal Code 050003, Colombia.
| | - Rafael José Vivero
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia. Laboratory 632, Medellín Postal Code 050003, Colombia; Microbiodiversity and Bioprospecting Group, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín. Street 59 A # 63-20, Medellín Postal Code 050003, Colombia.
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Sharma P, Rani J, Chauhan C, Kumari S, Tevatiya S, Das De T, Savargaonkar D, Pandey KC, Dixit R. Altered Gut Microbiota and Immunity Defines Plasmodium vivax Survival in Anopheles stephensi. Front Immunol 2020; 11:609. [PMID: 32477320 PMCID: PMC7240202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood-feeding enriched gut-microbiota boosts mosquitoes' anti-Plasmodium immunity. Here, we ask how Plasmodium vivax alters gut-microbiota, anti-Plasmodial immunity, and impacts tripartite Plasmodium-mosquito-microbiota interactions in the gut lumen. We used a metagenomics and RNAseq strategy to address these questions. In naïve mosquitoes, Elizabethkingia meningitis and Pseudomonas spp. are the dominant bacteria and blood-feeding leads to a heightened detection of Elizabethkingia, Pseudomonas and Serratia 16S rRNA. A parallel RNAseq analysis of blood-fed midguts also shows the presence of Elizabethkingia-related transcripts. After, P. vivax infected blood-meal, however, we do not detect bacterial 16S rRNA until circa 36 h. Intriguingly, the transcriptional expression of a selected array of antimicrobial arsenal cecropins 1-2, defensin-1, and gambicin remained low during the first 36 h-a time frame when ookinetes/early oocysts invaded the gut. We conclude during the preinvasive phase, P. vivax outcompetes midgut-microbiota. This microbial suppression likely negates the impact of mosquito immunity which in turn may enhance the survival of P. vivax. Detection of sequences matching to mosquito-associated Wolbachia opens a new inquiry for its exploration as an agent for "paratransgenesis-based" mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punita Sharma
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Rani
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Bio and Nanotechnology Department, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Haryana, India
| | - Charu Chauhan
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Seena Kumari
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Tevatiya
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanwee Das De
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepali Savargaonkar
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Kailash C. Pandey
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajnikant Dixit
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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24
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Chen S, Johnson BK, Yu T, Nelson BN, Walker ED. Elizabethkingia anophelis: Physiologic and Transcriptomic Responses to Iron Stress. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:804. [PMID: 32457715 PMCID: PMC7221216 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the global gene expression responses of Elizabethkingia anophelis to iron fluxes in the midgut of female Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes fed sucrose or blood, and in iron-poor or iron-rich culture conditions. Of 3,686 transcripts revealed by RNAseq technology, 218 were upregulated while 112 were down-regulated under iron-poor conditions. Hemolysin gene expression was significantly repressed when cells were grown under iron-rich or high temperature (37°C) conditions. Furthermore, hemolysin gene expression was down-regulated after a blood meal, indicating that E. anophelis cells responded to excess iron and its associated physiological stress by limiting iron loading. By contrast, genes encoding respiratory chain proteins were up-regulated under iron-rich conditions, allowing these iron-containing proteins to chelate intracellular free iron. In vivo studies showed that growth of E. anophelis cells increased 3-fold in blood-fed mosquitoes over those in sucrose-fed ones. Deletion of siderophore synthesis genes led to impaired cell growth in both iron-rich and iron-poor media. Mutants showed more susceptibility to H2O2 toxicity and less biofilm formation than did wild-type cells. Mosquitoes with E. anophelis experimentally colonized in their guts produced more eggs than did those treated with erythromycin or left unmanipulated, as controls. Results reveal that E. anophelis bacteria respond to varying iron concentration in the mosquito gut, harvest iron while fending off iron-associated stress, contribute to lysis of red blood cells, and positively influence mosquito host fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Benjamin K. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Ting Yu
- Agro-Biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Brooke N. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Edward D. Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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25
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Yin C, Sun P, Yu X, Wang P, Cheng G. Roles of Symbiotic Microorganisms in Arboviral Infection of Arthropod Vectors. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:607-615. [PMID: 32386795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod vectors serve as native reservoirs and transmitters of hundreds of arboviruses. In arthropod vectors, symbiotic microorganisms residing in the gut lumen and/or hemocoelic tissues maintain complicated relationships with their host and influence multiple aspects of vector physiology. Recently, accumulating evidence has established an important role for symbiotic microorganisms in vector-virus interactions which could potentially be used to control viral transmission. Herein, we review recent progress on symbiotic microbe-arbovirus interactions and summarize the molecular mechanisms by which commensal microbes act on hosts and arboviruses. Understanding the sophisticated interactions among arthropod vectors, microbiota, and arboviruses may offer new strategies for the prevention of arboviral diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Yin
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084; Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518055
| | - Peng Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084; Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518055
| | - Xi Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA, 06030
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 100084; Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518055.
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26
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Chen S, Walker ED. Genome Sequence of Serratia fonticola Strain S14, Isolated from the Mosquito Aedes triseriatus. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:e00099-20. [PMID: 32327519 PMCID: PMC7180273 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00099-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Serratia fonticola strain S14, isolated from the midgut of a female Aedes triseriatus mosquito, has a genome size of 6,176,978 bp. The genome includes genes responsible for acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing, enterobactin, and aerobactin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Edward D Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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27
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Friman MJ, Eklund MH, Pitkälä AH, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Rantala MHJ. Description of two Serratia marcescens associated mastitis outbreaks in Finnish dairy farms and a review of literature. Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:54. [PMID: 31727124 PMCID: PMC6857314 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Serratia spp. have been associated with mastitis outbreaks in dairy cattle herds. Environmental contamination or a point source, like a teat dip product, have often been observed to be potential sources of such outbreaks. We describe two Serratia marcescens associated mastitis outbreaks associated with a contaminated teat dip containing a tertiary alkyl amine, n,n-bis (3-aminopropyl) dodecylamine in two dairy cattle farms in Finland. S. marcescens strains isolated from milk and environmental samples were identified by the MALDI-TOF method. Results Six specimens (n = 19) on Herd 1 and all specimens (n = 9) on Herd 2 were positive for S. marcescens. Positive specimens were from mastitis milk and teat dip liquid and equipment. Bacteria were not isolated from the unopened teat dip canister. The same clone of S. marcescens was isolated from milk samples and teat dip samples within the farms. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis results to the S. marcescens isolates from these two different herds were tested with unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic average clustering analysis. The isolates were not same clone in both herds, because similarity in that test was only 75% when cut-off value to similarity is 85%. Conclusions Our investigation showed that the post milking teat dip and/or temporary containers were contaminated with S. marcescens and these were most likely the sources for new mastitis cases. The negative result from the unopened teat dip canister and positive results from refillable containers demonstrated that the product itself was not contaminated with S. marcescens at the production unit, but became contaminated at the farm level.
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Comparative genomic analyses reveal diverse virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms in clinical Elizabethkingia meningoseptica strains. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222648. [PMID: 31600234 PMCID: PMC6786605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Three human clinical isolates of bacteria (designated strains Em1, Em2 and Em3) had high average nucleotide identity (ANI) to Elizabethkingia meningoseptica. Their genome sizes (3.89, 4.04 and 4.04 Mb) were comparable to those of other Elizabethkingia species and strains, and exhibited open pan-genome characteristics, with two strains being nearly identical and the third divergent. These strains were susceptible only to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin amongst 16 antibiotics in minimum inhibitory tests. The resistome exhibited a high diversity of resistance genes, including 5 different lactamase- and 18 efflux protein- encoding genes. Forty-four genes encoding virulence factors were conserved among the strains. Sialic acid transporters and curli synthesis genes were well conserved in E. meningoseptica but absent in E. anophelis and E. miricola. E. meningoseptica carried several genes contributing to biofilm formation. 58 glycoside hydrolases (GH) and 25 putative polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) were found. The strains carried numerous genes encoding two-component system proteins (56), transcription factor proteins (187~191), and DNA-binding proteins (6~7). Several prophages and CRISPR/Cas elements were uniquely present in the genomes.
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29
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Iasakov TR, Anisimova LG, Zharikova NV, Zhurenko EI, Korobov VV, Markusheva TV. Evolution and Comparative Genomics of the pSM22 Plasmid of the IncF/MOBF12 Group. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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da Mota FF, Castro DP, Vieira CS, Gumiel M, de Albuquerque JP, Carels N, Azambuja P. In vitro Trypanocidal Activity, Genomic Analysis of Isolates, and in vivo Transcription of Type VI Secretion System of Serratia marcescens Belonging to the Microbiota of Rhodnius prolixus Digestive Tract. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3205. [PMID: 30733713 PMCID: PMC6353840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is a bacterium with the ability to colonize several niches, including some eukaryotic hosts. S. marcescens have been recently found in the gut of hematophagous insects that act as parasite vectors, such as Anopheles, Rhodnius, and Triatoma. While some S. marcescens strains have been reported as symbiotic or pathogenic to other insects, the role of S. marcescens populations from the gut microbiota of Rhodnius prolixus, a vector of Chagas’ disease, remains unknown. Bacterial colonies from R. prolixus gut were isolated on BHI agar. After BOX-PCR fingerprinting, the genomic sequences of two isolates RPA1 and RPH1 were compared to others S. marcescens from the NCBI database in other to estimate their evolutionary divergence. The in vitro trypanolytic activity of these two bacterial isolates against Trypanosoma cruzi (DM28c clone and Y strain) was assessed by microscopy. In addition, the gene expression of type VI secretion system (T6SS) was detected in vivo by RT-PCR. Comparative genomics of RPA1 and RPH1 revealed, besides plasmid presence and genomic islands, genes related to motility, attachment, and quorum sensing in both genomes while genes for urea hydrolysis and type II secretion system (T2SS) were found only in the RPA1 genome. The in vitro trypanolytic activity of both S. marcescens strains was stronger in their stationary phases of growth than in their exponential ones, with 65–70 and 85–90% of epimastigotes (Dm28c clone and Y strain, respectively) being lysed after incubation with RPA1 or RPH1 in stationary phase. Although T6SS transcripts were detected in guts up to 40 days after feeding (DAF), R. prolixus morbidity or mortality did not appear to be affected. In this report, we made available two trypanolytic S. marcescens strains from R. prolixus gut to the scientific community together with their genomic sequences. Here, we describe their genomic features with the purpose of bringing new insights into the S. marcescens adaptations for colonization of the specific niche of triatomine guts. This study provides the basis for a better understanding of the role of S. marcescens in the microbiota of R. prolixus gut as a potential antagonist of T. cruzi in this complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Faria da Mota
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Pereira Castro
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Stahl Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Gumiel
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia Peixoto de Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Enteropatógenos, Microbiologia Veterinária e de Alimentos, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense (MIP/UFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Carels
- Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, National Institute for Science and Technology on Innovation in Neglected Diseases (INCT-IDN), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (CDTS/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Azambuja
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abreo E, Altier N. Pangenome of Serratia marcescens strains from nosocomial and environmental origins reveals different populations and the links between them. Sci Rep 2019; 9:46. [PMID: 30631083 PMCID: PMC6328595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37118-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is a Gram-negative bacterial species that can be found in a wide range of environments like soil, water and plant surfaces, while it is also known as an opportunistic human pathogen in hospitals and as a plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) in crops. We have used a pangenome-based approach, based on publicly available genomes, to apply whole genome multilocus sequence type schemes to assess whether there is an association between source and genotype, aiming at differentiating between isolates from nosocomial sources and the environment, and between strains reported as PGPR from other environmental strains. Most genomes from a nosocomial setting and environmental origin could be assigned to the proposed nosocomial or environmental MLSTs, which is indicative of an association between source and genotype. The fact that a few genomes from a nosocomial source showed an environmental MLST suggests that a minority of nosocomial strains have recently derived from the environment. PGPR strains were assigned to different environmental types and clades but only one clade comprised strains accumulating a low number of known virulence and antibiotic resistance determinants and was exclusively from environmental sources. This clade is envisaged as a group of promissory MLSTs for selecting prospective PGPR strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Abreo
- Laboratorio de Bioproducción, Plataforma de Bioinsumos, INIA Uruguay, Ruta 48 Km 10, Canelones, Uruguay.
| | - Nora Altier
- Laboratorio de Bioproducción, Plataforma de Bioinsumos, INIA Uruguay, Ruta 48 Km 10, Canelones, Uruguay
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Chen S, Blom J, Loch TP, Faisal M, Walker ED. The Emerging Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium spartansii Isolated from Chinook Salmon: Comparative Genome Analysis and Molecular Manipulation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2339. [PMID: 29250046 PMCID: PMC5714932 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavobacterium spartansii strain T16T was isolated from a disease outbreak in hatchery-reared Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fingerlings. To gain insight into its genomic content, structure and virulence pathogenesis factors, comparative genome analyses were performed using genomes from environmental and virulent Flavobacterium strains. F. spartansii shared low average nucleotide identity (ANI) to well-known fish-pathogenic flavobacteria (e.g., F. columnare, F. psychrophilum, and F. branchiophilum), indicating that it is a new and emerging fish pathogen. The genome in T16T had a length of 5,359,952 bp, a GC-content 35.7%, and 4,422 predicted protein-coding sequences. Flavobacterium core genome analysis showed that the number of shared genes decreased with the addition of input genomes and converged at 1182 genes. At least 8 genomic islands and 5 prophages were predicted in T16T. At least 133 virulence factors associated with virulence in pathogenic bacteria were highly conserved in F. spartansii T16T. Furthermore, genes linked to virulence in other bacterial species (e.g., those encoding for a type IX secretion system, collagenase and hemolysin) were found in the genome of F. spartansii T16T and were conserved in most of the analyzed pathogenic Flavobacterium. F. spartansii was resistant to ampicillin and penicillin, consistent with the presence of multiple genes encoding diverse lactamases and the penicillin-binding protein in the genome. To allow for future investigations into F. spartansii virulence in vivo, a transposon-based random mutagenesis strategy was attempted in F. spartansii T16T using pHimarEm1. Four putative gliding motility deficient mutants were obtained and the insertion sites of pHimarEm1 in the genome of these mutants were characterized. In total, study results clarify some of the mechanisms by which emerging flavobacterial fish pathogens may cause disease and also provide direly needed tools to investigate their pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas P Loch
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Mohamed Faisal
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Edward D Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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