1
|
Sengupta S, Sen M. Requirement of a Wnt5A-microbiota axis in the maintenance of gut B-cell repertoire and protection from infection. mSphere 2024; 9:e0020424. [PMID: 39140737 PMCID: PMC11423572 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00204-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of a Wnt5A-gut microbiota axis on gut B-cell repertoire and protection from infection, having previously demonstrated that Wnt5A in association with gut commensals helps shape gut T-cell repertoire. Accordingly, Wnt5A heterozygous mice, which express less than wild-type level of Wnt5A, and their isolated Peyer's patches (PPs) were studied in comparison with the wild-type counterparts. The percentages of IgM- and IgA-expressing B cells were quite similar in the PP of both sets of mice. However, the PP of the Wnt5A heterozygous mice harbored significantly higher than wild-type levels of microbiota-bound B cell-secreted IgA, indicating the prevalence of a microbial population therein, which is significantly altered from that of wild-type. Additionally, the percentage of PP IgG1-expressing B cells was appreciably depressed in the Wnt5A heterozygous mice in comparison to wild-type. Wnt5A heterozygous mice, furthermore, exhibited notably higher than the wild-type levels of morbidity and mortality following infection with Salmonella typhimurium, a common gut pathogen. Differences in morbidity/mortality correlated with considerable disparity between the PP-B-cell repertoires of the Salmonella-infected Wnt5A heterozygous and wild-type mice, in which the percentage of IgG1-expressing B1b cells in the PP of heterozygous mice remains significantly low as compared to wild-type. Overall, these results suggest that a gut Wnt5A-microbiota axis is intrinsically associated with the maintenance of gut B-cell repertoire and protection from infection.IMPORTANCEAlthough it is well accepted that B cells and microbiota are required for protection from infection and preservation of gut health, a lot remains unknown about how the optimum B-cell repertoire and microbiota are maintained in the gut. The importance of this study lies in the fact that it unveils a potential role of a growth factor termed Wnt5A in the safeguarding of the gut B-cell population and microbiota, thereby protecting the gut from the deleterious effect of infections by common pathogens. Documentation of the involvement of a Wnt5A-microbiota axis in the shaping of a protective gut B-cell repertoire, furthermore, opens up new avenues of investigations for understanding gut disorders related to microbial dysbiosis and B-cell homeostasis that, till date, are considered incurable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soham Sengupta
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Malini Sen
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Bio Bharati Life Science Pvt. Ltd., Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lim YC, Ong KH, Khor WC, Chua FYX, Lim JQ, Tan LK, Chen SL, Wong WK, Maiwald M, Barkham T, Koh TH, Khoo J, Chan JSH, Aung KT. Sequence Types and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Typhimurium in the Food Chain in Singapore. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1912. [PMID: 39338586 PMCID: PMC11434088 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12091912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella remains a significant foodborne pathogen globally with S. Typhimurium presenting as a frequently occurring serovar. This study aimed to characterize 67 S. Typhimurium isolates from humans, food, farms, and slaughterhouses collected in Singapore from 2016 to 2017. Using whole-genome sequencing analysis, the isolates were found to belong to either ST19 (n = 33) or ST36 (n = 34). ST36 predominated in human intestinal and chicken isolates, while human extra-intestinal and non-chicken food isolates belonged to ST19. Plasmids were predicted in 88.1% (n = 59) of the isolates with the most common incompatibility group profiles being IncFIB(S), IncFII(S) and IncQ1. IncFIB(S) (adjusted p-value < 0.05) and IncFII(S) (adjusted p-value < 0.05) were significantly more prevalent in ST19 isolates, while Col156 (adjusted p-value < 0.05) was more significantly found in ST36 isolates. ST36 isolates exhibited higher resistance to multiple antibiotic classes such as penicillins, phenicols, folate pathway inhibitors, aminoglycosides, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Phylogenetics analysis suggested potential shared routes of transmission among human, chicken, farm and slaughterhouse environments. Taken together, this study offers a cross-sectional epidemiological insight into the genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial landscape of S. Typhimurium isolates in Singapore, informing strategies for future public health and food safety surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen Ching Lim
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Kar Hui Ong
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Wei Ching Khor
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Favian Yue Xuan Chua
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Jia Qi Lim
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Li Kiang Tan
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Swaine L. Chen
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Laboratory of Bacterial Genomics, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Wai Kwan Wong
- Centre for Animal & Veterinary Service, National Parks Board, Singapore 718827, Singapore
| | - Matthias Maiwald
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Timothy Barkham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Tse Hsien Koh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Joanna Khoo
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
| | - Joanne Sheot Harn Chan
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Kyaw Thu Aung
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 7 International Business Park, Singapore 609919, Singapore
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Krishnappa S, Karthik Y, Pratap GK, Shantaram M, Umarajashekhar A, Soumya J, Bhatt B, Sayed SM, Alhelaify SS, Aharthy OM, Mushtaq M. Exploration of bioactive compounds from Olea dioica in Western Ghats of Karnataka using GC-MS. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:63. [PMID: 38344286 PMCID: PMC10853147 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds in plants are essential for the formation of novel chemotherapeutic drugs, which have been used in Ayurveda to treat a variety of illnesses. Indian medicinal herbs have been used for thousands of years to treat a variety of illnesses, such as fever, cancer, snake bites, rheumatism, skin problems, and neurodegenerative diseases. GC-MS was used to locate and categorize bioactive components in Olea dioica leaves. The results showed that presence of octanoic acid, methyl ester, decanoic acid, methyl ester, desulphosinigrin, l-gala-l-ido-octose, methyl tetradecanoate, Tetradecanoic acid, 6-benzoxazolesulfonamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-, 10-chloro-5-methoxy-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene, pentadecanoic acid, oleic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, hexanedioic acid, dioctyl ester, and squalene. The methanol extract of Olea dioica was effective against a wide spectrum of pathogenic bacteria at four different concentrations, with the highest activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Xanthomonas campestris, and Salmonella typhimurium. It also showed moderate activity against Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptomyces pneumonia, and Pseudomonas syringae. The pharmacological properties of O. dioica, as well as their variety and comprehensive phytochemistry, could be exploited as a potent antimicrobial agent for future therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Krishnappa
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, Karnataka India
| | - Yalpi Karthik
- Department of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, Karnataka India
| | - G. K. Pratap
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, Karnataka India
| | - Manjula Shantaram
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Mangalore University, Jnana Kaveri, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, Karnataka India
| | - Alavala Umarajashekhar
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology and Bio-Energy Agricultural College JilleleSircilla, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agriculture University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - J. Soumya
- Department of Microbiology, Government Degree College, Bodhan, Kakatiya University, Warangal, India
| | - Bhagyashree Bhatt
- MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| | - Samy M. Sayed
- Department of Science and Technology, University College-Ranyah, Taif University, B.O. Box 11099, 21944 Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seham Sater Alhelaify
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, 21944 Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohud Muslat Aharthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, 21944 Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muntazir Mushtaq
- MS Swaminathan School of Agriculture, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229 India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chatterjee R, Chakravortty D. Defying the odds: Determinants of the antimicrobial response of Salmonella Typhi and their interplay. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:213-229. [PMID: 38071466 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhi, the invasive serovar of S. enterica subspecies enterica, causes typhoid fever in healthy human hosts. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has consistently challenged the successful treatment of typhoid fever with conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella is acquired either by mutations in the genomic DNA or by acquiring extrachromosomal DNA via horizontal gene transfer. In addition, Salmonella can form a subpopulation of antibiotic persistent (AP) cells that can survive at high concentrations of antibiotics. These have reduced the effectiveness of the first and second lines of antibiotics used to treat Salmonella infection. The recurrent and chronic carriage of S. Typhi in human hosts further complicates the treatment process, as a remarkable shift in the immune response from pro-inflammatory Th1 to anti-inflammatory Th2 is observed. Recent studies have also highlighted the overlap between AP, persistent infection (PI) and AMR. These incidents have revealed several areas of research. In this review, we have put forward a timeline for the evolution of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella and discussed the different mechanisms of the same availed by the pathogen at the genotypic and phenotypic levels. Further, we have presented a detailed discussion on Salmonella antibiotic persistence (AP), PI, the host and bacterial virulence factors that can influence PI, and how both AP and PI can lead to AMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ritika Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kraimi N, Ross T, Pujo J, De Palma G. The gut microbiome in disorders of gut-brain interaction. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2360233. [PMID: 38949979 PMCID: PMC11218806 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2360233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), chronic disorders characterized by either abdominal pain, altered intestinal motility, or their combination, have a worldwide prevalence of more than 40% and impose a high socioeconomic burden with a significant decline in quality of life. Recently, FGIDs have been reclassified as disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), reflecting the key role of the gut-brain bidirectional communication in these disorders and their impact on psychological comorbidities. Although, during the past decades, the field of DGBIs has advanced significantly, the molecular mechanisms underlying DGBIs pathogenesis and pathophysiology, and the role of the gut microbiome in these processes are not fully understood. This review aims to discuss the latest body of literature on the complex microbiota-gut-brain interactions and their implications in the pathogenesis of DGBIs. A better understanding of the existing communication pathways between the gut microbiome and the brain holds promise in developing effective therapeutic interventions for DGBIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narjis Kraimi
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Taylor Ross
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Julien Pujo
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Giada De Palma
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Simoens L, Fijalkowski I, Van Damme P. Exposing the small protein load of bacterial life. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad063. [PMID: 38012116 PMCID: PMC10723866 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-growing repertoire of genomic techniques continues to expand our understanding of the true diversity and richness of prokaryotic genomes. Riboproteogenomics laid the foundation for dynamic studies of previously overlooked genomic elements. Most strikingly, bacterial genomes were revealed to harbor robust repertoires of small open reading frames (sORFs) encoding a diverse and broadly expressed range of small proteins, or sORF-encoded polypeptides (SEPs). In recent years, continuous efforts led to great improvements in the annotation and characterization of such proteins, yet many challenges remain to fully comprehend the pervasive nature of small proteins and their impact on bacterial biology. In this work, we review the recent developments in the dynamic field of bacterial genome reannotation, catalog the important biological roles carried out by small proteins and identify challenges obstructing the way to full understanding of these elusive proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Simoens
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Igor Fijalkowski
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- iRIP Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang LQ, Shen YL, Ye BC, Zhou Y. Acetylation of K188 and K192 inhibits the DNA-binding ability of NarL to regulate Salmonella virulence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0068523. [PMID: 37732772 PMCID: PMC10617396 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00685-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infection significantly increases nitrate levels in the intestine, immune cells, and immune organs of the host, and it can exploit nitrate as an electron acceptor to enhance its growth. In the presence of nitrate or nitrite, NarL, a regulatory protein of the Nar two-component system, is activated and regulates a number of genes involved in nitrate metabolism. However, research on NarL at the post-translational level is limited. In this study, we demonstrate that the DNA-binding sites K188 and 192 of NarL can be acetylated by bacterial metabolite acetyl phosphate and that the degree of acetylation has a considerable influence on the regulatory function of NarL. Specifically, acetylation of NarL negatively regulates the transcription of narG, narK, and napF, which affects the utilization of nitrate in Salmonella. Besides, both cell and mouse models show that acetylated K188 and K192 result in attenuated replication in RAW 264.7 cells, as well as impaired virulence in mouse model. Together, this research identifies a novel NarL acetylation mechanism that regulates Salmonella virulence, providing a new insight and target for salmonellosis treatment.IMPORTANCESalmonella is an important intracellular pathogen that can cause limited gastroenteritis and self-limiting gastroenteritis in immunocompetent humans. Nitrate, the highest oxidation state form of nitrogen, is critical in the formation of systemic infection in Salmonella. It functions as a signaling molecule that influences Salmonella chemotaxis, in addition to acting as a reduced external electron acceptor for Salmonella anaerobic respiration. NarL is an essential regulatory protein involved in nitrate metabolism in Salmonella, and comprehending its regulatory mechanism is necessary. Previous research has linked NarL phosphorylation to the formation of its dimer, which is required for NarL to perform its regulatory functions. Our research demonstrated that acetylation also affects the regulatory function of NarL. We found that acetylation affects Salmonella pathogenicity by weakening the ability of NarL to bind to the target sequence, further refining the mechanism of the anaerobic nitrate respiration pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Qing Zhang
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Lin Shen
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Lab of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chatterjee R, Chowdhury AR, Nair AV, Hajra D, Kar A, Datey A, Shankar S, Mishra RK, Chandra N, Chakravortty D. Salmonella Typhimurium PgtE is an essential arsenal to defend against the host resident antimicrobial peptides. Microbiol Res 2023; 271:127351. [PMID: 36931126 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a common cause of gastroenteritis in humans and occasionally causes systemic infection. Salmonella's ability to survive and replicate within macrophages is an important characteristic during systemic infection. The outer membrane protease PgtE of S. enterica is a member of the Omptin family of outer membrane aspartate proteases which has well-characterized proteolytic activities in-vitro against a wide range of physiologically relevant substrates. However, no study has been done so far that draws a direct correlation between these in-vitro observations and the biology of the pathogen in-vivo. The main goals of this study were to characterize the pathogenesis-associated functions of pgtE and study its role in the intracellular survival and in-vivo virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Our study elucidated a possible role of Salmonella Typhimurium pgtE in combating host antimicrobial peptide- bactericidal/ permeability increasing protein (BPI) to survive in human macrophages. The pgtE-deficient strain of Salmonella showed attenuated proliferation and enhanced colocalization with BPI in U937 and Thp1 cells. In the presence of polymixin B, the attenuated in-vitro survival of STM ΔpgtE suggested a role of PgtE against the antimicrobial peptides. In addition, our study revealed that compared to the wild type Salmonella, the pgtE mutant is replication-deficient in C57BL/6 mice. Further, we showed that PgtE interacts directly with several antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the host gut. This gives the pathogen a survival advantage and helps to mount a successful infection in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Abhilash Vijay Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipasree Hajra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Arpita Kar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Akshay Datey
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Santhosh Shankar
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Rishi Kumar Mishra
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Nagasuma Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India; Adjunct Faculty, Indian Institute of Science Research and Education, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hariharan V, Chowdhury AR, Rao S S, Chakravortty D, Basu S. phoP maintains the environmental persistence and virulence of pathogenic bacteria in mechanically stressed desiccated droplets. iScience 2023; 26:106580. [PMID: 37168573 PMCID: PMC10164896 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive studies on kinematic features of impacting drops, the effect of mechanical stress on desiccated bacteria-laden droplets remains unexplored. In the present study, we unveiled the consequences of the impaction of bacteria-laden droplets on solid surfaces and their subsequent desiccation on the virulence of an enteropathogen Salmonella typhimurium (STM). The methodology elucidated the deformation, cell-cell interactions, adhesion energy, and roughness in bacteria induced by impact velocity and low moisture because of evaporation. Salmonella retrieved from the dried droplets were used to understand fomite-mediated pathogenesis. The impact velocity-induced mechanical stress deteriorated the in vitro viability of Salmonella. Of interest, an uninterrupted bacterial proliferation was observed in macrophages at higher mechanical stress. Wild-type Salmonella under mechanical stress induced the expression of phoP whereas infecting macrophages. The inability of STM ΔphoP to grow in nutrient-rich dried droplets signifies the role of phoP in sensing the mechanical stress and maintaining the virulence of Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Hariharan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
| | - Srinivas Rao S
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State 695551, India
- Corresponding author
| | - Saptarshi Basu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research (ICER), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State 560012, India
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ban O, Bang WY, Jeon HJ, Jung YH, Yang J, Kim DH. Potential of Bifidobacterium lactis IDCC 4301 isolated from breast milk-fed infant feces as a probiotic and functional ingredient. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1952-1964. [PMID: 37051343 PMCID: PMC10084967 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics provide important health benefits to the host by improving intestinal microbial balance and have been widely consumed as dietary supplements. In this study, we investigated whether Bifidobacterium lactis IDCC 4301 (BL), isolated from feces of breast milk-fed infants, is safe to consume. Based on the guidelines established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), safety tests such as antibiotic susceptibility, hemolysis, toxic compound formation (i.e., biogenic amine and d-lactate), single-dose acute oral toxicity, and extracellular enzymatic activities were performed. In addition, toxigenic genes, antibiotic resistance genes, and mobile genetic elements were investigated by analyzing the genome sequence of BL. BL was susceptible to eight antibiotics except for vancomycin and the absence of transferable resistance in the genome of this strain implied that vancomycin resistance is likely to be intrinsic. With regard to phenotypic characteristics, there was no concern of toxicity of this strain. Furthermore, BL utilized various carbohydrates and their conjugates through the activity of various endogenous carbohydrate-utilizing enzymes. Interestingly, the supernatant of the BL showed strong antipathogenic activity against various infectious pathogens. Therefore, we suggest that BL should be a safe probiotic and can be used as a functional ingredient in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O‐Hyun Ban
- Ildong BioscienceGyeonggi‐doSouth Korea
- School of Food Science and BiotechnologyKyungpook National UniversityDaeguSouth Korea
| | | | - Hyeon Ji Jeon
- School of Food Science and BiotechnologyKyungpook National UniversityDaeguSouth Korea
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- School of Food Science and BiotechnologyKyungpook National UniversityDaeguSouth Korea
| | | | - Dong Hyun Kim
- School of Food Science and BiotechnologyKyungpook National UniversityDaeguSouth Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kotb E, El-Nogoumy BA, Alqahtani HA, Ahmed AA, Al-Shwyeh HA, Algarudi SM, Almahasheer H. A putative cytotoxic serine protease from Salmonella typhimurium UcB5 recovered from undercooked burger. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3926. [PMID: 36894576 PMCID: PMC9998444 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A putative virulence exoprotease designated as UcB5 was successfully purified from the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium to the electrophoretic homogeneity with 13.2-fold and 17.1% recovery by hydrophobic, ion-exchange, and gel permeation chromatography using Phenyl-Sepharose 6FF, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, and Sephadex G-75, respectively. By applying SDS-PAGE, the molecular weight was confirmed at 35 kDa. The optimal temperature, pH, and isoelectric point were 35 °C, 8.0, 5.6 ± 0.2, respectively. UcB5 was found to have a broad substrate specificity against almost all the tested chromogenic substrates with maximal affinity against N-Succ-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA achieving Km of 0.16 mM, Kcat/Km of 3.01 × 105 S-1 M-1, and amidolytic activity of 28.9 µmol min-1 L-1. It was drastically inhibited by TLCK, PMSF, SBTI, and aprotinin while, DTT, β-mercaptoethanol, 2,2'-bipyridine, o-phenanthroline, EDTA, and EGTA had no effect, which suggested a serine protease-type. Also, it has shown a broad substrate specificity against a broad range of natural proteins including serum proteins. A cytotoxicity and electron microscopy study revealed that UcB5 could cause subcellular proteolysis that finally led to liver necrosis. For this, future research should focus on using a combination of external antiproteases and antimicrobial agents for the treatment of microbial diseases instead of using drugs alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Essam Kotb
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia. .,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Baher A El-Nogoumy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Haifa A Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa A Ahmed
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Commerce, Al-Azhar University (Girls' Branch), P.O. Box 11751, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hussah A Al-Shwyeh
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sakina M Algarudi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia.,Basic & Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Almahasheer
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Asiatic acid and andrographolide reduce hippocampal injury through suppressing neuroinflammation caused by Salmonella typhimurium infection. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113584. [PMID: 36581090 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Damage caused by Salmonella is not only limited to the gastrointestinal tract, but also occurs in the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to explore the protective effects of asiatic acid (AA) and andrographolide (AD) on the CNS through simulating common infection in mice by oral administration of Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium). The results showed that the neurons in the hippocampus of mice were damaged after S. typhimurium invaded CNS in mice, and the inflammation was increased, which was manifested by the increased expression of inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-12b and the activation of NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes. The damage and inflammatory response of mouse hippocampal neurons were effectively reduced by AA or AD pretreatment. Furthermore, we observed the significant activation of microglia after S. typhimurium infection. AA and AD attenuated S. typhimurium -induced hippocampal injury by reducing the inflammatory response on microglia. The findings suggest that the AA and AD protect CNS from injury caused by S. typhimurium infection through inhibiting over expression of multiple neuroinflammatory mediators and NLRP3 inflammasome in mice.
Collapse
|
13
|
Aliya S, Rethinasabapathy M, Yoo J, Kim E, Chung JY, Cha JH, Suk Huh Y. Phytogenic fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of their in vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
|
14
|
Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Singh AK, Chakravortty D. Loss of outer membrane protein A (OmpA) impairs the survival of Salmonella Typhimurium by inducing membrane damage in the presence of ceftazidime and meropenem. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:3376-3389. [PMID: 36177811 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is one of the significant non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars that causes gastroenteritis. The rapid development of antimicrobial resistance necessitates studying new antimicrobials and their therapeutic targets in this pathogen. Our study aimed to investigate the role of four prominent outer membrane porins of S. Typhimurium, namely OmpA, OmpC, OmpD and OmpF, in developing resistance against ceftazidime and meropenem. METHODS The antibiotic-mediated inhibition of bacterial growth was determined by measuring the absorbance and the resazurin assay. DiBAC4 (Bis-(1,3-Dibutylbarbituric Acid)Trimethine Oxonol), 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluoroscein diacetate (DCFDA) and propidium iodide were used to determine the outer membrane depolarization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and subsequent killing of Salmonella. The expression of oxidative stress-response and efflux pump genes was quantified by quantitative RT-qPCR. HPLC was done to determine the amount of antibiotics that entered the bacteria. The damage to the bacterial outer membrane was studied by confocal and atomic force microscopy. The in vivo efficacy of ceftazidime and meropenem were tested in the C57BL/6 mouse model. RESULTS Deleting ompA reduced the survival of Salmonella in the presence of ceftazidime and meropenem. Massive outer membrane depolarization and reduced expression of oxidative stress-response genes in S. Typhimurium ΔompA hampered its growth in the presence of antibiotics. The enhanced uptake of antibiotics and decreased expression of efflux pump genes in S. Typhimurium ΔompA resulted in damage to the bacterial outer membrane. The clearance of the S. Typhimurium ΔompA from C57BL/6 mice with ceftazidime treatment proved the role of OmpA in rendering protection against β-lactam antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS OmpA protects S. Typhimurium from two broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics, ceftazidime and meropenem, by maintaining the stability of the outer membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.,Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India.,School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Salmonella Typhimurium U32 peptidase, YdcP, promotes bacterial survival by conferring protection against in vitro and in vivo oxidative stress. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105862. [PMID: 36402347 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
16
|
Wu Y, Wang Y, Hu A, Shu X, Huang W, Liu J, Wang B, Zhang R, Yue M, Yang C. Lactobacillus plantarum-derived postbiotics prevent Salmonella-induced neurological dysfunctions by modulating gut-brain axis in mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:946096. [PMID: 35967771 PMCID: PMC9365972 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.946096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Postbiotics are the inactive bacteria and/or metabolites of beneficial microbes which have been recently found to be as effective as their live probiotic. This study aimed to evaluate the benefits of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP)-derived postbiotics on ameliorating Salmonella-induced neurological dysfunctions. Mice were pretreated with LP postbiotics (heat-killed bacteria or the metabolites) or active bacteria, and then challenged with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (ST). Results showed that LP postbiotics, particularly the metabolites, effectively prevented ST infection in mice, as evidenced by the inhibited weight loss, bacterial translocation, and tissue damages. The LP postbiotics markedly suppressed brain injuries and neuroinflammation (the decreased interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and the increased IL-4 and IL-10). Behavior tests indicated that LP postbiotics, especially the metabolites, protected mice from ST-induced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors and cognitive impairment. A significant modulation of neuroactive molecules (5-hydroxytryptamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, dopamine, acetylcholine, and neuropeptide Y) was also found by LP postbiotic pretreatment. Microbiome analysis revealed that LP postbiotics optimized the cecal microbial composition by increasing Helicobacter, Lactobacillus and Dubosiella, and decreasing Mucispirillum, norank_f_Oscillospiraceae, and Eubacterium_siraeum_group. Moreover, LP postbiotics inhibited the reduction of short-chain fatty acids caused by ST infection. Pearson's correlation assays further confirmed the strong relationship of LP postbiotics-mediated benefits and gut microbiota. This study highlights the effectiveness of postbiotics and provide a promising strategy for preventing infection-induced brain disorders by targeting gut–brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aixin Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Shu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxia Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Vegamax Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Huzhou, China
| | - Baikui Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Roy Chowdhury A, Sah S, Varshney U, Chakravortty D. Salmonella Typhimurium outer membrane protein A (OmpA) renders protection from nitrosative stress of macrophages by maintaining the stability of bacterial outer membrane. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010708. [PMID: 35969640 PMCID: PMC9410544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial porins are highly conserved outer membrane proteins used in the selective transport of charged molecules across the membrane. In addition to their significant contributions to the pathogenesis of Gram-negative bacteria, their role(s) in salmonellosis remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the role of outer membrane protein A (OmpA), one of the major outer membrane porins of Salmonella, in the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhimurium (STM). Our study revealed that OmpA plays an important role in the intracellular virulence of Salmonella. An ompA deficient strain of Salmonella (STM ΔompA) showed compromised proliferation in macrophages. We found that the SPI-2 encoded virulence factors such as sifA and ssaV are downregulated in STM ΔompA. The poor colocalization of STM ΔompA with LAMP-1 showed that disruption of SCV facilitated its release into the cytosol of macrophages, where it was assaulted by reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI). The enhanced recruitment of nitrotyrosine on the cytosolic population of STM ΔompAΔsifA and ΔompAΔssaV compared to STM ΔsifA and ΔssaV showed an additional role of OmpA in protecting the bacteria from host nitrosative stress. Further, we showed that the generation of greater redox burst could be responsible for enhanced sensitivity of STM ΔompA to the nitrosative stress. The expression of several other outer membrane porins such as ompC, ompD, and ompF was upregulated in STM ΔompA. We found that in the absence of ompA, the enhanced expression of ompF increased the outer membrane porosity of Salmonella and made it susceptible to in vitro and in vivo nitrosative stress. Our study illustrates a novel mechanism for the strategic utilization of OmpA by Salmonella to protect itself from the nitrosative stress of macrophages. Salmonella Typhimurium majorly uses SPI-1 and SPI-2 encoded T3SS and virulence factors for thriving in the host macrophages. But the role of non-SPI genes in Salmonella pathogenesis remains unknown. This article illustrates a novel mechanism of how a non-SPI virulent protein, OmpA, helps Salmonella Typhimurium to survive in murine macrophages. Our data revealed that Salmonella lacking OmpA (STM ΔompA) is deficient in producing SPI-2 effector proteins and has a severe defect in maintaining the stability of its outer membrane. It is released into the cytosol of macrophages during infection after disrupting the SCV membrane. STM ΔompA was severely challenged with reactive nitrogen intermediates in the cytosol, which reduced their proliferation in macrophages. We further showed that the deletion of OmpA increased the expression of other larger porins (ompC, ompD, and ompF) on the surface of Salmonella. It was observed that the enhanced expression of OmpF in STM ΔompA increased the outer membrane permeability and made the bacteria more susceptible to in vitro and in vivo nitrosative stress. Altogether our study proposes new insights into the role of Salmonella OmpA as an essential virulence factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivjee Sah
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Umesh Varshney
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Md. Jasmine SK, Reddy G. VS, Gorityala N, Sagurthi SR, Mungapati S, Manikanta KN, Allam US. In Silico Modeling and Docking Analysis of CTX-M-5, Cefotaxime-Hydrolyzing β-Lactamase from Human-Associated Salmonella Typhimurium. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0976500x221109721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: CTX-M-type enzymes represent a novel and rapidly evolving group of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, which confer resistance to advance generation cephalosporins. Despite the interaction of CTX-M-5 with drugs and inhibitors, its structure is not reported till date. The present study aimed to computationally model the CTX-M-5 β-lactamase and establish its structure, which is exclusively present in human-associated Salmonella. Methods: The CTX-M-5 aminoacid sequence (Uniprot ID:O65975) of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium was retrieved from UniProt database and subjected to homology modeling using MODELLER 9v7. The homology models were duly validated using RAMPAGE tool by generating Ramachandran plots, ERRAT graphs, and ProSA score. DoGSiteScorer server and ConSurf server were used to detect the cavities, pockets, and clefts to identify conserved amino acid sites in the predicted model. Subsequently, the modeled structure was docked using CLC Drug Discovery Workbench against proven drugs and known inhibitors. Results: Obtained high-quality homology model with 91.7% of the residues in favorable regions in Ramachandran plot and qualified in other quality parameters. Docking studies resulted in a higher dock score for PNK (D-benzylpenicilloic acid) molecule when compared to other reported inhibitors. Conclusion: This in silico study suggests that the compound PNK could be an efficient ligand for CTX-M-5 β-lactamase and serve as a potent inhibitor of CTX-M-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Md. Jasmine
- Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vidya Sagar Reddy G.
- Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Neelima Gorityala
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Someswar Rao Sagurthi
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sandhya Mungapati
- Department of Crop Production, DAATTC Center, Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kota Neela Manikanta
- Department of Travel and Tourism, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Uday Sankar Allam
- Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nitrate Utilization Promotes Systemic Infection of Salmonella Typhimurium in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137220. [PMID: 35806223 PMCID: PMC9266322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is an invasive enteric pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans and life-threatening systemic infections in mice. During infection of the intestine, S. Typhimurium can exploit nitrate as an electron acceptor to enhance its growth. However, the roles of nitrate on S. Typhimurium systemic infection are unknown. In this study, nitrate levels were found to be significantly increased in the liver and spleen of mice systemically infected by S. Typhimurium. Mutations in genes encoding nitrate transmembrane transporter (narK) or nitrate-producing flavohemoprotein (hmpA) decreased the replication of S. Typhimurium in macrophages and reduced systemic infection in vivo, suggesting that nitrate utilization promotes S. Typhimurium systemic virulence. Moreover, nitrate utilization contributes to the acidification of the S. Typhimurium cytoplasm, which can sustain the virulence of S. Typhimurium by increasing the transcription of virulence genes encoding on Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2). Furthermore, the growth advantage of S. Typhimurium conferred by nitrate utilization occurred only under low-oxygen conditions, and the nitrate utilization was activated by both the global regulator Fnr and the nitrate-sensing two-component system NarX-NarL. Collectively, this study revealed a novel mechanism adopted by Salmonella to interact with its host and increase its virulence.
Collapse
|
20
|
Effect of Hurdle Approaches Using Conventional and Moderate Thermal Processing Technologies for Microbial Inactivation in Fruit and Vegetable Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121811. [PMID: 35742009 PMCID: PMC9222969 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal processing of packaged fruit and vegetable products is targeted at eliminating microbial contaminants (related to spoilage or pathogenicity) and extending shelf life using microbial inactivation or/and by reducing enzymatic activity in the food. The conventional process of thermal processing involves sterilization (canning and retorting) and pasteurization. The parameters used to design the thermal processing regime depend on the time (minutes) required to eliminate a known population of bacteria in a given food matrix under specified conditions. However, due to the effect of thermal exposure on the sensitive nutrients such as vitamins or bioactive compounds present in fruits and vegetables, alternative technologies and their combinations are required to minimize nutrient loss. The novel moderate thermal regimes aim to eliminate bacterial contaminants while retaining nutritional quality. This review focuses on the “thermal” processing regimes for fruit and vegetable products, including conventional sterilization and pasteurization as well as mild to moderate thermal techniques such as pressure-assisted thermal sterilization (PATS), microwave-assisted thermal sterilization (MATS) and pulsed electric field (PEF) in combination with thermal treatment as a hurdle approach or a combined regime.
Collapse
|
21
|
Xanthan and alginate-matrix used as transdermal delivery carrier for piroxicam and ketoconazole. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:2084-2096. [PMID: 35500769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study presents new drug delivery systems based on xanthan, unmodified or modified by esterification with oleic acid, and alginate for controlled release of bioactive substances with anti-inflammatory (piroxicam) and antifungal properties (ketoconazole). The mechanical properties of the developed drug carriers showed that their compressive strength was affected by the encapsulation of the bioactive principles. When ketoconazole was added into the xanthan/alginate matrix, an increment in the mechanical strength was recorded (66.68% compression). The release of the active principles from the materials was best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, with non-Fickian or Fickian diffusion (the values of the exponent of release are between 0.29 and 0.75), depending on the composition of the polymeric matrix. The release rate constant presents smaller values for the materials based on chemically modified xanthan (between 0.89 and 20.11) as compared with materials based on the unmodified form (between 4.27 and 25.00). All materials were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The designed systems prove to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. The findings make prone these biomaterials for the manufacture of transdermal drug delivery systems.
Collapse
|
22
|
Biosensors, modern technology for the detection of cancer-associated bacteria. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:683-701. [PMID: 35543825 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is undoubtedly one of the major human challenges worldwide. A number of pathogenic bacteria are deemed to be potentially associated with the disease. Accordingly, accurate and specific identification of cancer-associated bacteria can play an important role in cancer control and prevention. A variety of conventional methods such as culture, serology, and molecular-based methods as well as PCR and real-time PCR have been adopted to identify bacteria. However, supply costs, machinery fees, training expenses, consuming time, and the need for advanced equipment are the main problems with the old methods. As a result, advanced and modern techniques are being developed to overcome the disadvantages of conventional methods. Biosensor technology is one of the innovative methods that has been the focus of researchers due to its numerous advantages. The main purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the latest developed biosensors for recognizing the paramount cancer-associated bacteria.
Collapse
|
23
|
Khan N, Sasmal A, Khedri Z, Secrest P, Verhagen A, Srivastava S, Varki N, Chen X, Yu H, Beddoe T, Paton AW, Paton JC, Varki A. Sialoglycan binding patterns of bacterial AB5 toxin B subunits correlate with host range and toxicity, indicating evolution independent of A subunits. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101900. [PMID: 35398357 PMCID: PMC9120245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic bacteria secrete AB5 toxins that can be virulence factors. Cytotoxic A subunits are delivered to the cytosol following B subunit binding to specific host cell surface glycans. Some B subunits are not associated with A subunits, for example, YpeB of Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague. Plague cannot be eradicated because of Y. pestis' adaptability to numerous hosts. We previously showed selective binding of other B5 pentamers to a sialoglycan microarray, with sialic acid (Sia) preferences corresponding to those prominently expressed by various hosts, for example, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac; prominent in humans) or N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc; prominent in ruminant mammals and rodents). Here, we report that A subunit phylogeny evolved independently of B subunits and suggest a future B subunit nomenclature based on bacterial species names. We also found via phylogenetic analysis of B subunits, which bind Sias, that homologous molecules show poor correlation with species phylogeny. These data indicate ongoing lateral gene transfers between species, including mixing of A and B subunits. Consistent with much broader host range of Y. pestis, we show that YpeB recognizes all mammalian Sia types, except for 4-O-acetylated ones. Notably, YpeB alone causes dose-dependent cytotoxicity, which is abolished by a mutation (Y77F) eliminating Sia recognition, suggesting that cell proliferation and death are promoted via lectin-like crosslinking of cell surface sialoglycoconjugates. These findings help explain the host range of Y. pestis and could be important for pathogenesis. Overall, our data indicate ongoing rapid evolution of both host Sias and pathogen toxin-binding properties.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kaur A, Kaur IP, Chopra K, Rishi P. Bi-directional elucidation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (RTA 8) intervention on the pathophysiology of gut-brain axis during Salmonella brain infection. Gut Pathog 2022; 14:11. [PMID: 35236424 PMCID: PMC8892704 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-022-00484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been reports of patients suffering from typhoid fever, particularly those involving infants and immunocompromised patients, which at times present with Salmonella induced brain infection. Although rare, it has frequently been associated with adverse neurological complications and increased mortality. In this context, the gut-brain axis, involving two-way communication between the gut and the brain, holds immense significance as various gut ailments have been associated with psychiatric complications. In turn, several neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with an altered gut microbiota profile. Given the paucity of effective antimicrobials and increasing incidence of multi-drug resistance in pathogens, alternate treatment therapies such as probiotics have gained significant attention in the recent past. RESULTS In the current study, prophylactic effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (RTA 8) in preventing neurological complications occurring due to Salmonella brain infection was evaluated in a murine model. Along with a significant reduction in bacterial burden and improved histoarchitecture, L. plantarum (RTA 8) administration resulted in amelioration in the level of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in the gut as well as in the brain tissue. Simultaneously, increased gene expression of physiologically essential molecules such as mucin (MUC1 and MUC3) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was also observed in this group. CONCLUSION Present study highlights the potential benefits of a probiotic supplemented diet in improving various aspects of host health due to their multi-targeted approach, thereby resulting in multi-faceted gains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Block I, Panjab University, South Campus, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Indu Pal Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Block I, Panjab University, South Campus, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dietary Acrylamide Intake Alters Gut Microbiota in Mice and Increases Its Susceptibility to Salmonella Typhimurium Infection. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122990. [PMID: 34945541 PMCID: PMC8700958 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) has been extensively examined for its potential toxicological effects on humans and animals, but its impacts on gut microbiota and effects on hosts’ susceptibility to enteric infection remain elusive. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of AA on gut microbiota of mice and susceptibility of mice to S. Typhimurium infection. After four weeks’ intervention, mice fed with AA exhibited significantly decreased body weight. Meanwhile, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed reduced relative abundance of Firmicutes and increased abundance of Bacteroidetes in AA-treated mice prior to infection. In addition, we observed high relative abundance of Burkholderiales and Erysipelotrichales, more specifically the genus Sutterella and Allobaculum, respectively, in AA-treated mice before infection. Subsequently, the mice were orally infected with S. Typhimurium. The histological changes, systemic dissemination of S. Typhimurium, and inflammatory responses were examined. Compared to mice fed with normal diet, mice fed AA exhibited higher level of bacterial counts in liver, spleen, and ileum, which was consistent with exacerbated tissue damage determined by histological analyses. In addition, higher expression of pro-inflammaroty cytokines, p-IκBα, and p-P65 and lower mRNA expressions of mucin2, occludin, zo-1, claudin-1, and E-cadherin were detected in AA-treated mice. These findings provide novel insights into the potential health impact of AA consumption and the detailed mechanism for its effect on S. Typhimurium infection merit further exploration.
Collapse
|
26
|
Vimal A, Siddiqui MH, Verma A, Kumar A. Degradation product of curcumin restrain Salmonella typhimurium virulent protein L-asparaginase. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021:jcim-2021-0172. [PMID: 34860475 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Salmonella typhimurium is a pathogen responsible for causing a wide range of infectious diseases. The emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in this microbe is a big challenge. L-asparaginase (less explored drug target) is selected as a drug target because it is actively involved in the virulence mechanism. To block this virulent enzyme, curcumin that is traditionally renowned for its medicinal properties was examined. However, its pharmacological behavior and targeting property is less understood because of its poor bioavailability. Therefore, the present work explores the antimicrobial effect of both curcumin and its degradation product against the MDR pathogen. METHODS Molecular docking studies were carried out to evaluate the inhibitory effect of curcumin and its degradation product against the L-asparaginase enzyme using Schrodinger Maestro interface tools. The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) profile of all the test ligands was also performed. RESULTS The docking score of curcumin was -5.465 kcal/mol while its degradation product curcumin glucuronide has the lowest i.e., -6.240 kcal/mol. All the test ligands showed better or comparable docking scores with respect to control (Ciprofloxacin). Arg 142 and Asn 84 amino acid residues of L-asparaginase were found to be interacting with test ligands inside the binding pocket of the target protein. ADME/toxicology study also indicated the potency of curcumin/curcumin degradation products as a potent inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS It was found that both curcumin and its degradation products have the potential to inhibit Salmonella. This information could be valuable for futuristic drug candidate development against this pathogen and could be a potential lead for mitigation of MDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Vimal
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Ashish Verma
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rana K, Nayak SR, Bihary A, Sahoo AK, Mohanty KC, Palo SK, Sahoo D, Pati S, Dash P. Association of quorum sensing and biofilm formation with Salmonella virulence: story beyond gathering and cross-talk. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5887-5897. [PMID: 34586468 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid fever) is a public health concern which contributes to mortality and morbidity all around the globe. It is caused mainly due to ingestion of contaminated food and water with a gram negative, rod-shaped, flagellated bacterium known as Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (typhoid fever) or paratyphi (paratyphoid fever). Clinical problems associated with Salmonellosis are mainly bacteraemia, gastroenteritis and enteric fever. The bacteria undergo various mechanisms to escape itself from immune reaction of the host, modulating immune response at the site of infection leading to virulence factor production and anti-microbial resistance. Biofilm is one of the adaptation mechanisms through which Salmonella survives in unfavourable conditions and thus is considered as a major threat to public health. Another property of the bacteria is "Quorum Sensing", which is a cell-cell communication and most of the pathogenic bacteria use it to coordinate the production of several virulence factors and other behaviours such as swarming and biofilm formation. Earlier, quorum sensing was believed to be just a medium for communication but, later on, its role in virulence has been studied. However, there are negligible information relating to interaction between quorum sensing and biofilm formation and how these events play crucial role in Salmonella pathogenesis. The review is a summary of updated information regarding how Salmonella uses these properties to spread more and survive better, making a challenge for clinicians and public health experts. Therefore, this review would help bring an insight regarding how biofilm formation and quorum sensing are inter-related and their role in pathogenesis and virulence of Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khokan Rana
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Alice Bihary
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ajay Ku Sahoo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Subrata Ku Palo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Debadutta Sahoo
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Pujarini Dash
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ulhaq ZS, Hendyatama TH, Hameed F, Santosaningsih D. Antibacterial activity of Citrus hystrix toward Salmonella spp. infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 39:283-286. [PMID: 34088449 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Citrus hystrix is widely used by Indonesians as a traditional medicine for gastrointestinal diseases, including Salmonella spp. infection. We investigated the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic peel extract of C. hystrix against Salmonella typhimurium. METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was determined at a concentration of 0.625% by agar dilution assay. Later, the in vivo antibacterial activity was examined by the administration of 16mg of the extract daily for three consecutive days in a mouse model infected with S. typhimurium. RESULTS The bacterial loads of S. typhimurium in the ileum, liver, and spleen decreased after 24h of administration of the extract (p=0.00008, p=0.00084, and p=0.00003, respectively). CONCLUSION The ethanolic peel extract of C. hystrix shows antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium, indicating the potential of C. hystrix as an effective treatment for Salmonella spp. infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim Islamic State University of Malang, Batu, East Java, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Tenta Hartian Hendyatama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Faizanah Hameed
- Batu Rakit Health Clinic, Trengganu, Malaysia; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Santosaningsih
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
de Nies L, Lopes S, Busi SB, Galata V, Heintz-Buschart A, Laczny CC, May P, Wilmes P. PathoFact: a pipeline for the prediction of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes in metagenomic data. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:49. [PMID: 33597026 PMCID: PMC7890817 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00993-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic microorganisms cause disease by invading, colonizing, and damaging their host. Virulence factors including bacterial toxins contribute to pathogenicity. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance genes allow pathogens to evade otherwise curative treatments. To understand causal relationships between microbiome compositions, functioning, and disease, it is essential to identify virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance genes in situ. At present, there is a clear lack of computational approaches to simultaneously identify these factors in metagenomic datasets. RESULTS Here, we present PathoFact, a tool for the contextualized prediction of virulence factors, bacterial toxins, and antimicrobial resistance genes with high accuracy (0.921, 0.832 and 0.979, respectively) and specificity (0.957, 0.989 and 0.994). We evaluate the performance of PathoFact on simulated metagenomic datasets and perform a comparison to two other general workflows for the analysis of metagenomic data. PathoFact outperforms all existing workflows in predicting virulence factors and toxin genes. It performs comparably to one pipeline regarding the prediction of antimicrobial resistance while outperforming the others. We further demonstrate the performance of PathoFact on three publicly available case-control metagenomic datasets representing an actual infection as well as chronic diseases in which either pathogenic potential or bacterial toxins are hypothesized to play a role. In each case, we identify virulence factors and AMR genes which differentiated between the case and control groups, thereby revealing novel gene associations with the studied diseases. CONCLUSION PathoFact is an easy-to-use, modular, and reproducible pipeline for the identification of virulence factors, bacterial toxins, and antimicrobial resistance genes in metagenomic data. Additionally, our tool combines the prediction of these pathogenicity factors with the identification of mobile genetic elements. This provides further depth to the analysis by considering the genomic context of the pertinent genes. Furthermore, PathoFact's modules for virulence factors, toxins, and antimicrobial resistance genes can be applied independently, thereby making it a flexible and versatile tool. PathoFact, its models, and databases are freely available at https://pathofact.lcsb.uni.lu . Video abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura de Nies
- Systems Ecology Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sara Lopes
- Systems Ecology Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Susheel Bhanu Busi
- Systems Ecology Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Valentina Galata
- Systems Ecology Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Anna Heintz-Buschart
- Systems Ecology Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Metagenomics Support Unit, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH-UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Cedric Christian Laczny
- Systems Ecology Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick May
- Bioinformatics Core, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Wilmes
- Systems Ecology Research Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Edwards JJ, Amadi VA, Soto E, Jay-Russel MT, Aminabadi P, Kenelty K, Charles K, Arya G, Mistry K, Nicholas R, Butler BP, Marancik D. Prevalence and phenotypic characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates from three species of wild marine turtles in Grenada, West Indies. Vet World 2021; 14:222-229. [PMID: 33642807 PMCID: PMC7896897 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.222-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Salmonella enterica causes enteric disease in mammals and may potentially be transmitted from marine turtles that shed the pathogen in the environment. Marine turtle-associated human salmonellosis is a potential public health concern in Grenada, as the island supports populations of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), and green turtles (Chelonia mydas) that interface with veterinarians and conservation workers, the local population, and the thousands of visitors that frequent the island yearly. To date, the prevalence of S. enterica has only been examined in a small subset of marine turtles in the Caribbean and no studies have been conducted in Grenada. The aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence of S. enterica in leatherback, hawksbill and green turtles in Grenada, characterize phenotypes and DNA profiles, and explore the potential risk to human health in the region. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 102 cloacal swabs were obtained from nesting leatherback turtles and foraging hawksbill and green turtles. Samples were cultured on enrichment and selective media and isolates were phenotypically characterized using serotyping, pulsed-phase gel electrophoresis, and antibiotic susceptibility. Enrichment broths were additionally screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using S. enterica-specific primers. RESULTS S. enterica was cultured from 15/57 (26.3%) leatherback turtles, 0/28 hawksbill, and 0/17 green turtles. This included S. enterica serovars Montevideo, S. I:4,5,12:i:-, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Newport, S. I:6,7:-:-, and S. I:4,5,12:-:-. Five/15 leatherback turtles carried multiple serovars. Eight pulsotype groups were identified with multiple clustering; however, there was no clear association between pulsotype group and serotype profile. Five/71 isolates showed resistance to streptomycin or ampicillin. Twenty-one/57 leatherback turtles, 14/28 hawksbill turtles, and 8/17 green turtles tested positive for S. enterica by quantitative PCR. CONCLUSION Nesting leatherback turtles actively shed S. enterica and poses a risk for zoonosis; however, the presence of viable pathogen in green and hawksbill species is unclear. These findings help elucidate the role of marine turtles as potential sources of zoonotic S. enterica and provide baseline data for one health research in Grenada and the wider Caribbean region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonnel J. Edwards
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Victor A. Amadi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Esteban Soto
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Peiman Aminabadi
- Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kirsten Kenelty
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Gitanjali Arya
- Office of International des Epizooties Salmonella Reference Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ketna Mistry
- Office of International des Epizooties Salmonella Reference Laboratory, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roxanne Nicholas
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Brian P. Butler
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| | - David Marancik
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University, Grenada, West Indies
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rananaware SR, Pathak S, Chakraborty S, Bisen RY, Chattopadhyay A, Nandi D. Autoimmune-prone lpr mice exhibit a prolonged but lethal infection with an attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium strain. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104684. [PMID: 33301858 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmunity can potentially pre-dispose to, exacerbate or ameliorate pathogenic infections. The current study was designed to compare and understand the infection outcomes with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028s (S. Typhimurium) wild type (WT) and attenuated ΔrpoS strains, in autoimmune-prone lpr mice. C57BL/6 (B6) and B6/lpr (lpr) 6-8 weeks old mice were orally infected with S. Typhimurium WT and ΔrpoS strains. Disease outcomes were assessed with respect to survival, organ bacterial load, tissue damage and inflammation in infected mice. The acute infection stage (day 4) was examined and compared to the later stages (up to day 12) post ΔrpoS infection. S. Typhimurium WT exhibited an acute and lethal infection in both B6 and lpr mice. However, the ΔrpoS strain exhibited prolonged infection with reduced mortality in B6 mice but complete mortality in lpr mice. During late infection, bacterial load and serum IFNγ levels were higher in the ΔrpoS strain infected lpr mice compared to B6 mice. The ΔrpoS strain infected lpr mice also exhibited greater bacterial faecal shedding and greater tissue histopathological changes. Interestingly, ΔrpoS-infected B6 mice displayed minimal microbial load in the brain; however, sustained brain bacterial load was observed in ΔrpoS-infected lpr mice, corresponding to abnormal gait. Overall, S. Typhimurium ΔrpoS is competent in establishing infection but compromised in sustaining it. Nonetheless, lpr mice are less efficient in controlling this attenuated infection. The findings from the study demonstrate that genetic pre-disposition to autoimmunity is sufficient for greater host susceptibility to infection by attenuated S. Typhimurium strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Rajendra Rananaware
- Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sanmoy Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Subhashish Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Rajeshwari Yadorao Bisen
- Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Avik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences Division, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Dosage Determination of Ethnopharmacologically Used Fermented Zea mays subsp. mays Liquor Extract of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. Ex. J.C. Wendel Leaf Against Salmonella typhi. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.97866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bambusa vulgaris (bamboo) is a common plant in tropical regions of the world, with multiple biological activities. Cereal steep liquors have been identified to act against some fecal bacteria. Given the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance coupled with the cost of antibiotics, there is a need for mitigation efforts and the shift by locals to herbal products. Methods: The factorial study design was employed. Bamboo leaves were washed, dried, milled, and soxhlet extracted for 16 h using the steep fermented liquor from Zea mays subsp. mays as the solvent. Rotary evaporated extracts of various weights were used to carry out sensitivity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. Oral acute toxicity was determined. The in vivo assay was used to determine the effective dosage for the treatment of infected mice while distilled water and ciprofloxacin served as negative and positive controls, respectively. Results: The average inhibition zone diameters in the sensitivity test at 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL concentrations were 16.20 ± 0.06 mm, 19.10 ± 0.02 mm, and 22.10 ± 0.05 mm, respectively, while the MIC against Salmonella typhi was 25 mg/mL. The extract was found to be safe at up to 5000 mg/kg dose, which means that the LD50 was ≥ 3808 mg/kg. The Widal test revealed that mice responded to treatment with the extract at different concentrations (50, 100, and 200 mg/mL) as the number of days increased. The in vivo assay on day 14 showed the bactericidal property at a dosage of 200 mg/mL. Conclusions: Bamboo leaves extract in steep liquor from fermented yellow maize displayed excellent pharmacological activity against the pathogenic organism of typhoid fever with a potential source of active agents.
Collapse
|
33
|
Badr H, Soliman MA, Nasef SA. Bacteriological and molecular study of Salmonella species associated with central nervous system manifestation in chicken flocks. Vet World 2020; 13:2183-2190. [PMID: 33281354 PMCID: PMC7704317 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2183-2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Salmonella species often cause systemic health problems in poultry flocks, sometimes including nervous systems manifestations. This impact of Salmonella has rarely been studied. This study aimed to define an alternative pathogenic pathway for Salmonella spp. invasion of brain tissue in chicken flocks. Brain infection produces neurological manifestations; Salmonella strains isolated from brain tissue showed the presences of two virulence genes. Confirmation of the pathway of isolates from intestinal mucosa through the blood-brain barrier was attained using experimental infections in specific pathogen-free (SPF)-day-old chicks through two routes of inoculation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Isolation of Salmonella spp. from five chicken flocks that showed signs of the central nervous system (CNS) effects were isolated. Isolates were characterized by serotyping, and antimicrobial assays. In addition, virulence profiles were described using detection of virulence plasmid spvC, and Salmonella plasmid sopB. A pathogenicity study of isolates in specific pathogen-free (SPF)-day-old chicks through oral and intracerebral administration performed, and experimental infection in SPF embryonated chicken eggs through intra-yolk and intra-allantoic administration was investigated. Supporting histopathology and immunohistopathology against Salmonella antigen in brain tissue were performed for flock and experimental infections. RESULTS Three serotypes of Salmonella were isolated from the brains of five flocks (two Salmonella Virchow, two Salmonella Kentucky, and one Salmonella Enteritidis isolates). Phage related gene sopB and plasmid-mediated operon spvC were identified in all isolated strains. The Salmonella strains were re-isolated and identified from the brain and internal organs of post-experimental infected chicks. Infected chicks showed nervous manifestations associated with Salmonella infection. The presence of positively stained Salmonella antigen in brain tissues indicates penetration of the blood-brain barrier by the Salmonella species. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that some virulent systemic strains of Salmonella spp. can induce CNS manifestations in chicken hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heba Badr
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Soliman
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Soad A. Nasef
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ortega N, Fanelli A, Serrano A, Martínez-Carrasco C, Escribano F, Tizzani P, Candela MG. Salmonella seroprevalence in wild boar from Southeast Spain depends on host population density. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:400-403. [PMID: 32763568 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is the second most prevalent zoonosis in Europe and it has considerable economic and health implications for its monitoring and control as well as being among the most prevalent pathogens on livestock farms. The wild boar (Sus scrofa) has been identified as a competent host and spreader of Salmonella spp. There has been a significant increase in wild boar population in Europe in recent decades, and it is even present in urban areas. This study evaluates the spatial distribution of the seroprevalence of Salmonella spp. in wild boar from Murcia (Southeast Spain) and its relationship with host-related risk factors (sex, age, location and density). The presence of antibodies against S. Typhimurium and Choleraesuis in 269 serum of wild boars hunted in Murcia between 2015 and 2019 were analyzed using a commercial ELISA test (PrioCHECK porcine Salmonella kit). The seroprevalence were spatially distributed using Kernel function, and wild boar density using Gaussian kernel estimates (spatialEco version 1.1.1). The risk function was estimated as the ratio between the intensity of positive samples and the wild boar density The overall seroprevalence was 19.3% (IC95% 16.9-21.8), showing a significant spatial aggregation. The highest seroprevalence detected was 51.8% (IC95% 42.2-61.5) in a specific area with high risk of infection (76-100%) and was related to the wild boar density. Only marginal differences were detected for sex and age. The use of ELISA combined with QGIS (version 3.6.0) has allowed the identification of areas of Salmonella occurrence associated with high density as risk factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Ortega
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Angela Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alfonso Serrano
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Carrasco
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Escribano
- Programa de Conservación y Recuperación de Fauna Silvestre, Dirección General de Medio Natural. Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia, Spain
| | - Paolo Tizzani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Monica G Candela
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kaur A, Chopra K, Kaur IP, Rishi P. Salmonella Strain Specificity Determines Post-typhoid Central Nervous System Complications: Intervention by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum at Gut-Brain Axis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1568. [PMID: 32793135 PMCID: PMC7393228 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological complications occurring due to Salmonella infection in some typhoid patients remain a relatively unexplored serious complication. This study firstly aimed to explore whether disseminative ability of Salmonella from gut to brain is strain specific or not and on the basis of bacterial load, histopathology, and behavioral changes, it was observed that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium NCTC 74 did not cause brain infection in murine model in contrast to Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344. Simultaneously, alarming escalation in antimicrobial resistance, making the existing antibiotics treatment inefficacious, prompted us to evaluate other bio-compatible strategies as a potential treatment option. In this context, the role of gut microbiota in influencing behavior, brain neurochemistry, and physiology by modulating key molecules associated with gut-brain axis has captured the interest of the scientific community. Followed by in vitro screening of potential probiotic strains for beneficial attributes, efficacy of the selected strain was systematically evaluated at various levels of gut-brain axis against Salmonella induced brain infection. Analysis of behavioral (depression, anxiety, and locomotor), neurochemical [gamma amino butyric acid and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)], neuropathological (brain and intestinal histology; bacterial burden), and immunohistochemical studies (tight junction proteins expression) revealed its role in preventing serious manifestations and proving its potential as "psychobiotic." To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report elaborating strain specificity of Salmonella in causing post-typhoidal neurological manifestations and simultaneous use of probiotic in managing the same by influencing the pathophysiology at gut-brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Pal Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ulhaq ZS, Hendyatama TH, Hameed F, Santosaningsih D. Antibacterial activity of Citrus hystrix toward Salmonella spp. infection. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2020. [PMID: 32636040 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Citrus hystrix is widely used by Indonesians as a traditional medicine for gastrointestinal diseases, including Salmonella spp. infection. We investigated the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic peel extract of C. hystrix against Salmonella typhimurium. METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was determined at a concentration of 0.625% by agar dilution assay. Later, the in vivo antibacterial activity was examined by the administration of 16mg of the extract daily for three consecutive days in a mouse model infected with S. typhimurium. RESULTS The bacterial loads of S. typhimurium in the ileum, liver, and spleen decreased after 24h of administration of the extract (p=0.00008, p=0.00084, and p=0.00003, respectively). CONCLUSION The ethanolic peel extract of C. hystrix shows antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium, indicating the potential of C. hystrix as an effective treatment for Salmonella spp. infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zulvikar Syambani Ulhaq
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Maulana Malik Ibrahim Islamic State University of Malang, Batu, East Java, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Tenta Hartian Hendyatama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Faizanah Hameed
- Batu Rakit Health Clinic, Trengganu, Malaysia; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Santosaningsih
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University, Malang, East Java, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gao R, Wang L, Ogunremi D. Virulence Determinants of Non-typhoidal Salmonellae. Microorganisms 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.88904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
38
|
Zhang X, He L, Zhang C, Yu C, Yang Y, Jia Y, Cheng X, Li Y, Liao C, Li J, Yu Z, Du F. The impact of sseK2 deletion on Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium virulence in vivo and in vitro. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:182. [PMID: 31390974 PMCID: PMC6686396 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica is regarded as a major public health threat worldwide. Salmonella secretes the novel translocated effector protein K2 (SseK2), but it is unclear whether this protein plays a significant role in Salmonella enterica Typhimurium virulence. Results A ΔsseK2 mutant of S. Typhimurium exhibited similar growth curves, adhesion and invasive ability compared with wild-type (WT) bacteria. However, deletion of sseK2 rendered Salmonella deficient in biofilm formation and the early proliferative capacity of the ΔsseK2 mutant was significantly lower than that of the WT strain. In vivo, the LD50 (median lethal dose) of the ΔsseK2 mutant strain was increased 1.62 × 103-fold compared with the WT strain. In addition, vaccinating mice with the ΔsseK2 mutant protected them against challenge with a lethal dose of the WT strain. The ability of the ΔsseK2 mutant strain to induce systemic infection was highly attenuated compared with the WT strain, and the bacterial load in the animals’ internal organs was lower when they were infected with the ΔsseK2 mutant strain than when they were infected with the WT strain. Conclusions We conclude that sseK2 is a virulence-associated gene that plays a vital role in Salmonella virulence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1543-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhang
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Lei He
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China. .,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.
| | - Chunjie Zhang
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China. .,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.
| | - Chuan Yu
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Yadong Yang
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Xiangchao Cheng
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Polytechnic, 6 Airport Road, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Yinju Li
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Chengshui Liao
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Jing Li
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Zuhua Yu
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Fuyu Du
- The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China.,Luoyang Key Laboratory of Live Carrier Biomaterial and Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lou L, Zhang P, Piao R, Wang Y. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1) and Its Complex Regulatory Network. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:270. [PMID: 31428589 PMCID: PMC6689963 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella species can infect a diverse range of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including humans. The type III protein secretion system (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) delivers effector proteins required for intestinal invasion and the production of enteritis. The T3SS is regarded as the most important virulence factor of Salmonella. SPI-1 encodes transcription factors that regulate the expression of some virulence factors of Salmonella, while other transcription factors encoded outside SPI-1 participate in the expression of SPI-1-encoded genes. SPI-1 genes are responsible for the invasion of host cells, regulation of the host immune response, e.g., the host inflammatory response, immune cell recruitment and apoptosis, and biofilm formation. The regulatory network of SPI-1 is very complex and crucial. Here, we review the function, effectors, and regulation of SPI-1 genes and their contribution to the pathogenicity of Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Lou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rongli Piao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| |
Collapse
|