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Cechin CDF, Carvalho GG, Kabuki DY. Occurrence, genetic characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. isolated from low water activity functional foods in Brazil. Food Microbiol 2024; 122:104570. [PMID: 38839229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are bacterial pathogens isolated from a wide variety of foods. This study aims at evaluating the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in low water activity functional food samples, detect the presence of virulence genes, and determine the antibiotic susceptibility of strains. From 105 samples, 38 (36.2%) were contaminated with Cronobacter spp. The species identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing analyses (rpoB and fusA genes, respectively) were C. sakazakii (60.3%), C. dublinensis (25.4%), C. turincensis (9.5%), and C. malonaticus (4.8%). Nineteen fusA alleles were identified, including four new alleles. The virulence genes were identified by PCR and all isolates were positive for ompX and sodA genes, 60.3% to cpa gene, and 58.7% to hly gene. Using the disk diffusion method, antibiotic susceptibility to twelve antibiotics was assessed twice, separated by a 19-month period. In the first test, the isolates showed diverse antibiotic susceptibility profiles, with nineteen isolates (30.2%) being multi-drug resistant (resistant to three or more antibiotic classes), in the second, the isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics. Cronobacter spp. in functional foods demonstrates the need for continued investigation of this pathogen in foods, and further research is needed to clarify the loss of resistance of Cronobacter strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine da Fonseca Cechin
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos e Nutrição, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Guimarães Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos e Nutrição, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Dirce Yorika Kabuki
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos e Nutrição, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Gonçalves MPMBB, do Prado-Silva L, Sant'Ana AS. Emergent methods for inactivation of Cronobacter sakazakii in foods: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 421:110777. [PMID: 38909488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is a potentially pathogenic bacterium that is resistant to osmotic stress and low aw, and capable of persisting in a desiccated state in powdered infant milks. It is widespread in the environment and present in various products. Despite the low incidence of cases, its high mortality rates of 40 to 80 % amongst neonates make it a microorganism of public health interest. This current study performed a comparative assessment between current reduction methods applied for C. sakazakii in various food matrices, indicating tendencies and relevant parameters for process optimization. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, qualitatively identifying the main methods of inactivation and control, and quantitatively evaluating the effect of treatment factors on the reduction response. Hierarchical clustering dendrograms led to conclusions on the efficiency of each treatment. Review of recent research trend identified a focus on the potential use of alternative treatments, with most studies related to non-thermal methods and dairy products. Using random-effects meta-analysis, a summary effect-size of 4-log was estimated; however, thermal methods and treatments on dairy matrices displayed wider dispersions - of τ2 = 8.1, compared with τ2 = 4.5 for vegetal matrices and τ2 = 4.0 for biofilms. Meta-analytical models indicated that factors such as chemical concentration, energy applied, and treatment time had a more significant impact on reduction than the increase in temperature. Non-thermal treatments, synergically associated with heat, and treatments on dairy matrices were found to be the most efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo do Prado-Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Brazil.
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Parra-Flores J, Flores-Soto F, Flores-Balboa C, Alarcón-Lavín MP, Cabal-Rosel A, Daza-Prieto B, Springer B, Cruz-Córdova A, Leiva-Caro J, Forsythe S, Ruppitsch W. Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii and Cronobacter malonaticus Strains Isolated from Powdered Dairy Products Intended for Consumption by Adults and Older Adults. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2841. [PMID: 38137986 PMCID: PMC10745994 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize Cronobacter spp. and related organisms isolated from powder dairy products intended for consumption by adults and older adults using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and to identify genes and traits that encode antibiotic resistance and virulence. Virulence (VGs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were detected with the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) platform, ResFinder, and MOB-suite tools. Susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion. Five presumptive strains of Cronobacter spp. were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and ribosomal MLST. Three C. sakazakii strains were of the clinical pathovar ST1, one was ST31, and the remaining isolate was C. malonaticus ST60. In addition, Franconibacter helveticus ST345 was identified. The C. sakazakii ST1 strains were further distinguished using core genome MLST based on 2831 loci. Moreover, 100% of the strains were resistant to cefalotin, 75% to ampicillin, and 50% to amikacin. The C. sakazakii ST1 strains were multiresistant (MDR) to four antibiotics. Additionally, all the strains adhered to the N1E-115 cell line, and two invaded it. Eighteen ARGs mainly involved in antibiotic target alteration and antibiotic efflux were detected. Thirty VGs were detected and clustered as flagellar proteins, outer membrane proteins, chemotaxis, hemolysins, and genes involved in metabolism and stress. The pESA3, pSP291-1, and pCMA1 plasmids were detected, and the prevalent mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were ISEsa1, ISEc52, and IS26. The isolates of C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus exhibited multiresistance to antibiotics, harbored genes encoding various antibiotic resistance proteins, and various virulence factors. Consequently, these contaminated powdered dairy products pose a risk to the health of hypersensitive adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parra-Flores
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile;
| | - Fernanda Flores-Soto
- Nutrition and Dietetics School, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile; (F.F.-S.); (C.F.-B.)
| | - Carolina Flores-Balboa
- Nutrition and Dietetics School, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile; (F.F.-S.); (C.F.-B.)
| | - María P. Alarcón-Lavín
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile;
| | - Adriana Cabal-Rosel
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1220 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.-R.); (B.D.-P.); (B.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Beatriz Daza-Prieto
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1220 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.-R.); (B.D.-P.); (B.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Burkhard Springer
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1220 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.-R.); (B.D.-P.); (B.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova
- Intestinal Bacteriology Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - José Leiva-Caro
- Department of Nursing, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile;
| | - Stephen Forsythe
- FoodMicrobe.com Ltd., Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GY, UK
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1220 Vienna, Austria; (A.C.-R.); (B.D.-P.); (B.S.); (W.R.)
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Cechin CDF, Carvalho GG, Bastos CP, Kabuki DY. Cronobacter spp. in foods of plant origin: occurrence, contamination routes, and pathogenic potential. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12398-12412. [PMID: 35866516 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter is an emerging bacterial pathogen associated with infections such as necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and meningitis in neonates and infants, related to the consumption of powdered infant formula. In addition, this bacterium can also cause infections in adults by the ingestion of other foods. Thus, this review article aims to report the occurrence and prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in foods of plant origin, as well as the possible sources and routes of contamination in these products, and the presence of pathogenic strains in these foods. Cronobacter was present in a wide variety of cereal-based foods, vegetables, herbs, spices, ready-to-eat foods, and foods from other categories. This pathogen was also found in cultivation environments, such as soils, compost, animal feces, rice and vegetable crops, as well as food processing industries, and domestic environments, thus demonstrating possible contamination routes. Furthermore, sequence types (ST) involved in clinical cases and isolates resistant to antibiotics were found in Cronobacter strains isolated from food of plant origin. The identification of Cronobacter spp. in plant-based foods is of great importance to better elucidate the vehicles and routes of contamination in the primary production chain and processing facility, until the final consumption of the food, to prevent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine da Fonseca Cechin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Guimarães Carvalho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Peixoto Bastos
- Center of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Dirce Yorika Kabuki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Garbowska M, Berthold-Pluta A, Stasiak-Różańska L, Pluta A, Forsythe S, Stefańska I. The Genotyping Diversity and Hemolytic Activity of Cronobacter spp. Isolated from Plant-Based Food Products in Poland. Foods 2023; 12:3873. [PMID: 37893766 PMCID: PMC10606190 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the genotyping diversity and hemolytic properties of 24 strains of Cronobacter spp. (15 Cronobacter sakazakii, 6 Cronobacter malonaticus, 2 Cronobacter turicensis, and 1 Cronobacter condimenti) isolated from commercial ready-to-eat leaf vegetables, sprouts, nuts, and dried fruits. The multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method was used to determine the sequence types (ST) and clonal complexes (CC) of these strains. The study demonstrated the high genotypic diversity of the Cronobacter genus bacteria isolated from plant-based foods. Five novel sequence types (804, 805, 806, 807, and 808) and the presence of novel alleles in the ppsA, gltB, gyrB, and infB loci were detected. In total, 16 of the 24 strains were assigned to the sequence types ST99, ST258, ST17, ST648, ST21, ST494, and ST98. One C. sakazakii strain (s12) isolated from alfalfa sprouts was assigned to the clonal complex CC4, which encompasses strains often associated with severe infections leading to meningitis in infants. In addition, 87.5% and 16.7% of the Cronobacter spp. strains showed β-hemolysis of equine and sheep red blood cells, respectively. The presence of the pathogenic species C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, and C. turicensis in ready-to-eat plant-derived food products shows they are potential sources of infection, especially to those with compromised immunity, which substantiates their further multi-faceted characterization. The significance of this study may prove useful not only in epidemiological investigations, but also in assessing the risk of infections caused by the presence of Cronobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Garbowska
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-P.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Berthold-Pluta
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-P.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Lidia Stasiak-Różańska
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-P.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | - Antoni Pluta
- Department of Technology and Food Assessment, Division of Milk Technology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.-P.); (L.S.-R.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Ilona Stefańska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
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Lu P, Dong X, Ji X. Cronobacter sakazakii Pyridoxal Kinase PdxY Mediated by TreR and pESA3 Is Essential for Vitamin B 6 (PLP) Maintenance and Virulence. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0092423. [PMID: 37458600 PMCID: PMC10467337 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00924-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing severe infections, particularly in neonates. Despite the bacterium's strong pathogenicity, the pathogenicity of C. sakazakii is not yet well understood. Using a comparative proteomic profiling approach, we successfully identified pdxY, encoding a pyridoxal kinase involved in the recycling of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), as a gene essential for the successful pathogenesis of C. sakazakii. Knocking out the pdxY gene resulted in slower growth and reduced virulence. Our study sheds light on the fundamental importance of pyridoxal kinase for the survival and virulence of C. sakazakii. The identification of pdxY as gene essential for successful pathogenesis provides a potential target for the development of new antibiotic treatments. IMPORTANCE The opportunistic pathogen Cronobacter sakazakii is known to cause severe infections, particularly in neonates, and can result in high mortality rates. In this study, we used a comparative proteomic profiling approach to identify genes essential for the successful pathogenesis of C. sakazakii. We successfully identified pdxY, encoding a pyridoxal kinase involved in the salvage pathway of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), as a gene essential for the successful pathogenesis of C. sakazakii. Knocking out the pdxY gene resulted in impaired growth and reduced virulence. This study sheds light on the fundamental importance of pyridoxal kinase for the survival and virulence of C. sakazakii, which can be a potential target for the development of new antibiotic treatments. This study highlights the importance of comparative proteomic profiling in identifying virulence factors that can be targeted for the development of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuemeng Ji
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Nau A, Fröhlich J, Lauck C, Dorn-In S, Guldimann C. Impact of the revision of European food hygiene legislation and the introduction of convenience-based food on food safety in the German military. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100073. [PMID: 37030251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of the European Food Regulation in the German military started in 2003 and was fully implemented in 2006. In addition, in 2003 the German military introduced the concept of using convenience-based foods targeted to improve the safety of food served to the troops. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of these changes on food safety and the occurrence of food-borne disease outbreaks in the German military. For this purpose, data from a total of 517 food-borne outbreaks that occurred between 1995 and 2019 in the responsible areas of the German military both within the country and abroad were subjected to a retrospective analysis. As a result, a significant decrease (p = 2.47 × 10-5) in the number of the food-borne outbreak was observed in the second observation period (2003-2019) compared to the first period (1995-2002). Food groups often found contaminated with pathogens were desserts and prepared dishes (first period), fresh produce, soups, and sauces (second period). Bacillus cereus, Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus were dominant pathogens isolated from suspected foods during disease outbreaks in both periods, however, the absolute number of isolates reduced significantly in the second period. Therefore it can be concluded that the implementation of European food hygiene regulations together with the introduction of convenience-based foods had a significant positive impact on food safety in the German military.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Nau
- Supervisory Centre for Public Law Tasks of the Bundeswehr Medical Service West - Division III Veterinary Medicine, Andernacher Str. 100, 56070 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Julia Fröhlich
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, Koblenz Branch Department A - Veterinary Medicine, Andernacher Str. 100, 56070 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Carolin Lauck
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, Koblenz Branch Department A - Veterinary Medicine, Andernacher Str. 100, 56070 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Samart Dorn-In
- Chair of Food Safety and Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Chair of Food Safety and Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Chang Y, Xia S, Fei P, Feng H, Fan F, Liu Y, Qin L, Ma L, Song Q, Liu Y. Houttuynia cordata Thunb. crude extract inactivates Cronobacter sakazakii: Antibacterial components, antibacterial mechanism, and application as a natural disinfectant. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ling N, Zhang X, Forsythe S, Zhang D, Shen Y, Zhang J, Ding Y, Wang J, Wu Q, Ye Y. Bacteroides fragilis ameliorates Cronobacter malonaticus lipopolysaccharide-induced pathological injury through modulation of the intestinal microbiota. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931871. [PMID: 36211338 PMCID: PMC9536467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter has attracted considerable attention due to its association with meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in newborns. Generally, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) facilitates bacterial translocation along with inflammatory responses as an endotoxin; however, the pathogenicity of Cronobacter LPS and the strategies to alleviate the toxicity were largely unknown. In this study, inflammatory responses were stimulated by intraperitoneal injection of Cronobacter malonaticus LPS into Sprague–Dawley young rats. Simultaneously, Bacteroides fragilis NCTC9343 were continuously fed through gavage for 5 days before or after injection of C. malonaticus LPS to evaluate the intervention effect of B. fragilis. We first checked the morphological changes of the ileum and colon and the intestinal microbiota and then detected the generation of inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) and the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), occludin, claudin-4, and iNOs. The results indicated that C. malonaticus LPS exacerbated intestinal infection by altering gut microbe profile, tight junction protein expression, and releasing inflammatory factors in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Intriguingly, treatment with B. fragilis obviously diminished the pathological injuries and expression of TLR4 caused by C. malonaticus LPS while increasing gut microbes like Prevotella-9. We note that Shigella, Peptoclostridium, and Sutterella might be positively related to C. malonaticus LPS infection, but Prevotella-9 was negatively correlated. The results suggested that the intestinal microbiota is an important target for the prevention and treatment of pathogenic injuries induced by C. malonaticus LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ling
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiyan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | | | - Danfeng Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yizhong Shen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yingwang Ye, ; Qingping Wu,
| | - Yingwang Ye
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yingwang Ye, ; Qingping Wu,
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Goyal M, Pelegrin AC, Jaillard M, Saharman YR, Klaassen CHW, Verbrugh HA, Severin JA, van Belkum A. Whole Genome Multi-Locus Sequence Typing and Genomic Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Analysis for Epidemiological Typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa From Indonesian Intensive Care Units. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:861222. [PMID: 35910643 PMCID: PMC9329958 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.861222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously studied carbapenem non-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CNPA) strains from intensive care units (ICUs) in a referral hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia (Pelegrin et al., 2019). We documented that CNPA transmissions and acquisitions among patients were variable over time and that these were not significantly reduced by a set of infection control measures. Three high risk international CNPA clones (sequence type (ST)235, ST823, ST357) dominated, and carbapenem resistance was due to carbapenemase-encoding genes and mutations in the porin OprD. Pelegrin et al. (2019) reported core genome analysis of these strains. We present a more refined and detailed whole genome-based analysis of major clones represented in the same dataset. As per our knowledge, this is the first study reporting Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (wgSNP) analysis of Pseudomonas strains. With whole genome-based Multi Locus Sequence Typing (wgMLST) of the 3 CNPA clones (ST235, ST357 and ST823), three to eleven subgroups with up to 200 allelic variants were observed for each of the CNPA clones. Furthermore, we analyzed these CNPA clone clusters for the presence of wgSNP to redefine CNPA transmission events during hospitalization. A maximum number 35350 SNPs (including non-informative wgSNPs) and 398 SNPs (ST-specific_informative-wgSNPs) were found in ST235, 34,570 SNPs (including non-informative wgSNPs) and 111 SNPs (ST-specific_informative-wgSNPs) in ST357 and 26,443 SNPs (including non-informative SNPs) and 61 SNPs (ST-specific_informative-wgSNPs) in ST823. ST-specific_Informative-wgSNPs were commonly noticed in sensor-response regulator genes. However, the majority of non-informative wgSNPs was found in conserved hypothetical proteins or in uncharacterized proteins. Of note, antibiotic resistance and virulence genes segregated according to the wgSNP analyses. A total of 8 transmission chains for ST235 strains followed by 9 and 4 possible transmission chains for ST357 and ST823 were traceable on the basis of pairwise distances of informative-wgSNPs (0 to 4 SNPs) among the strains. The present study demonstrates the value of detailed whole genome sequence analysis for highly refined epidemiological analysis of P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Goyal
- bioMérieux Open Innovation and Partnerships, Macry-LÉtoile, France
| | | | | | - Yulia Rosa Saharman
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Corné H. W. Klaassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henri A. Verbrugh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juliëtte A. Severin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alex van Belkum
- bioMérieux Open Innovation and Partnerships, Macry-LÉtoile, France
- *Correspondence: Alex van Belkum,
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Jang H, Eshwar A, Lehner A, Gangiredla J, Patel IR, Beaubrun JJG, Chase HR, Negrete F, Finkelstein S, Weinstein LM, Ko K, Addy N, Ewing L, Woo J, Lee Y, Seo K, Jaradat Z, Srikumar S, Fanning S, Stephan R, Tall BD, Gopinath GR. Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Originating from Plant-Origin Foods Using Comparative Genomic Analyses and Zebrafish Infectivity Studies. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071396. [PMID: 35889115 PMCID: PMC9319161 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii continues to be isolated from ready-to-eat fresh and frozen produce, flours, dairy powders, cereals, nuts, and spices, in addition to the conventional sources of powdered infant formulae (PIF) and PIF production environments. To understand the sequence diversity, phylogenetic relationship, and virulence of C. sakazakii originating from plant-origin foods, comparative molecular and genomic analyses, and zebrafish infection (ZI) studies were applied to 88 strains. Whole genome sequences of the strains were generated for detailed bioinformatic analysis. PCR analysis showed that all strains possessed a pESA3-like virulence plasmid similar to reference C. sakazakii clinical strain BAA-894. Core genome analysis confirmed a shared genomic backbone with other C. sakazakii strains from food, clinical and environmental strains. Emerging nucleotide diversity in these plant-origin strains was highlighted using single nucleotide polymorphic alleles in 2000 core genes. DNA hybridization analyses using a pan-genomic microarray showed that these strains clustered according to sequence types (STs) identified by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). PHASTER analysis identified 185 intact prophage gene clusters encompassing 22 different prophages, including three intact Cronobacter prophages: ENT47670, ENT39118, and phiES15. AMRFinderPlus analysis identified the CSA family class C β-lactamase gene in all strains and a plasmid-borne mcr-9.1 gene was identified in three strains. ZI studies showed that some plant-origin C. sakazakii display virulence comparable to clinical strains. Finding virulent plant-origin C. sakazakii possessing significant genomic features of clinically relevant STs suggests that these foods can serve as potential transmission vehicles and supports widening the scope of continued surveillance for this important foodborne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Athmanya Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Jayanthi Gangiredla
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Isha R. Patel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Junia Jean-Gilles Beaubrun
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hannah R. Chase
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Flavia Negrete
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Samantha Finkelstein
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Leah M. Weinstein
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Katie Ko
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Nicole Addy
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Laura Ewing
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jungha Woo
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Youyoung Lee
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kunho Seo
- Center for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Ziad Jaradat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Shabarinath Srikumar
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin & WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin & WHO Collaborating Centre for Cronobacter, Belfield, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (S.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (A.E.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Ben D. Tall
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.T.); (G.R.G.)
| | - Gopal R. Gopinath
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (H.J.); (J.G.); (I.R.P.); (J.J.-G.B.); (H.R.C.); (F.N.); (S.F.); (L.M.W.); (K.K.); (N.A.); (L.E.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.T.); (G.R.G.)
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12
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Zhen N, Wang X, Li X, Xue J, Zhao Y, Wu M, Zhou D, Liu J, Guo J, Zhang H. Protein-based natural antibacterial materials and their applications in food preservation. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:1324-1338. [PMID: 34592061 PMCID: PMC9049624 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastics materials used for food packaging are recalcitrant, leading to a growing global environmental problem, which arouses the attention of environmental protection departments in many countries. Therefore, to meet the increasing demand for sustainable and environment-friendly consumer products, it is necessary for the food industry to develop natural antibacterial materials for food preservation. This review summarizes the common biodegradable natural antimicrobial agents and their applications in food preservation; as well as an overview of five commonly used biodegradable protein-based polymers, such as zein, soy protein isolate, gelatin and whey protein, with special emphasis on the advantages of protein-based biopolymers and their applications in food packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Zhen
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep ProcessingJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyNMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration DiseasesThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversitySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xinya Wang
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep ProcessingJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xiang Li
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep ProcessingJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jin Xue
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep ProcessingJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yitao Zhao
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyNMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration DiseasesThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversitySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyNMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration DiseasesThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversitySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Dongfang Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep ProcessingJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jinshan Guo
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyNMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration DiseasesThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversitySouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNational Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep ProcessingJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
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13
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Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Isolated from Powdered Infant Formula Milk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081093. [PMID: 35454680 PMCID: PMC9029396 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cronobacter sakazakii is a new emerging foodborne bacterial pathogen associated with severe lethal diseases such as meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and septicemia in infants and neonates. Powdered infant formula milk (PIFM) has been recognized as one of the main transmission vehicles and contaminated sources of this pathogen. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate, genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance profile, and clonal relatedness of C. sakazakii strains isolated from 364 PIFM samples collected from Tehran city, Iran. METHODS Culture-based methods, Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion antibiotic resistance testing, conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) assays were used in this study to detect and characterize the C. sakazakii isolates. RESULTS We isolated 25 C. sakazakii strains from PIFM samples (6.86%). The isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefoxitin, cefepime, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol and susceptible to gentamicin, tetracycline, norfloxacin, and azithromycin antibiotics. The blaCTX-M-1 gene was detected in 96% of the isolates. The isolates were categorized into eight distinct clonal types using the ERIC-PCR method, showing a high genetic diversity among the isolates. However, there was a significant correlation between the genotypic and phenotypic antibiotic resistance properties of the isolates. CONCLUSIONS Novel microbial surveillance systems for detecting multi-drug-resistant C. sakazakii are required to control the contamination of this foodborne pathogen in infant foods.
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Li W, Cui Q, Bai L, Fu P, Han H, Liu J, Guo Y. Application of Whole-Genome Sequencing in the National Molecular Tracing Network for Foodborne Disease Surveillance in China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:538-546. [PMID: 34339263 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
National Molecular Tracing Network for Foodborne Disease Surveillance (TraNet) was launched in 2013, which is the only real-time whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-based subtyping network in China for effective foodborne disease surveillance. TraNet covers three levels of public health laboratories, national, provincial, and municipal. The TraNet national databases have a total of more than 54,000 entries representing seven common foodborne bacteria from humans, food, and environments. Raw sequence data are uploaded to TraNet by Data Delivery Center. Assembled sequence data, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles, antibiotic resistance patterns, and epidemiological data are submitted to national pathogen-specific databases managed by China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment. PFGE patterns and WGS-based subtyping are compared for rapid differentiation of clusters of geographically diverse foodborne infections. WGS-based TraNet has played significant roles in improving foodborne disease surveillance in China for rapid outbreak investigation, source tracking, and cluster analysis of particular pathogens across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Division of Risk Surveillance II, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing, China
| | - Qingpo Cui
- Beijing GenesClouds Information Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bai
- Division of Risk Surveillance II, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Division of Risk Surveillance II, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing, China
| | - Haihong Han
- Division of Risk Surveillance II, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing, China
| | - Jikai Liu
- Division of Risk Surveillance II, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing, China
| | - Yunchang Guo
- Division of Risk Surveillance II, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment (CFSA), Beijing, China
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15
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Arslan S, Ertürk HG. Occurrence, Virulence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Cronobacter spp. from Ready-to-Eat Foods. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3403-3416. [PMID: 34241669 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. can cause foodborne diseases in infants, but Cronobacter infections in healthy adults and vulnerable people have also been reported. These bacteria have ubiquitous nature and can contaminate various foods. Therefore, we assessed the presence of Cronobacter spp. in popularly consumed ready-to-eat (RTE) food products. In the present study, 51 (15%) of the 340 RTE food samples were contaminated with Cronobacter spp The highest contamination rates were found in spices (46.7%), meat-free cig koftes (44.4%), desserts (23.3%), cereals (23.1%), doners (12.2%), and ice cream (11.1%). Phenotypic and molecular methods, including 16S rRNA, gluA, rpoB, cgcA genes, and fusA allele sequencing were tested to identify Cronobacter species. Of the 51 contaminated samples, 54 isolates were identified as C. sakazakii (n = 43), C. malonaticus (n = 7), C. muytjensii (n = 3) and C. turicensis (n = 1) using fusA analysis. These isolates were assigned to 15 different fusA alleles, two of which (191 and 192) were new alleles. Putative virulence factors such as the ompA and zpx gene, biofilms, and siderophores were detected in most of the Cronobacter isolates (> 85%). Cronobacter isolates were resistant to cephalothin (85.2%), cefoxitin (33.3%), cefotaxime (14.8%), ampicillin (11.1%), cefepime (5.6%), aztreonam (5.6%), and piperacillin (1.9%). The multidrug resistance (against three or more classes of antimicrobial agents) was 7.4%. The results indicated presence of Cronobacter spp. in RTE foods, which may be a risk to human health. It is important to adopt rigorous hygiene and sanitization practices to ensure the microbiological safety of these foods consuming without any processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seza Arslan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Hafize Gizem Ertürk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030, Bolu, Turkey
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Ling N, Ou D, Shen Y, Zhang D, Wang Y, Tong L, Ding Y, Wang J, Yang X, Zhang J, Wu Q, Ye Y. Proteomics analysis mediated by quorum sensing luxS involved in oxidative stress in Cronobacter malonaticus. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Zeng H, Li C, Luo D, Zhang J, Ding Y, Chen M, Yang X, Lei T, Wu S, Ye Q, Pang R, Gu Q, Wu Q. Novel phage vB_CtuP_B1 for controlling Cronobacter malonaticus and Cronobacter turicensis in ready-to-eat lettuce and powered infant formula. Food Res Int 2021; 143:110255. [PMID: 33992361 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are important foodborne pathogens that are a threat to people of all ages, but especially neonates and infants. Bacteriophages are biological agents that are potentially useful for the control of foodborne pathogens. However, there has been little research on the control of C. malonaticus and C. turicensis using bacteriophages. In the present study, a novel lytic phage vB_CtuP_B1 (hereafter referred to as B1)-which can simultaneously lyse C. malonaticus and C. turicensis- was isolated from river water in Guangzhou, China, and was used in the control of Cronobacter contaminated food. The phage has a short tail, and has been identified as a new species of Kayfunavirus based on genomic and phylogenetic analyses. One-step growth and stability assays revealed that phage B1 has a very short latent period (<5 min) and a large burst size (4006 pfu/cell), and is highly stable between 25 and 60 °C and between pH 5 and 11. Its genome encodes two lytic proteins, but does not contain any genes responsible for antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. In broth, the phage B1 completely inhibited the growth of C. malonaticus cro2475W and C. turicensis cro1541A1-1 for up to 6 h. On lettuce, phage B1 reduced the viable count of C. turicensis cro1541A1-1 to below the detection limit for bacteria on lettuce (<10 cfu/mL) after 6 h at 4 °C and 2 h at 25 °C, and also significantly reduced the viable count of C. malonaticus cro2475W at those temperatures. In powdered infant formula, the viable counts of both the phage-treated bacterial hosts were significantly reduced after 2 h of storage at 4 °C or 37 °C. Furthermore, phage B1 reduced the viable count of C. turicensis cro1541A1-1 to below the detection limit (<10 cfu/mL) from 4 h to 24 h at 37 °C. It significantly inhibited the growth of C. turicensis cro1541A1-1 than that of C. malonaticus cro2475W (P < 0.05). In conclusion, phage B1 with high stability and strong lytic ability is potentially useful for controlling C. malonaticus and C. turicensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Chengsi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Dandan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Rui Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qihui Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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Costa PV, Vasconcellos L, Forsythe SJ, Brandão MLL. Diversity of Cronobacter genus isolated between 1970 and 2019 on the American continent and genotyped using multi-locus sequence typing. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6156629. [PMID: 33677554 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the Cronobacter spp. strains isolated on the American continent and characterized using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) available in the PubMLST database and current literature. From 465 Cronobacter spp. strains, the majority (n = 267, 57.4%) was from North America, mainly from USA (n = 234) and 198 (42.6%) were from South America, mainly from Brazil (n = 196). A total of 232 (49.9%) were isolated from foods, 102 (21.9%) from environmental, 87 (18.7%) from clinical, 27 (5.8%) from PIF, one from water (0.2%) and 16 (3.5%) from unknown sources. A total of five species were represented: Cronobacter sakazakii (374, 80.4%), Cronobacter malonaticus (41, 8.8%), Cronobacter dublinensis (29, 6.2%), Cronobacter turicensis (16, 3.5%) and Cronobacter muytjensii (5, 1.1%). The strains with complete MLST profile (n = 345) were assigned to 98 STs, a ratio of 3.5 strain by ST found and the calculated Simpson`s index was 0.93. The strains showed a high diversity and after eBURST analysis, 30 STs (n = 189) formed 12 single and/or double-locus variant clonal complexes (CC). A total of 38 STs (38.7%) were associated with clinical cases of infection, including well established C. sakazakii CC 1, 4, 8 and 83; C. malonaticus ST60, 307, 394 and 440; and C. sakazakii ST 12 and 494.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiza Vasconcellos
- Department of Quality Control, Bio-Manguinhos/Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil n.º 4365, Brazil
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The Changing Face of the Family Enterobacteriaceae (Order: " Enterobacterales"): New Members, Taxonomic Issues, Geographic Expansion, and New Diseases and Disease Syndromes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:34/2/e00174-20. [PMID: 33627443 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00174-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Enterobacteriaceae has undergone significant morphogenetic changes in its more than 85-year history, particularly during the past 2 decades (2000 to 2020). The development and introduction of new and novel molecular methods coupled with innovative laboratory techniques have led to many advances. We now know that the global range of enterobacteria is much more expansive than previously recognized, as they play important roles in the environment in vegetative processes and through widespread environmental distribution through insect vectors. In humans, many new species have been described, some associated with specific disease processes. Some established species are now observed in new infectious disease settings and syndromes. The results of molecular taxonomic and phylogenetics studies suggest that the current family Enterobacteriaceae should possibly be divided into seven or more separate families. The logarithmic explosion in the number of enterobacterial species described brings into question the relevancy, need, and mechanisms to potentially identify these taxa. This review covers the progression, transformation, and morphogenesis of the family from the seminal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publication (J. J. Farmer III, B. R. Davis, F. W. Hickman-Brenner, A. McWhorter, et al., J Clin Microbiol 21:46-76, 1985, https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.21.1.46-76.1985) to the present.
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Ling N, Jiang Y, Zeng H, Ding Y, Forsythe S. Advances in our understanding and distribution of the Cronobacter genus in China. J Food Sci 2021; 86:276-283. [PMID: 33438222 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review considers how research in China has progressed our understanding and subsequent improved control of Cronobacter. This emergent bacterial pathogen is associated with neonatal infections through the ingestion of contaminated prepared feed. The review includes large-scale surveys of various sources of the organism, including infant formula production facilities. The analysis of over 20,000 samples is presented. Over 10,000 being from powdered infant formula and other infant foods as well as environmental sampling of production facilities, the remaining being from food, food ingredients, and human carriage. A major advance in China was adopting DNA-sequence-based methods (that is, multilocus sequence typing, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-cas array profiling, and single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis) for the identification and genotyping of the organism. These methods have considerably advanced our understanding of the taxonomy, ecology, and virulence of this organism. In turn, this has improved source tracking of the organism both in infant formula production facilities and epidemiological investigations. Furthermore, whole-genome sequencing has revealed a range of virulence and persistence mechanisms as well as plasmid-borne multidrug resistance traits. China now has reliable and robust methods for accurate microbial source tracking of Cronobacter for use both in the food production environment and epidemiological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ling
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.,Guangdong Institute of Microbiology & Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application & Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology & Guangdong Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application & Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Ling N, Wang X, Liu D, Shen Y, Zhang D, Ou D, Fan H, Wang J, Ding Y, Zhang J, Wu Q, Ye Y. Role of fliC on biofilm formation, adhesion, and cell motility in Cronobacter malonaticus and regulation of luxS. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:111940. [PMID: 33417975 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter malonaticus is one of the important foodborne pathogens causing infections mainly in adults. Biofilm formation, adhesion, and motility in Cronobacter have been documented, but the implying molecular mechanism has received little attention. Here, a comparison in biofilm formation, adhesion ability, and cell motility among wild type (WT), △luxS, and △fliC strains were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The thickest biofilm was formed by WT, followed by △luxS and △fliC. Furthermore, the deletion of fliC caused the loss of cell motility and the failure to flagella biosynthesis and mature biofilm formation. Besides, the adhesion abilities of △luxS and △fliC to biotic cells (LoVo and IEC-6) and abiotic surface (glass) were significantly decreased compared to WT, revealing that fliC might have an important role in the organism's invasion properties. We further demonstrated that the expression of negative regulator (flgM) of flagellin in △luxS was higher than that in WT, which indicated that luxS indirectly contributed to fliC expression. Our findings provided a novel perspective for precaution and control of C. malonaticus through intercepting fliC-mediated adhesion to biotic cells and abiotic surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ling
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Dengyu Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yizhong Shen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Dexin Ou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Hongying Fan
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| | - Yingwang Ye
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
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Ke A, Parreira VR, Goodridge L, Farber JM. Current and Future Perspectives on the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics in Controlling Pathogenic Cronobacter Spp. in Infants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:755083. [PMID: 34745060 PMCID: PMC8567173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.755083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species, in particular C. sakazakii, is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen implicated in the development of potentially debilitating illnesses in infants (<12months old). The combination of a poorly developed immune system and gut microbiota put infants at a higher risk of infection compared to other age groups. Probiotics and prebiotics are incorporated in powdered infant formula and, in addition to strengthening gut physiology and stimulating the growth of commensal gut microbiota, have proven antimicrobial capabilities. Postbiotics in the cell-free supernatant of a microbial culture are derived from probiotics and can also exert health benefits. Synbiotics, a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics, may provide further advantages as probiotics and gut commensals degrade prebiotics into short-chain fatty acids that can provide benefits to the host. Cell-culture and animal models have been widely used to study foodborne pathogens, but sophisticated gut models have been recently developed to better mimic the gut conditions, thus giving a more accurate representation of how various treatments can affect the survival and pathogenicity of foodborne pathogens. This review aims to summarize the current understanding on the connection between Cronobacter infections and infants, as well as highlight the potential efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in reducing invasive Cronobacter infections during early infancy.
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Polat Yemiş G, Delaquis P. Natural Compounds With Antibacterial Activity Against Cronobacter spp. in Powdered Infant Formula: A Review. Front Nutr 2020; 7:595964. [PMID: 33330595 PMCID: PMC7731913 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.595964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria from the genus Cronobacter are opportunistic foodborne pathogens capable of causing severe infections in neonates, the elderly and immunocompromised adults. The majority of neonatal infections have been linked epidemiologically to dehydrated powdered infant formulas (PIFs), the majority of which are manufactured using processes that do not ensure commercial sterility. Unfortunately, the osmotolerance, desiccation resistance, mild thermotolerance and wide-ranging minimum, optimum and maximum growth temperatures of Cronobacter spp. are conducive to survival and/or growth during the processing, reconstitution and storage of reconstituted PIFs. Consequently, considerable research has been directed at the development of alternative strategies for the control of Cronobacter spp. in PIFs, including approaches that employ antimicrobial compounds derived from natural sources. The latter include a range of phytochemicals ranging from crude extracts or essential oils derived from various plants (e.g., thyme, cinnamon, clove, marjoram, cumin, mint, fennel), to complex polyphenolic extracts (e.g., muscadine seed, pomegranate peel, olive oil, and cocoa powder extracts), purified simple phenolic compounds (e.g., carvacrol, citral, thymol, eugenol, diacetyl, vanillin, cinnamic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, ferulic acid), and medium chain fatty acids (monocaprylin, caprylic acid). Antimicrobials derived from microbial sources (e.g., nisin, other antibacterial peptides, organic acids, coenzyme Q0) and animal sources (e.g., chitosan, lactoferrin, antibacterial peptides from milk) have also been shown to exhibit antibacterial activity against the species. The selection of antimicrobials for the control of Cronobacter spp. requires an understanding of activity at different temperatures, knowledge about their mode of action, and careful consideration for toxicological and nutritional effects on neonates. Consequently, the purpose of the present review is to provide a comprehensive summary of currently available data pertaining to the antibacterial effects of natural antimicrobial compounds against Cronobacter spp. with a view to provide information needed to inform the selection of compounds suitable for control of the pathogen during the manufacture or preparation of PIFs by end users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Polat Yemiş
- Department of Food Engineering, Sakarya University, Serdivan, Turkey
| | - Pascal Delaquis
- Summerland Research and Development Research Centre, Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada
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Costa PV, de Siqueira RM, Rosa Guimarães AC, Vasconcellos L, Midlej V, Silva da Conceição GM, Forsythe SJ, Lima Brandão ML. Cytotoxicity profile of Cronobacter species isolated from food and clinical specimens in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1758-1769. [PMID: 33090617 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of Cronobacter strains isolated from foods (n = 50) and clinical samples (n = 6) in Brazil and genotype selected strains (n = 18) using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) METHODS AND RESULTS: The cytotoxic activity of C. sakazakii (n = 29), C. dublinensis (n = 13), C. malonaticus (n = 6), C. turicensis (n = 6) and C. muytjensii (n = 2) was screened using Vero, RK13, Hep2c, NCTC clone 929 and BHK-21 cell lines. Selected Cronobacter strains were assigned to C. sakazakii ST 21, C. turicensis ST 252, C. sakazakii ST 647, and three newly assigned STs: C. turicensis STs 738-740. The maximum death caused by non-heat-treated filtrates was 20·4, 86·2, 47·0 and 84·0%, in Vero, RK13, Hep2c and NCTC clone 929 cells, respectively. These were caused by C. sakazakii strains C291 and C292 (ST 494) which had been isolated during neonatal Cronobacter meningitis infection, and C110 (ST 395) isolated from flaxseed flour. Thermal treatment (100°C/20 min) significantly reduced the cytotoxicity activity in NCTC clone 929 and Vero cells (P ≤ 2 × 10-6 ), but not in RK13 (P = 0·12) and Hep2c (P = 0·85), indicating the cytotoxin(s) were probably proteinaceous. Electron microscopy revealed that cytotoxic compounds from C. sakazakii induced several cell death characteristics, including loss of cell-cell contact, microvilli reduction and cellular lysis. Autophagic vacuoles and mitochondrial damage were the most common ultrastructural features observed. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that Cronobacter strains, especially C. sakazakii, could produce heat-labile cytotoxic compounds in cell filtrates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study providing insights into the pathogenesis of the Cronobacter genus. Cytotoxins were identified in excreted filtrates of C. sakazakii strains isolated from food and clinical specimens. The presence of Cronobacter strains that can produce cytotoxins in foods can be a potential threat to human health and highlight the need for high levels of hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Costa
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes, INCQS/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - R M de Siqueira
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccines, Biopharmaceutics, and Cell Culture, INCQS/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - A C Rosa Guimarães
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccines, Biopharmaceutics, and Cell Culture, INCQS/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes, INCQS/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - V Midlej
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - S J Forsythe
- Foodmicrobe.com, Adams Hill, Keyworth, Nottinghamshire, UK
| | - M L Lima Brandão
- Laboratory of Microbiology Control, Biomanguinhos/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Li C, Zeng H, Zhang J, Luo D, Chen M, Lei T, Yang X, Wu H, Cai S, Ye Y, Ding Y, Wang J, Wu Q. Cronobacter spp. isolated from aquatic products in China: Incidence, antibiotic resistance, molecular characteristic and CRISPR diversity. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 335:108857. [PMID: 32947144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter species (Cronobacter spp.) are important foodborne pathogens that can infect and cause serious life-threatening diseases in infants and immunocompromised elderly. This study aimed to acquire data on Cronobacter spp. contamination of aquatic products in China from 2011 to 2016. In total, 800 aquatic products were tested, and the overall contamination rate for Cronobacter spp. was 3.9% (31/800). The average contamination level of the positive samples was 2.05 MPN/g. Four species and nine serotypes were identified among 33 isolates, of which the C. sakazakii serogroup O1 (n = 9) was the primary serotype. The majority of Cronobacter spp. strains harbored highest resistance against cephalothin (84.8%), followed by tetracycline (6.1%), trimethoprim/sulfameth-oxazole (3.0%) and chloramphenicol (3.0%). Two isolates were resistant to three antibiotics. In total, 26 sequence types and 33 CRISPR types (including 6 new STs and 26 new CTs) were identified, which indicates the extremely high diversity of Cronobacter spp. in aquatic products. Pathogenic C. sakazakii ST4, ST1, and C. malonaticus ST7 were also observed. Overall, this large-scale study revealed the relatively low prevalence and high genetic diversity of Cronobacter spp. in aquatic products in China, and the findings provide valuable information that can guide the establishment of effective measures for the control and precaution of Cronobacter spp. in aquatic products during production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Dandan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shuzhen Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yingwang Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science &Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong, Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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Fusco V, Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Logrieco AF, Cho G, Kabisch J, Böhnlein C, Franz CMAP. Microbial quality and safety of milk and milk products in the 21st century. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2013-2049. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Gyu‐Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Christina Böhnlein
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
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Lee IPA, Andam CP. Pan-genome diversification and recombination in Cronobacter sakazakii, an opportunistic pathogen in neonates, and insights to its xerotolerant lifestyle. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:306. [PMID: 31881843 PMCID: PMC6935241 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging opportunistic bacterial pathogen known to cause neonatal and pediatric infections, including meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and bacteremia. Multiple disease outbreaks of C. sakazakii have been documented in the past few decades, yet little is known of its genomic diversity, adaptation, and evolution. Here, we analyzed the pan-genome characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of 237 genomes of C. sakazakii and 48 genomes of related Cronobacter species isolated from diverse sources. Results The C. sakazakii pan-genome contains 17,158 orthologous gene clusters, and approximately 19.5% of these constitute the core genome. Phylogenetic analyses reveal the presence of at least ten deep branching monophyletic lineages indicative of ancestral diversification. We detected enrichment of functions involved in proton transport and rotational mechanism in accessory genes exclusively found in human-derived strains. In environment-exclusive accessory genes, we detected enrichment for those involved in tryptophan biosynthesis and indole metabolism. However, we did not find significantly enriched gene functions for those genes exclusively found in food strains. The most frequently detected virulence genes are those that encode proteins associated with chemotaxis, enterobactin synthesis, ferrienterobactin transporter, type VI secretion system, galactose metabolism, and mannose metabolism. The genes fos which encodes resistance against fosfomycin, a broad-spectrum cell wall synthesis inhibitor, and mdf(A) which encodes a multidrug efflux transporter were found in nearly all genomes. We found that a total of 2991 genes in the pan-genome have had a history of recombination. Many of the most frequently recombined genes are associated with nutrient acquisition, metabolism and toxin production. Conclusions Overall, our results indicate that the presence of a large accessory gene pool, ability to switch between ecological niches, a diverse suite of antibiotic resistance, virulence and niche-specific genes, and frequent recombination partly explain the remarkable adaptability of C. sakazakii within and outside the human host. These findings provide critical insights that can help define the development of effective disease surveillance and control strategies for Cronobacter-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah Paolo A Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
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Finkelstein S, Negrete F, Jang H, Gangiredla J, Mammel M, Patel IR, Chase HR, Woo J, Lee Y, Wang CZ, Weinstein L, Tall BD, Gopinath GR. Prevalence, Distribution, and Phylogeny of Type Two Toxin-Antitoxin Genes Possessed by Cronobacter Species where C. sakazakii Homologs Follow Sequence Type Lineages. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E554. [PMID: 31726673 PMCID: PMC6920972 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species are a group of foodborne pathogenic bacteria that cause both intestinal and systemic human disease in individuals of all age groups. Little is known about the mechanisms that Cronobacter employ to survive and persist in foods and other environments. Toxin-antitoxin (TA) genes are thought to play a role in bacterial stress physiology, as well as in the stabilization of horizontally-acquired re-combinatorial elements such as plasmids, phage, and transposons. TA systems have been implicated in the formation of a persistence phenotype in some bacterial species including Escherichia coli and Salmonella. This project's goal was to understand the phylogenetic relatedness among TA genes present in Cronobacter. Preliminary studies showed that two typical toxin genes, fic and hipA followed species evolutionary lines. A local database of 22 TA homologs was created for Cronobacter sakazakii and a Python version 3 shell script was generated to extract TA FASTA sequences present in 234 C. sakazakii genomes previously sequenced as part of Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition's (CFSAN) GenomeTrakr project. BLAST analysis showed that not every C. sakazakii strain possessed all twenty-two TA loci. Interestingly, some strains contained either a toxin or an antitoxin component, but not both. Five common toxin genes: ESA_00258 (parDE toxin-antitoxin family), ESA_00804 (relBE family), ESA_01887 (relBE family), ESA_03838 (relBE family), and ESA_04273 (YhfG-Fic family) were selected for PCR analysis and the primers were designed to detect these genes. PCR analysis showed that 55 of 63 strains possessed three of these genes Sequence analysis identified homologs of the target genes and some of the strains were PCR-negative for one or more of the genes, pointing to potential nucleotide polymorphisms in those loci or that these toxin genes were absent. Phylogenetic studies using a Cronobacter pan genomic microarray showed that for the most part TAs follow species evolutionary lines except for a few toxin genes possessed by some C. malonaticus and C. universalis strains; this demonstrates that some TA orthologues share a common phylogeny. Within the C. sakazakii strains, the prevalence and distribution of these TA homologs by C. sakazakii strain BAA-894 (a powdered infant formula isolate) followed sequence-type evolutionary lineages. Understanding the phylogeny of TAs among the Cronobacter species is essential to design future studies to realize the physiological mechanisms and roles for TAs in stress adaptation and persistence of Cronobacter within food matrices and food processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ben D. Tall
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 8301 MuirKirk Rd, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (S.F.); (F.N.); (H.J.); (J.G.); (M.M.); (I.R.P.); (H.R.C.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (C.Z.W.); (L.W.); (G.R.G.)
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Vasconcellos L, Medeiros V, Rosas C, Forsythe S, Romão C, Brandão M. Occurrence of total coliforms,Escherichia coliandCronobacterspecies in commercially available 20 l bottled drinking water sold in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 69:431-437. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes INCQS/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - V.M. Medeiros
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes INCQS/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - C.O. Rosas
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes INCQS/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - S.J. Forsythe
- Foodmicrobe.com Adams Hill Keyworth Nottinghamshire UK
| | - C.M.C.P.A. Romão
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Food and Sanitizes INCQS/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - M.L.L. Brandão
- Laboratory of Microbiology Control Bio‐Manguinhos/Fiocruz Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Zeng H, Li C, He W, Zhang J, Chen M, Lei T, Wu H, Ling N, Cai S, Wang J, Ding Y, Wu Q. Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, and Cronobacter dublinensis Genotyping Based on CRISPR Locus Diversity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1989. [PMID: 31555228 PMCID: PMC6722223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter strains harboring CRISPR-Cas systems are important foodborne pathogens that cause serious neonatal infections. CRISPR typing is a new molecular subtyping method to track the sources of pathogenic bacterial outbreaks and shows a promise in typing Cronobacter, however, this molecular typing procedure using routine PCR method has not been established. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish such methodology, 257 isolates of Cronobacter sakazakii, C. malonaticus, and C. dublinensis were used to verify the feasibility of the method. Results showed that 161 C. sakazakii strains could be divided into 129 CRISPR types (CTs), among which CT15 (n = 7) was the most prevalent CT followed by CT6 (n = 4). Further, 65 C. malonaticus strains were divided into 42 CTs and CT23 (n = 8) was the most prevalent followed by CT2, CT3, and CT13 (n = 4). Finally, 31 C. dublinensis strains belonged to 31 CTs. There was also a relationship among CT, sequence type (ST), food types, and serotype. Compared to multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), this new molecular method has greater power to distinguish similar strains and had better accordance with whole genome sequence typing (WGST). More importantly, some lineages were found to harbor conserved ancestral spacers ahead of their divergent specific spacer sequences; this can be exploited to infer the divergent evolution of Cronobacter and provide phylogenetic information reflecting common origins. Compared to WGST, CRISPR typing method is simpler and more affordable, it could be used to identify sources of Cronobacter food-borne outbreaks, from clinical cases to food sources and the production sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengsi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuzhen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Luo L, Gu Y, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhan L, Liu J, Yan H, Liu Y, Zhen S, Chen X, Tong R, Song C, He Y. Epidemiological and clinical differences between sexes and pathogens in a three-year surveillance of acute infectious gastroenteritis in Shanghai. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9993. [PMID: 31292502 PMCID: PMC6620335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute infectious gastroenteritis cases in Shanghai, reported over three years, were analyzed. Pathogens were identified in 1031 patients; of these, 725 and 306 were bacterial and viral cases, respectively. Vibrio parahemolyticus and Salmonella were the dominant bacteria, and Caliciviridae and Reoviridae were the dominant viral families in the local area. The acute gastroenteritis epidemic peaks appeared in August and January, which represented the active peak periods of bacteria and viruses, respectively. Logistic regression analyses with sex stratification showed that abdominal pain, fever and ingestion of unsafe food at restaurants were independent factors more frequently associated with bacterial gastroenteritis irrespective of sex; red cell-positive fecal matter was associated with bacterial gastroenteritis with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.28 only in males; and white blood cell count was associated with bacterial gastroenteritis with an OR of 1.02 only in females. Pathogen stratification showed that age, vomiting and red cell-positive fecal matter were associated with males with ORs of 0.99, 0.61 and 1.71, respectively, in bacterial gastroenteritis; and the migrant ratio was higher in males with an OR of 2.29 only in viral gastroenteritis. In conclusion, although bacterial and viral gastroenteritis shared many features, epidemiological and clinical factors differed between sexes and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Luo
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Minhang District, 965 Zhongyi Avenue, Shanghai, 201101, P.R. China
| | - Yiqin Gu
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Minhang District, 965 Zhongyi Avenue, Shanghai, 201101, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Minhang District, 965 Zhongyi Avenue, Shanghai, 201101, P.R. China.
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Minhang District, 965 Zhongyi Avenue, Shanghai, 201101, P.R. China
| | - Longwen Zhan
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Minhang District, 965 Zhongyi Avenue, Shanghai, 201101, P.R. China
| | - Jiqian Liu
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Minhang District, 965 Zhongyi Avenue, Shanghai, 201101, P.R. China
| | - Hongjing Yan
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Minhang District, 965 Zhongyi Avenue, Shanghai, 201101, P.R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Minhang District, 965 Zhongyi Avenue, Shanghai, 201101, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Zhen
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Minhang District, 965 Zhongyi Avenue, Shanghai, 201101, P.R. China
| | - Xiuhua Chen
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Minhang District, 965 Zhongyi Avenue, Shanghai, 201101, P.R. China
| | - Rui Tong
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Minhang District, 965 Zhongyi Avenue, Shanghai, 201101, P.R. China
| | - Chiping Song
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Minhang District, 965 Zhongyi Avenue, Shanghai, 201101, P.R. China
| | - Yingying He
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Minhang District, Minhang District, 965 Zhongyi Avenue, Shanghai, 201101, P.R. China
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Li C, Zeng H, Zhang J, He W, Ling N, Chen M, Wu S, Lei T, Wu H, Ye Y, Ding Y, Wang J, Wei X, Zhang Y, Wu Q. Prevalence, Antibiotic Susceptibility, and Molecular Characterization of Cronobacter spp. Isolated From Edible Mushrooms in China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:283. [PMID: 30863374 PMCID: PMC6399401 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are foodborne pathogens that can infect and cause life-threatening diseases in all age groups, particularly in infants and immunocompromised elderly. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, and molecular characteristics of Cronobacter spp. isolates in edible mushrooms collected from 44 cities in China. In total, 668 edible mushrooms were collected from traditional retail markets and supermarkets and were analyzed by quantitative methods, PCR-based serotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Among the 668 samples tested, 89 (13.32%) were positive for Cronobacter spp., and the contamination levels exceeded the 110 most probable number (MPN)/g in 13.48% (12/89) of the samples. Flammulina velutipes samples had the highest contamination rate of 17.54% (37/211), whereas Hypsizygus marmoreus samples had the lowest contamination rate of 3.28% (2/61). Ten serotypes were identified among 115 isolates, of which the C. sakazakii serogroup O1 (n = 32) was the primary serotype. MLST indicated that there was quite high genetic diversity in Cronobacter spp. and 72 sequence types were identified, 17 of which were new. Notably, C. sakazakii ST148 (n = 10) was the most prevalent, followed by C. malonaticus ST7 (n = 5). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that the majority of Cronobacter spp. strains were susceptible to the 16 antibiotics tested. However, a portion of isolates exhibited relatively high resistance to cephalothin, with resistance and intermediate rates of 93.91 and 6.09%, respectively. One isolate (cro300A) was multidrug-resistant, with resistance to five antibiotics. Overall, this large-scale study revealed the relatively high prevalence and high genetic diversity of Cronobacter spp. on edible mushrooms in China, indicating a potential public health concern. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale and systematic study on the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. on edible mushrooms in China, and the findings can provide valuable information that can guide the establishment of effective measures for the control and precaution of Cronobacter spp on edible mushrooms during production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingwang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou, China
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Silva JN, Vasconcellos L, Forsythe SJ, de Filippis I, Luiz Lima Brandão M. Molecular and phenotypical characterization ofCronobacterspecies isolated with high occurrence from oats and linseeds. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 366:5266300. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Nunes Silva
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, INCQS/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil, CEP:21040-900
| | - Luiza Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, INCQS/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil, CEP:21040-900
| | | | - Ivano de Filippis
- Laboratory of Reference Microorganisms, INCQS/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil, CEP:21040-900
| | - Marcelo Luiz Lima Brandão
- Laboratory of Food and Sanitizes, INCQS/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365. Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil, CEP:21040-900
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