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Zibar Belasic T, Badnjevic M, Zigante M, Mohar Vitezic B, Spalj S, Markova-Car EP. Supragingival dental biofilm profile and biofilm control during orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliance: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 164:105984. [PMID: 38701663 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effectiveness of supragingival dental biofilm control during orthodontic treatment and changes in the bacterial profile were analyzed. DESIGN Sixty-four participants aged 12-22 years (57% female) were included in the study. Participants underwent orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and were randomly assigned to one of the three groups, which during a period of one month: (I) used chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), (II) used high concentration of fluoride (F) gel and (III) performed standard oral hygiene. The plaque and gingivitis index, pH of biofilm and white spot lesions (WSL) were assessed. Changes of the bacteria in the biofilm were analyzed by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction RESULTS: Increase in the plaque index, pH of biofilm, and WSL was observed during orthodontic treatment with standard oral hygiene. Large interindividual variability was present, and the effects of one-month use of fluorides and CHX on clinical parameters were not significant. Despite standard hygiene the abundance of studied biofilm bacteria increased - the most Streptoccocus mutans (14.2x) and S. salivarius (3.3x), moderate Veillonella parvula (3x) and the least S. sobrinus (2.3x) and Agregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (1.9x). The use of CHX reduced S. sobrinus (2.2x) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (1.9x). Fluoride use reduced A. actinomycetemcomitans (1.3x) and S. sobrinus (1.2x). Fluorides better controlled S. mutans than CHX. CONCLUSION Bacterial biomass in supragingival biofilm increased during treatment with metal orthodontic appliances, with greater increase in cariogenic bacteria than periopathogens. Fluoride controlled S. mutans, while CHX S. sobrinus and A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zibar Belasic
- University of Trieste, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Piazza dell'Ospitale 1, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Badnjevic
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Kresimirova 40, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - M Zigante
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Kresimirova 40, Rijeka, Croatia; Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Dental Clinic, Kresimirova 40, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - B Mohar Vitezic
- Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Dental Clinic, Kresimirova 40, Rijeka, Croatia; University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Brace Branchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - S Spalj
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Kresimirova 40, Rijeka, Croatia; Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Dental Clinic, Kresimirova 40, Rijeka, Croatia; J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Department of Dental Medicine, Crkvena 21, Osijek, Croatia
| | - E P Markova-Car
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brace Branchetta 20, Rijeka, Croatia
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Navabi N, Afshari Z, Kamyabi H, Mohammadi M. Side effects and short effects of using three common mouthwashes on oral health and quality of life: A quasi-experimental study. Int J Dent Hyg 2024; 22:681-688. [PMID: 37793064 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiseptic mouthwashes are useful adjuncts to daily brushing and flossing for the control of dental plaque and gingivitis. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of three mouthwashes: chlorhexidine, essential oils and cetylpyridinium chloride on oral health-related quality of life, gingival health, tongue coating and also to compare their potential side effects after 2-week consumption. METHODS Sixty participants were enrolled in this study and were divided into four groups (three mouthwash groups plus no mouthwash group). At the beginning, scaling and cleaning were performed and the following parameters were recorded: oral health impact profile (OHIP-5) questionnaire, tongue coating index, modified gingival index, calculus surface index, modified Lobene stain index and a questionnaire for side effects. Each group has followed up in 2 weeks. Data were analysed using paired t-test, ANOVA, Fisher's exact test and Pearson chi-square. RESULTS At the end of second week, all three mouthwashes significantly improved OHIP-5 score and reduced modified gingival index whereas essential oils and cetylpyridinium chloride significantly reduced tongue coating index when compared to control group (p < 0.05). The differences between four groups were significant for calculus formation, dental staining and reported burning sensation and changes of taste sensation and perception (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The use of all three mouthwashes has been effective in controlling and reducing gingivitis and tongue coating; however, it appeared that essential oils has the minimum and Chlorhexidine has the maximum side effects. Moreover, the use of all three mouthwashes has been examined to improve the quality of life. Overall, essential oils mouthwash has the best performance among these three mouthwashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Navabi
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dentistry School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Homa Kamyabi
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dentistry School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadi
- Department of Periodontics, Dentistry School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Samgane G, Karaçam S, Tunçer Çağlayan S. Unveiling the synergistic potency of chlorhexidine and azithromycin in combined action. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:5975-5987. [PMID: 38376540 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The growing challenge of antibiotic resistance necessitates novel approaches for combating bacterial infections. This study explores the distinctive synergy between chlorhexidine, an antiseptic and disinfectant agent, and azithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, in their impact on bacterial growth and virulence factors using Escherichia coli strain Crooks (ATCC 8739) as a model. Our findings reveal that the chlorhexidine and azithromycin combination demonstrates enhanced anti-bacterial effects compared to individual treatments. Intriguingly, the combination induced oxidative stress, decreased flagellin expression, impaired bacterial motility, and enhanced bacterial autoaggregation. Notably, the combined treatment also demonstrated a substantial reduction in bacterial adherence to colon epithelial cells and downregulated NF-κB in the epithelial cells. In conclusion, these results shed light on the potential of the chlorhexidine and azithromycin synergy as a compelling strategy to address the rising challenge of antibiotic resistance and may pave the way for innovative therapeutic interventions in tackling bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Samgane
- Department of Biotechnology, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, 11100, Turkey
| | - Sevinç Karaçam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, 11100, Turkey
- Central Research and Application Laboratory, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, 11100, Turkey
| | - Sinem Tunçer Çağlayan
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Pelitözü Mah. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bulvarı No:27, Bilecik, 11100, Turkey.
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Holguín-Meráz C, Martínez-Martínez RE, Zaragoza-Contreras EA, Domínguez-Pérez RA, Reyes-López SY, Donohue-Cornejo A, Cuevas-González JC, Silva-Benítez EDL, Molina-Frechero N, Espinosa-Cristóbal LF. Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles against Oral Biofilms in Subjects with Motor and Intellectual Disabilities. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:191. [PMID: 39057312 PMCID: PMC11277624 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15070191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor and intellectual disabilities (MIDs) represent a great challenge for maintaining general health due to physical and cognitive limitations, particularly in the maintenance and preservation of oral health. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic tool for bacterial control, including oral biofilms; however, knowledge of the bactericidal effectiveness of oral biofilms from patients with MIDs is insufficient. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs on different oral biofilms taken from patients with and without MIDs. METHODS Two sizes of AgNPs were prepared and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through consecutive sampling, biofilm samples were collected from 17 subjects with MIDs and 20 subjects without disorders. The antimicrobial effect was determined by obtaining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs, and the identification and distribution of oral bacterial species were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, correlations between sociodemographic characteristics and the antimicrobial levels of AgNPs were also explored. The values of the MIC results were analyzed with IBM-SPSS software (version25) using non-parametric tests for independent groups and correlations, with statistical significance being considered as p < 0.05. RESULTS Both sizes of AgNPs exhibited tight particle size distributions (smaller: 10.2 ± 0.7 nm; larger: 29.3 ± 2.3 nm) with zeta potential values (-35.0 ± 3.3 and -52.6 ± 8.5 mV, respectively) confirming the stability that resulted in little to no agglomeration of nanoparticles. Although both sizes of AgNPs had good antimicrobial activity in all oral biofilms, the smallest particles had the best antimicrobial effects on the oral biofilm samples from patients with and without MIDs, even better than chlorhexidine (CHX) (p < 0.05). Likewise, the patients with disabilities showed higher levels of antimicrobial sensitivity to AgNPs compared with CHX (p < 0.05). Although the microorganisms included in the biofilms of females had a statistically higher growth level, the AgNP antimicrobial effect was statistically similar in both genders (p > 0.05). The most frequent bacteria for all oral biofilms were S. mutans (100%), P. intermedia (91.6%), T. forsythia (75.0%), T. denticola (75.0%), P. gingivalis (66.6%), F. nucleatum (66.6%), S. sobrinus (50.0%), and A. actinomycetemcomitans (8.3%). CONCLUSIONS AgNPs exhibited considerable antimicrobial potential to be used as a complementary and alternative tool in maintaining and preserving oral health in patients with MIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Holguín-Meráz
- Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico; (C.H.-M.); (A.D.-C.); (J.C.C.-G.)
| | - Rita Elizabeth Martínez-Martínez
- Master Program in Advanced Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, Manuel Nava Avenue, University Campus, San Luis Potosí 78290, San Luis Potosí, Mexico;
| | - Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
- Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S. C., Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Chihuahua 31136, Chihuahua, Mexico;
| | - Rubén Abraham Domínguez-Pérez
- Laboratory of Multidisciplinary Dental Research, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Clavel Street, Prados de La Capilla, Santiago de Querétaro 76176, Querétaro, Mexico;
| | - Simón Yobanny Reyes-López
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Donohue-Cornejo
- Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico; (C.H.-M.); (A.D.-C.); (J.C.C.-G.)
| | - Juan Carlos Cuevas-González
- Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico; (C.H.-M.); (A.D.-C.); (J.C.C.-G.)
| | - Erika de Lourdes Silva-Benítez
- Faculty of Odontology, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez Street, Culiacán 80010, Sinaloa, Mexico;
| | - Nelly Molina-Frechero
- Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Autonomous Metropolitan University Xochimilco (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico;
| | - León Francisco Espinosa-Cristóbal
- Master Program in Dental Sciences, Stomatology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Juarez City (UACJ), Envolvente del PRONAF and Estocolmo s/n, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico; (C.H.-M.); (A.D.-C.); (J.C.C.-G.)
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Meyer F, Schulze zur Wiesche E, Amaechi BT, Limeback H, Enax J. Caries Etiology and Preventive Measures. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:766-776. [PMID: 38555649 PMCID: PMC11290927 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Caries is a widespread disease in both children and adults. Caries is caused by the conversion of fermentable carbohydrates by plaque bacteria into acids on the tooth surface. Thus, it is important to focus on sugar reduction and plaque control. For efficient plaque removal/control, state-of-the-art toothpastes contain various active ingredients such as antimicrobial agents (e.g., chlorhexidine, stannous salts, and zinc salts), abrasives (e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, and hydrated silica), surfactants (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium methyl cocoyl taurate), and natural compounds (e.g., polyphenols and xylitol). Agents with pH-buffering and calcium-releasing properties (e.g., calcium carbonate and calcium phosphates) and biomimetic actives (e.g., hydroxyapatite) reverse the effects of the acids. Additionally, modern toothbrushes (i.e., electric toothbrushes) as well as dental floss and interdental brushes significantly help remove plaque from dental surfaces including interproximal surfaces. In conclusion, modern concepts in caries prevention should focus not only on tooth remineralization alone but also on the control of all the key factors involved in caries development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Meyer
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Bennett T. Amaechi
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States
| | - Hardy Limeback
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joachim Enax
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Bielefeld, Germany
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Bartsch S, Kohnert E, Kreutz C, Woelber JP, Anderson A, Burkhardt AS, Hellwig E, Buchalla W, Hiller KA, Ratka-Krueger P, Cieplik F, Al-Ahmad A. Chlorhexidine digluconate mouthwash alters the oral microbial composition and affects the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1429692. [PMID: 38983634 PMCID: PMC11231401 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1429692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a commonly used antiseptic in situations of limited oral hygiene ability such as after periodontal surgery. However, CHX is also considered as a possible factor in the emergence of cross-resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in the oral microbiota and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) due to CHX treatment. Materials and methods We analyzed the oral metagenome of 20 patients who applied a 0.2% CHX mouthwash twice daily for 4 weeks following periodontal surgical procedures. Saliva and supragingival plaque samples were examined before, directly after 4 weeks, and another 4 weeks after discontinuing the CHX treatment. Results Alpha-diversity decreased significantly with CHX use. The Bray-Curtis dissimilarity increased in both sample sites and mainly streptococci showed a higher relative abundance after CHX treatment. Although no significant changes of ARGs could be detected, an increase in prevalence was found for genes that encode for tetracycline efflux pumps. Conclusion CHX treatment appears to promote a caries-associated bacterial community and the emergence of tetracycline resistance genes. Future research should focus on CHX-related changes in the microbial community and whether the discovered tetracycline resistance genes promote resistance to CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Bartsch
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Eva Kohnert
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Clemens Kreutz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Johan P. Woelber
- Policlinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Pediatric Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette Anderson
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ann-Sophie Burkhardt
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Ratka-Krueger
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Pereira AP, Antunes P, Peixe L, Freitas AR, Novais C. Current insights into the effects of cationic biocides exposure on Enterococcus spp. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1392018. [PMID: 39006755 PMCID: PMC11242571 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1392018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cationic biocides (CBs), such as quaternary ammonium compounds and biguanides, are critical for controlling the spread of bacterial pathogens like Enterococcus spp., a leading cause of multidrug-resistant healthcare-associated infections. The widespread use of CBs in recent decades has prompted concerns about the potential emergence of Enterococcus spp. populations exhibiting resistance to both biocides and antibiotics. Such concerns arise from their frequent exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of CBs in clinical, food chain and diverse environmental settings. This comprehensive narrative review aimed to explore the complexity of the Enterococcus' response to CBs and of their possible evolution toward resistance. To that end, CBs' activity against diverse Enterococcus spp. collections, the prevalence and roles of genes associated with decreased susceptibility to CBs, and the potential for co- and cross-resistance between CBs and antibiotics are reviewed. Significant methodological and knowledge gaps are identified, highlighting areas that future studies should address to enhance our comprehension of the impact of exposure to CBs on Enterococcus spp. populations' epidemiology. This knowledge is essential for developing effective One Health strategies that ensure the continued efficacy of these critical agents in safeguarding Public Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Pereira
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Antunes
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Freitas
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- 1H-TOXRUN, One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU CRL, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Quan K, Qin Y, Chen K, Liu M, Zhang X, Liu P, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Zhang Z. Lethal puncturing of planktonic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by magnetically-rotated silica hexapods. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 664:275-283. [PMID: 38471190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Planktonic bacterial presence in many industrial and environmental applications and personal health-care products is generally countered using antimicrobials. However, antimicrobial chemicals present an environmental threat, while emerging resistance reduces their efficacy. Suspended bacteria have no defense against mechanical attack. Therefore, we synthesized silica hexapods on an α-Fe2O3 core that can be magnetically-rotated to inflict lethal cell-wall-damage to planktonic Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Hexapods possessed 600 nm long nano-spikes, composed of SiO2, as shown by FTIR and XPS. Fluorescence staining revealed cell wall damage caused by rotating hexapods. This damage was accompanied by DNA/protein release and bacterial death that increased with increasing rotational frequency up to 500 rpm. Lethal puncturing was more extensive on Gram-negative bacteria than on Gram-positive bacteria, which have a thicker peptidoglycan layer with a higher Young's modulus. Simulations confirmed that cell-wall-puncturing occurs at lower nano-spike penetration levels in the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria. This approach offers a new way to kill bacteria in suspension, not based on antimicrobial chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Quan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yu Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Busscher
- University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Zexin Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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Melkam A, Sionov RV, Shalish M, Steinberg D. Enhanced Anti-Bacterial Activity of Arachidonic Acid against the Cariogenic Bacterium Streptococcus mutans in Combination with Triclosan and Fluoride. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:540. [PMID: 38927206 PMCID: PMC11200779 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a global health problem that requires better prevention measures. One of the goals is to reduce the prevalence of the cariogenic Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus mutans. We have recently shown that naturally occurring arachidonic acid (AA) has both anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities against this bacterium. An important question is how these activities are affected by other anti-bacterial compounds commonly used in mouthwashes. Here, we studied the combined treatment of AA with chlorhexidine (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), triclosan, and fluoride. Checkerboard microtiter assays were performed to determine the effects on bacterial growth and viability. Biofilms were quantified using the MTT metabolic assay, crystal violet (CV) staining, and live/dead staining with SYTO 9/propidium iodide (PI) visualized by spinning disk confocal microscopy (SDCM). The bacterial morphology and the topography of the biofilms were visualized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). The effect of selected drug combinations on cell viability and membrane potential was investigated by flow cytometry using SYTO 9/PI staining and the potentiometric dye DiOC2(3), respectively. We found that CHX and CPC had an antagonistic effect on AA at certain concentrations, while an additive effect was observed with triclosan and fluoride. This prompted us to investigate the triple treatment of AA, triclosan, and fluoride, which was more effective than either compound alone or the double treatment. We observed an increase in the percentage of PI-positive bacteria, indicating increased bacterial cell death. Only AA caused significant membrane hyperpolarization, which was not significantly enhanced by either triclosan or fluoride. In conclusion, our data suggest that AA can be used together with triclosan and fluoride to improve the efficacy of oral health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Melkam
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ein Kerem Campus, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (A.M.); (R.V.S.)
- Hadassah Medical Center, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
| | - Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ein Kerem Campus, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (A.M.); (R.V.S.)
| | - Miriam Shalish
- Hadassah Medical Center, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ein Kerem Campus, Institute of Biomedical and Oral Research (IBOR), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (A.M.); (R.V.S.)
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Leventis M, Deliberador T, Alshehri F, Alghamdi H. Topical oxygen therapy as a novel strategy to promote wound healing and control the bacteria in implantology, oral surgery and periodontology: A review. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:841-854. [PMID: 38883907 PMCID: PMC11178966 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, oral infections and inflammatory lesions persist as substantial public health concerns, necessitating the introduction of novel oral treatment protocols. Oral diseases are linked to various causative factors, with dental plaque/biofilm resulting from inadequate hygiene practices playing a predominant role. The strategic implementation of novel topical therapies holds promise for effectively controlling the biofilms, addressing oral infections and promoting enhanced oral wound healing. This review aims to providing a comprehensive overview of the available evidence pertaining to the potential efficacy of topical oxygen and lactoferrin-releasing biomaterials, exemplified by the blue®m formula, as novel oral care interventions within the scope of contemporary implantology, oral surgery and periodontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas Leventis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Tatiana Deliberador
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India, and Latin American Institute of Dental Research and Education - ILAPEO, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
| | - Fahad Alshehri
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan Alghamdi
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Tzimas K, Antoniadou M, Varzakas T, Voidarou C(C. Plant-Derived Compounds: A Promising Tool for Dental Caries Prevention. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:5257-5290. [PMID: 38920987 PMCID: PMC11201632 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a growing shift from the use of conventional pharmaceutical oral care products to the use of herbal extracts and traditional remedies in dental caries prevention. This is attributed to the potential environmental and health implications of contemporary oral products. This comprehensive review aims at the analysis of plant-derived compounds as preventive modalities in dental caries research. It focuses on data collected from 2019 until recently, trying to emphasize current trends in this topic. The research findings suggest that several plant-derived compounds, either aqueous or ethanolic, exhibit notable antibacterial effects against Streptococcus mutans and other bacteria related to dental caries, with some extracts demonstrating an efficacy comparable to that of chlorhexidine. Furthermore, in vivo studies using plant-derived compounds incorporated in food derivatives, such as lollipops, have shown promising results by significantly reducing Streptococcus mutans in high-risk caries children. In vitro studies on plant-derived compounds have revealed bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against S. mutans, suggesting their potential use as dental caries preventive agents. Medicinal plants, plant-derived phytochemicals, essential oils, and other food compounds have exhibited promising antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens, either by their anti-adhesion activity, the inhibition of extracellular microbial enzymes, or their direct action on microbial species and acid production. However, further research is needed to assess their antimicrobial activity and to evaluate the cytotoxicity and safety profiles of these plant-derived compounds before their widespread clinical use can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tzimas
- Department of Operative Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria Antoniadou
- Department of Operative Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
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Batista CSP, Loscos-Giménez I, Gámez M, Altaba R, de Miniac D, Martí N, Bassaganyas F, Juanes E, Rivera A, Navarro F. Comparing the in vitro efficacy of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine in the prevention of post-surgical endophthalmitis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2024; 14:20. [PMID: 38782819 PMCID: PMC11116284 DOI: 10.1186/s12348-024-00404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravitreal injections are a common ophthalmologic procedure. While infections following these injections are rare, they can lead to endophthalmitis, with potentially serious consequences. Various methods have been proposed to prevent endophthalmitis, including the use of antisepsis and antibiotics in patient preparation. PURPOSE To evaluate the antiseptic efficacy of aqueous chlorhexidine (CHX) and povidone-iodine (PI) when used alone and in combination with lidocaine gel (LG) in vitro. METHODS Two independent experimental trials were conducted. The first trial determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of CHX and PI against six bacterial strains. The second trial evaluated the bactericidal efficacy of the antiseptic agents (CHX 0.1% and PI 5%) and their combination with LG against the same bacterial strains. RESULTS CHX was more effective than PI in reducing the number of colonies forming units (cfus) of the tested bacteria. The order in which the antiseptic and LG were administered affected their effectiveness, with CHX administered before LG resulting in greater reduction of bacterial growth. CONCLUSIONS CHX 0.1% is more effective than PI 5% as an antiseptic agent. Application of CHX and PI prior to the use of lidocaine gel results in a more effective reduction of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso Soares Pereira Batista
- Microbiology department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/ Sant Quintí, 89. Planta B-2, Barcelona, 08041, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Loscos-Giménez
- Ophthalmology department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Gámez
- Pharmacy department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raul Altaba
- Microbiology department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/ Sant Quintí, 89. Planta B-2, Barcelona, 08041, Spain
| | - Daniela de Miniac
- Microbiology department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/ Sant Quintí, 89. Planta B-2, Barcelona, 08041, Spain
| | - Neus Martí
- Microbiology department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/ Sant Quintí, 89. Planta B-2, Barcelona, 08041, Spain
| | | | - Elena Juanes
- Pharmacy department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Rivera
- Microbiology department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/ Sant Quintí, 89. Planta B-2, Barcelona, 08041, Spain.
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ferran Navarro
- Microbiology department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, C/ Sant Quintí, 89. Planta B-2, Barcelona, 08041, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Munar-Bestard M, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Ramis JM, Monjo M. In Vitro Evaluation of Mangostanin as an Antimicrobial and Biocompatible Topical Antiseptic for Skin and Oral Tissues. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1507-1517. [PMID: 38751630 PMCID: PMC11091975 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Skin and oral tissue infections pose significant health challenges worldwide, necessitating the exploration of new antiseptic agents that are both effective and biocompatible. This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy and biocompatibility of mangostanin (MGTN), a xanthone derived from Garcinia mangostana L., against commercial antiseptics across various bacterial strains (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Cutibacterium acnes) and in vitro models of skin and oral tissues. MGTN demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens concurrently exhibiting negligible cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts as well as on three-dimensional (3D) models of human epidermis and oral epithelium. Furthermore, using pooled human saliva, MGTN effectively inhibited plaque biofilm formation, suggesting its potential as a natural, biocompatible antiseptic for skin and oral health applications. These findings position MGTN as a promising candidate for further development into antiseptic formulations, offering a natural alternative to current synthetic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Munar-Bestard
- Cell
Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Fundamental Biology
and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health
Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Fernández
- Cell
Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Fundamental Biology
and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health
Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Joana Maria Ramis
- Cell
Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Fundamental Biology
and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health
Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Department
of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Marta Monjo
- Cell
Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Fundamental Biology
and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health
Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Department
of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
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14
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De Cassai A, Pettenuzzo T, Busetto V, Legnaro C, Pretto C, Rotondi A, Boscolo A, Sella N, Munari M, Navalesi P. Chlorhexidine is not effective at any concentration in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIA, ANALGESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2024; 4:30. [PMID: 38702835 PMCID: PMC11067293 DOI: 10.1186/s44158-024-00166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral chlorhexidine has been widely used for ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention in the critical care setting; however, previous studies and evidence synthesis have generated inconsistent findings. Our study aims to investigate if different concentrations of oral chlorhexidine may be effective in preventing such complication in intensive care unit patients. METHODS After pre-registration (Open Science Framework: 8CUKF), we conducted a network meta-analysis with the following PICOS: adult patients (age > 18 years old) undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation admitted in ICU (P); any concentration of chlorhexidine used for oral hygiene (I); placebo, sham intervention, usual care, or no intervention (C); rate of VAP (primary outcome), mechanical ventilation length, ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, mortality (secondary outcomes) (O); randomized controlled trials (S). We used the following database: PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Scopus, and EMBASE without any limitation in publication date or language. RESULTS Chlorhexidine did not demonstrate any significant advantage over the control group in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia or reducing mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of stay in the intensive care unit, or overall mortality. CONCLUSIONS Chlorhexidine oral decontamination does not reduce the rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill adult patients and its routine use could not be recommended. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registration number: Open Science Framework: 8CUKF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro De Cassai
- Sant'Antonio Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Pettenuzzo
- UOC Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Veronica Busetto
- Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Pretto
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessio Rotondi
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Annalisa Boscolo
- UOC Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplant Unit - Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicolò Sella
- UOC Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marina Munari
- Sant'Antonio Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Navalesi
- UOC Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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15
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Takeuchi Y, Nemoto T, Kitanaka Y, Aoki A, Izumi Y, Iwata T, Arakawa S. Antibacterial activity of lysozyme-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates on two periodontal bacteria. Oral Dis 2024; 30:2728-2735. [PMID: 37602931 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effects of lysozyme-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates (LYZOX) against Streptococcus gordonii and Porphyromonas gingivalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Planktonic S. gordonii and P. gingivalis were treated with various concentrations of LYZOX for 10 min. The treated bacteria were incubated on trypticase soy agar plates, and colony-forming unit (CFU) was calculated. The antibacterial effect of LYZOX was compared with that of lysozyme, chitosan, physiological saline, and benzalkonium chloride solution. Cell morphology before and after LYZOX treatment was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antibacterial effect of LYZOX with decanoic acid against the biofilm-like bacteria was also examined via crystal violet staining. The Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc Dunn tests were performed to compare the difference in antibacterial activity of each treatment. RESULTS Bacterial CFU numbers were reduced after LYZOX treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. The reduction in CFUs was smaller for corresponding concentrations of chitosan or lysozyme alone. SEM analyses revealed bacterial cells shrank following LYZOX treatment. The combined use of LYZOX and decanoic acid yielded an even higher antibacterial effect against bacterial biofilms. CONCLUSION LYZOX exhibits antibacterial activity against two periodontal bacteria and may be a promising plaque control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Takeuchi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Lifetime Oral Health Care Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nemoto
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Kitanaka
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Aoki
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Oral Care Periodontics Center, Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience, Southern TOHOKU General Hospital, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Takanori Iwata
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Arakawa
- Department of Lifetime Oral Health Care Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Weber J, Scholz KJ, Schenke IM, Pfab F, Cieplik F, Hiller KA, Buchalla W, Sahm C, Kirschneck C, Paddenberg-Schubert E. Randomized controlled clinical trial on the efficacy of a novel antimicrobial chewing gum in reducing plaque and gingivitis in adolescent orthodontic patients. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:272. [PMID: 38664261 PMCID: PMC11045642 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05669-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chewing gums containing antiseptics or other antimicrobial substances may be effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis. Therefore, the aim of this randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was to investigate the efficacy of a novel antimicrobial chewing gum containing essential oils (cinnamon, lemon, peppermint) and extracts on reduction of dental plaque and gingivitis as well as on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in adolescent orthodontic patients. MATERIALS 52 patients (11-22 years of age) were randomly assigned to use a test chewing gum (COVIDGUM, Clevergum) or a commercially available control chewing gum over a period of 10 days. Approximal plaque index (API), papillary bleeding index (PBI) and an OHRQoL questionnaire for children (COHIP-G19) were assessed at baseline (BL), after 10 days (10d) and 30 days (30d). In addition, oral health and oral hygiene related questions of the COHIP-G19 questionnaire were evaluated separately in subscales at each timepoint. Data were analyzed using non-parametrical statistical procedures (α = 0.05). RESULTS API and PBI decreased significantly over time from BL to 10d and from BL to 30d in both groups, without significant differences between the groups. In both groups, the COHIP-G19 score, oral health subscale and oral hygiene subscale decreased significantly over time. Regarding the oral hygiene subscale, the test group showed significantly better scores at 30d (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION Both chewing gums performed similarly effective in terms of reducing plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation and improving OHRQoL. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Chewing gums without antimicrobial ingredients may be sufficient to decrease plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Weber
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Konstantin J Scholz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle M Schenke
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Private pediatric dental practice, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Pfab
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Medical Department Eintracht, Frankfurt Soccer AG, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Camilla Sahm
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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17
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Nong Y, Steinig E, Pollock GL, Taiaroa G, Carter GP, Monk IR, Pang S, Daley DA, Coombs GW, Forde BM, Harris PNA, Sherry NL, Howden BP, Pasricha S, Baines SL, Williamson DA. Emergence and clonal expansion of a qacA-harbouring sequence type 45 lineage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Commun Biol 2024; 7:349. [PMID: 38514781 PMCID: PMC10957945 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen an increase in the prevalence of sequence type (ST) 45 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), yet the underlying drivers for its emergence and spread remain unclear. To better understand the worldwide dissemination of ST45 S. aureus, we performed phylogenetic analyses of Australian isolates, supplemented with a global population of ST45 S. aureus genomes. Our analyses revealed a distinct lineage of multidrug-resistant ST45 MRSA harbouring qacA, predominantly found in Australia and Singapore. Bayesian inference predicted that the acquisition of qacA occurred in the late 1990s. qacA was integrated into a structurally variable region of the chromosome containing Tn552 (carrying blaZ) and Tn4001 (carrying aac(6')-aph(2")) transposable elements. Using mutagenesis and in vitro assays, we provide phenotypic evidence that qacA confers tolerance to chlorhexidine. These findings collectively suggest both antimicrobial resistance and the carriage of qacA may play a role in the successful establishment of ST45 MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Nong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Eike Steinig
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georgina L Pollock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - George Taiaroa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glen P Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, Doherty Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian R Monk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stanley Pang
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Denise A Daley
- Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Coombs
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Brian M Forde
- The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick N A Harris
- The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Central Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Norelle L Sherry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shivani Pasricha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah L Baines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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18
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Ardila CM, Bedoya-García JA. Antimicrobial resistance in dentistry. Oral Dis 2024; 30:805-806. [PMID: 35836349 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Ardila
- Basic Studies Department, Universidad de Antioquia U de A, Medellín, Colombia
- Biomedical Stomatology Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia U de A, Medellín, Colombia
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19
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Večerková L, Mašková L, Knejzlík Z, Kašpar O, Tokárová V. Development of spray-dried powder hand sanitiser with prolonged effectivity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4827. [PMID: 38413707 PMCID: PMC10899249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55503-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of hand sanitisers has become an inseparable part of our personal hygiene. However, the short-term effect and the need for frequent application are shortcomings that impair the overall protection. Another aspect is that repeated use of some products (typically alcohol-based) may cause skin irritation or eventually more severe health problems. This work proposes spray-drying as a suitable method for the preparation of swellable chitosan carriers, allowing for encapsulation and sustained release of antibacterial chlorhexidine digluconate as a model active substance. After application to hands, micron-sized particles preferentially accommodate space between epidermal ridges, protected against attrition. Thanks to their small size (d < 10 µm), particles are comfortable to carry since they are not recognisable by somatosensory receptors. The performance of formulations with various amounts of chlorhexidine and cross-linker was tested and compared with selected commercial disinfectants available on the Czech market (ethanol gel and alcoholic solution with chlorhexidine) against E. coli and S. epidermidis. The real-life performance was investigated with twelve volunteers performing various activities for up to 2 h. Finally, a replica of the human index finger with accurately captured micro-topology was proposed and compared with volunteers' fingers concerning the total amount of adhered and detached particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Večerková
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Mašková
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Knejzlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kašpar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viola Tokárová
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Zeng JP, Zhang J, Hong JH, Zhao YF, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Huang XH, Xie FZ. Predicting the occurrence of antagonism within ternary guanidine mixture pollutants based on the concentration ratio of components. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169380. [PMID: 38123081 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The widespread prevalence and coexistence of diverse guanidine compounds pose substantial risks of potential toxicity interactions, synergism or antagonism, to environmental organisms. This complexity presents a formidable challenge in assessing the risks associated with various pollutants. Hence, a method that is both accurate and universally applicable for predicting toxicity interactions within mixtures is crucial, given the unimaginable diversity of potential combinations. A toxicity interaction prediction method (TIPM) developed in our past research was employed to predict the toxicity interaction, within guanidine compound mixtures. Here, antagonism were found in the mixtures of three guanidine compounds including chlorhexidine (CHL), metformin (MET), and chlorhexidine digluconate (CDE) by selecting Escherichia coli (E. coli) as the test organism. The antagonism in the mixture was probably due to the competitive binding of all three guanidine compounds to the anionic phosphates of E. coli cell membranes, which eventually lead to cell membrane rupture. Then, a good correlation between toxicity interactions (antagonisms) and components' concentration ratios (pis) within binary mixtures (CHL-MET, CHL-CDE, MET-CDE) was established. Based on the correlation, the TIPM was constructed and accurately predicted the antagonism in the CHL-MET-CDE ternary mixture, which once again proved the accuracy and applicability of the TIPM method. Therefore, TIPM can be suggested to identify or screen rapidly the toxicity interaction within ternary mixtures exerting potentially adverse effects on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Jun-Hua Hong
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Yuan-Fan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Xian-Huai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Fa-Zhi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui province, Hefei 230601, PR China; College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
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21
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Rajala O, Mäntynen M, Loimaranta V. Pine-Oil-Derived Sodium Resinate Inhibits Growth and Acid Production of Streptococcus mutans In Vitro. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:40. [PMID: 38392244 PMCID: PMC10887496 DOI: 10.3390/dj12020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
S. mutans is a key pathogen in dental caries initiation and progression. It promotes oral biofilm dysbiosis and biofilm acidification. Sodium resinate is a salt of pine-oil-derived resin which has antimicrobial properties. Pine-oil-derived resin consists of terpenes, diterpenes, and abietic acids. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pine (Pinus sylvestris) oil resinate (RS) on growth and acid production of cariogenic S. mutans strains in planktonic form and biofilm. The S. mutans type strain NCTC10449 and clinical isolate CI2366 were grown on 96-well plates for testing of RS effects on growth and biofilm formation, and on plates with integrated pH-sensitive optical ensors for real-time measurements of the effects of RS on bacterial acid production. We found that even short-time exposure to RS inhibits the growth and acid production of S. mutans in the planktonic phase and biofilms. In addition, RS was able to penetrate the biofilm matrix and reduce acid production inside S. mutans biofilm. RS thus shows potential as a novel antibacterial agent against cariogenic bacteria in biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Rajala
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Matias Mäntynen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Vuokko Loimaranta
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland
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22
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Vaňková E, Julák J, Machková A, Obrová K, Klančnik A, Smole Možina S, Scholtz V. Overcoming antibiotic resistance: non-thermal plasma and antibiotics combination inhibits important pathogens. Pathog Dis 2024; 82:ftae007. [PMID: 38730561 PMCID: PMC11094553 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (ATBR) is increasing every year as the overuse of antibiotics (ATBs) and the lack of newly emerging antimicrobial agents lead to an efficient pathogen escape from ATBs action. This trend is alarming and the World Health Organization warned in 2021 that ATBR could become the leading cause of death worldwide by 2050. The development of novel ATBs is not fast enough considering the situation, and alternative strategies are therefore urgently required. One such alternative may be the use of non-thermal plasma (NTP), a well-established antimicrobial agent actively used in a growing number of medical fields. Despite its efficiency, NTP alone is not always sufficient to completely eliminate pathogens. However, NTP combined with ATBs is more potent and evidence has been emerging over the last few years proving this is a robust and highly effective strategy to fight resistant pathogens. This minireview summarizes experimental research addressing the potential of the NTP-ATBs combination, particularly for inhibiting planktonic and biofilm growth and treating infections in mouse models caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The published studies highlight this combination as a promising solution to emerging ATBR, and further research is therefore highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Vaňková
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Julák
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Machková
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Obrová
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anja Klančnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladimír Scholtz
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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Kameri A, Dragidella A, Haziri A, Hashani Z, Kurteshi K, Kurti A. Antifungal and genotoxic effects of Thymus serpyllum as a root canal irrigant. Clin Exp Dent Res 2024; 10:e837. [PMID: 38345516 PMCID: PMC10847709 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was the assessment of the efficiency of the ethyl acetate (EthOAc) extract of Thymus serpyllum against Candida albicans and to compare it with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX), as well as their genotoxic effect. MATERIAL AND METHODS The antifungal effectiveness of the EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum was determined using the agar disk diffusion method. The inhibition zones induced by the EthOAc extract were compared after 5 min, 60 min, and 24 h to those induced by standard solutions (2% CHX and 2% NaOCl). An in vitro genotoxicity assay was performed in cultured lymphocytes from the blood of human volunteers to observe micronuclei formation. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS The inhibition zone of combination of CHX with EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum against C. albicans was 29.7 mm after 5 min, 28.3 mm after 60 min, and 29 mm after 24 h. The inhibition zone of NaOCl in combination with EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum against C. albicans was 0 mm. The EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum did not show a genotoxic effect on lymphocyte cells. CONCLUSIONS The EthOAc extract of Thymus serpyllum in combination with CHX may be a useful root canal disinfection in endodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Kameri
- Department of Dental Pathology and Endodontics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”PrishtinaKosova
| | - Agime Dragidella
- Department of Dental Pathology and Endodontics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”PrishtinaKosova
| | - Arben Haziri
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Science FacultyUniversity of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”PrishtinaKosova
| | - Zeqir Hashani
- Faculty of EducationUniversity “Fehmi Agani”GjakoveKosova
| | - Kemajl Kurteshi
- Department of Biology, Natural Science FacultyUniversity of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”PrishtinaKosova
| | - Arsim Kurti
- Department of Microbiology, Medical FacultyUniversity of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”PrishtinaKosova
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24
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Maisch T, Scholz KJ, Forster EM, Wenzl V, Auer DL, Cieplik F, Hiller KA. Optimal effective concentration combinations (OPECCs) for binary application of membrane-targeting antiseptics and TMPyP-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:189-196. [PMID: 38113026 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of multi-resistant bacteria is a health problem of global dimension. Infections caused by multi-resistant pathogens are difficult to treat and often associated with high mortality. Therefore, new treatment strategies are of interest, such as the use of differently acting antibacterial concepts. One of these new concepts is the use of antiseptics in combination with the antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Currently, no method has yet been established as a standard procedure for investigating combined effects and evaluating them in a generally valid and unambiguous manner. The focus of this study was on how cationic antiseptics benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) behave in a combined application with aPDT using the photosensitizer TMPyP. For this purpose, BAC and CHX were applied in combination with the aPDT using TMPyP in non-lethal concentrations to the three bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The results of the combination experiments with sublethal concentrations of BAC or CHX with the aPDT showed that the binary application had a lethal effect. Irrespective of the bacteria, the reduction in concentrations in OPECC, compared to individual concentrations, was more than 50% for TMPyP, 23-40% for BAC, and 18-43% for CHX. Furthermore, the optimal effective concentration combinations (OPECCs) could be determined. The latter showed that the combined application allowed the reduction of both concentrations compared to the single application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Maisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Konstantin J Scholz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Forster
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Verena Wenzl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - David L Auer
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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25
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Cox CA, Manavathu EK, Wakade S, Myntti M, Vazquez JA. Efficacy of biofilm disrupters against Candida auris and other Candida species in monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilms. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13684. [PMID: 38214428 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Candida species are now considered global threats by the CDC and WHO. Candida auris specifically is on the critical pathogen threat list along with Candida albicans. In addition, it is not uncommon to find Candida spp. in a mixed culture with bacterial organisms, especially Staphylococcus aureus producing polymicrobial infections. To eradicate these organisms from the environment and from patient surfaces, surface agents such as chlorhexidine (CHD) and Puracyn are used. Biofilm disrupters (BDs) are novel agents with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and have been used in the management of chronic wounds and to sterilise environmental surfaces for the past several years. The goal of this study was to evaluate BDs (BlastX, Torrent, NSSD) and CHD against Candida spp. and S. aureus using zone of inhibition assays, biofilm and time-kill assays. All BDs and CHD inhibited C. auris growth effectively in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, CHD and the BDs showed excellent antimicrobial activity within polymicrobial biofilms. A comparative analysis of the BDs and CHD against C. auris and C. albicans using biofilm kill-curves showed at least 99.999% killing. All three BDs and CHD have excellent activity against different Candida species, including C. auris. However, one isolate of C. auris in a polymicrobial biofilm assay showed resistance/tolerance to CHD, but not to the BDs. The fungicidal activity of these novel agents will be valuable in eradicating surface colonisation of Candida spp, especially C. auris from colonised environmental surfaces and from wounds in colonised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Cox
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elias K Manavathu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sushama Wakade
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Jose A Vazquez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Tsai CF, Chung JJ, Ding SJ, Chen CC. In vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of hypochlorous acid antimicrobial agent. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:345-356. [PMID: 38303880 PMCID: PMC10829635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Bacteria-associated oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis are widespread epidemics that cause oral pain and loss of function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of different concentrations of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Materials and methods Five different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) of HOCl were evaluated for their antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-negative (A. actinomycetcmcomitans and P. gingivalis) and Gram-positive bacteria (S. mutans and S. sanguinis) after treatment for 1 and 10 min. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine (CHX) were used as positive controls. In addition, HOCl was examined for L929 cytotoxicity and RAW 264.7 growth. Results The bacteriostatic ratio of NaOCl was comparable to that of CHX and significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of all HOCl solutions. Higher HOCl concentration had significantly (P < 0.05) higher antibacterial effect, and the bacteriostatic ratio of 10 min treatment was slightly higher than that of 1 min treatment. CHX and NaOCl seeded into L929 cells resulted in low cell viability with only 30-39%, much significantly (P < 0.05) lower than all HOCl groups (greater than 80%). All HOCl solutions met the recommendations of ISO 10993-5 and showed no cytotoxicity, although there was a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability. All antimicrobial agents showed the same trend of response to RAW 264.7 as L929. Conclusion Within the limit of this study, 400 ppm HOCl disinfectant may be a potential antimicrobial candidate for mouthwash, endodontic irrigants, and periodontitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Jia Chung
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Jyh Ding
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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27
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Di Lodovico S, Petrini M, D'Amico E, Di Fermo P, Diban F, D'Arcangelo S, Piattelli A, Cellini L, Iezzi G, Di Giulio M, D'Ercole S. Complex magnetic fields represent an eco-sustainable technology to counteract the resistant Candida albicans growth without affecting the human gingival fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22067. [PMID: 38086849 PMCID: PMC10716184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel technologies such as complex magnetic fields-CMFs represent an eco-sustainable proposal to counteract the infection associated to resistant microorganisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two CMF programs (STRESS, ANTIBACTERIAL) against clinical antifungal resistant C. albicans also evaluating their uneffectiveness on gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). The STRESS program was more efficacious on C. albicans biofilm with up to 64.37% ± 10.80 of biomass and up to 99.19% ± 0.06 CFU/ml reductions in respect to the control also inducing an alteration of lipidic structure of the membrane. The MTT assay showed no CMFs negative effects on the viability of hGFs with a major ROS production with the ANTIBACTERIAL program at 3 and 24 h. For the wound healing assay, STRESS program showed the best effect in terms of the rate migration at 24 h, showing statistical significance of p < 0.0001. The toluidine-blue staining observations showed the typical morphology of cells and the presence of elongated and spindle-shaped with cytoplasmic extensions and lamellipodia was observed by SEM. The ANTIBACTERIAL program statistically increased the production of collagen with respect to control and STRESS program (p < 0.0001). CMFs showed a relevant anti-virulence action against C. albicans, no cytotoxicity effects and a high hGFs migration rate. The results of this study suggest that CMFs could represent a novel eco-sustainable strategy to counteract the resistant yeast biofilm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Lodovico
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Morena Petrini
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Emira D'Amico
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Di Fermo
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Firas Diban
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara D'Arcangelo
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Adriano Piattelli
- School of Dentistry, Saint Camillus International, University of Health and Medical Sciences, Via di Sant'Alessandro 8, 00131, Rome, Italy
- Facultad de Medicina, UCAM Universidad Catolica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luigina Cellini
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanna Iezzi
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mara Di Giulio
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Simonetta D'Ercole
- Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
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Lv X, Feng Z, Luo J, Liu Z, Lu J, Han S, Wang K, Zhang L. Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester against multi-species cariogenic biofilms. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2023; 68:977-989. [PMID: 37289416 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01064-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries is a biofilm-related disease, widely perceived to be caused by oral ecological imbalance when cariogenic/aciduric bacteria obtain an ecological advantage. Compared with planktonic bacteria, dental plaques are difficult to remove under extracellular polymeric substance protection. In this study, the effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on a preformed cariogenic multi-species biofilm was evaluated, which was comprised of cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans), commensal bacteria (Streptococcus gordonii), and a pioneer colonizer (Actinomyces naeslundii). Our result revealed that treatment with 0.08 mg/mL CAPE reduced live S. mutans in the preformed multi-species biofilm while not significantly changing the quantification of live S. gordonii. CAPE significantly reduced the production of lactic acid, extracellular polysaccharide, and extracellular DNA and made the biofilm looser. Moreover, CAPE could promote the H2O2 production of S. gordonii and inhibit the expression of SMU.150 encoding mutacin to modulate the interaction among species in biofilms. Overall, our results suggested that CAPE could inhibit the cariogenic properties and change the microbial composition of the multi-species biofilms, indicating its application potential in dental caries prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zening Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junyuan Luo
- Department of Endodontics, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junzhuo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sili Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Linglin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Saha S, Boesch C, Maycock J, Wood S, Do T. Sweet Orange Juice Processing By-Product Extracts: A Caries Management Alternative to Chlorhexidine. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1607. [PMID: 38002290 PMCID: PMC10669069 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases globally in both children and adults. This study investigated the potential of industrial sweet orange waste extracts (ISOWE) as a substitute for chlorhexidine (CHX) in managing dental caries. First, the cytotoxicity of ISOWE (40, 80, 120 mg/mL) and CHX (0.1 and 0.2%) on buccal epithelial cells was determined. ISOWE exhibited no overall toxicity, whereas CHX strongly affected cell viability. The combination of ISOWE and CHX significantly enhanced cell proliferation compared to CHX alone. Next, the antimicrobial efficacy of ISOWE, CHX, and their combination was assessed against a 7-day complex biofilm model inoculated with oral samples from human volunteers. CHX exhibited indiscriminate antimicrobial action, affecting both pathogenic and health-associated oral microorganisms. ISOWE demonstrated lower antimicrobial efficacy than CHX but showed enhanced efficacy against pathogenic species while preserving the oral microbiome's balance. When applied to a cariogenic biofilm, the combined treatment of ISOWE with 0.1% CHX showed similar efficacy to 0.2% CHX treatment alone. Overall, the findings suggest that ISOWE is a promising natural anti-cariogenic agent with lower toxicity and enhanced selectivity for pathogenic species compared to CHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvro Saha
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.S.)
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Christine Boesch
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.S.)
| | - Joanne Maycock
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (S.S.)
| | - Simon Wood
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Thuy Do
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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Brookes Z, Teoh L, Cieplik F, Kumar P. Mouthwash Effects on the Oral Microbiome: Are They Good, Bad, or Balanced? Int Dent J 2023; 73 Suppl 2:S74-S81. [PMID: 37867065 PMCID: PMC10690560 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review describes the oral microbiome, and its role in oral health and disease, before considering the impact of commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) mouthwashes on oral bacteria, viruses, bacteriophages, and fungi that make up these microbial communities in different niches of the mouth. Whilst certain mouthwashes have proven antimicrobial actions and clinical effectiveness supported by robust evidence, this review reports more recent metagenomics evidence, suggesting that mouthwashes such as chlorhexidine may cause "dysbiosis," whereby certain species of bacteria are killed, leaving others, sometimes unwanted, to predominate. There is little known about the effects of mouthwashes on fungi and viruses in the context of the oral microbiome (virome) in vivo, despite evidence that they "kill" certain viral pathogens ex vivo. Evidence for mouthwashes, much like antibiotics, is also emerging with regards to antimicrobial resistance, and this should further be considered in the context of their widespread use by clinicians and patients. Therefore, considering the potential of currently available OTC mouthwashes to alter the oral microbiome, this article finally proposes that the ideal mouthwash, whilst combatting oral disease, should "balance" antimicrobial communities, especially those associated with health. Which antimicrobial mouthwash best fits this ideal remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Brookes
- Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK.
| | - Leanne Teoh
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Purnima Kumar
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Tonon CC, de Souza Rastelli AN, Bodahandi C, Ghosh G, Hasan T, Xu Q, Greer A, Lyons AM. Superhydrophobic Tipped Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Device for the In Vivo Treatment of Periodontitis Using a Wistar Rat Model. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50083-50094. [PMID: 37862708 PMCID: PMC10800031 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Limited options exist for treatment of periodontitis; scaling and root planing (SRP) are not sufficient to eradicate P. gingivalis and the resulting inflammatory disease. Chlorhexidine (CHX), used as an adjuvant to SRP, may reduce bacterial loads but leads to pain and staining, while evidence for its efficacy is lacking. Antibiotics are effective but can lead to drug-resistance. The rising concern of antibiotic resistance limits the future use of this treatment approach. This study evaluates the efficacy of a novel superhydrophobic (SH) antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) device as an adjuvant to SRP for the treatment of periodontitis induced in a Wistar rat in vivo model relative to CHX. The SH-aPDT device comprises an SH silicone rubber strip coated with verteporfin photosensitizer (PS), sterilized, and secured onto a tapered plastic optical fiber tip connected to a red diode laser. The superhydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) strips were fabricated by using a novel soluble template method that creates a medical-grade elastomer with hierarchical surface roughness without the use of nanoparticles. Superhydrophobicity minimizes direct contact of the PS-coated surface with bacterial biofilms. Upon insertion of the device tip into the pocket and energizing the laser, the device generates singlet oxygen that effectively targets and eliminates bacteria within the periodontal pocket. SH-aPDT treatment using 125 J/cm2 of red light on three consecutive days reduced P. gingivalis significantly more than SRP-CHX controls (p < 0.05). Clinical parameters significantly improved (p < 0.05), and histology and stereometry results demonstrated SH-aPDT to be the most effective treatment for improving healing and reducing inflammation, with an increase in fibroblast cells and extracellular matrix and a reduction in vascularization, inflammatory cells, and COX-2 expression. The SH-aPDT approach resulted in complete disease clearance assessed 30 days after treatment initiation with significant reduction of the periodontal pocket and re-formation of the junctional epithelium at the enamel-cementum junction. PS isolation on a SH strip minimizes the potential for bacteria to develop resistance, where the treatment may be aided by the oxygen supply retained within the SH surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Coradi Tonon
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Alessandra Nara de Souza Rastelli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, 1680 Humaita St., Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Chathuna Bodahandi
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, VentureLink, Room 524B, 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - QianFeng Xu
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, VentureLink, Room 524B, 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, VentureLink, Room 524B, 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States
| | - Alan M. Lyons
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, VentureLink, Room 524B, 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
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Llaurado-Serra M, Afonso E, Mellinghoff J, Conoscenti E, Deschepper M. Oral care with chlorhexidine: One size does not fit all. ENFERMERIA INTENSIVA 2023; 34:227-228. [PMID: 38040485 DOI: 10.1016/j.enfie.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Llaurado-Serra
- Nursing Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - E Afonso
- Anglia Ruskin University, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - J Mellinghoff
- University of Brighton, United Kingdom; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - E Conoscenti
- Infection Control Nurse IRCCS-ISMETT UPMC Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione, Sicily, Palermo, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - M Deschepper
- Data Science Institute, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Figuero E, Serrano J, Arweiler NB, Auschill TM, Gürkan A, Emingil G. Supra and subgingival application of antiseptics or antibiotics during periodontal therapy. Periodontol 2000 2023. [PMID: 37766668 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) are characterized by inflammatory processes which arise as a result of disruption of the balance in the oral ecosystem. According to the current S3 level clinical practice guidelines, therapy of patients with periodontitis involves a stepwise approach that includes the control of the patient's risk factors and the debridement of supra and subgingival biofilm. This debridement can be performed with or without the use of some adjuvant therapies, including physical or chemical agents, host modulating agents, subgingivally locally delivered antimicrobials, or systemic antimicrobials. Therefore, the main aim of this article is to review in a narrative manner the existing literature regarding the adjuvant application of local agents, either subgingivally delivered antibiotics and antiseptics or supragingivally applied rinses and dentifrices, during the different steps in periodontal therapy performed in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Figuero
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Research Group, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Serrano
- Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-implant Research Group, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicole Birgit Arweiler
- Department of Periodontology and Peri-implant Diseases, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mathias Auschill
- Department of Periodontology and Peri-implant Diseases, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ali Gürkan
- Department of Peridontology, Ege University School of Dentistry, Bornova, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Emingil
- Department of Peridontology, Ege University School of Dentistry, Bornova, Turkey
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Choroszy-Król I, Futoma-Kołoch B, Kuźnik K, Wojnicz D, Tichaczek-Goska D, Frej-Mądrzak M, Jama-Kmiecik A, Sarowska J. Exposing Salmonella Senftenberg and Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Poultry Farms to Formaldehyde and Lingonberry Extract at Low Concentrations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14579. [PMID: 37834022 PMCID: PMC10572950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
European Union (EU) countries strive to improve the quality and safety of food of animal origin. Food production depends on a good microbiological quality of fodder. However, feed can be a reservoir or vector of pathogenic microorganisms, including Salmonella or Escherichia coli bacteria. Salmonella spp. and E. coli are the two most important food-borne pathogens of public health concern. Contamination with these pathogens, mainly in the poultry sector, can lead to serious food-borne diseases. Both microorganisms can form biofilms on abiotic and biotic surfaces. The cells that form biofilms are less sensitive to disinfectants, which in turn makes it difficult to eliminate them from various surfaces. Because the usage of formaldehyde in animal feed is prohibited in European countries, the replacement of this antibacterial with natural plant products seems very promising. This study aimed to assess the inhibitory effectiveness of Vaccinium vitis-idaea extract against biofilm produced by model Salmonella enterica and E. coli strains. We found that formaldehyde could effectively kill both species of bacterial cells in biofilm, while the lingonberry extract showed some antibiofilm effect on S. enterica serovar Senftenberg. In conclusion, finding natural plant products that are effective against biofilms formed by Gram-negative bacteria is still challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Choroszy-Król
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wrocław Medical University, Chałubińskiego 4, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.C.-K.); (M.F.-M.); (A.J.-K.); (J.S.)
| | - Bożena Futoma-Kołoch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63–77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Kuźnik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63–77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Dorota Wojnicz
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 9, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.W.); (D.T.-G.)
| | - Dorota Tichaczek-Goska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Wrocław Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 9, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (D.W.); (D.T.-G.)
| | - Magdalena Frej-Mądrzak
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wrocław Medical University, Chałubińskiego 4, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.C.-K.); (M.F.-M.); (A.J.-K.); (J.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Jama-Kmiecik
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wrocław Medical University, Chałubińskiego 4, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.C.-K.); (M.F.-M.); (A.J.-K.); (J.S.)
| | - Jolanta Sarowska
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wrocław Medical University, Chałubińskiego 4, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.C.-K.); (M.F.-M.); (A.J.-K.); (J.S.)
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Bajpai D, Malaiappan S, S R. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Properties of Mustard Seed Extract-Based Hydrogel: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e45146. [PMID: 37842410 PMCID: PMC10575557 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mustard has been regarded as one of the world's most extensively produced and useful plants as well as one of the oldest condiments ever. The aim of the study was to develop and analyse the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of mustard seed extract. METHODS The extract was prepared by using a double filtration technique and anti-inflammatory properties were checked using egg albumin assay and bovine serum albumin assay and diclofenac sodium was the control. The antimicrobial property was evaluated by the Kirby-Bauer test and chlorhexidine gel was the control. The species included were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. RESULTS The results showed that the anti-inflammatory property of mustard seed extract is comparable to diclofenac sodium whereas the maximum zone of inhibition was seen against C. albicans. CONCLUSION This study discovered that mustard seed extract has potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity against a variety of oral microorganisms. These findings indicate that this hydrogel was highly active against the tested pathogens and will be effective in the treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Bajpai
- Periodontology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Sankari Malaiappan
- Periodontology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
| | - Rajeshkumar S
- Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, IND
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Pereira-Maróstica HV, Ames-Sibin AP, Pateis VDO, de Souza GH, Silva BP, Bracht L, Comar JF, Peralta RM, Bracht A, Sá-Nakanishi AB. Harmful effects of chlorhexidine on hepatic metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 102:104217. [PMID: 37442400 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX) is an over-the-counter antiseptic amply used by the population. There are reports that CHX acts in mitochondria as an uncoupler and inhibitor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of CHX on hepatic metabolic pathways linked to energy metabolism in the perfused rat liver. The compound inhibited both glucose synthesis and the urea cycle. Oxygen consumption was raised at low concentrations (up to 10 μM) and diminished at higher ones. A pronounced diminution in the cellular ATP content was observed. Conversely, CHX stimulated glycolysis and enhanced leakage of cellular enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase and fumarase). In isolated mitochondria, this antiseptic inhibited pyruvate carboxylation, oxidases, and oxygen uptake at very low concentrations (2 μM) and promoted uncoupling. The results described herein raise great concerns about the safety of CHX, as the observed effects can induce hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, ammonemia as well as cell membrane disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vanesa de O Pateis
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Paes Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Lívia Bracht
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Jurandir F Comar
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rosane M Peralta
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Adelar Bracht
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Garrido L, Lyra P, Rodrigues J, Viana J, Mendes JJ, Barroso H. Revisiting Oral Antiseptics, Microorganism Targets and Effectiveness. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1332. [PMID: 37763100 PMCID: PMC10532628 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A good oral health status is mostly dependent on good oral hygiene habits, which knowingly impacts systemic health. Although controversial, chemical oral antiseptics can be useful in adjunct use to mechanical dental plaque control techniques in the prevention and management of local and overall health and well-being. This review aims to revisit, gather and update evidence-based clinical indications for the use of the most popular oral antiseptics, considering different types, microorganism targets and effectiveness in order to establish updated clinical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Helena Barroso
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal (P.L.); (J.V.); (J.J.M.)
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38
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Zhang OL, Niu JY, Yin IX, Yu OY, Mei ML, Chu CH. Antibacterial Properties of the Antimicrobial Peptide Gallic Acid-Polyphemusin I (GAPI). Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1350. [PMID: 37760647 PMCID: PMC10525608 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel antimicrobial peptide, GAPI, has been developed recently by grafting gallic acid (GA) to polyphemusin I (PI). The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effects of GAPI on common oral pathogens. This laboratory study used minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations to assess the antimicrobial properties of GAPI against common oral pathogens. Transmission electron microscopy was used to examine the bacterial morphology both before and after GAPI treatment. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 20 μM (Lactobacillus rhamnosus) to 320 μM (Porphyromonas gingivalis), whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration ranged from 80 μM (Lactobacillus acidophilus) to 640 μM (Actinomyces naeslundii, Enterococcus faecalis, and Porphyromonas gingivalis). Transmission electron microscopy showed abnormal curvature of cell membranes, irregular cell shapes, leakage of cytoplasmic content, and disruption of cytoplasmic membranes and cell walls. In conclusion, the GAPI antimicrobial peptide is antibacterial to common oral pathogens, with the potential to be used to manage oral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Lili Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (O.L.Z.); (J.Y.N.); (I.X.Y.); (O.Y.Y.)
| | - John Yun Niu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (O.L.Z.); (J.Y.N.); (I.X.Y.); (O.Y.Y.)
| | - Iris Xiaoxue Yin
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (O.L.Z.); (J.Y.N.); (I.X.Y.); (O.Y.Y.)
| | - Ollie Yiru Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (O.L.Z.); (J.Y.N.); (I.X.Y.); (O.Y.Y.)
| | - May Lei Mei
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (O.L.Z.); (J.Y.N.); (I.X.Y.); (O.Y.Y.)
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Kybartas M, Virgailis M, Ruzauskas M, Klimienė I, Šiugždinienė R, Merkevičienė L, Štreimikytė-Mockeliūnė Ž, Mockeliūnas R. A Study on the Stability and Antimicrobial Efficacy of a Newly Modeled Teat Dip Solution Containing Chlorhexidine. Vet Sci 2023; 10:510. [PMID: 37624297 PMCID: PMC10458168 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite much focus on mastitis as an endemic disease, clinical and subclinical mastitis remains an important problem for many herds. Reducing the usage of antibiotics for mastitis treatment allows the risks to be minimized related to the development of antimicrobial resistance and the excretion of antibiotics into the environment. The aim of the study was to determine the physico-chemical properties, stability and antimicrobial effect of a newly formulated biocide for post-milking udder hygiene containing a thickener made from hydroxypropyl guar gum, an antiseptic chlorhexidine digluconate and teat skin-friendly components including glycerol, Mentha Arvensis herbal oil and Aesculus hippocastanum extract. Hydroxypropyl guar gum was used as a thickener to provide the physical parameters and to retain the viscosity at 1438 mPa.s. The physical and chemical properties of the product, including the 12-month stability, were tested in long-term and accelerated stability studies. The product was effective against the primary mastitis pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modestas Kybartas
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.V.); (M.R.); (I.K.); (R.Š.); (L.M.); (Ž.Š.-M.); (R.M.)
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40
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Li F, Wang C, Xu J, Wang X, Cao M, Wang S, Zhang T, Xu Y, Wang J, Pan S, Hu W. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Elsholtzia ciliate essential oil against halitosis-related Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1219004. [PMID: 37608950 PMCID: PMC10440386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1219004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of Elsholtzia ciliate essential oil (ECO) has been previously reported, but its effectiveness against halitosis-causing bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the bacteriostatic activity of ECO against planktonic cells and biofilms of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis, as well as its ability to inhibit bacterial metabolism and production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) at sub-lethal concentrations. Our findings revealed that ECO exhibited comparable activities to chlorhexidine against these oral bacteria. Treatment with ECO significantly reduced the production of VSCs, including hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and methanethiol, which are major contributors to bad breath. As the major chemical components of ECO, carvacrol, p-cymene, and phellandrene, were demonstrated in vitro inhibitory effects on F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis, and their combined use showed synergistic and additive effects, suggesting that the overall activity of ECO is derived from the cumulative or synergistic effect of multiple active components. ECO was found to have a destructive effect on the bacterial cell membrane by examining the cell morphology and permeability. Furthermore, the application of ECO induced significant changes in the bacterial composition of saliva-derived biofilm, resulting in the elimination of bacterial species that contribute to halitosis, including Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, and Prevotella. These results provide experimental evidence for the potential clinical applications of ECOs in the prevention and treatment of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chuandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Shenzhen RELX Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Shandong Aobo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- Shandong Aobo Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | | | - Yanyong Xu
- Beijing Xinyue Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shaobin Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Bem JSP, Lacerda NGS, Polizello ACM, Cabral H, da Rosa-Garzon NG, Aires CP. Mutanase from Trichoderma harzianum inductively Produced by Mutan: Short-Term Treatment to Degrade Mature Streptococcus mutans Biofilm. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:312. [PMID: 37542660 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03417-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the disruptive effect of fungal mutanase against cariogenic biofilm after short-term treatment. For that, mature Streptococcus mutans biofilms (n = 9) were exposed to active or inactivated enzymes produced by Trichoderma harzianum for 1 min, two times per day. Biofilms were analyzed by amount of matrix water-insoluble polysaccharides, bacterial viability, acidogenicity, and morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The group treated with active enzymes (AE) had a significantly lower amount of insoluble polysaccharides (893.30 ± 293.69) when compared to the negative control group (NaCl, 2192.59 ± 361.96), yet no significant difference was found when comparing to the positive control group (CHX, 436.82 ± 151.07). Also, there was no significant effect on bacteria metabolism and viability (P-value < 0.05). Data generated by the quantitative analysis were confirmed through scanning electron microscopy images. Thus, fungal mutanase degraded the biofilm after a short-term treatment without interfering with bacterial viability and metabolism. Such findings offer insight to the development of routine oral care products containing this input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Silva Peixoto Bem
- Department of Children's Clinic, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Café Avenue s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Nayanna Gomes Silva Lacerda
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Café Avenue s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Morseli Polizello
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Café Avenue s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Cabral
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Café Avenue s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Gonsales da Rosa-Garzon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Café Avenue s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Carolina Patrícia Aires
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Café Avenue s/n, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Sathyan A, Kurtz I, Rathore P, Emrick T, Schiffman JD. Using Catechol and Zwitterion-Functionalized Copolymers to Prevent Dental Bacterial Adhesion. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023. [PMID: 37384901 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we report the synthesis of zwitterionic copolymers and their ability to form antifouling coatings on porous hydroxyapatite as a mimic of dental coatings. Specifically, we systematically investigated how altering the composition of copolymers of catechol methacrylate (Cat-MA or 2) and methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (2-MPC) with varying catechol-to-zwitterion ratios impacted their adhesive and antifouling properties, allowing for the rational design of functional coatings. Characterization by ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the presence of hydrophilic copolymer coatings of ∼10 nm thickness. Notably, these copolymers adhered to hydroxyapatite and reduced the level of attachment of both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Streptococcus oralis. Additionally, in vitro experiments that mimicked the complex mouth environment (i.e., swallowing and using mouthwash) were employed to evaluate S. oralis adhesion, finding that the copolymer coatings reduced the quantity of adhered bacteria. We suggest that these copolymers provide insights into the design of antifouling coatings that are appropriate for use in oral care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlin Sathyan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Irene Kurtz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
| | - Prerana Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
| | - Todd Emrick
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jessica D Schiffman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, United States
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Rowan NJ, Kremer T, McDonnell G. A review of Spaulding's classification system for effective cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of reusable medical devices: Viewed through a modern-day lens that will inform and enable future sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:162976. [PMID: 36963674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in medicine and innovations in many underpinning fields including disease prevention and control, the Spaulding classification system, originally proposed in 1957, remains widely used for defining the disinfection and sterilization of contaminated re-usable medical devices and surgical instruments. Screening PubMed and Scopus databases using a PRISMA guiding framework generated 272 relevant publications that were used in this review. Findings revealed that there is a need to evolve how medical devices are designed, and processed by cleaning, disinfection (and/or sterilization) to mitigate patient risks, including acquiring an infection. This Spaulding Classification remains in use as it is logical, easily applied and understood by users (microbiologists, epidemiologists, manufacturers, industry) and by regulators. However, substantial changes have occurred over the past 65 years that challenge interpretation and application of this system that includes inter alia emergence of new pathogens (viruses, mycobacteria, protozoa, fungi), a greater understanding of innate and adaptive microbial tolerance to disinfection, toxicity risks, increased number of vulnerable patients and associated patient procedures, and greater complexity in design and use of medical devices. Common cited examples include endoscopes that enable non- or minimal invasive procedures but are highly sophisticated with various types of materials (polymers, electronic components etc), long narrow channels, right angle and heat-sensitive components and various accessories (e.g., values) that can be contaminated with high levels of microbial bioburden and patient tissues after use. Contaminated flexible duodenoscopes have been a source of several significant infection outbreaks, where at least 9 reported cases were caused by multidrug resistant organisms [MDROs] with no obvious breach in processing detected. Despite this, there is evidence of the lack of attention to cleaning and maintenance of these devices and associated equipment. Over the last few decades there is increasing genomic evidence of innate and adaptive resistance to chemical disinfectant methods along with adaptive tolerance to environmental stresses. To reduce these risks, it has been proposed to elevate classification of higher-risk flexible endoscopes (such as duodenoscopes) from semi-critical [contact with mucous membrane and intact skin] to critical use [contact with sterile tissue and blood] that entails a transition to using low-temperature sterilization modalities instead of routinely using high-level disinfection; thus, increasing the margin of safety for endoscope processing. This timely review addresses important issues surrounding use of the Spaulding classification system to meet modern-day needs. It specifically addresses the need for automated, robust cleaning and drying methods combined with using real-time monitoring of device processing. There is a need to understand entire end-to-end processing of devices instead of adopting silo approaches that in the future will be informed by artificial intelligence and deep-learning/machine learning. For example, combinational solutions that address the formation of complex biofilms that harbour pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms on the surfaces of processed devices. Emerging trends are addressed including future sustainability for the medical devices sector that can be enabled via a new Quintuple Helix Hub approach that combines academia, industry, healthcare, regulators, and society to unlock real world solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Rowan
- Centre for Sustainable Disinfection and Sterilization, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone Campus, Ireland; Department of Nursing and Healthcare, Technological University of the Shannon Midwest Mideast, Athlone Campus, Ireland; SFI-funded CURAM Centre for Medical Device Research, University of Galway, Ireland.
| | - T Kremer
- Centre for Sustainable Disinfection and Sterilization, Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone Campus, Ireland; Microbiological Quality & Sterility Assurance, Johnson & Johnson, 1000 Route 202, South Raritan, NJ 08869, USA
| | - G McDonnell
- Microbiological Quality & Sterility Assurance, Johnson & Johnson, 1000 Route 202, South Raritan, NJ 08869, USA
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Ting M, Dahlkemper A, Schwartz JJ, Woodfork M, Suzuki JB. Preprocedural Viral Load Effects of Oral Antiseptics on SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1694. [PMID: 37371789 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) There are limited clinical trials to support the effectiveness of mouth rinses when used as a preprocedural rinse against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of antiseptic mouth rinses as a preprocedural rinse in reducing SARS-CoV-2 oral viral load in-vivo. (2) Methods: A literature search was conducted through November 2022 for the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The evaluated outcomes were quantitative changes in viral load and the statistical significance of that change after using antiseptic mouth rinses. (3) Results: 14 randomized controlled trials (RCT) were selected for risk of bias assessment and data extraction. (4) Conclusion: Within the limits of this systematic review, preprocedural mouth rinses may significantly reduce SARS-CoV-2 in the mouth, thus, reducing the viral particles available for airborne dispersion. Preprocedural mouth rinses may be an effective strategy for reducing airborne SARS-CoV-2 dispersion in the environment. Their use may be a preventive strategy to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in selected medical and healthcare facilities, including dental clinics. Potential preprocedural mouth rinses are identified for use as an integral part of safe practice for healthcare protocols. This systematic review was registered with the National Institute for Health Research, international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42022315177.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ting
- Department of Periodontics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- General Practice Residency, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
- Think Dental Learning Institute, Paoli, PA 19301, USA
| | - Alex Dahlkemper
- General Practice Residency, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Jeremy J Schwartz
- General Practice Residency, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Manzel Woodfork
- General Practice Residency, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Jon B Suzuki
- Department of Graduate Periodontics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Graduate Prosthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98015, USA
- Department of Graduate Periodontics, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
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Oak A, Bachubhai Sapariya D, Nayak C, Kumar Reddy AS, Lakshmi RS, Dalal D. A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial Evaluates the Efficacy of Alternative Herbal Mouthwashes. Cureus 2023; 15:e40394. [PMID: 37456435 PMCID: PMC10345606 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The removal of dental plaque is the primary step in achieving good oral hygiene. Mechanical plaque removal measures have questionable efficacy in inaccessible areas and proximal aspects of the oral cavity. Out of the several types of mouthwash available, chlorhexidine (CHX) is regarded as the gold standard, but considering its adverse effects, herbal alternatives are being sought after. So, the aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of alternative herbal mouthwashes. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized, double-blind study, 125 selected patients were divided into five groups. Group 1: negative control - distilled water (DW); group 2: positive control - hexidine mouthwash (ICPA, Gujarat, India); group 3: FeelFresh Herbal Mouthcare Gargle (Able Exports, Gujarat, India); group 4: HiOra mouthwash (Himalaya Wellness Company, Bengaluru, India); group 5: Colgate MaxFresh Fresh Tea mouthwash (Colgate-Palmolive, India). Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and microbial count (CFU) were evaluated before and after the intervention. RESULTS The difference among the three types of herbal mouthwash was statistically non-significant. The lowest PI, GI, and CFU values were obtained in the subjects of group 4. CONCLUSION Herbal mouthwashes are a promising alternative and are effective in maintaining oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Oak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Manipur, IND
| | | | - Chandni Nayak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, World Dental Specialities, Mumbai, IND
| | - Av Sunil Kumar Reddy
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, IND
| | - Regula Sri Lakshmi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, MNR Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Dhanashree Dalal
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Pune, IND
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Contaldo M, D’Ambrosio F, Ferraro GA, Di Stasio D, Di Palo MP, Serpico R, Simeone M. Antibiotics in Dentistry: A Narrative Review of the Evidence beyond the Myth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6025. [PMID: 37297629 PMCID: PMC10252486 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20116025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics have undoubtedly revolutionized medicine and the health and survival of patients with life-threatening infections, being nonetheless free from potential adverse effects, and the risk of intestinal dysbiosis, antimicrobial resistance, and the resulting consequences for the patient's health and the public purse. The present study narratively reviewed the epidemiological data on worldwide antibiotic consumption and administration in dental practice, patients' adherence to prescriptions, the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon in dentistry, and the evidence supporting and recommending appropriate antibiotic use in dental care. Eligible systematic reviews and original studies in humans published in the English language from January 2000 to 26 January 2023 were considered. A total of 78 studies, 47 on the epidemiology of antibiotic use and prescription in dentistry, 6 on antibiotic therapy in dentistry, 12 on antibiotic prophylaxis in dentistry, 0 on adherence of dental patients to antibiotic prescription, and 13 on antimicrobial resistance in dentistry, were presently considered. Retrieved evidence revealed that antibiotics are frequently overused and misused in dental practice, dental patients frequently do not adhere to prescriptions, and antimicrobial resistance in dentistry is a still rising phenomenon also secondary to improper oral antiseptics use. The present findings highlighted the need to establish more evidence-based and accurate antibiotic prescriptions to sensitize dentists and dental patients to minimize and rationalize the use of antibiotics only when it is indicated and necessary, improve patients' adherence, and enhance knowledge and awareness of the antimicrobial resistance in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialities, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.A.F.); (D.D.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Francesco D’Ambrosio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe A. Ferraro
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialities, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.A.F.); (D.D.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Dario Di Stasio
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialities, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.A.F.); (D.D.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Maria Pia Di Palo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Rosario Serpico
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialities, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.A.F.); (D.D.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Michele Simeone
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Lv S, Fan W, Fan B. Enhanced in vitro antibacterial effect against Enterococcus faecalis by using both low-dose cetylpyridinium chloride and silver ions. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:299. [PMID: 37198581 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is frequently isolated from root canals with failed root canal treatments. Due to the strong ability of E. faecalis to resist many often-used antimicrobials, coping with E. faecalis infections remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic antibacterial effect of low-dose cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and silver ions (Ag+) against E. faecalis in vitro. METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) were used to confirm the existence of the synergic antibacterial activity between low-dose CPC and Ag+. Colony-forming unit (CFU) counting, time-killing curve and dynamic growth curve were used to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of CPC and Ag+ combinations against planktonic E. faecalis. Four weeks biofilms were treated with drug-contained gels to determine the antimicrobial effect on biofilm-resident E.faecalis, and the integrity of E.faecalis and its biofilms were observed by FE-SEM. CCK-8 assays was used to test the cytotoxicity of CPC and Ag+ combinations on MC3T3-E1 cells. RESULTS The results confirmed the synergistic antibacterial effect of low-dose CPC and Ag+ against both planktonic and 4-week biofilm E. faecalis. After the addition of CPC, the sensitivity of both planktonic and biofilm-resident E. faecalis to Ag+ improved, and the combination showed good biocompatibility on MC3T3-E1 cells. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose CPC enhanced the antibacterial ability of Ag+ against both planktonic and biofilm E.faecalis with good biocompatibility. It may be developed into a novel and potent antibacterial agent against E.faecalis, with low toxicity for root canal disinfection or other related medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silei Lv
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Bing Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST), Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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Saha S, Do T, Maycock J, Wood S, Boesch C. Antibiofilm Efficacies of Flavonoid-Rich Sweet Orange Waste Extract against Dual-Species Biofilms. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050657. [PMID: 37242327 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study evaluated the antibacterial properties of industrial sweet orange waste extracts (ISOWEs), which are a rich source of flavonoids. The ISOWEs exhibited antibacterial activity towards the dental cariogenic pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei with 13.0 ± 2.0 and 20.0 ± 2.0 mg/mL for MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and 37.7 ± 1.5 and 43.3 ± 2.1 mg/mL for MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration), respectively. When evaluated in a 7-day dual-species oral biofilm model, ISOWEs dose-dependently reduced the viable bacteria count, and demonstrated strong synergistic effects when combined with the anti-septic chlorhexidine (at 0.1 and 0.2%). Similarly, confocal microscopy confirmed the anti-cariogenic properties of ISOWEs, alone and in combination with chlorhexidine. The citrus flavonoids contributed differently to these effects, with the flavones (nobiletin, tangeretin and sinensetin) demonstrating significantly lower MICs and MBCs compared to the flavanones hesperidin and narirutin. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the potential of citrus waste as a currently underutilised source of flavonoids for antimicrobial applications, such as in dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvro Saha
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK
| | - Thuy Do
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK
| | - Joanne Maycock
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Simon Wood
- School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Biology, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK
| | - Christine Boesch
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Du J, Huang S, Wu M, Chen S, Zhou W, Zhan L, Huang X. Dlt operon regulates physiological function and cariogenic virulence in Streptococcus mutans. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:225-233. [PMID: 37097048 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is one of the major cariogenic pathogens in the oral cavity. The dlt operon is responsible for the process of D-alanylation of lipoteichoic acid and is related to the virulence of S. mutans. The dlt operon contributes to the adhesion, biofilm formation, stress response, interspecies competitiveness and autolysis of S. mutans. In addition, we have summarized the possible regulatory networks of the dlt operon. This review highlights the significant role of the dlt operon in S. mutans and provides new ideas for ecological caries prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Du
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College & University, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College & University, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minjing Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College & University, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College & University, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College & University, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhan
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orofacial Sciences, Department of Preventive & Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College & University, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Abbood HM, Hijazi K, Gould IM. Chlorhexidine Resistance or Cross-Resistance, That Is the Question. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050798. [PMID: 37237701 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorohexidine (CHX) is a widely used biocide in clinical and household settings. Studies over the last few decades have reported CHX resistance in different bacterial species, but at concentrations well below those used in the clinical setting. Synthesis of these findings is hampered by the inconsistent compliance with standard laboratory procedures for biocide susceptibility testing. Meanwhile, studies of in vitro CHX-adapted bacteria have reported cross-resistance between CHX and other antimicrobials. This could be related to common resistance mechanisms of CHX and other antimicrobials and/or the selective pressure driven by the intensive use of CHX. Importantly, CHX resistance and cross-resistance to antimicrobials should be investigated in clinical as well as environmental isolates to further our understanding of the role of CHX in selection of multidrug resistance. Whilst clinical studies to support the hypothesis of CHX cross-resistance with antibiotics are currently lacking, we recommend raising the awareness of healthcare providers in a range of clinical disciplines regarding the potential adverse impact of the unfettered use of CHX on tackling antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Mohammed Abbood
- Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZR, UK
- College of Dentistry, Tikrit University, Tikrit 34001, Iraq
| | - Karolin Hijazi
- Institute of Dentistry, School of Medicine, Medical Science and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZR, UK
| | - Ian M Gould
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK
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