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Connell JT, Bouras G, Yeo K, Fenix K, Cooksley C, Bassiouni A, Vreugde S, Wormald PJ, Psaltis AJ. Characterising the allergic fungal rhinosinusitis microenvironment using full-length 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and fungal ITS sequencing. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 39044721 DOI: 10.1111/all.16240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a severe phenotype of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), characterised by localised and exaggerated type 2 inflammation. While fungal antigenic stimulation of unregulated Th2-mediated inflammation is the core pathophysiological mechanism, the direct and synergistic role of bacteria in disease modification is a pervasive hypothesis. We set out to define the microenvironment of AFRS to elucidate virulent organisms that may be implicated in the pathophysiology of AFRS. METHODOLOGY We undertook a cross-sectional study of AFRS patients and non-fungal CRSwNP patients. Demographics, disease severity, culture and microbiome sequences were analysed. Multimodality microbiome sequencing included short-read next-generation sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina Miseq (16S rRNA and ITS) and full-length 16S rRNA sequencing on the Oxford Nanopore Technologies GridION (ONT). RESULTS Thirty-two AFRS and 29 non-fungal CRSwNP patients (NF) were included in this study. Staphylococcus aureus was the dominant organism cultured and sequenced in both AFRS and NF groups (AFRS 27.54%; NF 18.04%; p = .07). Streptococcus pneumoniae (AFRS 12.31%; NF 0.98%; p = .03) and Haemophilus influenzae (AFRS 15.03%; NF 0.24%; p = .005) were significantly more abundant in AFRS. Bacterial diversity (Shannon's index) was considerably lower in AFRS relative to NF (AFRS 0.6; NF 1.0, p = .008). Aspergillus was the most cultured fungus in AFRS (10/32, 31.3%). The AFRS sequenced mycobiome was predominantly represented by Malassezia (43.6%), Curvularia (18.5%) and Aspergillus (16.8%), while the NF mycobiome was nearly exclusively Malassezia (84.2%) with an absence of Aspergillus or dematiaceous fungi. CONCLUSION A low diversity, dysbiotic microenvironment dominated by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae characterised the bacterial microbiome of AFRS, with a mycobiome abundant in Malassezia, Aspergillus and Curvularia. While Staphylococcus aureus has been previously implicated in AFRS through enterotoxin superantigen potential, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are novel findings that may represent alternate cross-kingdom pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Connell
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - G Bouras
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - K Yeo
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - K Fenix
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - C Cooksley
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - A Bassiouni
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - S Vreugde
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - P J Wormald
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - A J Psaltis
- Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and the Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
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Xu S, Tan S, Romanos P, Reedy JL, Zhang Y, Mansour MK, Vyas JM, Mecsas J, Mou H, Leong JM. Blocking HXA 3-mediated neutrophil elastase release during S. pneumoniae lung infection limits pulmonary epithelial barrier disruption and bacteremia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.25.600637. [PMID: 38979170 PMCID: PMC11230237 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.25.600637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp), a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia, can spread from the lung into the bloodstream to cause septicemia and meningitis, with a concomitant three-fold increase in mortality. Limitations in vaccine efficacy and a rise in antimicrobial resistance have spurred searches for host-directed therapies that target pathogenic immune processes. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are essential for infection control but can also promote tissue damage and pathogen spread. The major Sp virulence factor, pneumolysin (PLY), triggers acute inflammation by stimulating the 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) eicosanoid synthesis pathway in epithelial cells. This pathway is required for systemic spread in a mouse pneumonia model and produces a number of bioactive lipids, including hepoxilin A3 (HXA3), a hydroxy epoxide PMN chemoattractant that has been hypothesized to facilitate breach of mucosal barriers. To understand how 12-LOX-dependent inflammation promotes dissemination during Sp lung infection and dissemination, we utilized bronchial stem cell-derived air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures that lack this enzyme to show that HXA3 methyl ester (HXA3-ME) is sufficient to promote basolateral-to-apical PMN transmigration, monolayer disruption, and concomitant Sp barrier breach. In contrast, PMN transmigration in response to the non-eicosanoid chemoattractant fMLP did not lead to epithelial disruption or bacterial translocation. Correspondingly, HXA3-ME but not fMLP increased release of neutrophil elastase (NE) from Sp-infected PMNs. Pharmacologic blockade of NE secretion or activity diminished epithelial barrier disruption and bacteremia after pulmonary challenge of mice. Thus, HXA3 promotes barrier disrupting PMN transmigration and NE release, pathological events that can be targeted to curtail systemic disease following pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Patricia Romanos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer L. Reedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Yihan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Michael K. Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jatin M. Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Joan Mecsas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Hongmei Mou
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - John M. Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Stuart B Levy Center for the Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Tufts University, Boston, MA
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3
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Mattos-Graner RO, Klein MI, Alves LA. The complement system as a key modulator of the oral microbiome in health and disease. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:138-167. [PMID: 36622855 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2163614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we address the interplay between the complement system and host microbiomes in health and disease, focussing on oral bacteria known to contribute to homeostasis or to promote dysbiosis associated with dental caries and periodontal diseases. Host proteins modulating complement activities in the oral environment and expression profiles of complement proteins in oral tissues were described. In addition, we highlight a sub-set of bacterial proteins involved in complement evasion and/or dysregulation previously characterized in pathogenic species (or strains), but further conserved among prototypical commensal species of the oral microbiome. Potential roles of these proteins in host-microbiome homeostasis and in the emergence of commensal strain lineages with increased virulence were also addressed. Finally, we provide examples of how commensal bacteria might exploit the complement system in competitive or cooperative interactions within the complex microbial communities of oral biofilms. These issues highlight the need for studies investigating the effects of the complement system on bacterial behaviour and competitiveness during their complex interactions within oral and extra-oral host sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata O Mattos-Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlise I Klein
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Araújo Alves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Akhmatova NK, Vorobyev DS, Petukhova ES, Semenova IB, Yakovleva IV, Gavrilova NF, Zaitsev AE, Akhmatova EA, Volokh YV, Leonova AY, Poddubikov AV, Kurbatova EA. Recombinant Pneumolysin of Pneumococci Induces TLR4 Expression and Maturation of Dendritic Cells In Vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 176:191-193. [PMID: 38191877 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-024-05993-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Pneumolysin (Ply) is a target for the development of serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccines, an important condition for the efficacy of which is their ability to activate innate immunity with the subsequent formation of adaptive immunity. In this study, the ability of recombinant full-length Ply (rPly) of pneumococci to induce TLR expression and maturation of dendritic cells generated from mouse bone marrow was evaluated. It was shown that rPly in vitro increased the number of dendritic cells expressing Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on the membrane. rPly caused maturation of dendritic cells generated from mouse bone marrow, which manifested in a decrease in the number of progenitor cells (CD34), an increase in the number of cells expressing the adhesion molecule CD38, costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, molecules of terminal differentiation of dendritic cells CD83, as well as molecules of antigenic presentation of the major histocompatibility complex class II.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Akhmatova
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - D S Vorobyev
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - E S Petukhova
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - I B Semenova
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Yakovleva
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - N F Gavrilova
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Zaitsev
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Akhmatova
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu V Volokh
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Yu Leonova
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Poddubikov
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Kurbatova
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia.
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5
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Alibayov B, Scasny A, Vidal AGJ, Murin L, Wong S, Edwards KS, Eichembaun Z, Punshon T, Jackson BP, Hopp MT, McDaniel LS, Akerley BJ, Imhof D, Vidal JE. Oxidation of hemoglobin in the lung parenchyma facilitates the differentiation of pneumococci into encapsulated bacteria. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.14.567109. [PMID: 38014009 PMCID: PMC10680745 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.14.567109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal pneumonia causes cytotoxicity in the lung parenchyma but the underlying mechanism involves multiple factors contributing to cell death. Here, we discovered that hydrogen peroxide produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn-H 2 O 2 ) plays a pivotal role by oxidizing hemoglobin, leading to its polymerization and subsequent release of labile heme. At physiologically relevant levels, heme selected a population of encapsulated pneumococci. In the absence of capsule and Spn-H 2 O 2 , host intracellular heme exhibited toxicity towards pneumococci, thus acting as an antibacterial mechanism. Further investigation revealed that heme-mediated toxicity required the ABC transporter GlnPQ. In vivo experiments demonstrated that pneumococci release H 2 O 2 to cause cytotoxicity in bronchi and alveoli through the non-proteolytic degradation of intracellular proteins such as actin, tubulin and GAPDH. Overall, our findings uncover a mechanism of lung toxicity mediated by oxidative stress that favor the growth of encapsulated pneumococci suggesting a therapeutic potential by targeting oxidative reactions. Graphical abstract Highlights Oxidation of hemoglobin by Streptococcus pneumoniae facilitates differentiation to encapsulated pneumococci in vivo Differentiated S. pneumoniae produces capsule and hydrogen peroxide (Spn-H 2 O 2 ) as defense mechanism against host heme-mediated toxicity. Spn-H 2 O 2 -induced lung toxicity causes the oxidation and non-proteolytic degradation of intracellular proteins tubulin, actin, and GAPDH. The ABC transporter GlnPQ is a heme-binding complex that makes Spn susceptible to heme toxicity.
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Zhang H, Zhu T, Xu W, Liu B, Wu K, Yin Y, Zhang X. Detoxified pneumolysin derivative ΔA146Ply inhibits triple- negative breast cancer metastasis mainly via mannose receptor-mediated autophagy inhibition. Virulence 2023:2283898. [PMID: 37964595 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2283898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The detoxified pneumolysin derivative ΔA146Ply has been proven to have a direct anti-triple negative breast cancer effect by our group, but its work model remains unclear. In this study, we focused on its ability to inhibit triple-negative breast cancer metastasis. We found that ΔA146Ply suppressed the migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer cells by activating mannose receptor and toll-like receptor 4. Their activation triggers the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, sequentially leading to autophagy, transforming growth factor-β1, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition inhibition. Furthermore, the combination of doxorubicin and ΔA146Ply significantly inhibited triple-negative breast cancer progression and prolonged survival in tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, our study provides an alternative microbiome-based mannose receptor-targeted therapy for triple-negative breast cancer and a novel theoretical and experimental basis for the downstream signaling pathway of the mannose receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Department of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College; Translational Medicine Research Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bichen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University), Zunyi, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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7
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Czarnecka-Chrebelska KH, Kordiak J, Brzeziańska-Lasota E, Pastuszak-Lewandoska D. Respiratory Tract Oncobiome in Lung Carcinogenesis: Where Are We Now? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4935. [PMID: 37894302 PMCID: PMC10605430 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of microbiota in developing and treating diseases, including lung cancer (LC), is becoming increasingly recognized. Studies have shown differences in microorganism populations in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of patients with lung cancer compared to healthy individuals, indicating a link between dysbiosis and lung cancer. However, it is not only important to identify "which bacteria are present" but also to understand "how" they affect lung carcinogenesis. The interactions between the host and lung microbiota are complex, and our knowledge of this relationship is limited. This review presents research findings on the bacterial lung microbiota and discusses the mechanisms by which lung-dwelling microorganisms may directly or indirectly contribute to the development of lung cancer. These mechanisms include influences on the host immune system regulation and the local immune microenvironment, the regulation of oncogenic signaling pathways in epithelial cells (causing cell cycle disorders, mutagenesis, and DNA damage), and lastly, the MAMPs-mediated path involving the effects of bacteriocins, TLRs signaling induction, and TNF release. A better understanding of lung microbiota's role in lung tumor pathology could lead to identifying new diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers and developing personalized therapeutic management for lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Kordiak
- Department of Thoracic, General and Oncological Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzeziańska-Lasota
- Department of Biomedicine and Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dorota Pastuszak-Lewandoska
- Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
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8
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Li S, Liang H, Zhao SH, Yang XY, Guo Z. Recent progress in pneumococcal protein vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1278346. [PMID: 37818378 PMCID: PMC10560988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1278346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal infections continue to pose a significant global health concern, necessitating the development of effective vaccines. Despite the progress shown by pneumococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines, their limited coverage and the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes have highlighted the need for alternative approaches. Protein-based pneumococcal vaccines, targeting conserved surface proteins of Streptococcus pneumoniae, have emerged as a promising strategy. In this review, we provide an overview of the advancements made in the development of pneumococcal protein vaccines. We discuss the key protein vaccine candidates, highlight their vaccination results in animal studies, and explore the challenges and future directions in protein-based pneumococcal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hangeri Liang
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Shui-Hao Zhao
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong Guo
- Center for Biological Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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9
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Xu S, Mo D, Rizvi FZ, Rosa JP, Ruiz J, Tan S, Tweten RK, Leong JM, Adams W. Pore-forming activity of S. pneumoniae pneumolysin disrupts the paracellular localization of the epithelial adherens junction protein E-cadherin. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0021323. [PMID: 37607057 PMCID: PMC10501216 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00213-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, can cross the respiratory epithelial barrier to cause lethal septicemia and meningitis. S. pneumoniae pore-forming toxin pneumolysin (PLY) triggers robust neutrophil (PMN) infiltration that promotes bacterial transepithelial migration in vitro and disseminated disease in mice. Apical infection of polarized respiratory epithelial monolayers by S. pneumoniae at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 20 resulted in recruitment of PMNs, loss of 50% of the monolayer, and PMN-dependent bacterial translocation. Reducing the MOI to 2 decreased PMN recruitment two-fold and preserved the monolayer, but apical-to-basolateral translocation of S. pneumoniae remained relatively efficient. At both MOI of 2 and 20, PLY was required for maximal PMN recruitment and bacterial translocation. Co-infection by wild-type S. pneumoniae restored translocation by a PLY-deficient mutant, indicating that PLY can act in trans. Investigating the contribution of S. pneumoniae infection on apical junction complexes in the absence of PMN transmigration, we found that S. pneumoniae infection triggered the cleavage and mislocalization of the adherens junction (AJ) protein E-cadherin. This disruption was PLY-dependent at MOI of 2 and was recapitulated by purified PLY, requiring its pore-forming activity. In contrast, at MOI of 20, E-cadherin disruption was independent of PLY, indicating that S. pneumoniae encodes multiple means to disrupt epithelial integrity. This disruption was insufficient to promote bacterial translocation in the absence of PMNs. Thus, S. pneumoniae triggers cleavage and mislocalization of E-cadherin through PLY-dependent and -independent mechanisms, but maximal bacterial translocation across epithelial monolayers requires PLY-dependent neutrophil transmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Devons Mo
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Fatima Z. Rizvi
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Juan P. Rosa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- University of Puerto Rico, Cayey, USA
| | - Jorge Ruiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rodney K. Tweten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, Oklahoma, USA
| | - John M. Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Stuart B. Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance at Tufts (Levy CIMAR), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Walter Adams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA
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10
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Anderson R, Feldman C. The Global Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults, Encompassing Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and the Prevalence of Its Associated Cardiovascular Events, with a Focus on Pneumolysin and Macrolide Antibiotics in Pathogenesis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11038. [PMID: 37446214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite innovative advances in anti-infective therapies and vaccine development technologies, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains the most persistent cause of infection-related mortality globally. Confronting the ongoing threat posed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus), the most common bacterial cause of CAP, particularly to the non-immune elderly, remains challenging due to the propensity of the elderly to develop invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), together with the predilection of the pathogen for the heart. The resultant development of often fatal cardiovascular events (CVEs), particularly during the first seven days of acute infection, is now recognized as a relatively common complication of IPD. The current review represents an update on the prevalence and types of CVEs associated with acute bacterial CAP, particularly IPD. In addition, it is focused on recent insights into the involvement of the pneumococcal pore-forming toxin, pneumolysin (Ply), in subverting host immune defenses, particularly the protective functions of the alveolar macrophage during early-stage disease. This, in turn, enables extra-pulmonary dissemination of the pathogen, leading to cardiac invasion, cardiotoxicity and myocardial dysfunction. The review concludes with an overview of the current status of macrolide antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial CAP in general, as well as severe pneumococcal CAP, including a consideration of the mechanisms by which these agents inhibit the production of Ply by macrolide-resistant strains of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Charles Feldman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, 7 York Road, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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11
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Vorobyev DS, Sidorov AV, Kaloshin AA, Mikhailova NA, Poddubikov AV, Gruber IM. Preparation a Recombinant Form of Pneumolysin Protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 174:749-753. [PMID: 37160796 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant form of pneumolysin from Streptococcus pneumoniae was obtained. By using Vector NTI Advance 11.0 bioinformatic analysis software, specific primers were designed in order to amplify the genome fragment of strain No. 3358 S. pneumoniae serotype 19F containing the nucleotide sequence encoding the full-length pneumolysin protein. A PCR product with a molecular weight corresponding to the nucleotide sequence of the S. pneumoniae genome fragment encoding the full-length pneumolysin was obtained. An expression system for recombinant pneumolysin in E. coli was constructed. Sequencing confirmed the identity of the inserted nucleotide sequence encoding the full-length recombinant pneumolysin synthesized in E. coli M15 strain. Purification of the recombinant protein was performed by affinity chromatography using Ni-Sepharose in 8 M urea buffer solution. Confirmation of the recombinant protein was performed by immunoblotting with monoclonal antibodies to pneumolysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Vorobyev
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A V Sidorov
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Kaloshin
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Mikhailova
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Poddubikov
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - I M Gruber
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Zhu Y, Chang D. Interactions between the lung microbiome and host immunity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cdt3.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yixing Zhu
- Graduate School of The PLA General Hospital Beijing China
| | - De Chang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Eighth Medical Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Seventh Medical Center Chinese PLA General Hospital Beijing China
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13
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Margheritis E, Kappelhoff S, Cosentino K. Pore-Forming Proteins: From Pore Assembly to Structure by Quantitative Single-Molecule Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054528. [PMID: 36901959 PMCID: PMC10003378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) play a central role in many biological processes related to infection, immunity, cancer, and neurodegeneration. A common feature of PFPs is their ability to form pores that disrupt the membrane permeability barrier and ion homeostasis and generally induce cell death. Some PFPs are part of the genetically encoded machinery of eukaryotic cells that are activated against infection by pathogens or in physiological programs to carry out regulated cell death. PFPs organize into supramolecular transmembrane complexes that perforate membranes through a multistep process involving membrane insertion, protein oligomerization, and finally pore formation. However, the exact mechanism of pore formation varies from PFP to PFP, resulting in different pore structures with different functionalities. Here, we review recent insights into the molecular mechanisms by which PFPs permeabilize membranes and recent methodological advances in their characterization in artificial and cellular membranes. In particular, we focus on single-molecule imaging techniques as powerful tools to unravel the molecular mechanistic details of pore assembly that are often obscured by ensemble measurements, and to determine pore structure and functionality. Uncovering the mechanistic elements of pore formation is critical for understanding the physiological role of PFPs and developing therapeutic approaches.
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14
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Jacques LC, Green AE, Barton TE, Baltazar M, Aleksandrowicz J, Xu R, Trochu E, Kadioglu A, Neill DR. Influence of Streptococcus pneumoniae Within-Strain Population Diversity on Virulence and Pathogenesis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0310322. [PMID: 36507681 PMCID: PMC9927508 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03103-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The short generation time of many bacterial pathogens allows the accumulation of de novo mutations during routine culture procedures used for the preparation and propagation of bacterial stocks. Taking the major human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae as an example, we sought to determine the influence of standard laboratory handling of microbes on within-strain genetic diversity and explore how these changes influence virulence characteristics and experimental outcomes. A single culture of S. pneumoniae D39 grown overnight resulted in the enrichment of previously rare genotypes present in bacterial freezer stocks and the introduction of new variation to the bacterial population through the acquisition of mutations. A comparison of D39 stocks from different laboratories demonstrated how changes in bacterial population structure taking place during individual culture events can cumulatively lead to fixed, divergent change that profoundly alters virulence characteristics. The passage of D39 through mouse models of infection, a process used to standardize virulence, resulted in the enrichment of high-fitness genotypes that were originally rare (<2% frequency) in D39 culture collection stocks and the loss of previously dominant genotypes. In the most striking example, the selection of a <2%-frequency genotype carrying a mutation in sdhB, a gene thought to be essential for the establishment of lung infection, was associated with enhanced systemic virulence. Three separately passaged D39 cultures originating from the same frozen stocks showed considerable genetic divergence despite comparable virulence. IMPORTANCE Laboratory bacteriology involves the use of high-density cultures that we often assume to be clonal but that in reality are populations consisting of multiple genotypes at various abundances. We have demonstrated that the genetic structure of a single population of a widely used Streptococcus pneumoniae strain can be substantially altered by even short-term laboratory handling and culture and that, over time, this can lead to changes in virulence characteristics. Our findings suggest that caution should be applied when comparing data generated in different laboratories using the same strain but also when comparing data within laboratories over time. Given the dramatic reductions in the cost of next-generation sequencing technology in recent years, we advocate for the frequent sampling and sequencing of bacterial isolate collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Jacques
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Angharad E. Green
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Barton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Murielle Baltazar
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Aleksandrowicz
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Erwan Trochu
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Aras Kadioglu
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Neill
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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15
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Gu K, Ding L, Wang Z, Sun Y, Sun X, Yang W, Sun H, Tian Y, Wang Z, Sun L. Wogonin attenuates the pathogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae by double-target inhibition of Pneumolysin and Sortase A. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:563-575. [PMID: 36747468 PMCID: PMC9930429 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is a major causative agent of respiratory disease in patients and can cause respiratory distress and other symptoms in severe cases. Pneumolysin (PLY) is a pore-forming toxin that induces host tissue injury and inflammatory responses. Sortase A (SrtA), a catalytic enzyme that anchors surface-associated virulence factors, is critical for S. pneumoniae virulence. Here, we found that the active ingredient of the Chinese herb Scutellaria baicalensis, wogonin, simultaneously inhibited the haemolytic activity of PLY and SrtA activity. Consequently, wogonin decreased PLY-mediated cell damage and reduced SrtA-mediated biofilm formation by S. pneumoniae. Furthermore, our data indicated that wogonin did not affect PLY expression but directly altered its oligomerization, leading to reduced activity. Furthermore, the analysis of a mouse pneumonia model further revealed that wogonin reduced mortality in mice infected with S. pneumoniae laboratory strain D39 and S. pneumoniae clinical isolate E1, reduced the number of colony-forming units in infected mice and decreased the W/D ratio and levels of the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the lungs of infected mice. Thus, wogonin reduces S. pneumoniae pathogenicity by inhibiting the dual targets PLY and SrtA, providing a treatment option for S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Gu
- Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchunChina
| | - Lizhong Ding
- Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese MedicineJilinChina
| | | | - Yingying Sun
- Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese MedicineJilinChina
| | - Xiaozhou Sun
- Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchunChina
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchunChina
| | - Haihang Sun
- Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchunChina
| | - Ye Tian
- Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchunChina
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchunChina
| | - Liping Sun
- Changchun University of Chinese MedicineChangchunChina,Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese MedicineJilinChina
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16
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Lane S, Hilliam Y, Bomberger JM. Microbial and Immune Regulation of the Gut-Lung Axis during Viral-Bacterial Coinfection. J Bacteriol 2023; 205:e0029522. [PMID: 36409130 PMCID: PMC9879096 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00295-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral-bacterial coinfections of the respiratory tract have long been associated with worsened disease outcomes. Clinical and basic research studies demonstrate that these infections are driven via complex interactions between the infecting pathogens, microbiome, and host immune response, although how these interactions contribute to disease progression is still not fully understood. Research over the last decade shows that the gut has a significant role in mediating respiratory outcomes, in a phenomenon known as the "gut-lung axis." Emerging literature demonstrates that acute respiratory viruses can modulate the gut-lung axis, suggesting that dysregulation of gut-lung cross talk may be a contributing factor during respiratory coinfection. This review will summarize the current literature regarding modulation of the gut-lung axis during acute respiratory infection, with a focus on the role of the microbiome, secondary infections, and the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Lane
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yasmin Hilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Cima Cabal MD, Molina F, López-Sánchez JI, Pérez-Santín E, Del Mar García-Suárez M. Pneumolysin as a target for new therapies against pneumococcal infections: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282970. [PMID: 36947540 PMCID: PMC10032530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review evaluates pneumolysin (PLY) as a target for new treatments against pneumococcal infections. Pneumolysin is one of the main virulence factors produced by all types of pneumococci. This toxin (53 kDa) is a highly conserved protein that binds to cholesterol in eukaryotic cells, forming pores that lead to cell destruction. METHODS The databases consulted were MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus. Articles were independently screened by title, abstract, and full text by two researchers, and using consensus to resolve any disagreements that occurred. Articles in other languages different from English, patents, cases report, notes, chapter books and reviews were excluded. Searches were restricted to the years 2000 to 2021. Methodological quality was evaluated using OHAT framework. RESULTS Forty-one articles describing the effects of different molecules that inhibit PLY were reviewed. Briefly, the inhibitory molecules found were classified into three main groups: those exerting a direct effect by binding and/or blocking PLY, those acting indirectly by preventing its effects on host cells, and those whose mechanisms are unknown. Although many molecules are proposed as toxin blockers, only some of them, such as antibiotics, peptides, sterols, and statins, have the probability of being implemented as clinical treatment. In contrast, for other molecules, there are limited studies that demonstrate efficacy in animal models with sufficient reliability. DISCUSSION Most of the studies reviewed has a good level of confidence. However, one of the limitations of this systematic review is the lack of homogeneity of the studies, what prevented to carry out a statistical comparison of the results or meta-analysis. CONCLUSION A panel of molecules blocking PLY activity are associated with the improvement of the inflammatory process triggered by the pneumococcal infection. Some molecules have already been used in humans for other purposes, so they could be safe for use in patients with pneumococcal infections. These patients might benefit from a second line treatment during the initial stages of the infection preventing acute respiratory distress syndrome and invasive pneumococcal diseases. Additional research using the presented set of compounds might further improve the clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Cima Cabal
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología (ESIT), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, UNIR, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Felipe Molina
- Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - José Ignacio López-Sánchez
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología (ESIT), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, UNIR, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Efrén Pérez-Santín
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología (ESIT), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, UNIR, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - María Del Mar García-Suárez
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología (ESIT), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, UNIR, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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18
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Alibayov B, Scasny A, Khan F, Creel A, Smith P, Vidal AGJ, Fitisemanu FM, Padilla-Benavides T, Weiser JN, Vidal JE. Oxidative Reactions Catalyzed by Hydrogen Peroxide Produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Other Streptococci Cause the Release and Degradation of Heme from Hemoglobin. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0047122. [PMID: 36409115 PMCID: PMC9753736 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00471-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) strains cause pneumonia that kills millions every year worldwide. Spn produces Ply, a hemolysin that lyses erythrocytes releasing hemoglobin, and also produces the pro-oxidant hydrogen peroxide (Spn-H2O2) during growth. The hallmark of the pathophysiology of hemolytic diseases is the oxidation of hemoglobin, but oxidative reactions catalyzed by Spn-H2O2 have been poorly studied. We characterized the oxidation of hemoglobin by Spn-H2O2. We prepared a series of single-mutant (ΔspxB or ΔlctO), double-mutant (ΔspxB ΔlctO), and complemented strains in TIGR4, D39, and EF3030. We then utilized an in vitro model with oxyhemoglobin to demonstrate that oxyhemoglobin was oxidized rapidly, within 30 min of incubation, by Spn-H2O2 to methemoglobin and that the main source of Spn-H2O2 was pyruvate oxidase (SpxB). Moreover, extended incubation caused the release and the degradation of heme. We then assessed oxidation of hemoglobin and heme degradation by other bacterial inhabitants of the respiratory tract. All hydrogen peroxide-producing streptococci tested caused the oxidation of hemoglobin and heme degradation, whereas bacterial species that produce <1 μM H2O2 neither oxidized hemoglobin nor degraded heme. An ex vivo bacteremia model confirmed that oxidation of hemoglobin and heme degradation occurred concurrently with hemoglobin that was released from erythrocytes by Ply. Finally, gene expression studies demonstrated that heme, but not red blood cells or hemoglobin, induced upregulated transcription of the spxB gene. Oxidation of hemoglobin may be important for pathogenesis and for the symbiosis of hydrogen peroxide-producing bacteria with other species by providing nutrients such as iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babek Alibayov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Anna Scasny
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Faidad Khan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Aidan Creel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Summer Undergraduate Research Experience Program, School of Graduate Studies in the Health Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Perriann Smith
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
- Mississippi INBRE program, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ana G. Jop Vidal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey N. Weiser
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jorge E. Vidal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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19
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The Importance of Pore-Forming Toxins in Multiple Organ Injury and Dysfunction. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123256. [PMID: 36552012 PMCID: PMC9776026 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple organ injury and dysfunction often occurs in acute critical illness and adversely affects survival. However, in patients who survive, organ function usually recovers without permanent damage. It is, therefore, likely that there are reversible mechanisms, but this is poorly understood in the pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). AIMS Based on our knowledge of extracellular histones and pneumolysin, as endogenous and exogenous pore-forming toxins, respectively, here we clarify if the extent of cell membrane disruption and recovery is important in MODS. METHODS This is a combination of retrospective clinical studies of a cohort of 98 patients from an intensive care unit (ICU) in a tertiary hospital, with interventional animal models and laboratory investigation. RESULTS In patients without septic shock and/or disseminate intravascular coagulation (DIC), circulating histones also strongly correlated with sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores, suggesting their pore-forming property might play an important role. In vivo, histones or pneumolysin infusion similarly caused significant elevation of cell damage markers and multiple organ injury. In trauma and sepsis models, circulating histones strongly correlated with these markers, and anti-histone reagents significantly reduced their release. Comparison of pneumolysin deletion and its parental strain-induced sepsis mouse model showed that pneumolysin was not essential for sepsis development, but enhanced multiple organ damage and reduced survival time. In vitro, histones and pneumolysin treatment disrupt cell membrane integrity, resulting in changes in whole-cell currents and elevated intracellular Ca2+ to lead to Ca2+ overload. Cell-specific damage markers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), were released from damaged cells. Once toxins were removed, cell membrane damage could be rapidly repaired and cellular function recovered. CONCLUSION This work has confirmed the importance of pore-forming toxins in the development of MODS and proposed a potential mechanism to explain the reversibility of MODS. This may form the foundation for the development of effective therapies.
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20
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Platt MP, Lin YH, Penix T, Wiscovitch-Russo R, Vashee I, Mares CA, Rosch JW, Yu Y, Gonzalez-Juarbe N. A multiomics analysis of direct interkingdom dynamics between influenza A virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae uncovers host-independent changes to bacterial virulence fitness. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011020. [PMID: 36542660 PMCID: PMC9815659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For almost a century, it has been recognized that influenza A virus (IAV) infection can promote the development of secondary bacterial infections (SBI) mainly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn). Recent observations have shown that IAV is able to directly bind to the surface of Spn. To gain a foundational understanding of how direct IAV-Spn interaction alters bacterial biological fitness we employed combinatorial multiomic and molecular approaches. RESULTS Here we show IAV significantly remodels the global transcriptome, proteome and phosphoproteome profiles of Spn independently of host effectors. We identified Spn surface proteins that interact with IAV proteins (hemagglutinin, nucleoprotein, and neuraminidase). In addition, IAV was found to directly modulate expression of Spn virulence determinants such as pneumococcal surface protein A, pneumolysin, and factors associated with antimicrobial resistance among many others. Metabolic pathways were significantly altered leading to changes in Spn growth rate. IAV was also found to drive Spn capsule shedding and the release of pneumococcal surface proteins. Released proteins were found to be involved in evasion of innate immune responses and actively reduced human complement hemolytic and opsonizing activity. IAV also led to phosphorylation changes in Spn proteins associated with metabolism and bacterial virulence. Validation of proteomic data showed significant changes in Spn galactose and glucose metabolism. Furthermore, supplementation with galactose rescued bacterial growth and promoted bacterial invasion, while glucose supplementation led to enhanced pneumolysin production and lung cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Here we demonstrate that IAV can directly modulate Spn biology without the requirement of host effectors and support the notion that inter-kingdom interactions between human viruses and commensal pathobionts can promote bacterial pathogenesis and microbiome dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryann P. Platt
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yi-Han Lin
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Trevor Penix
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rosana Wiscovitch-Russo
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Isha Vashee
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chris A. Mares
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yanbao Yu
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe
- Infectious Diseases and Genomic Medicine Group, J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
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Abstract
Through their specific interactions with proteins, cellular glycans play key roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. One of the main goals of research in the areas of glycobiology and glycomedicine is to understand glycan-protein interactions at the molecular level. Over the past two decades, glycan microarrays have become powerful tools for the rapid evaluation of interactions between glycans and proteins. In this review, we briefly describe methods used for the preparation of glycan probes and the construction of glycan microarrays. Next, we highlight applications of glycan microarrays to rapid profiling of glycan-binding patterns of plant, animal and pathogenic lectins, as well as other proteins. Finally, we discuss other important uses of glycan microarrays, including the rapid analysis of substrate specificities of carbohydrate-active enzymes, the quantitative determination of glycan-protein interactions, discovering high-affinity or selective ligands for lectins, and identifying functional glycans within cells. We anticipate that this review will encourage researchers to employ glycan microarrays in diverse glycan-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Young Hyun
- Department of Drug Discovery, Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Corilagin: A Novel Antivirulence Strategy to Alleviate Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection by Diminishing Pneumolysin Oligomers. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165063. [PMID: 36014299 PMCID: PMC9416474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (PLY) is a significant virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), able to break through the defense system of a host and mediate the occurrence of a series of infections. Therefore, PLY as the most ideal target to prevent S. pneumoniae infection has received more and more attention and research. Corilagin is a tannic acid that exhibits excellent inhibition of PLY oligomers without bacteriostatic activity to S. pneumoniae. Herein, hemolytic activity assays, cell viability tests and western blot experiments are executed to evaluate the antivirulence efficacy of corilagin against PLY in vitro. Colony observation, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and cytokines of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) are applied to assess the therapeutic effect of corilagin in mice infected by S. pneumoniae. The results indicate the related genes of corilagin act mainly via enrichment in pathways associated with pneumonia disease. Furthermore, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations show that corilagin might bind with domains 3 and 4 of PLY and interfere with its hemolytic activity, which is further confirmed by the site-directed mutagenesis of PLY. Additionally, corilagin limits PLY oligomer production without impacting PLY expression in S. pneumoniae cultures. Moreover, corilagin effectively relieves PLY-mediated cell injury without any cytotoxicity, even then reducing the colony count in the lung and the levels of pro-inflammatory factors in BALF and remarkably improving lung lesions. All the results demonstrate that corilagin may be a novel strategy to cope with S. pneumoniae infection by inhibiting PLY oligomerization.
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23
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Batori RK, Chen F, Bordan Z, Haigh S, Su Y, Verin AD, Barman SA, Stepp DW, Chakraborty T, Lucas R, Fulton DJR. Protective role of Cav-1 in pneumolysin-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. Front Immunol 2022; 13:945656. [PMID: 35967431 PMCID: PMC9363592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.945656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (PLY) is a bacterial pore forming toxin and primary virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumonia, a major cause of pneumonia. PLY binds cholesterol-rich domains of the endothelial cell (EC) plasma membrane resulting in pore assembly and increased intracellular (IC) Ca2+ levels that compromise endothelial barrier integrity. Caveolae are specialized plasmalemma microdomains of ECs enriched in cholesterol. We hypothesized that the abundance of cholesterol-rich domains in EC plasma membranes confers cellular susceptibility to PLY. Contrary to this hypothesis, we found increased PLY-induced IC Ca2+ following membrane cholesterol depletion. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is an essential structural protein of caveolae and its regulation by cholesterol levels suggested a possible role in EC barrier function. Indeed, Cav-1 and its scaffolding domain peptide protected the endothelial barrier from PLY-induced disruption. In loss of function experiments, Cav-1 was knocked-out using CRISPR-Cas9 or silenced in human lung microvascular ECs. Loss of Cav-1 significantly enhanced the ability of PLY to disrupt endothelial barrier integrity. Rescue experiments with re-expression of Cav-1 or its scaffolding domain peptide protected the EC barrier against PLY-induced barrier disruption. Dynamin-2 (DNM2) is known to regulate caveolar membrane endocytosis. Inhibition of endocytosis, with dynamin inhibitors or siDNM2 amplified PLY induced EC barrier dysfunction. These results suggest that Cav-1 protects the endothelial barrier against PLY by promoting endocytosis of damaged membrane, thus reducing calcium entry and PLY-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Batori
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zsuzsanna Bordan
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Stephen Haigh
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Alexander D. Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Division of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Scott A. Barman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - David W. Stepp
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Phyiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Human Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Division of Critical Care and Pulmonary Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - David J. R. Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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24
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Oehmcke-Hecht S, Maletzki C, Surabhi S, Siemens N, Khaimov V, John LM, Peter SM, Hammerschmidt S, Kreikemeyer B. Procoagulant Activity of Blood and Microvesicles Is Disturbed by Pneumococcal Pneumolysin, Which Interacts with Coagulation Factors. J Innate Immun 2022; 15:136-152. [PMID: 35843205 PMCID: PMC10643893 DOI: 10.1159/000525479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The coagulation and contact systems are parts of the innate immune system as they prevent bleeding and dissemination of pathogens and also contribute to microbial killing by inflammatory reactions and the release of antimicrobial peptides. Here, we investigated the influence of Streptococcus pneumoniae on the coagulation and contact system. S. pneumoniae (pneumococci), but no other investigated streptococcal species, impairs coagulation of blood by autolysis and release of pneumolysin. Defective blood coagulation results from the lysis of tissue factor-producing mononuclear cells and their procoagulant microvesicles, which are the main trigger for blood coagulation during sepsis. In addition, pneumolysin binds coagulation and contact system factors, but this does not result in activation. Thus, pneumococci modulate activation of the coagulation system by releasing pneumolysin, which could potentiate lung injury during pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Maletzki
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III-Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Surabhi Surabhi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Valeria Khaimov
- Institute for ImplantTechnology and Biomaterials e.V., Rostock, Germany
| | - Lisa Marie John
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sina Mariella Peter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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25
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Magnetic Nanoclusters Increase the Sensitivity of Lateral Flow Immunoassays for Protein Detection: Application to Pneumolysin as a Biomarker for Streptococcus pneumoniae. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122044. [PMID: 35745381 PMCID: PMC9228753 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassays for detecting biomarkers in body fluids are simple, quick, inexpensive point-of-care tests widely used in disease surveillance, such as during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Improvements in sensitivity would increase their utility in healthcare, food safety, and environmental control. Recently, biofunctional magnetic nanoclusters have been used to selectively label target proteins, which allows their detection and quantification with a magneto-inductive sensor. This type of detector is easily integrated with the lateral flow immunoassay format. Pneumolysin is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin and one of the most important protein virulence factors of pneumonia produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is recognized as an important biomarker for diagnosis in urine samples. Pneumonia is the infectious disease that causes the most deaths globally, especially among children under five years and adults over 65 years, most of them in low- and middle-income countries. There especially, a rapid diagnostic urine test for pneumococcal pneumonia with high sensitivity and specificity would be helpful in primary care. In this work, a lateral flow immunoassay with magnetic nanoclusters conjugated to anti-pneumolysin antibodies was combined with two strategies to increase the technique's performance. First, magnetic concentration of the protein before the immunoassay was followed by quantification by means of a mobile telephone camera, and the inductive sensor resulted in detection limits as low as 0.57 ng (telephone camera) and 0.24 ng (inductive sensor) of pneumolysin per milliliter. Second, magnetic relocation of the particles within the test strip after the immunoassay was completed increased the detected signal by 20%. Such results obtained with portable devices are promising when compared to non-portable conventional pneumolysin detection techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The combination and optimization of these approaches would have excellent application in point-of-care biodetection to reduce antibiotic misuse, hospitalizations, and deaths from community-acquired pneumonia.
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26
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Cao L, Li N, Dong Y, Yang XY, Liu J, He QY, Ge R, Sun X. SPD_0090 Negatively Contributes to Virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:896896. [PMID: 35770170 PMCID: PMC9234739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.896896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In most bacteria, iron plays an important role in the survival of bacteria and the process of infection to the host. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) evolved three iron transporters (i.e., PiaABC, PiuABC, and PitABC) responsible for the transportation of three kinds of iron (i.e., ferrichrome, hemin, and ferric ion). Our previous study showed that both mRNA and protein levels of SPD_0090 were significantly upregulated in the ΔpiuA/ΔpiaA/ΔpitA triple mutant, but its detailed biological function is unknown. In this study, we constructed spd_0090 knockout and complement strain and found that the deletion of spd_0090 hinders bacterial growth. SPD_0090 is located on the cell membrane and affects the hemin utilization ability of S. pneumoniae. The cell infection model showed that the knockout strain had stronger invasion and adhesion ability. Notably, knockout of the spd_0090 gene resulted in an enhanced infection ability of S. pneumoniae in mice by increasing the expression of virulence factors. Furthermore, iTRAQ quantitative proteomics studies showed that the knockout of spd_0090 inhibited carbon metabolism and thus suppressed bacterial growth. Our study showed that SPD_0090 negatively regulates the virulence of S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingshan Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yu He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qing-Yu He,
| | - Ruiguang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Ruiguang Ge,
| | - Xuesong Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Xuesong Sun,
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Delineating the Bacteriome of Packaged and Loose Smokeless Tobacco Products Available in North India. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4129-4144. [PMID: 35604437 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco product (STP) consumption is a significant public health threat across the globe. STPs are not only a storehouse of carcinogens and toxicants but also harbor microbes that aid in the conversion of tobacco alkaloids to carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), thereby posing a further threat to the health of its consumers. The present study analyzed the bacterial diversity of popular dry and loose STPs by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This NGS-based investigation revealed four dominant phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria and identified 549 genera, Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus constituting the core bacteriome of these STPs. The most significantly diverse bacteriome profile was displayed by the loose STP Mainpuri kapoori. The study further predicted the functional attributes of the prevalent genera by Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) algorithm. Genes encoding for nitrate and nitrite reduction and transport enzymes, antibiotic resistance, multi-drug transporters and efflux pumps, secretion of endo- and exotoxin, and other pro-inflammatory molecules were identified. The loose STPs showed the highest level of nitrogen metabolism genes which can contribute to the synthesis of TSNAs. This study reveals the bacteriome of Indian domestic loose STPs that stagger behind in manufacturing and storage stringencies. Our results raise an alarm that the consumption of STPs harboring pathogenic genera can potentially lead to the onset of several oral and systemic diseases. Nevertheless, an in-depth correlation analysis of the microbial diversity of STPs and their elicit impact on consumer health is warranted. KEY POINTS: • Smokeless tobacco harbors bacteria that aid in synthesis of carcinogenic nitrosamines. • Most diverse bacteriome profile was displayed by loose smokeless tobacco products. • Pathogenic genera in these products can harm the oral and systemic health of users.
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Membrane Cholesterol Content and Lipid Organization Influence Melittin and Pneumolysin Pore-Forming Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050346. [PMID: 35622592 PMCID: PMC9147762 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melittin, the main toxic component in the venom of the European honeybee, interacts with natural and artificial membranes due to its amphiphilic properties. Rather than interacting with a specific receptor, melittin interacts with the lipid components, disrupting the lipid bilayer and inducing ion leakage and osmotic shock. This mechanism of action is shared with pneumolysin and other members of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family. In this manuscript, we investigated the inverse correlation for cholesterol dependency of these two toxins. While pneumolysin-induced damage is reduced by pretreatment with the cholesterol-depleting agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin, the toxicity of melittin, after cholesterol depletion, increased. A similar response was also observed after a short incubation with lipophilic simvastatin, which alters membrane lipid organization and structure, clustering lipid rafts. Therefore, changes in toxin sensitivity can be achieved in cells by depleting cholesterol or changing the lipid bilayer organization.
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Aceil J, Avci FY. Pneumococcal Surface Proteins as Virulence Factors, Immunogens, and Conserved Vaccine Targets. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:832254. [PMID: 35646747 PMCID: PMC9133333 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.832254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen that causes over 1 million deaths annually despite the availability of several multivalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). Due to the limitations surrounding PCVs along with an evolutionary rise in antibiotic-resistant and unencapsulated strains, conserved immunogenic proteins as vaccine targets continue to be an important field of study for pneumococcal disease prevention. In this review, we provide an overview of multiple classes of conserved surface proteins that have been studied for their contribution to pneumococcal virulence. Furthermore, we discuss the immune responses observed in response to these proteins and their promise as vaccine targets.
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30
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Pereira JM, Xu S, Leong JM, Sousa S. The Yin and Yang of Pneumolysin During Pneumococcal Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878244. [PMID: 35529870 PMCID: PMC9074694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (PLY) is a pore-forming toxin produced by the human pathobiont Streptococcus pneumoniae, the major cause of pneumonia worldwide. PLY, a key pneumococcal virulence factor, can form transmembrane pores in host cells, disrupting plasma membrane integrity and deregulating cellular homeostasis. At lytic concentrations, PLY causes cell death. At sub-lytic concentrations, PLY triggers host cell survival pathways that cooperate to reseal the damaged plasma membrane and restore cell homeostasis. While PLY is generally considered a pivotal factor promoting S. pneumoniae colonization and survival, it is also a powerful trigger of the innate and adaptive host immune response against bacterial infection. The dichotomy of PLY as both a key bacterial virulence factor and a trigger for host immune modulation allows the toxin to display both "Yin" and "Yang" properties during infection, promoting disease by membrane perforation and activating inflammatory pathways, while also mitigating damage by triggering host cell repair and initiating anti-inflammatory responses. Due to its cytolytic activity and diverse immunomodulatory properties, PLY is integral to every stage of S. pneumoniae pathogenesis and may tip the balance towards either the pathogen or the host depending on the context of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M. Pereira
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Molecular and Cellular (MC) Biology PhD Program, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciência Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shuying Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John M. Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sandra Sousa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Mehanny M, Kroniger T, Koch M, Hoppstädter J, Becher D, Kiemer AK, Lehr C, Fuhrmann G. Yields and Immunomodulatory Effects of Pneumococcal Membrane Vesicles Differ with the Bacterial Growth Phase. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101151. [PMID: 34724354 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are a leading cause of death worldwide. Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are promising vaccine candidates because of the antigenic components of their parent microorganisms. Pneumococcal MVs exhibit low toxicity towards several cell lines, but their clinical translation requires a high yield and strong immunogenic effects without compromising immune cell viability. MVs are isolated during either the stationary phase (24 h) or death phase (48 h), and their yields, immunogenicity and cytotoxicity in human primary macrophages and dendritic cells have been investigated. Death-phase vesicles showed higher yields than stationary-phase vesicles. Both vesicle types displayed acceptable compatibility with primary immune cells and several cell lines. Both vesicle types showed comparable uptake and enhanced release of the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6, from human primary immune cells. Proteomic analysis revealed similarities in vesicular immunogenic proteins such as pneumolysin, pneumococcal surface protein A, and IgA1 protease in both vesicle types, but stationary-phase MVs showed significantly lower autolysin levels than death-phase MVs. Although death-phase vesicles produced higher yields, they lacked superiority to stationary-phase vesicles as vaccine candidates owing to their similar antigenic protein cargo and comparable uptake into primary human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mehanny
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Tobias Kroniger
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes Department of Microbial Proteomics Institute of Microbiology University Greifswald Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2.2 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Jessica Hoppstädter
- Department of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Biology Saarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes Department of Microbial Proteomics Institute of Microbiology University Greifswald Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Biology Saarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Claus‐Michael Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Drug Delivery Department Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Department of Pharmacy Saarland University Campus E8.1 Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Friedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐Nürnberg Pharmaceutical Biology Department Biology Staudtstr. 5 Erlangen 91058 Germany
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Okahashi N, Sumitomo T, Nakata M, Kawabata S. Secondary streptococcal infection following influenza. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:253-263. [PMID: 35088451 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infection following influenza A virus (IAV) infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality during influenza epidemics. Streptococcus pneumoniae has been identified as a predominant pathogen in secondary pneumonia cases that develop following influenza. Although IAV has been shown to enhance susceptibility to the secondary bacterial infection, the underlying mechanism of the viral-bacterial synergy leading to disease progression is complex and remains elusive. In this review, cooperative interactions of viruses and streptococci during co- or secondary infection with IAV are described. IAV infects the upper respiratory tract, therefore, streptococci that inhabit or infect the respiratory tract are of special interest. Since many excellent reviews on the co-infection of IAV and S. pneumoniae have already been published, this review is intended to describe the unique interactions between other streptococci and IAV. Both streptococcal and IAV infections modulate the host epithelial barrier of the respiratory tract in various ways. IAV infection directly disrupts epithelial barriers, though at the same time the virus modifies the properties of infected cells to enhance streptococcal adherence and invasion. Mitis group streptococci produce neuraminidases, which promote IAV infection in a unique manner. The studies reviewed here have revealed intriguing mechanisms underlying secondary streptococcal infection following influenza. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Okahashi
- Center for Frontier Oral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Sumitomo
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shigetada Kawabata
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
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Sajid M, Srivastava S, Kumar A, Kumar A, Singh H, Bharadwaj M. Bacteriome of Moist Smokeless Tobacco Products Consumed in India With Emphasis on the Predictive Functional Potential. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:784841. [PMID: 35003015 PMCID: PMC8740325 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.784841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco products (STPs) carry assorted microbial population that contributes to carcinogens synthesis like tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Extensive exploration of microbiota-harboring STPs is required to understand their full carcinogenic potential. Here, we applied 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate bacteriome present in moist STPs immensely consumed in India (Khaini, Moist-snuff, Qiwam, and Snus). Further, the functional metagenome was speculated by PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) to assign the abundance of genes related to nitrogen metabolism, bacterial toxins, antibiotic drug resistance and other pro-inflammatory molecules. Highly diverse bacterial communities were observed in all moist STPs. Taxonomic analysis revealed a total of 549 genera belonging to four major phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Overall, the core bacterial genera Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Prevotella, Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, Paracoccus, Flavobacterium, and Bacteroides were significantly abundant in moist STPs. Elevated moisture-holding products like Moist-snuff and Qiwam harbor rich bacterial species diversity and showed similar bacteriome composition. Furthermore, Qiwam products showed the highest level of genes associated with nitrogen metabolism, antibiotic resistance, toxins, and pro-inflammation (predicted by PICRUSt) which can contribute to the synthesis of TSNAs and induction of oral cancer. The present broad investigation of moist STPs-associated bacteriome prevalence and their detailed metabolic potential will provide novel insight into the oral carcinogenesis induced by STPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sajid
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Sonal Srivastava
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Centre, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Molecular Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Centre, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Group, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
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Kühnapfel A, Horn K, Klotz U, Kiehntopf M, Rosolowski M, Loeffler M, Ahnert P, Suttorp N, Witzenrath M, Scholz M. Genetic Regulation of Cytokine Response in Patients with Acute Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010111. [PMID: 35052452 PMCID: PMC8774373 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an acute disease condition with a high risk of rapid deteriorations. We analysed the influence of genetics on cytokine regulation to obtain a better understanding of patient’s heterogeneity. Methods: For up to N = 389 genotyped participants of the PROGRESS study of hospitalised CAP patients, we performed a genome-wide association study of ten cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, MCP-1 (MCAF), MIP-1α (CCL3), VEGF, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1. Consecutive secondary analyses were performed to identify independent hits and corresponding causal variants. Results: 102 SNPs from 14 loci showed genome-wide significant associations with five of the cytokines. The most interesting associations were found at 6p21.1 for VEGF (p = 1.58 × 10−20), at 17q21.32 (p = 1.51 × 10−9) and at 10p12.1 (p = 2.76 × 10−9) for IL-1β, at 10p13 for MIP-1α (CCL3) (p = 2.28 × 10−9), and at 9q34.12 for IL-10 (p = 4.52 × 10−8). Functionally plausible genes could be assigned to the majority of loci including genes involved in cytokine secretion, granulocyte function, and cilial kinetics. Conclusion: This is the first context-specific genetic association study of blood cytokine concentrations in CAP patients revealing numerous biologically plausible candidate genes. Two of the loci were also associated with atherosclerosis with probable common or consecutive pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kühnapfel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.H.); (U.K.); (M.R.); (M.L.); (P.A.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katrin Horn
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.H.); (U.K.); (M.R.); (M.L.); (P.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Ulrike Klotz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.H.); (U.K.); (M.R.); (M.L.); (P.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Kiehntopf
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, 07740 Jena, Germany;
| | - Maciej Rosolowski
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.H.); (U.K.); (M.R.); (M.L.); (P.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Markus Loeffler
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.H.); (U.K.); (M.R.); (M.L.); (P.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Peter Ahnert
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.H.); (U.K.); (M.R.); (M.L.); (P.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Division of Infectiology and Pneumonology, Medical Department, Charité—Berlin University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (N.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Division of Infectiology and Pneumonology, Medical Department, Charité—Berlin University Medicine, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (N.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Markus Scholz
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (K.H.); (U.K.); (M.R.); (M.L.); (P.A.); (M.S.)
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Neutrophil-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Activate Platelets after Pneumolysin Exposure. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123581. [PMID: 34944089 PMCID: PMC8700313 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumolysin (PLY) is a pore-forming toxin of Streptococcus pneumoniae that contributes substantially to the inflammatory processes underlying pneumococcal pneumonia and lung injury. Host responses against S. pneumoniae are regulated in part by neutrophils and platelets, both individually and in cooperative interaction. Previous studies have shown that PLY can target both neutrophils and platelets, however, the mechanisms by which PLY directly affects these cells and alters their interactions are not completely understood. In this study, we characterize the effects of PLY on neutrophils and platelets and explore the mechanisms by which PLY may induce neutrophil–platelet interactions. In vitro studies demonstrated that PLY causes the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from both human and murine neutrophils. In vivo, neutrophil EV (nEV) levels were increased in mice infected with S. pneumoniae. In platelets, treatment with PLY induced the cell surface expression of P-selectin (CD62P) and binding to annexin V and caused a significant release of platelet EVs (pl-EVs). Moreover, PLY-induced nEVs but not NETs promoted platelet activation. The pretreatment of nEVs with proteinase K inhibited platelet activation, indicating that the surface proteins of nEVs play a role in this process. Our findings demonstrate that PLY activates neutrophils and platelets to release EVs and support an important role for neutrophil EVs in modulating platelet functions in pneumococcal infections.
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Sasagawa K, Domon H, Sakagami R, Hirayama S, Maekawa T, Isono T, Hiyoshi T, Tamura H, Takizawa F, Fukushima Y, Tabeta K, Terao Y. Matcha Green Tea Exhibits Bactericidal Activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Inhibits Functional Pneumolysin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121550. [PMID: 34943762 PMCID: PMC8698834 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a causative pathogen of several human infectious diseases including community-acquired pneumonia. Pneumolysin (PLY), a pore-forming toxin, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia. In recent years, the use of traditional natural substances for prevention has drawn attention because of the increasing antibacterial drug resistance of S. pneumoniae. According to some studies, green tea exhibits antibacterial and antitoxin activities. The polyphenols, namely the catechins epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epicatechin (EC) are largely responsible for these activities. Although matcha green tea provides more polyphenols than green tea infusions, its relationship with pneumococcal pneumonia remains unclear. In this study, we found that treatment with 20 mg/mL matcha supernatant exhibited significant antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae regardless of antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the matcha supernatant suppressed PLY-mediated hemolysis and cytolysis by inhibiting PLY oligomerization. Moreover, the matcha supernatant and catechins inhibited PLY-mediated neutrophil death and the release of neutrophil elastase. These findings suggest that matcha green tea reduces the virulence of S. pneumoniae in vitro and may be a promising agent for the treatment of pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sasagawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Rina Sakagami
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
| | - Satoru Hirayama
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
| | - Tomoki Maekawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Toshihito Isono
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
| | - Takumi Hiyoshi
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hikaru Tamura
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
| | - Fumio Takizawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
| | - Yoichi Fukushima
- Nestlé Japan Ltd., Wellness Communications, Tokyo 140-0002, Japan;
| | - Koichi Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan;
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Niigata 951-8514, Japan; (K.S.); (H.D.); (R.S.); (S.H.); (T.M.); (T.I.); (T.H.); (H.T.); (F.T.)
- Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-25-227-2838
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Wiebe F, Handtke S, Wesche J, Schnarre A, Palankar R, Wolff M, Jahn K, Voß F, Weißmüller S, Schüttrumpf J, Greinacher A, Hammerschmidt S. Polyvalent immunoglobulin preparations inhibit pneumolysin-induced platelet destruction. Thromb Haemost 2021; 122:1147-1158. [PMID: 34918314 PMCID: PMC9385248 DOI: 10.1055/a-1723-1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Platelets play an important role in the development and progression of respiratory distress. Functional platelets are known to seal inflammatory endothelial gaps and loss of platelet function has been shown to result in loss of integrity of pulmonary vessels. This leads to fluid accumulation in the pulmonary interstitium, eventually resulting in respiratory distress.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
is one of the major pathogens causing community-acquired pneumonia. Previously, we have shown that its major toxin pneumolysin forms pores in platelet membranes and renders them nonfunctional. In vitro, this process was inhibited by polyvalent intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs). In this study, we compared the efficacy of a standard IVIG preparation (IVIG, 98% immunoglobulin G [IgG]; Privigen, CSL Behring, United States) and an IgM/IgA-enriched immunoglobulin preparation (21% IgA, 23% IgM, 56% IgG; trimodulin, Biotest AG, Germany) to inhibit pneumolysin-induced platelet destruction. Platelet destruction and functionality were assessed by flow cytometry, intracellular calcium release, aggregometry, platelet viability, transwell, and flow chamber assays. Overall, both immunoglobulin preparations efficiently inhibited pneumolysin-induced platelet destruction. The capacity to antagonize pneumolysin mainly depended on the final IgG content. As both polyvalent immunoglobulin preparations efficiently prevent pneumolysin-induced platelet destruction and maintain platelet function in vitro, they represent promising candidates for clinical studies on supportive treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia to reduce progression of respiratory distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Wiebe
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefan Handtke
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Wesche
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annabel Schnarre
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Raghavendra Palankar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martina Wolff
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristin Jahn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Universität Greifswald Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Franziska Voß
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Universität Greifswald Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Schüttrumpf
- Department of Research & Development, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Universität Greifswald Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Greifswald, Germany
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Tuft S, Somerville TF, Li JPO, Neal T, De S, Horsburgh MJ, Fothergill JL, Foulkes D, Kaye S. Bacterial keratitis: identifying the areas of clinical uncertainty. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101031. [PMID: 34915112 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial keratitis is a common corneal infection that is treated with topical antimicrobials. By the time of presentation there may already be severe visual loss from corneal ulceration and opacity, which may persist despite treatment. There are significant differences in the associated risk factors and the bacterial isolates between high income and low- or middle-income countries, so that general management guidelines may not be appropriate. Although the diagnosis of bacterial keratitis may seem intuitive there are multiple uncertainties about the criteria that are used, which impacts the interpretation of investigations and recruitment to clinical studies. Importantly, the concept that bacterial keratitis can only be confirmed by culture ignores the approximately 50% of cases clinically consistent with bacterial keratitis in which investigations are negative. The aetiology of these culture-negative cases is unknown. Currently, the estimation of bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobials is based on data from systemic administration and achievable serum or tissue concentrations, rather than relevant corneal concentrations and biological activity in the cornea. The provision to the clinician of minimum inhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobials for the isolated bacteria would be an important step forward. An increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance is a concern, but the effect this has on disease outcomes is yet unclear. Virulence factors are not routinely assessed although they may affect the pathogenicity of bacteria within species and affect outcomes. New technologies have been developed to detect and kill bacteria, and their application to bacterial keratitis is discussed. In this review we present the multiple areas of clinical uncertainty that hamper research and the clinical management of bacterial keratitis, and we address some of the assumptions and dogma that have become established in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Tuft
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 162 City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.
| | - Tobi F Somerville
- Department of Eye and Vision Sciences, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Ji-Peng Olivia Li
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 162 City Road, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.
| | - Timothy Neal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Liverpool University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK.
| | - Surjo De
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 250 Euston Road, London, NW1 2PG, UK.
| | - Malcolm J Horsburgh
- Department of Infection and Microbiomes, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7BX, UK.
| | - Joanne L Fothergill
- Department of Eye and Vision Sciences, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Daniel Foulkes
- Department of Eye and Vision Sciences, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Stephen Kaye
- Department of Eye and Vision Sciences, University of Liverpool, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
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Singh RB, Das S, Chodosh J, Sharma N, Zegans ME, Kowalski RP, Jhanji V. Paradox of complex diversity: Challenges in the diagnosis and management of bacterial keratitis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 88:101028. [PMID: 34813978 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial keratitis continues to be one of the leading causes of corneal blindness in the developed as well as the developing world, despite swift progress since the dawn of the "anti-biotic era". Although, we are expeditiously developing our understanding about the different causative organisms and associated pathology leading to keratitis, extensive gaps in knowledge continue to dampen the efforts for early and accurate diagnosis, and management in these patients, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. The ability of the causative bacteria to subdue the therapeutic challenge stems from their large genome encoding complex regulatory networks, variety of unique virulence factors, and rapid secretion of tissue damaging proteases and toxins. In this review article, we have provided an overview of the established classical diagnostic techniques and therapeutics for keratitis caused by various bacteria. We have extensively reported our recent in-roads through novel tools for accurate diagnosis of mono- and poly-bacterial corneal infections. Furthermore, we outlined the recent progress by our group and others in understanding the sub-cellular genomic changes that lead to antibiotic resistance in these organisms. Finally, we discussed in detail, the novel therapies and drug delivery systems in development for the efficacious management of bacterial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Bir Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333, ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sujata Das
- Cornea and Anterior Segment Services, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneshwar, India
| | - James Chodosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Namrata Sharma
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Michael E Zegans
- Department of Ophthalmology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Regis P Kowalski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Charles T Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; The Charles T Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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40
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Ali MQ, Kohler TP, Schulig L, Burchhardt G, Hammerschmidt S. Pneumococcal Extracellular Serine Proteases: Molecular Analysis and Impact on Colonization and Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:763152. [PMID: 34790590 PMCID: PMC8592123 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.763152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathobiont Streptococcus pneumoniae causes life-threatening diseases, including pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, or non-invasive infections such as otitis media. Serine proteases are enzymes that have been emerged during evolution as one of the most abundant and functionally diverse group of proteins in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. S. pneumoniae expresses up to four extracellular serine proteases belonging to the category of trypsin-like or subtilisin-like family proteins: HtrA, SFP, PrtA, and CbpG. These serine proteases have recently received increasing attention because of their immunogenicity and pivotal role in the interaction with host proteins. This review is summarizing and focusing on the molecular and functional analysis of pneumococcal serine proteases, thereby discussing their contribution to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtadha Q Ali
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas P Kohler
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lukas Schulig
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerhard Burchhardt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, Center for Functional Genomics of Microbes, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a highly adept human pathogen. A frequent asymptomatic member of the respiratory microbiota, the pneumococcus has a remarkable capacity to cause mucosal (pneumonia and otitis media) and invasive diseases (bacteremia, meningitis). In addition, the organism utilizes a vast battery of virulence factors for tissue and immune evasion. Though recognized as a significant cause of pneumonia for over a century, efforts to develop more effective vaccines remain ongoing. The pathogen’s inherent capacity to exchange genetic material is critical to the pneumococcus’ success. This feature historically facilitated essential discoveries in genetics and is vital for disseminating antibiotic resistance and vaccine evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina H Dao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN 38105, USA
| | - Jason W Rosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis TN 38105, USA
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Clarithromycin Inhibits Pneumolysin Production via Downregulation of ply Gene Transcription despite Autolysis Activation. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0031821. [PMID: 34468195 PMCID: PMC8557819 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00318-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia, causes severe invasive infections, including meningitis and bacteremia. The widespread use of macrolides has been reported to increase the prevalence of macrolide-resistant S. pneumoniae (MRSP), thereby leading to treatment failure in patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. However, previous studies have demonstrated that several macrolides and lincosamides have beneficial effects on MRSP infection since they inhibit the production and release of pneumolysin, a pneumococcal pore-forming toxin released during autolysis. In this regard, we previously demonstrated that the mechanisms underlying the inhibition of pneumolysin release by erythromycin involved both the transcriptional downregulation of the gene encoding pneumolysin and the impairment of autolysis in MRSP. Here, using a cell supernatant of the culture, we have shown that clarithromycin inhibits pneumolysin release in MRSP. However, contrary to previous observations in erythromycin-treated MRSP, clarithromycin upregulated the transcription of the pneumococcal autolysis-related lytA gene and enhanced autolysis, leading to the leakage of pneumococcal DNA. On the other hand, compared to erythromycin, clarithromycin significantly downregulated the gene encoding pneumolysin. In a mouse model of MRSP pneumonia, the administration of both clarithromycin and erythromycin significantly decreased the pneumolysin protein level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and improved lung injury and arterial oxygen saturation without affecting bacterial load. Collectively, these in vitro and in vivo data reinforce the benefits of macrolides on the clinical outcomes of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia. IMPORTANCE Pneumolysin is a potent intracellular toxin possessing multiple functions that augment pneumococcal virulence. For over 10 years, sub-MICs of macrolides, including clarithromycin, have been recognized to decrease pneumolysin production and release from pneumococcal cells. However, this study indicates that macrolides significantly slowed pneumococcal growth, which may be related to decreased pneumolysin release recorded by previous studies. In this study, we demonstrated that clarithromycin decreases pneumolysin production through downregulation of ply gene transcription, regardless of its inhibitory activity against bacterial growth. Additionally, administration of clarithromycin resulted in the amelioration of lung injury in a mouse model of pneumonia induced by macrolide-resistant pneumococci. Therefore, therapeutic targeting of pneumolysin offers a good strategy to treat pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Cao S, Dou X, Zhang X, Fang Y, Yang Z, Jiang Y, Hao X, Zhang Z, Wang H. Streptococcus pneumoniae autolysin LytA inhibits ISG15 and ISGylation through decreasing bacterial DNA abnormally accumulated in the cytoplasm of macrophages. Mol Immunol 2021; 140:87-96. [PMID: 34673375 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interferon stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) is one of the most robustly upregulated interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) and also a ubiquitin-like modifier which has been reported to play an important role in host defense against pathogens. Cytosolic nucleic acids detected by DNA sensors induce type Ⅰ interferons (IFN-Ⅰs) and ISGs in host cells. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pn) autolysin LytA triggers bacterial lysis and then S. pn-derived genomic DNA (hereafter referred to as S. pn-DNA) can be released and accumulates in the cytoplasm of host cells. However, it remains elusive whether LytA-mediated S. pn-DNA release is involved in ISG15 induction. Here we verified that ISG15 conjugation system can be widely activated by S. pn and cytosolic S. pn-DNA in host cells. Moreover, the phagocytosis of macrophages to the mutant strain S. pn D39 ΔlytA was enhanced when compared to S. pn D39, which in turn increased S. pn-DNA uptake into macrophages and augmented ISG15 expression. ISG15 might upregulate proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in macrophages and further promoted the clearance of S. pn in the absence of LytA. These results indicate that S. pn autolysis blunts ISG15 induction through preventing bacteria internalization and reducing cytosolic S. pn-DNA accumulation in macrophages, revealing a new strategy of S. pn for avoiding elimination. This study will help us to further understand the role of ISG15 during S. pn infection as well as the regulatory mechanisms of immune responses mediated by bacterial autolysis and bacterial DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Cao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; Xiamen Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Xiamen, 361001 Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiaoyun Dou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yuting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yinting Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoling Hao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ziyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Otieno W, Liu C, Ji Y. Aloe-Emodin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Attenuates Sepsis-Associated Toxins in Selected Gram-Positive Bacteria In Vitro. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1200-1209. [PMID: 34319262 PMCID: PMC9705996 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2105.05024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is an acute inflammatory response that leads to life-threatening complications if not quickly and adequately treated. Cytolysin, hemolysin, and pneumolysin are toxins produced by gram-positive bacteria and are responsible for resistance to antimicrobial drugs, cause virulence and lead to sepsis. This work assessed the effects of aloe-emodin (AE) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) on sepsis-associated gram-positive bacterial toxins. Standard and antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumonia bacterial strains were cultured in the dark with varying AE concentrations and later irradiated with 72 J/cm-2 light. Colony and biofilm formation was determined. CCK-8, Griess reagent reaction, and ELISA assays were done on bacteria-infected RAW264.7 cells to determine the cell viability, NO, and IL-1β and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines responses, respectively. Hemolysis and western blot assays were done to determine the effect of treatment on hemolysis activity and sepsis-associated toxins expressions. AE-mediated PDT reduced bacterial survival in a dose-dependent manner with 32 μg/ml of AE almost eliminating their survival. Cell proliferation, NO, IL-1β, and IL-6 cytokines production were also significantly downregulated. Further, the hemolytic activities and expressions of cytolysin, hemolysin, and pneumolysin were significantly reduced following AE-mediated PDT. In conclusion, combined use of AE and light (435 ± 10 nm) inactivates MRSA, S. aureus (ATCC 29213), S. pneumoniae (ATCC 49619), MDR-S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), and VRE (ATCC 51299) in an AE-dose dependent manner. AE and light are also effective in reducing biofilm formations, suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, hemolytic activities, and inhibiting the expressions of toxins that cause sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woodvine Otieno
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Ji
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, P.R. China
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Mondal AK, Chattopadhyay K. Structures and functions of the membrane-damaging pore-forming proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 128:241-288. [PMID: 35034720 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) of the diverse life forms have emerged as the potent cell-killing entities owing to their specialized membrane-damaging properties. PFPs have the unique ability to perforate the plasma membranes of their target cells, and they exert this functionality by creating oligomeric pores in the membrane lipid bilayer. Pathogenic bacteria employ PFPs as toxins to execute their virulence mechanisms, whereas in the higher vertebrates PFPs are deployed as the part of the immune system and to generate inflammatory responses. PFPs are the unique dimorphic proteins that are generally synthesized as water-soluble molecules, and transform into membrane-inserted oligomeric pore assemblies upon interacting with the target membranes. In spite of sharing very little sequence similarity, PFPs from diverse organisms display incredible structural similarity. Yet, at the same time, structure-function mechanisms of the PFPs document remarkable versatility. Such notions establish PFPs as the fascinating model system to explore variety of unsolved issues pertaining to the structure-function paradigm of the proteins that interact and act in the membrane environment. In this article, we discuss our current understanding regarding the structural basis of the pore-forming functions of the diverse class of PFPs. We attempt to highlight the similarities and differences in their structures, membrane pore-formation mechanisms, and their implications for the various biological processes, ranging from the bacterial virulence mechanisms to the inflammatory immune response generation in the higher animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Kumar Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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Lopez Chiloeches M, Bergonzini A, Frisan T. Bacterial Toxins Are a Never-Ending Source of Surprises: From Natural Born Killers to Negotiators. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:426. [PMID: 34204481 PMCID: PMC8235270 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea that bacterial toxins are not only killers but also execute more sophisticated roles during bacteria-host interactions by acting as negotiators has been highlighted in the past decades. Depending on the toxin, its cellular target and mode of action, the final regulatory outcome can be different. In this review, we have focused on two families of bacterial toxins: genotoxins and pore-forming toxins, which have different modes of action but share the ability to modulate the host's immune responses, independently of their capacity to directly kill immune cells. We have addressed their immuno-suppressive effects with the perspective that these may help bacteria to avoid clearance by the host's immune response and, concomitantly, limit detrimental immunopathology. These are optimal conditions for the establishment of a persistent infection, eventually promoting asymptomatic carriers. This immunomodulatory effect can be achieved with different strategies such as suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, re-polarization of the immune response from a pro-inflammatory to a tolerogenic state, and bacterial fitness modulation to favour tissue colonization while preventing bacteraemia. An imbalance in each of those effects can lead to disease due to either uncontrolled bacterial proliferation/invasion, immunopathology, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.C.); (A.B.)
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Abstract
Pneumonia is a common acute respiratory infection that affects the alveoli and distal airways; it is a major health problem and associated with high morbidity and short-term and long-term mortality in all age groups worldwide. Pneumonia is broadly divided into community-acquired pneumonia or hospital-acquired pneumonia. A large variety of microorganisms can cause pneumonia, including bacteria, respiratory viruses and fungi, and there are great geographical variations in their prevalence. Pneumonia occurs more commonly in susceptible individuals, including children of <5 years of age and older adults with prior chronic conditions. Development of the disease largely depends on the host immune response, with pathogen characteristics having a less prominent role. Individuals with pneumonia often present with respiratory and systemic symptoms, and diagnosis is based on both clinical presentation and radiological findings. It is crucial to identify the causative pathogens, as delayed and inadequate antimicrobial therapy can lead to poor outcomes. New antibiotic and non-antibiotic therapies, in addition to rapid and accurate diagnostic tests that can detect pathogens and antibiotic resistance will improve the management of pneumonia.
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Pore-forming toxins in infection and immunity. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:455-465. [PMID: 33492383 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the plasma membranes is extremely crucial for the survival and proper functioning of the cells. Organisms from all kingdoms of life employ specialized pore-forming proteins and toxins (PFPs and PFTs) that perforate cell membranes, and cause detrimental effects. PFPs/PFTs exert their damaging actions by forming oligomeric pores in the membrane lipid bilayer. PFPs/PFTs play important roles in diverse biological processes. Many pathogenic bacteria secrete PFTs for executing their virulence mechanisms. The immune system of the higher vertebrates employs PFPs to kill pathogen-infected cells and transformed cancer cells. The most obvious consequence of membrane pore-formation by the PFPs/PFTs is the killing of the target cells due to the disruption of the permeability barrier function of the plasma membranes. PFPs/PFTs can also activate diverse cellular processes that include activation of the stress-response pathways, induction of programmed cell death, and inflammation. Upon attack by the PFTs, host cells may also activate pathways to repair the injured membranes, restore cellular homeostasis, and trigger inflammatory immune responses. In this article, we present an overview of the diverse cellular responses that are triggered by the PFPs/PFTs, and their implications in the process of pathogen infection and immunity.
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Matsumoto A, Tabata A, Ohkura K, Oda H, Kodama C, Ohkuni H, Takao A, Kikuchi K, Tomoyasu T, Nagamune H. Molecular characteristics of an adhesion molecule containing cholesterol-dependent cytolysin-motif produced by mitis group streptococci. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:61-75. [PMID: 33331679 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae (SPpn) is a relatively new species closely related to S. pneumoniae (SPn) and S. mitis (SM) belonging to the Mitis group of the genus Streptococcus (MGS). Although genes encoding various pneumococcal virulence factors have been observed in the SPpn genome, the pathogenicity of SPpn against human, including the roles of virulence factor candidates, is still unclear. The present study focused on and characterized a candidate virulence factor previously reported in SPpn with deduced multiple functional domains, such as lipase domain, two lectin domains, and cholesterol-dependent cytolysin-related domain using various recombinant proteins. The gene was found not only in SPpn but also in the strains of SM and SPn. Moreover, the gene product was expressed in the gene-positive strains as secreted and cell-bound forms. The recombinant of gene product showed lipase activity and human cell-binding activity depending on the function of lectin domain(s), but no hemolytic activity. Thus, based on the distribution of the gene within the MGS and its molecular function, the gene product was named mitilectin (MLC) and its contribution to the potential pathogenicity of the MLC-producing strains was investigated. Consequently, the treatment with anti-MLC antibody and the mlc gene-knockout significantly reduced the human cell-binding activity of MLC-producing strains. Therefore, the multifunctional MLC was suggested to be important as an adhesion molecule in considering the potential pathogenicity of the MLC-producing strains belonging to MGS, such as SPpn and SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Matsumoto
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tabata
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuto Ohkura
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroki Oda
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kodama
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ohkuni
- Health Science Research Institute East Japan, Kounosu, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayuko Takao
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ken Kikuchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Tomoyasu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nagamune
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Division of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Cools F, Delputte P, Cos P. The search for novel treatment strategies for Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6064299. [PMID: 33399826 PMCID: PMC8371276 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the most important novel treatment strategies against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections published over the past 10 years. The pneumococcus causes the majority of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia cases, and it is one of the prime pathogens in bacterial meningitis. Over the last 10 years, extensive research has been conducted to prevent severe pneumococcal infections, with a major focus on (i) boosting the host immune system and (ii) discovering novel antibacterials. Boosting the immune system can be done in two ways, either by actively modulating host immunity, mostly through administration of selective antibodies, or by interfering with pneumococcal virulence factors, thereby supporting the host immune system to effectively overcome an infection. While several of such experimental therapies are promising, few have evolved to clinical trials. The discovery of novel antibacterials is hampered by the high research and development costs versus the relatively low revenues for the pharmaceutical industry. Nevertheless, novel enzymatic assays and target-based drug design, allow the identification of targets and the development of novel molecules to effectively treat this life-threatening pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cools
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P Delputte
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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