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Guida N, Serani A, Sanguigno L, Mascolo L, Cuomo O, Fioriniello S, Marano D, Ragione FD, Anzilotti S, Brancaccio P, Molinaro P, Pignataro G, Annunziato L, Formisano L. Stroke Causes DNA Methylation at Ncx1 Heart Promoter in the Brain Via DNMT1/MeCP2/REST Epigenetic Complex. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e030460. [PMID: 38456444 PMCID: PMC11010005 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND REST (Repressor-Element 1 [RE1]-silencing transcription factor) inhibits Na+/Ca2+exchanger-1 (Ncx1) transcription in neurons through the binding of RE1 site on brain promoter (Br) after stroke. We identified a new putative RE1 site in Ncx1 heart promoter (Ht) sequence (Ht-RE1) that participates in neuronal Ncx1 transcription. Because REST recruits DNA-methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1) and MeCP2 (methyl-CpG binding protein 2) on different neuronal genes, we investigated the role of this complex in Ncx1 transcriptional regulation after stroke. METHODS AND RESULTS Luciferase experiments performed in SH-SY5Y cells demonstrated that Br activity was selectively decreased by REST, whereas Ht activity was reduced by DNMT1, MeCP2, and REST. Notably, site-direct mutagenesis of Ht-RE1 prevented REST-dependent downregulation of Ncx1. Furthermore, in temporoparietal cortex of 8-week-old male wild-type mice (C57BL/6) subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, DNMT1, MeCP2, and REST binding to Ht promoter was increased, with a consequent DNA promoter hypermethylation. Intracerebroventricular injection of siREST prevented DNMT1/MeCP2 binding to Ht and Ncx1 downregulation, thus causing a reduction in stroke-induced damage. Consistently, in cortical neurons subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation plus reoxygenation Ncx1 knockdown counteracted neuronal protection induced by the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine. For comparisons between 2 experimental groups, Student's t test was used, whereas for more than 2 experimental groups, 1-way ANOVA was used, followed by Tukey or Newman Keuls. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. CONCLUSIONS If the results of this study are confirmed in humans, it could be asserted that DNMT1/MeCP2/REST complex disruption could be a new pharmacological strategy to reduce DNA methylation of Ht in the brain, ameliorating stroke damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascia Guida
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine“Federico II” University of NaplesNaplesItaly
| | - Angelo Serani
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine“Federico II” University of NaplesNaplesItaly
| | - Luca Sanguigno
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine“Federico II” University of NaplesNaplesItaly
| | - Luigi Mascolo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine“Federico II” University of NaplesNaplesItaly
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine“Federico II” University of NaplesNaplesItaly
| | - Salvatore Fioriniello
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso"National Research Council of ItalyNapoliItaly
| | - Domenico Marano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso"National Research Council of ItalyNapoliItaly
| | - Floriana Della Ragione
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso"National Research Council of ItalyNapoliItaly
| | | | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine“Federico II” University of NaplesNaplesItaly
| | - Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine“Federico II” University of NaplesNaplesItaly
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine“Federico II” University of NaplesNaplesItaly
| | | | - Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine“Federico II” University of NaplesNaplesItaly
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2
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Riordan R, Rong W, Yu Z, Ross G, Valerio J, Dimas-Muñoz J, Heredia V, Magnusson K, Galvan V, Perez VI. Effect of Nrf2 loss on senescence and cognition of tau-based P301S mice. GeroScience 2023; 45:1451-1469. [PMID: 36976489 PMCID: PMC10400516 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence may contribute to chronic inflammation involved in the progression of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its removal prevents cognitive impairment in a model of tauopathy. Nrf2, the major transcription factor for damage response pathways and regulators of inflammation, declines with age. Our previous work showed that silencing Nrf2 gives rise to premature senescence in cells and mice. Others have shown that Nrf2 ablation can exacerbate cognitive phenotypes of some AD models. In this study, we aimed to understand the relationship between Nrf2 elimination, senescence, and cognitive impairment in AD, by generating a mouse model expressing a mutant human tau transgene in an Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2KO) background. We assessed senescent cell burden and cognitive decline of P301S mice in the presence and absence of Nrf2. Lastly, we administered 4.5-month-long treatments with two senotherapeutic drugs to analyze their potential to prevent senescent cell burden and cognitive decline: the senolytic drugs dasatinib and quercetin (DQ) and the senomorphic drug rapamycin. Nrf2 loss accelerated the onset of hind-limb paralysis in P301S mice. At 8.5 months of age, P301S mice did not exhibit memory deficits, while P301S mice without Nrf2 were significantly impaired. However, markers of senescence were not elevated by Nrf2 ablation in any of tissues that we examined. Neither drug treatment improved cognitive performance, nor did it reduce expression of senescence markers in brains of P301S mice. Contrarily, rapamycin treatment at the doses used delayed spatial learning and led to a modest decrease in spatial memory. Taken together, our data suggests that the emergence of senescence may be causally associated with onset of cognitive decline in the P301S model, indicate that Nrf2 protects brain function in a model of AD through mechanisms that may include, but do not require the inhibition of senescence, and suggest possible limitations for DQ and rapamycin as therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Riordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 351 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Wang Rong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 351 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Zhen Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 351 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Grace Ross
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 351 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Juno Valerio
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 351 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jovita Dimas-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 351 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Valeria Heredia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 351 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kathy Magnusson
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 740 Stanton L. Young Bvd BMSB 821, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Viviana I Perez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 351 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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3
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Arena A, Romeo MA, Benedetti R, Gilardini Montani MS, Santarelli R, Gonnella R, D'Orazi G, Cirone M. NRF2 and STAT3: friends or foes in carcinogenesis? Discov Oncol 2023; 14:37. [PMID: 37000324 PMCID: PMC10064365 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NRF2 is a transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis, also through the interaction with several pro-survival pathways. NRF2 controls the transcription of detoxification enzymes and a variety of other molecules impinging in several key biological processes. This perspective will focus on the complex interplay of NRF2 with STAT3, another transcription factor often aberrantly activated in cancer and driving tumorigenesis as well as immune suppression. Both NRF2 and STAT3 can be regulated by ER stress/UPR activation and their cross-talk influences and is influenced by autophagy and cytokines, contributing to shape the microenvironment, and both control the execution of DDR, also by regulating the expression of HSPs. Given the importance of these transcription factors, more investigations aimed at better elucidating the outcome of their networking could help to discover new and more efficacious strategies to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Santarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gonnella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella D'Orazi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. D'Annunzio", 66013, Chieti, Italy
- School of Medicine, UniCamillus International University, 00131, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Bathish B, Robertson H, Dillon JF, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Hayes JD. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and mechanisms by which it is ameliorated by activation of the CNC-bZIP transcription factor Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:221-261. [PMID: 35728768 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents a global health concern. It is characterised by fatty liver, hepatocyte cell death and inflammation, which are associated with lipotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron overload and oxidative stress. NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that combats oxidative stress. Remarkably, Nrf2 is downregulated during the development of NASH, which probably accelerates disease, whereas in pre-clinical studies the upregulation of Nrf2 inhibits NASH. We now review the scientific literature that proposes Nrf2 downregulation during NASH involves its increased ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation, mediated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and/or β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP) and/or HMG-CoA reductase degradation protein 1 (Hrd1, also called synoviolin (SYVN1)). Additionally, downregulation of Nrf2-mediated transcription during NASH may involve diminished recruitment of coactivators by Nrf2, due to increased levels of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65, or competition for promoter binding due to upregulation of BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1). Many processes that downregulate Nrf2 are triggered by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), with oxidative stress amplifying its signalling. Oxidative stress may also increase suppression of Nrf2 by β-TrCP through facilitating formation of the DSGIS-containing phosphodegron in Nrf2 by glycogen synthase kinase-3. In animal models, knockout of Nrf2 increases susceptibility to NASH, while pharmacological activation of Nrf2 by inducing agents that target Keap1 inhibits development of NASH. These inducing agents probably counter Nrf2 downregulation affected by β-TrCP, Hrd1/SYVN1, ATF3, NF-κB p65 and Bach1, by suppressing oxidative stress. Activation of Nrf2 is also likely to inhibit NASH by ameliorating lipotoxicity, inflammation, ER stress and iron overload. Crucially, pharmacological activation of Nrf2 in mice in which NASH has already been established supresses liver steatosis and inflammation. There is therefore compelling evidence that pharmacological activation of Nrf2 provides a comprehensive multipronged strategy to treat NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boushra Bathish
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Holly Robertson
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - John F Dillon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - John D Hayes
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
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5
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Hatmal MM, Al-Hatamleh MAI, Olaimat AN, Alshaer W, Hasan H, Albakri KA, Alkhafaji E, Issa NN, Al-Holy MA, Abderrahman SM, Abdallah AM, Mohamud R. Immunomodulatory Properties of Human Breast Milk: MicroRNA Contents and Potential Epigenetic Effects. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061219. [PMID: 35740242 PMCID: PMC9219990 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants who are exclusively breastfed in the first six months of age receive adequate nutrients, achieving optimal immune protection and growth. In addition to the known nutritional components of human breast milk (HBM), i.e., water, carbohydrates, fats and proteins, it is also a rich source of microRNAs, which impact epigenetic mechanisms. This comprehensive work presents an up-to-date overview of the immunomodulatory constituents of HBM, highlighting its content of circulating microRNAs. The epigenetic effects of HBM are discussed, especially those regulated by miRNAs. HBM contains more than 1400 microRNAs. The majority of these microRNAs originate from the lactating gland and are based on the remodeling of cells in the gland during breastfeeding. These miRNAs can affect epigenetic patterns by several mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and RNA regulation, which could ultimately result in alterations in gene expressions. Therefore, the unique microRNA profile of HBM, including exosomal microRNAs, is implicated in the regulation of the genes responsible for a variety of immunological and physiological functions, such as FTO, INS, IGF1, NRF2, GLUT1 and FOXP3 genes. Hence, studying the HBM miRNA composition is important for improving the nutritional approaches for pregnancy and infant's early life and preventing diseases that could occur in the future. Interestingly, the composition of miRNAs in HBM is affected by multiple factors, including diet, environmental and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma’mon M. Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Mohammad A. I. Al-Hatamleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Amin N. Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (A.N.O.); (M.A.A.-H.)
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center (CTC), The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Hanan Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Khaled A. Albakri
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Enas Alkhafaji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Nada N. Issa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Murad A. Al-Holy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (A.N.O.); (M.A.A.-H.)
| | - Salim M. Abderrahman
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Atiyeh M. Abdallah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (R.M.)
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6
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Liu J, Wang Y, Zhang G, Liu L, Peng X. Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Changes in the Intestinal Microbiome, Transcriptome, and Methylome in a Rat Model of Chronic Non-bacterial Prostatitis: Indications for the Existence of the Gut-Prostate Axis. Front Physiol 2022; 12:753034. [PMID: 35087414 PMCID: PMC8787367 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.753034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP) is one of the most prevalent diseases in human males worldwide. In 2005, the prostate-gut axis was first proposed to indicate the close relationship between the prostate and the intestine. This study investigated CNP-induced changes of the gut microbiota, gene expression and DNA methylation in a rat model by using multi-omics analysis. Firstly, 16S rDNA sequencing presented an altered structure of the microbiota in cecum of CNP rats. Then, transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression of 185 genes in intestinal epithelium was significantly changed by CNP. These changes can participate in the immune system, digestive system, metabolic process, etc. Finally, methylC-capture sequencing (MCC-Seq) found 73,232 differentially methylated sites (DMSs) in the DNA of intestinal epithelium between control and CNP rats. A combined analysis of methylomics and transcriptomics suggested an epigenetic mechanism for CNP-induced differential expression genes correlated with intestinal barrier function, immunity, metabolism, enteric infectious disease, etc. More importantly, the transcriptomic, methylomic and gut microbial changes were highly correlated with multiple processes including intestinal immunity, metabolism and epithelial barrier function. In this study, disrupted homeostasis in the gut microbiota, gene expression and DNA methylation were reported in CNP, which supports the existence of the gut-prostate axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yihe Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guangwen Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xichun Peng
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Nrf2 Activation Attenuates Acrylamide-Induced Neuropathy in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115995. [PMID: 34206048 PMCID: PMC8199319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide is a well characterized neurotoxicant known to cause neuropathy and encephalopathy in humans and experimental animals. To investigate the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in acrylamide-induced neuropathy, male C57Bl/6JJcl adult mice were exposed to acrylamide at 0, 200 or 300 ppm in drinking water and co-administered with subcutaneous injections of sulforaphane, a known activator of the Nrf2 signaling pathway at 0 or 25 mg/kg body weight daily for 4 weeks. Assessments for neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress as well as messenger RNA-expression analysis for Nrf2-antioxidant and pro-inflammatory cytokine genes were conducted. Relative to mice exposed only to acrylamide, co-administration of sulforaphane protected against acrylamide-induced neurotoxic effects such as increase in landing foot spread or decrease in density of noradrenergic axons as well as hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage. Moreover, co-administration of sulforaphane enhanced acrylamide-induced mRNA upregulation of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidant proteins and suppressed acrylamide-induced mRNA upregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the cerebral cortex. The results demonstrate that activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway by co-treatment of sulforaphane provides protection against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity through suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation. Nrf2 remains an important target for the strategic prevention of acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity.
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8
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Melnik BC. Lifetime Impact of Cow's Milk on Overactivation of mTORC1: From Fetal to Childhood Overgrowth, Acne, Diabetes, Cancers, and Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:404. [PMID: 33803410 PMCID: PMC8000710 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of cow's milk is a part of the basic nutritional habits of Western industrialized countries. Recent epidemiological studies associate the intake of cow's milk with an increased risk of diseases, which are associated with overactivated mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. This review presents current epidemiological and translational evidence linking milk consumption to the regulation of mTORC1, the master-switch for eukaryotic cell growth. Epidemiological studies confirm a correlation between cow's milk consumption and birthweight, body mass index, onset of menarche, linear growth during childhood, acne vulgaris, type 2 diabetes mellitus, prostate cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, neurodegenerative diseases, and all-cause mortality. Thus, long-term persistent consumption of cow's milk increases the risk of mTORC1-driven diseases of civilization. Milk is a highly conserved, lactation genome-controlled signaling system that functions as a maternal-neonatal relay for optimized species-specific activation of mTORC1, the nexus for regulation of eukaryotic cell growth, and control of autophagy. A deeper understanding of milk´s impact on mTORC1 signaling is of critical importance for the prevention of common diseases of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7a, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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9
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Nrf2 epigenetic derepression induced by running exercise protects against osteoporosis. Bone Res 2021; 9:15. [PMID: 33637693 PMCID: PMC7910611 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a common skeletal disease involving low bone mineral density (BMD) that often leads to fragility fracture, and its development is affected by multiple cellular pathologies and associated with marked epigenetic alterations of osteogenic genes. Proper physical exercise is beneficial for bone health and OP and reportedly possesses epigenetic modulating capacities; however, whether the protective effects of exercise on OP involve epigenetic mechanisms is unclear. Here, we report that epigenetic derepression of nuclear factor erythroid derived 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of oxidative stress critically involved in the pathogenesis of OP, mediates the significant osteoprotective effects of running exercise (RE) in a mouse model of OP induced by ovariectomy. We showed that Nrf2 gene knockout (Nfe2l2-/-) ovariectomized mice displayed a worse BMD reduction than the controls, identifying Nrf2 as a critical antiosteoporotic factor. Further, femoral Nrf2 was markedly repressed with concomitant DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) 1/Dnmt3a/Dnmt3b elevations and Nrf2 promoter hypermethylation in both patients with OP and ovariectomized mice. However, daily 1-h treadmill RE significantly corrected epigenetic alterations, recovered Nrf2 loss and improved the femur bone mass and trabecular microstructure. Consistently, RE also normalized the adverse expression of major osteogenic factors, including osteoblast/osteoclast markers, Nrf2 downstream antioxidant enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines. More importantly, the RE-conferred osteoprotective effects observed in the wild-type control mice were largely abolished in the Nfe2l2-/- mice. Thus, Nrf2 repression due to aberrant Dnmt elevation and subsequent Nrf2 promoter hypermethylation is likely an important epigenetic feature of the pathogenesis of OP, and Nrf2 derepression is essential for the antiosteoporotic effects of RE.
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10
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Synergistic Effects of Milk-Derived Exosomes and Galactose on α-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinson's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031059. [PMID: 33494388 PMCID: PMC7865729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies associate milk consumption with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). PD is an α-synucleinopathy associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, deficient lysosomal clearance of α-synuclein (α-syn) and aggregation of misfolded α-syn. In T2D, α-syn promotes co-aggregation with islet amyloid polypeptide in pancreatic β-cells. Prion-like vagal nerve-mediated propagation of exosomal α-syn from the gut to the brain and pancreatic islets apparently link both pathologies. Exosomes are critical transmitters of α-syn from cell to cell especially under conditions of compromised autophagy. This review provides translational evidence that milk exosomes (MEX) disturb α-syn homeostasis. MEX are taken up by intestinal epithelial cells and accumulate in the brain after oral administration to mice. The potential uptake of MEX miRNA-148a and miRNA-21 by enteroendocrine cells in the gut, dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and pancreatic β-cells may enhance miRNA-148a/DNMT1-dependent overexpression of α-syn and impair miRNA-148a/PPARGC1A- and miRNA-21/LAMP2A-dependent autophagy driving both diseases. MiRNA-148a- and galactose-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress activate c-Abl-mediated aggregation of α-syn which is exported by exosome release. Via the vagal nerve and/or systemic exosomes, toxic α-syn may spread to dopaminergic neurons and pancreatic β-cells linking the pathogenesis of PD and T2D.
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11
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Cores Á, Piquero M, Villacampa M, León R, Menéndez JC. NRF2 Regulation Processes as a Source of Potential Drug Targets against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E904. [PMID: 32545924 PMCID: PMC7356958 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NRF2 acts by controlling gene expression, being the master regulator of the Phase II antioxidant response, and also being key to the control of neuroinflammation. NRF2 activity is regulated at several levels, including protein degradation by the proteasome, transcription, and post-transcription. The purpose of this review is to offer a concise and critical overview of the main mechanisms of NRF2 regulation and their actual or potential use as targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Cores
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Marta Piquero
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Mercedes Villacampa
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.C.); (M.P.); (M.V.)
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12
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Griñán-Ferré C, Marsal-García L, Bellver-Sanchis A, Kondengaden SM, Turga RC, Vázquez S, Pallàs M. Pharmacological inhibition of G9a/GLP restores cognition and reduces oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and β-Amyloid plaques in an early-onset Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:11591-11608. [PMID: 31804189 PMCID: PMC6932909 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The implication of epigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been demonstrated in several studies. UNC0642, a specific and potent inhibitor of methyltransferase activity G9a/GLP (G9a-like) complex, was evaluated in the 5XFAD mouse model. UNC0642 treatment rescued 5XFAD cognition impairment, reduced DNA-methylation (5-mC), increased hydroxymethylation (5-hmC), and decreased the di-methylation of lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me2) levels in the hippocampus. Increases in the Nuclear Factor erythroid-2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2), Heme oxygenase decycling 1 (Hmox1) gene expression, and diminution in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) were also reported. Moreover, neuroinflammatory markers, such as Interleukin 6 (Il-6), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnf-α) gene expression, and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunofluorescence were reduced by UNC0642 treatment. An increase in Nerve growth factor (Ngf), Nerve growth factor inducible (Vgf) gene expression, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Synaptophysin (SYN) were found after UNC0642 treatment. Importantly, a reduction in β-amyloid plaques was also observed. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that the inhibition of the G9a/GLP complex by UNC0642 delivered significant neuroprotective effects in 5XFAD mice, point out G9a/GLP as a new target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (NeuroUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Laura Marsal-García
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (NeuroUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Aina Bellver-Sanchis
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (NeuroUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Ravi Chakra Turga
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Department de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (NeuroUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
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13
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Huang C, Wu J, Chen D, Jin J, Wu Y, Chen Z. Effects of sulforaphane in the central nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 853:153-168. [PMID: 30858063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is an active component extracted from vegetables like cauliflower and broccoli. Activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling is a common mechanism for the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity of some herb-derived compounds, such as icariin and berberine. However, due to its peculiar ability in Nrf2 activation, SFN is recognized as an activator of Nrf2 and recommended as a supplementation for prevention and/or treatment of disorders like neoplasm and heart failure. In the central nervous system (CNS), the prophylactic and/or therapeutic effects of SFN have been revealed in recent years. For example, it has been reported to prevent the progression of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders via promotion of neurogenesis or inhibition of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. SFN is also implicated in reversing cognition, learning, and memory impairment in rodents induced by scopolamine, lipopolysaccharide, okadaic acid, and diabetes. In models of neurotoxicity, SFN has been shown to suppress neurotoxicity induced by a wide range of toxic factors, such as hydrogen peroxide, prion protein, hyperammonemia, and methamphetamine. To date, no consolidated source of knowledge about the pharmacological effects of SFN in the CNS has been presented in the literature. In this review, we summarize and discuss the pharmacological effects of SFN as well as their possible mechanisms in prevention and/or therapy of disorders afflicting the CNS, aiming to get a further insight into how SFN affects the pathophysiological process of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, #118 Wansheng Street, Suzhou 215021, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongjian Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Nantong First People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Ooi BK, Chan KG, Goh BH, Yap WH. The Role of Natural Products in Targeting Cardiovascular Diseases via Nrf2 Pathway: Novel Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1308. [PMID: 30498447 PMCID: PMC6249275 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are closely linked to cellular oxidative stress and inflammation. This may be resulted from the imbalance generation of reactive oxygen species and its role in promoting inflammation, thereby contributing to endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular complications. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that plays a significant role in regulating expression of antioxidant and cytoprotective enzymes in response to oxidative stress. Natural products have emerged as a potential source of bioactive compounds which have shown to protect against atherogenesis development by activating Nrf2 signaling. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the published data on the function, regulation and activation of Nrf2 as well as the molecular mechanisms of natural products in regulating Nrf2 signaling. The beneficial effects of using natural bioactive compounds as a promising therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of CVDs are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bee Kee Ooi
- School of Biosciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- International Genome Centre, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Asian Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Population, Implementation and Clinical Outcomes, Health and Well-Being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Wei Hsum Yap
- School of Biosciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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15
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Kasnak G, Könönen E, Syrjänen S, Gürsoy M, Zeidán-Chuliá F, Firatli E, Gürsoy UK. NFE2L2/NRF2, OGG1, and cytokine responses of human gingival keratinocytes against oxidative insults of various origin. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 452:63-70. [PMID: 30030777 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacterial or tobacco-related insults induce oxidative stress in gingival keratinocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate anti-oxidative and cytokine responses of human gingival keratinocytes (HMK cells) against Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg LPS), nicotine, and 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4-NQO). MATERIALS AND METHODS HMK cells were incubated with Pg LPS (1 µl/ml), nicotine (1.54 mM), and 4-NQO (1 µM) for 24 h. Intracellular and extracellular levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured with the Luminex® xMAP™ technique, and nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (NFE2L2/NRF2) and 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) with Western blots. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS All tested oxidative stress inducers increased intracellular OGG1 levels, whereas only nicotine and 4-NQO induced NFE2L2/NRF2 levels. Nicotine, 4-NQO, and their combinational applications with Pg LPS induced the secretions of IL-1β and IL-1Ra, while that of IL-8 was inhibited by the presence of Pg LPS. MCP-1 secretion was suppressed by nicotine, alone and together with Pg LPS, while 4-NQO activated its secretion. Treatment of HMK cells with Pg LPS, nicotine, 4-NQO, or their combinations did not affect VEGF levels. CONCLUSION Pg LPS, nicotine, and 4-NQO induce oxidative stress and regulate anti-oxidative response and cytokine expressions in human gingival keratinocytes differently. These results may indicate that bacterial and tobacco-related insults regulate distinct pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Kasnak
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Eija Könönen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Welfare Division, Oral Health, City of Turku, Finland
| | - Stina Syrjänen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mervi Gürsoy
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Fares Zeidán-Chuliá
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erhan Firatli
- Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulvi K Gürsoy
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520, Turku, Finland
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16
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Cellular and molecular responses to acute cocaine treatment in neuronal-like N2a cells: potential mechanism for its resistance in cell death. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:13. [PMID: 30210816 PMCID: PMC6133924 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a highly abused drug that causes psychiatric and neurological problems. Its entry into neurons could alter cell-biochemistry and contribute in the manifestation of early pathological symptoms. We have previously shown the acute cocaine effects in rat C6 astroglia-like cells and found that these cells were highly sensitive to cocaine in terms of manifesting certain pathologies known to underlie psychological disorders. The present study was aimed to discern acute cocaine effects on the early onset of various changes in Neuro-2a (N2a) cells. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording of differentiated cells displayed the functional voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels, which demonstrated the neuronal characteristics of the cells. Treatment of these cells with acute cocaine (1 h) at in vivo (nM to μM) and in vitro (mM) concentrations revealed that the cells remained almost 100% viable. Cocaine administration at 6.25 μM or 4 mM doses significantly reduced the inward currents but had no significant effect on outward currents, indicating the Na+ channel-blocking activity of cocaine. While no morphological change was observed at in vivo doses, treatment at in vitro doses altered the morphology, damaged the neurites, and induced cytoplasmic vacuoles; furthermore, general mitochondrial activity and membrane potential were significantly decreased. Mitochondrial dysfunction enabled the cells switch to anaerobic glycolysis, evidenced by dose-dependent increases in lactate and H2S, resulting unaltered ATP level in the cells. Further investigation on the mechanism of action unfolded that the cell's resistance to cocaine was through the activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) gene and subsequent increase of antioxidants (glutathione [GSH], catalase and GSH peroxidase [GPx]). The data clearly indicate that the cells employed a detoxifying strategy against cocaine. On a broader perspective, we envision that extrapolating the knowledge of neuronal resistance to central nervous system (CNS) diseases could delay their onset or progression.
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Ren HL, Lv CN, Xing Y, Geng Y, Zhang F, Bu W, Wang MW. Downregulated Nuclear Factor E2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Aggravates Cognitive Impairments via Neuroinflammation and Synaptic Plasticity in the Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Prone 8 (SAMP8) Mouse: A Model of Accelerated Senescence. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1132-1144. [PMID: 29474348 PMCID: PMC5833362 DOI: 10.12659/msm.908954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We observed the effects of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) downregulation via intrahippocampal injection of a lentiviral vector on cognition in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) to investigate the role of the (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway in age-related changes. Material/Methods Control lentivirus and Nrf2-shRNA-lentivirus were separately injected into the hippocampus of 4-month-old SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice and then successfully downregulated Nrf2 expression in this brain region. Five months later, cognitive function tests, including the novel object test, the Morris water maze test, and the passive avoidance task were conducted. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) immunohistochemistry was performed to observe an inflammatory response. Presynaptic synapsin (SYN) were observed by immunofluorescence. We then determined the Nrf2-regulated, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), P65, postsynaptic density protein (PSD), and SYN protein levels. The ultrastructure of neurons and synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results Aging led to a decline in cognitive function compared with SAMR1 mice and the Nrf2-shRNA-lentivirus further exacerbated the cognitive impairment in SAMP8 mice. Nrf2, HO-1, PSD, and SYN levels were significantly reduced (all P<0.05) but high levels of inflammation were detected in SAMP8 mice with low expression of Nrf2. Furthermore, neurons were vacuolated, the number of organelles decreased, and the number of synapses decreased. Conclusions Downregulation of Nrf2 suppressed the Nrf2/ARE pathway, activated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and accelerated cognitive impairment in SAMP8 mice. Downregulation of Nrf2 accelerates the aging process through neuroinflammation and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ling Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Chao Nan Lv
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland).,Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Geng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland).,Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Bu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Ming Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland).,Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
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18
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Cherry JD, Zeineddin A, Dammer EB, Webster JA, Duong D, Seyfried NT, Levey AI, Alvarez VE, Huber BR, Stein TD, Kiernan PT, McKee AC, Lah JJ, Hales CM. Characterization of Detergent Insoluble Proteome in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2018; 77:40-49. [PMID: 29145658 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative proteomics of postmortem human brain can identify dysfunctional proteins that contribute to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia. Similar studies in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) are limited, therefore we hypothesized that proteomic sequencing of CTE frontal cortex brain homogenates from varying CTE pathologic stages may provide important new insights into this disorder. Quantitative proteomics of control, CTE and AD brains was performed to characterize differentially expressed proteins, and we identified over 4000 proteins in CTE brains, including significant enrichment of the microtubule associated protein tau. We also found enrichment and pathologic aggregation of RNA processing factors as seen previously in AD, supporting the previously recognized overlap between AD and CTE. In addition to these similarities, we identified CTE-specific enrichment of proteins which increase with increasing severity of CTE pathology. NADPH dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) was one of the proteins which showed significant enrichment in CTE and also correlated with increasing CTE stage. NQO1 demonstrated neuropathologic correlation with hyperphosphorylated tau in glial cells, mainly astrocytes. These results demonstrate that quantitative proteomic analysis of CTE postmortem human brain can identify disease relevant findings and novel cellular pathways involved in CTE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Cherry
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Ahmad Zeineddin
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - James A Webster
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Duc Duong
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Allan I Levey
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Victor E Alvarez
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Bertrand R Huber
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Thor D Stein
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick T Kiernan
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Ann C McKee
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - James J Lah
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
| | - Chadwick M Hales
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts
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Kang SW, Madkour M, Kuenzel WJ. Tissue-Specific Expression of DNA Methyltransferases Involved in Early-Life Nutritional Stress of Chicken, Gallus gallus. Front Genet 2017; 8:204. [PMID: 29270191 PMCID: PMC5723639 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation was reported as a possible stress-adaptation mechanism involved in the transcriptional regulation of stress responsive genes. Limited data are available on effects of psychological stress and early-life nutritional stress on DNA methylation regulators [DNMTs: DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), DNMT1 associated protein (DMAP1), DNMT 3 alpha (DNMT3A) and beta (DNMT3B)] in avian species. The objectives of this study were to: (1) investigate changes in expression of DNMT1, DMAP1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B following acute (AS) or chronic immobilization stress (CS); (2) test immediate effect of early-life nutritional stress [food deprivation (FD) for 12 h (12hFD) or 36 h (36hFD) at the post-hatching period] on expression of DNA methylation regulators and glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and the long-term effect of early-life nutritional stress at 6 weeks of age. Expression of DNMTs and plasma corticosterone (CORT) concentration decreased by CS compared to AS (p < 0.05), indicating differential roles of DNA methylation regulators in the stress response. Plasma CORT at 12hFD and 36hFD birds increased compared to control birds (12hF and 36hF), but there were no significant differences in plasma CORT of 12hFD and 36hFD birds at 6 weeks of age compared to 6 week controls. DNMT1, DMAP1, and DNMT3B expression in the anterior pituitary increased by 12hFD, but decreased at 36hFD compared to their controls (P < 0.05). In liver, DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B expression decreased by 12hFD, however, no significant changes occurred at 36hFD. Expression of DMAP1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B in anterior pituitary and DMAP1 and DNMT3A expression in liver at 6 weeks of age were higher in 36hFD stressed birds compared to controls as well as 12hFD stressed birds. Hepatic GR expression decreased by 12hFD and increased by 36hFD (p < 0.05). Expression patterns of GR in the liver of FD stress-induced birds persisted until 6 weeks of age, suggesting the possible lifelong involvement of liver GR in early-life nutritional stress response of birds. Taken together, results suggest that DNA methylation regulator genes are tissue-specifically responsive to acute and chronic stress, and hepatic GR may play a critical role in regulating the early-life nutritional stress response of birds. In addition, the downregulation of DNMT1 and DMAP1 may be one of the adaptive mechanisms to chronic early-life nutritional stress via passive demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong W. Kang
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, FayettevilleAR, United States
| | - Mahmoud Madkour
- Department of Animal Production, National Research CenterGiza, Egypt
| | - Wayne J. Kuenzel
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, FayettevilleAR, United States
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Melnik BC, Schmitz G. Milk's Role as an Epigenetic Regulator in Health and Disease. Diseases 2017; 5:diseases5010012. [PMID: 28933365 PMCID: PMC5456335 DOI: 10.3390/diseases5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is the intention of this review to characterize milk's role as an epigenetic regulator in health and disease. Based on translational research, we identify milk as a major epigenetic modulator of gene expression of the milk recipient. Milk is presented as an epigenetic "doping system" of mammalian development. Milk exosome-derived micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) that target DNA methyltransferases are implicated to play the key role in the upregulation of developmental genes such as FTO, INS, and IGF1. In contrast to miRNA-deficient infant formula, breastfeeding via physiological miRNA transfer provides the appropriate signals for adequate epigenetic programming of the newborn infant. Whereas breastfeeding is restricted to the lactation period, continued consumption of cow's milk results in persistent epigenetic upregulation of genes critically involved in the development of diseases of civilization such as diabesity, neurodegeneration, and cancer. We hypothesize that the same miRNAs that epigenetically increase lactation, upregulate gene expression of the milk recipient via milk-derived miRNAs. It is of critical concern that persistent consumption of pasteurized cow's milk contaminates the human food chain with bovine miRNAs, that are identical to their human analogs. Commercial interest to enhance dairy lactation performance may further increase the epigenetic miRNA burden for the milk consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7a, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Direct Keap1-Nrf2 disruption as a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006593. [PMID: 28253260 PMCID: PMC5333801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nrf2, a transcriptional activator of cell protection genes, is an attractive therapeutic target for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Current Nrf2 activators, however, may exert toxicity and pathway over-activation can induce detrimental effects. An understanding of the mechanisms mediating Nrf2 inhibition in neurodegenerative conditions may therefore direct the design of drugs targeted for the prevention of these diseases with minimal side-effects. Our study provides the first in vivo evidence that specific inhibition of Keap1, a negative regulator of Nrf2, can prevent neuronal toxicity in response to the AD-initiating Aβ42 peptide, in correlation with Nrf2 activation. Comparatively, lithium, an inhibitor of the Nrf2 suppressor GSK-3, prevented Aβ42 toxicity by mechanisms independent of Nrf2. A new direct inhibitor of the Keap1-Nrf2 binding domain also prevented synaptotoxicity mediated by naturally-derived Aβ oligomers in mouse cortical neurons. Overall, our findings highlight Keap1 specifically as an efficient target for the re-activation of Nrf2 in AD, and support the further investigation of direct Keap1 inhibitors for the prevention of neurodegeneration in vivo. As our population ages the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is predicted to increase dramatically. Despite providing important symptomatic relief, existing treatments for such conditions do not slow-down disease progression, and this will cause an overwhelming future burden on our healthcare system and immense suffering for many more patients and their families. Nrf2 is a gene that normally protects cells from stressful conditions. Although we don’t know why, Nrf2 is reduced in the brains of AD patients and this may explain the increased susceptibility of neurons to damage in neurodegenerative diseases. Our research, using a fruit fly model, identifies Keap1, a negative regulator of Nrf2, as a valid target for the rescue of AD-related Nrf2 defects and the subsequent prevention of neuronal degeneration. Moreover, we show that a new compound, which directly blocks the binding between Nrf2 and Keap1, can prevent toxicity of the AD-initiating Aβ peptide in mouse neurons. Hence, our study provides strong evidence that direct Keap1-Nrf2 disruptors can specifically target the defects in Nrf2 activity observed in neurodegenerative diseases, and supports the further development of such compounds as potential new drugs to prevent neuronal decline AD and other neurodegenerative conditions.
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Griñan-Ferré C, Puigoriol-Illamola D, Palomera-Ávalos V, Pérez-Cáceres D, Companys-Alemany J, Camins A, Ortuño-Sahagún D, Rodrigo MT, Pallàs M. Environmental Enrichment Modified Epigenetic Mechanisms in SAMP8 Mouse Hippocampus by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammaging and Achieving Neuroprotection. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:241. [PMID: 27803663 PMCID: PMC5067530 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increase in life expectancy, aging and age-related cognitive impairments are becoming one of the most important issues for human health. At the same time, it has been shown that epigenetic mechanisms are emerging as universally important factors in life expectancy. The Senescence Accelerated Mouse P8 (SAMP8) strain exhibits age-related deterioration evidenced in learning and memory abilities and is a useful model of neurodegenerative disease. In SAMP8, Environmental Enrichment (EE) increased DNA-methylation levels (5-mC) and reduced hydroxymethylation levels (5-hmC), as well as increased histone H3 and H4 acetylation levels. Likewise, we found changes in the hippocampal gene expression of some chromatin-modifying enzyme genes, such as Dnmt3b. Hdac1. Hdac2. Sirt2, and Sirt6. Subsequently, we assessed the effects of EE on neuroprotection-related transcription factors, such as the Nuclear regulatory factor 2 (Nrf2)-Antioxidant Response Element pathway and Nuclear Factor kappa Beta (NF-κB), which play critical roles in inflammation. We found that EE produces an increased expression of antioxidant genes, such as Hmox1. Aox1, and Cox2, and reduced the expression of inflammatory genes such as IL-6 and Cxcl10, all of this within the epigenetic context modified by EE. In conclusion, EE prevents epigenetic changes that promote or drive oxidative stress and inflammaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Griñan-Ferré
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry (Pharmacology Section) and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolors Puigoriol-Illamola
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry (Pharmacology Section) and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Palomera-Ávalos
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry (Pharmacology Section) and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Pérez-Cáceres
- Animal Experimentation Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Companys-Alemany
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry (Pharmacology Section) and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Camins
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry (Pharmacology Section) and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - M Teresa Rodrigo
- Animal Experimentation Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry (Pharmacology Section) and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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