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Almalki WH, Almujri SS. Therapeutic approaches to microglial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: Enhancing phagocytosis and metabolic regulation. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 263:155614. [PMID: 39342887 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are essential in neurogenesis, synaptic pruning, and homeostasis. Nevertheless, aging, and cellular senescence may modify their role, causing them to shift from being shields to being players of neurodegeneration. In the aging brain, the population of microglia increases, followed by enhanced activity of genes related to neuroinflammation. This change increases their ability to cause inflammation, resulting in a long-lasting state of inflammation in the brain that harms the condition of neurons. In Alzheimer's Disease (AD), microglia are located inside amyloid plaques and exhibit an inflammatory phenotype characterized by a diminished ability to engulf and remove waste material, worsening the illness's advancement. Genetic polymorphisms in TREM2, APOE, and CD33 highlight the significant impact of microglial dysfunction in AD. This review examines therapeutic approaches that aim to address microglial dysfunction, such as enhancing the microglial capability to engulf and remove amyloid-β clumps and regulating microglial metabolism and mitochondrial activity. Microglial transplanting and reprogramming advancements show the potential to restore their ability to reduce inflammation. Although there has been notable advancement, there are still voids in our knowledge of microglial biology, including their relationships with other brain cells. Further studies should prioritize the improvement of human AD models, establish standardized methods for characterizing microglia, and explore how various factors influence microglial responses. It is essential to tackle these problems to create effective treatment plans that focus on reducing inflammation in the brain and protecting against damage in age-related neurodegenerative illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Salem Salman Almujri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Aseer 61421, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Lasheen NN, Allam S, Elgarawany A, Aswa DW, Mansour R, Farouk Z. Limitations and potential strategies of immune checkpoint blockade in age-related neurodegenerative disorders. J Physiol Sci 2024; 74:46. [PMID: 39313800 PMCID: PMC11421184 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-024-00933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) have no disease-modifying treatments, resulting in a global dementia crisis that affects more than 50 million people. Amyloid-beta (Aβ), tau, and alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) are three crucial proteins that are involved in the pathogenesis of these age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Only a few approved AD medications have been used in the clinic up to this point, and their results are only partial symptomatic alleviation for AD patients and cannot stop the progression of AD. Immunotherapies have attracted considerable interest as they target certain protein strains and conformations as well as promote clearance. Immunotherapies also have the potential to be neuroprotective: as they limit synaptic damage and spread of neuroinflammation by neutralizing extracellular protein aggregates. Lately, disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) that can alter the pathophysiology that underlies AD with anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (e.g., aducanumab, lecanemab, gantenerumab, donanemab, solanezumab, crenezumab, tilavonemab). Similarly, in Parkinson's disease (PD), DMTs utilizing anti-αSyn (MAbs) (e.g., prasinezumab, cinpanemab,) are progressively being developed and evaluated in clinical trials. These therapies are based on the hypothesis that both AD and PD may involve systemic impairments in cell-dependent clearance mechanisms of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and alpha-synuclein (αSyn), respectively, meaning the body's overall inability to effectively remove Aβ and αSyn due to malfunctioning cellular mechanisms. In this review we will provide possible evidence behind the use of immunotherapy with MAbs in AD and PD and highlight the recent clinical development landscape of anti-Aβ (MAbs) and anti-αSyn (MAbs) from these clinical trials in order to better investigate the therapeutic possibilities and adverse effects of these anti-Aβ and anti-αSyn MAbs on AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha N Lasheen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Suez, Egypt.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Salma Allam
- Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Galala City, Suez, Egypt
| | | | - Darin W Aswa
- Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Galala City, Suez, Egypt
| | - Rana Mansour
- Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Galala City, Suez, Egypt
| | - Ziad Farouk
- Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Galala City, Suez, Egypt
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3
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Al-Attabi A, Mukhlif BA, Al-Shami KR, Merza MS, Alkubaisy SA, Abdulhadi MA. Evaluation of the effect of taurine on the matrix metalloproteinase-9 and the expression changes of miRNA-21 and miRNA-146a in SH-SY5Y cell line. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2024:hmbci-2024-0005. [PMID: 39277808 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2024-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease (AD), a brain disorder, is the leading cause of dementia among older adults. Taurine, an amino acid abundantly present in the brain, and shows potential neuroprotective properties. Therefore, we investigated the effects of taurine on Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels and the expression changes of miRNA-21 and miRNA-146a in the SH-SY5Y cell line. METHODS Taurine's impact on the SH-SY5Y cell line was evaluated via the 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. MMP-9 levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit, while the expression of miRNA-21 and miRNA-146a genes was assessed through Real-Time PCR analysis. RESULTS The MTT assay revealed no toxic effects on SH-SY5Y cells with increasing concentrations of taurine. Analysis of gene expression indicated a rise in miRNA-21 expression and a decline in miRNA-146 expression with increasing taurine concentration, with the most notable change observed at 1 mg/mL taurine (p<0.001). ELISA results demonstrated a significant increase in MMP-9 levels in the SH-SY5Y cell line treated with 1 mg/mL taurine compared to the untreated group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that taurine can alter the expression of miRNA-146a and miRNA-21. In conclusion, taurine therapy presents promising therapeutic avenues for treating AD or mitigating severe symptoms. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to comprehensively grasp the precise mechanisms at play.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bilal Abdulmajeed Mukhlif
- Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, College of Health and Medical Technology, University of Al Maarif, Al Anbar, Iraq
| | - Karrar R Al-Shami
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Science, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Muna S Merza
- Prosthetic Dental Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal, University College, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
| | | | - Mohanad Ali Abdulhadi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Anbar, Ramadi City, Al-Anbar Governorate, Iraq
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Kim SY, Cheon J. Senescence-associated microvascular endothelial dysfunction: A focus on the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 100:102446. [PMID: 39111407 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-retinal barrier (BRB) constitute critical physiochemical interfaces, precisely orchestrating the bidirectional communication between the brain/retina and blood. Increased permeability or leakage of these barriers has been demonstrably linked to age-related vascular and parenchymal damage. While it has been suggested that the gradual aging process may coincide with disruptions in these barriers, this phenomenon is significantly exacerbated in individuals with age-related neurodegenerative disorders (ARND). This review focuses on the microvascular endothelium, a key constituent of BBB and BRB, highlighting the impact of endothelial senescence on barrier dysfunction and exploring recent discoveries regarding core pathways implicated in its breakdown. Subsequently, we address the "vascular senescence hypothesis" for ARND, with a particular emphasis on Alzheimer's disease and age-related macular degeneration, centered on endothelial senescence. Finally, we discuss potential senotherapeutic strategies targeting barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea; IBST, Konkuk University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaejoung Cheon
- Department of Biochemistry, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea
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Ianni M, Corraliza-Gomez M, Costa-Coelho T, Ferreira-Manso M, Inteiro-Oliveira S, Alemãn-Serrano N, Sebastião AM, Garcia G, Diógenes MJ, Brites D. Spatiotemporal Dysregulation of Neuron-Glia Related Genes and Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory miRNAs in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9475. [PMID: 39273422 PMCID: PMC11394861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, is a multifactorial disease influenced by aging, genetics, and environmental factors. miRNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression and play significant roles in AD onset and progression. This exploratory study analyzed the expression levels of 28 genes and 5 miRNAs (miR-124-3p, miR-125b-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-146a-5p, and miR-155-5p) related to AD pathology and neuroimmune responses using RT-qPCR. Analyses were conducted in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus (HPC) of the 5xFAD mouse AD model at 6 and 9 months old. Data highlighted upregulated genes encoding for glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (Trem2) and cystatin F (Cst7), in the 5xFAD mice at both regions and ages highlighting their roles as critical disease players and potential biomarkers. Overexpression of genes encoding for CCAAT enhancer-binding protein alpha (Cebpa) and myelin proteolipid protein (Plp) in the PFC, as well as for BCL2 apoptosis regulator (Bcl2) and purinergic receptor P2Y12 (P2yr12) in the HPC, together with upregulated microRNA(miR)-146a-5p in the PFC, prevailed in 9-month-old animals. miR-155 positively correlated with miR-146a and miR-21 in the PFC, and miR-125b positively correlated with miR-155, miR-21, while miR-146a in the HPC. Correlations between genes and miRNAs were dynamic, varying by genotype, region, and age, suggesting an intricate, disease-modulated interaction between miRNAs and target pathways. These findings contribute to our understanding of miRNAs as therapeutic targets for AD, given their multifaceted effects on neurons and glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ianni
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Miriam Corraliza-Gomez
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11003 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Tiago Costa-Coelho
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Ferreira-Manso
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sara Inteiro-Oliveira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Alemãn-Serrano
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- ULS Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Garcia
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria José Diógenes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Liao H, Lu D, Reisinger SN, Kleeman EA, van de Garde N, Gubert C, Hannan AJ. Mimicking bacterial infection in male mice changes sperm small RNA profiles and multigenerationally alters offspring behavior and physiology. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:520-538. [PMID: 38636562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Paternal pre-conceptual exposures, including stress, diet, substance abuse, parasite infection, and viral immune activation via Poly I:C, have been reported to influence the brains and behavior of offspring through sperm epigenetic changes. However, the effects of paternal (F0) pre-conceptual exposure to bacterial-induced immune activation on the behavior and physiology of F1 and F2 generations remain unexplored. We examined this using C57BL/6J mice. Eight-week-old males (F0) received a single intraperitoneal injection of the bacterial mimetic lipopolysaccharide (LPS: 5 mg/kg) or 0.9 % saline (vehicle control) before mating with naïve females at four weeks post-injection. Comprehensive behavioral assessments were conducted to investigate anxiety, social behaviors, depressive-like behaviors and cognition in both the F1 and F2 generations within the age range of 8 to 14 weeks. Results demonstrated that only female offspring of LPS-exposed fathers exhibited reduced anxiety levels in the light/dark box, large open field, and novelty-suppressed feeding test. These F1 female offspring also exhibited heightened sociability in the 3-chambered social interaction test and a reduced preference for saccharin in the saccharin preference test. Additionally, the F1 male offspring of LPS-challenged males demonstrated an increased total distance traveled in the light/dark box and a longer distance covered in the light zone. They also exhibited diminished preference for social novelty in the 3-chambered social interaction test and an elevated novel arm preference index in the Y-maze. In the F2 generation, male descendants of LPS-treated fathers showed reduced latency to feed in the novelty-suppressed feeding test. Additionally, the F2 generation of LPS-challenged fathers, but not the F1 generation, displayed enhanced immune response in both sexes after an acute LPS immune challenge (5 mg/kg). Analysis of sperm small noncoding RNA profiles from LPS-treated F0 mice revealed significant changes at 4 weeks after administration of LPS. These changes included three microRNAs, eight PIWI-interacting RNAs, and two transfer RNAs, exhibiting significant upregulation (mmu-miR-146a-5p, mmu-piR-27082 and mmu-piR-29102) or downregulation (mmu-miR-5110, mmu-miR-467e-3p, mmu-piR-22583, mmu-piR-23548, mmu-piR-36341, mmu-piR-50293, mmu-piR-16583, mmu-piR-36507, Mus_musculus_tRNA-Ile-AAT-2-1 and Mus_musculus_tRNA-Tyr-GTA-1-1). Additionally, we detected 52 upregulated small noncoding RNAs (including 9 miRNAs, 41 piRNAs, and 2 tRNAs) and 7 downregulated small noncoding RNAs (3 miRNAs, 3 piRNAs, and 1 tRNA) in the sperm of F1 offspring from LPS-treated males. These findings provide compelling evidence for the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the modulation of brain function and immunity, and associated behavioral and immunological traits, across generations, in response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liao
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Da Lu
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sonali N Reisinger
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Kleeman
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas van de Garde
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolina Gubert
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Sahu MR, Ahmad MH, Mondal AC. MST1 selective inhibitor Xmu-mp-1 ameliorates neuropathological changes in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's Disease by modulating Hippo-Wnt signaling crosstalk. Apoptosis 2024:10.1007/s10495-024-01975-0. [PMID: 38760516 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-01975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment accompanied by aberrant neuronal apoptosis. Reports suggest that the pro-apoptotic mammalian set20-like kinase 1/2 (MST1/2) instigates neuronal apoptosis via activating the Hippo signaling pathway under various stress conditions, including AD. However, whether inhibiting MST1/2 has any therapeutic benefits in AD remains unknown. Thus, we tested the therapeutic effects of intervening MST1/2 activation via the pharmacological inhibitor Xmu-mp-1 in a sporadic AD rat model. Sporadic AD was established in adult rats by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) injection (3 mg/kg body weight). Xmu-mp-1 (0.5 mg/kg/body weight) was administered once every 48 h for two weeks, and Donepezil (5 mg/kg body weight) was used as a reference standard drug. The therapeutic effects of Xmu-mp-1 on ICV-STZ rats were determined through various behavioral, biochemical, histopathological, and molecular tests. At the behavioral level, Xmu-mp-1 improved cognitive deficits in sporadic AD rats. Further, Xmu-mp-1 treatment reduced STZ-associated tau phosphorylation, amyloid-beta deposition, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, neuronal apoptosis, and neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, Xmu-mp-1 exerted these neuroprotective actions by inactivating the Hippo signaling while potentiating the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling in the AD rats. Together, the results of the present study provide compelling support that Xmu-mp-1 negated the neuronal dysregulation in the rat model of sporadic AD. Therefore, inhibiting MST/Hippo signaling and modulating its crosstalk with the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway can be a promising alternative treatment strategy against AD pathology. This is the first study providing novel mechanistic insights into the therapeutic use of Xmu-mp-1 in sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Ranjan Sahu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Mir Hilal Ahmad
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Amal Chandra Mondal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Fancy NN, Smith AM, Caramello A, Tsartsalis S, Davey K, Muirhead RCJ, McGarry A, Jenkyns MH, Schneegans E, Chau V, Thomas M, Boulger S, Cheung TKD, Adair E, Papageorgopoulou M, Willumsen N, Khozoie C, Gomez-Nicola D, Jackson JS, Matthews PM. Characterisation of premature cell senescence in Alzheimer's disease using single nuclear transcriptomics. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:78. [PMID: 38695952 PMCID: PMC11065703 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Aging is associated with cell senescence and is the major risk factor for AD. We characterized premature cell senescence in postmortem brains from non-diseased controls (NDC) and donors with Alzheimer's disease (AD) using imaging mass cytometry (IMC) and single nuclear RNA (snRNA) sequencing (> 200,000 nuclei). We found increases in numbers of glia immunostaining for galactosidase beta (> fourfold) and p16INK4A (up to twofold) with AD relative to NDC. Increased glial expression of genes related to senescence was associated with greater β-amyloid load. Prematurely senescent microglia downregulated phagocytic pathways suggesting reduced capacity for β-amyloid clearance. Gene set enrichment and pseudo-time trajectories described extensive DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress associated with increased β-amyloid leading to premature senescence in microglia. We replicated these observations with independent AD snRNA-seq datasets. Our results describe a burden of senescent glia with AD that is sufficiently high to contribute to disease progression. These findings support the hypothesis that microglia are a primary target for senolytic treatments in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurun N Fancy
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Amy M Smith
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Centre for Brain Research and Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessia Caramello
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stergios Tsartsalis
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karen Davey
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert C J Muirhead
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aisling McGarry
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marion H Jenkyns
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eleonore Schneegans
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vicky Chau
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Thomas
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sam Boulger
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - To Ka Dorcas Cheung
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Emily Adair
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marianna Papageorgopoulou
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nanet Willumsen
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Combiz Khozoie
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Johanna S Jackson
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Xiao Y, Chen Y, Huang S, He H, Hu N, Lin S, You Z. The reduction of microglial efferocytosis is concomitant with depressive-like behavior in CUMS-treated mice. J Affect Disord 2024; 352:76-86. [PMID: 38360363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial efferocytosis plays a crucial role in facilitating and sustaining homeostasis in the central nervous system, and it is involved in neuropsychiatric disorders. How microglial efferocytosis is affected under the condition of major depressive disorder (MDD) remains elusive. In this study, we hypothesized that microglial efferocytosis in the hippocampus is impaired in the chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) model of MDD, which is involved in the development of MDD. METHOD Depressive-like behavior in adult male mice was induced by CUMS and confirmed by behavioral tests. Microglial efferocytosis was evaluated using immunofluorescence staining of hippocampal slices and primary microglia co-cultured with apoptotic cells. The protein and mRNA levels of phagocytosis-related molecules and inflammation-related cytokines were detected using western blotting and RT-qPCR, respectively. Annexin V was injected to mimic impairment of microglial efferocytosis. TREM2-siRNA was further used on primary microglia to examine efferocytosis-related signaling pathways. RESULTS Microglia were activated and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines was increased in CUMS mice, while microglial efferocytosis and efferocytosis-related molecules were decreased. Inhibition of the TREM2/Rac1 pathway impaired microglial efferocytosis. Annexin V injection inhibited microglial efferocytosis, increased inflammation in the hippocampus and depressive-like behavior. LIMITATIONS The potential antidepressant effect of the upregulation of the TREM2/Rac1 pathway was not evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Impairment of microglial efferocytosis is involved in the development of depressive-like behavior, with downregulation of the TREM2/Rac1 pathway and increased inflammation. These results may increase our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with MDD and provide novel targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Laboratory of Aging Research, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China; Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Shiqi Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Hui He
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Nan Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Shanyu Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Zili You
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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10
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Shreeya T, Ansari MS, Kumar P, Saifi M, Shati AA, Alfaifi MY, Elbehairi SEI. Senescence: A DNA damage response and its role in aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2024; 4:1292053. [PMID: 38596783 PMCID: PMC11002673 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1292053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Senescence is a complicated, multi-factorial, irreversible cell cycle halt that has a tumor-suppressing effect in addition to being a significant factor in aging and neurological diseases. Damaged DNA, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and disrupted proteostasis are a few of the factors that cause senescence. Senescence is triggered by DNA damage which initiates DNA damage response. The DNA damage response, which includes the formation of DNA damage foci containing activated H2AX, which is a key factor in cellular senescence, is provoked by a double strand DNA break. Oxidative stress impairs cognition, inhibits neurogenesis, and has an accelerated aging effect. Senescent cells generate pro-inflammatory mediators known as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). These pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have an impact on neuroinflammation, neuronal death, and cell proliferation. While it is tempting to think of neurodegenerative diseases as manifestations of accelerated aging and senescence, this review will present information on brain ageing and neurodegeneration as a result of senescence and DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejal Shreeya
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Theoretical Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mohd Saifullah Ansari
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Prabhat Kumar
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Ali A. Shati
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y. Alfaifi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Djurišić M. Immune receptors and aging brain. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20222267. [PMID: 38299364 PMCID: PMC10866841 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging brings about a myriad of degenerative processes throughout the body. A decrease in cognitive abilities is one of the hallmark phenotypes of aging, underpinned by neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration occurring in the brain. This review focuses on the role of different immune receptors expressed in cells of the central and peripheral nervous systems. We will discuss how immune receptors in the brain act as sentinels and effectors of the age-dependent shift in ligand composition. Within this 'old-age-ligand soup,' some immune receptors contribute directly to excessive synaptic weakening from within the neuronal compartment, while others amplify the damaging inflammatory environment in the brain. Ultimately, chronic inflammation sets up a positive feedback loop that increases the impact of immune ligand-receptor interactions in the brain, leading to permanent synaptic and neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Djurišić
- Departments of Biology, Neurobiology, and Bio-X, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A
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12
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Anton PE, Nagpal P, Moreno J, Burchill MA, Chatterjee A, Busquet N, Mesches M, Kovacs EJ, McCullough RL. NF-κB/NLRP3 Translational Inhibition by Nanoligomer Therapy Mitigates Ethanol and Advanced Age-Related Neuroinflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582114. [PMID: 38464118 PMCID: PMC10925165 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Binge alcohol use is increasing among aged adults (>65 years). Alcohol-related toxicity in aged adults is associated with neurodegeneration, yet the molecular underpinnings of age-related sensitivity to alcohol are not well described. Studies utilizing rodent models of neurodegenerative disease reveal heightened activation of Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and Nod like receptor 3 (NLRP3) mediate microglia activation and associated neuronal injury. Our group, and others, have implicated hippocampal-resident microglia as key producers of inflammatory mediators, yet the link between inflammation and neurodegeneration has not been established in models of binge ethanol exposure and advanced age. Here, we report binge ethanol increased the proportion of NLRP3+ microglia in the hippocampus of aged (18-20 months) female C57BL/6N mice compared to young (3-4 months). In primary microglia, ethanol-induced expression of reactivity markers and NLRP3 inflammasome activation were more pronounced in microglia from aged mice compared to young. Making use of an NLRP3-specific inhibitor (OLT1177) and a novel brain-penetrant Nanoligomer that inhibits NF-κB and NLRP3 translation (SB_NI_112), we find ethanol-induced microglial reactivity can be attenuated by OLT1177 and SB_NI_112 in microglia from aged mice. In a model of intermittent binge ethanol exposure, SB_NI_112 prevented ethanol-mediated microglia reactivity, IL-1β production, and tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus of aged mice. These data suggest early indicators of neurodegeneration occurring with advanced age and binge ethanol exposure are NF-κB- and NLRP3-dependent. Further investigation is warranted to explore the use of targeted immunosuppression via Nanoligomers to attenuate neuroinflammation after alcohol consumption in the aged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E. Anton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Alcohol Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Julie Moreno
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Matthew A. Burchill
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Nicolas Busquet
- Animal Behavior & In Vivo Neurophysiology Core, NeuroTechnology Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - Michael Mesches
- Animal Behavior & In Vivo Neurophysiology Core, NeuroTechnology Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora Colorado
| | - Elizabeth J. Kovacs
- Alcohol Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Division of GI Trauma and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Veterans’ Health Administration, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO
| | - Rebecca L. McCullough
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Alcohol Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- GI and Liver Innate Immune Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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13
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De Luca SN, Vlahos R. Targeting accelerated pulmonary ageing to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-induced neuropathological comorbidities. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:3-20. [PMID: 37828646 PMCID: PMC10952708 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major incurable health burden, ranking as the third leading cause of death worldwide, mainly driven by cigarette smoking. COPD is characterised by persistent airway inflammation, lung function decline and premature ageing with the presence of pulmonary senescent cells. This review proposes that cellular senescence, a state of stable cell cycle arrest linked to ageing, induced by inflammation and oxidative stress in COPD, extends beyond the lungs and affects the systemic circulation. This pulmonary senescent profile will reach other organs via extracellular vesicles contributing to brain inflammation and damage, and increasing the risk of neurological comorbidities, such as stroke, cerebral small vessel disease and Alzheimer's disease. The review explores the role of cellular senescence in COPD-associated brain conditions and investigates the relationship between cellular senescence and circadian rhythm in COPD. Additionally, it discusses potential therapies, including senomorphic and senolytic treatments, as novel strategies to halt or improve the progression of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone N. De Luca
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health & Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Centre for Respiratory Science and Health, School of Health & Biomedical SciencesRMIT UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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14
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Adeniyi PA, Gong X, MacGregor E, Degener-O’Brien K, McClendon E, Garcia M, Romero O, Russell J, Srivastava T, Miller J, Keene CD, Back SA. Ferroptosis of Microglia in Aging Human White Matter Injury. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:1048-1066. [PMID: 37605362 PMCID: PMC10840747 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Because the role of white matter (WM) degenerating microglia (DM) in remyelination failure is unclear, we sought to define the core features of this novel population of aging human microglia. METHODS We analyzed postmortem human brain tissue to define a population of DM in aging WM lesions. We used immunofluorescence staining and gene expression analysis to investigate molecular mechanisms related to the degeneration of DM. RESULTS We found that DM, which accumulated myelin debris were selectively enriched in the iron-binding protein light chain ferritin, and accumulated PLIN2-labeled lipid droplets. DM displayed lipid peroxidation injury and enhanced expression for TOM20, a mitochondrial translocase, and a sensor of oxidative stress. DM also displayed enhanced expression of the DNA fragmentation marker phospho-histone H2A.X. We identified a unique set of ferroptosis-related genes involving iron-mediated lipid dysmetabolism and oxidative stress that were preferentially expressed in WM injury relative to gray matter neurodegeneration. INTERPRETATION Ferroptosis appears to be a major mechanism of WM injury in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. WM DM are a novel therapeutic target to potentially reduce the impact of WM injury and myelin loss on the progression of cognitive impairment. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:1048-1066.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Adeniyi
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Xi Gong
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ellie MacGregor
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kiera Degener-O’Brien
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Evelyn McClendon
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mariel Garcia
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Oscar Romero
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Joshua Russell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Taasin Srivastava
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeremy Miller
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - C. Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen A. Back
- Departments of Pediatrics and, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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15
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He C, Li Z, Yang M, Yu W, Luo R, Zhou J, He J, Chen Q, Song Z, Cheng S. Non-Coding RNA in Microglia Activation and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4165-4211. [PMID: 37753266 PMCID: PMC10519213 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s422114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by complex pathophysiological features. Amyloid plaques resulting from extracellular amyloid deposition and neurofibrillary tangles formed by intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation serve as primary neuropathological criteria for AD diagnosis. The activation of microglia has been closely associated with these pathological manifestations. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA), a versatile molecule involved in various cellular functions such as genetic information storage and transport, as well as catalysis of biochemical reactions, plays a crucial role in microglial activation. This review aims to investigate the regulatory role of ncRNAs in protein expression by directly targeting genes, proteins, and interactions. Furthermore, it explores the ability of ncRNAs to modulate inflammatory pathways, influence the expression of inflammatory factors, and regulate microglia activation, all of which contribute to neuroinflammation and AD. However, there are still significant controversies surrounding microglial activation and polarization. The categorization into M1 and M2 phenotypes may oversimplify the intricate and multifaceted regulatory processes in microglial response to neuroinflammation. Limited research has been conducted on the role of ncRNAs in regulating microglial activation and inducing distinct polarization states in the context of neuroinflammation. Moreover, the regulatory mechanisms through which ncRNAs govern microglial function continue to be refined. The current understanding of ncRNA regulatory pathways involved in microglial activation remains incomplete and may be influenced by spatial, temporal, and tissue-specific factors. Therefore, further in-depth investigations are warranted. In conclusion, there are ongoing debates and uncertainties regarding the activation and polarization of microglial cells, particularly concerning the categorization into M1 and M2 phenotypes. The study of ncRNA regulation in microglial activation and polarization, as well as its mechanisms, is still in its early stages and requires further investigation. However, this review offers new insights and opportunities for therapeutic approaches in AD. The development of ncRNA-based drugs may hold promise as a new direction in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang He
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Yang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongsiqing Luo
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyong Zhou
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei He
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyan Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Shirozu N, Ohgidani M, Hata N, Tanaka S, Inamine S, Sagata N, Kimura T, Inoue I, Arimura K, Nakamizo A, Nishimura A, Maehara N, Takagishi S, Iwaki K, Nakao T, Masuda K, Sakai Y, Mizoguchi M, Yoshimoto K, Kato TA. Angiogenic and inflammatory responses in human induced microglia-like (iMG) cells from patients with Moyamoya disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14842. [PMID: 37684266 PMCID: PMC10491754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenic factors associated with Moyamoya disease (MMD) are overexpressed in M2 polarized microglia in ischemic stroke, suggesting that microglia may be involved in the pathophysiology of MMD; however, existing approaches are not applicable to explore this hypothesis. Herein we applied blood induced microglial-like (iMG) cells. We recruited 25 adult patients with MMD and 24 healthy volunteers. Patients with MMD were subdivided into progressive (N = 7) or stable (N = 18) group whether novel symptoms or radiographic advancement of Suzuki stage within 1 year was observed or not. We produced 3 types of iMG cells; resting, M1-, and M2-induced cells from monocytes, then RNA sequencing followed by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and qPCR assay were performed. RNA sequencing of M2-induced iMG cells revealed that 600 genes were significantly upregulated (338) or downregulated (262) in patients with MMD. Inflammation and immune-related factors and angiogenesis-related factors were specifically associated with MMD in GO analysis. qPCR for MMP9, VEGFA, and TGFB1 expression validated these findings. This study is the first to demonstrate that M2 microglia may be involved in the angiogenic process of MMD. The iMG technique provides a promising approach to explore the bioactivity of microglia in cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritoshi Shirozu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohgidani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunya Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shogo Inamine
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sagata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Kimura
- Division of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
- Medical Genome Center, Research Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | - Ituro Inoue
- Division of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Koichi Arimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamizo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ataru Nishimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Maehara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Soh Takagishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuma Iwaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keiji Masuda
- Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Mizoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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17
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Zhan-Qiang H, Hai-Hua Q, Chi Z, Miao W, Cui Z, Zi-Yin L, Jing H, Yi-Wei W. miR-146a aggravates cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease-like pathology by triggering oxidative stress through MAPK signaling. Neurologia 2023; 38:486-494. [PMID: 37659839 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mir-146a-5p has been widely recognized as a critical regulatory element in the immune response. However, recent studies have shown that miR-146a-5p may also be involved in the development of Alzheimer disease (AD). Regrettably, the related mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of miR-146a in mice models and SH-SY5Y cells treated with amyloid β (Aβ)1-42. METHODS To create a model of AD, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with Aβ1-42 and mice received intracerebroventricular injections of Aβ1-42. Then, the transcriptional levels of miR-146a were estimated by real-time PCR. We transiently transfected the miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor into cells and mice to study the role of miR-146a. The role of signaling pathways including p38 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied by using specific inhibitors. Aβ and amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP)levels were measured by immunoblotting. Furthermore, Aβ expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence and histochemical examinations. RESULTS Aβ1-42-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells displayed increased transcriptional levels of miR-146a and APP. Moreover, the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and ROS production were activated upon stimulation with a miR-146a-5p mimic. However, treatment with a miR-146a-5p inhibitor decreased the levels of APP, ROS, and p-p38 MAPK. A similar phenomenon was also observed in the animals treated with Aβ1-42, in which miR-146a upregulation increased the expression of Aβ, p-p38, and ROS, while the inhibition of miR-146a had the opposite effect. This suggests that miR-146a increases Aβ deposition and ROS accumulation via the p-p38 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our research demonstrates that miR-146a-5pa increases Aβ deposition by triggering oxidative stress through activation of MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhan-Qiang
- Department of General medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Q Hai-Hua
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Z Chi
- Department of Neurology, Affilicated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - W Miao
- Department of General medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Z Cui
- Department of General medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - L Zi-Yin
- Department of General medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - H Jing
- Department of General medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - W Yi-Wei
- Department of General medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China.
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Homolak J. Targeting the microbiota-mitochondria crosstalk in neurodegeneration with senotherapeutics. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 136:339-383. [PMID: 37437983 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of age-related disorders characterized by a chronic and progressive loss of function and/or structure of synapses, neurons, and glial cells. The etiopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by a complex network of intricately intertwined pathophysiological processes that are still not fully understood. Safe and effective disease-modifying treatments are urgently needed, but still not available. Accumulating evidence suggests that gastrointestinal dyshomeostasis and microbial dysbiosis might play an important role in neurodegeneration by acting as either primary or secondary pathophysiological factors. The research on the role of microbiota in neurodegeneration is in its early phase; however, accumulating evidence suggests that dysbiosis might promote neurodegenerative diseases by disrupting mitochondrial function and inducing mitochondrial dysfunction-associated senescence (MiDAS), possibly due to bidirectional crosstalk based on the common evolutionary origin of mitochondria and bacteria. Cellular senescence is an onco-supressive homeostatic mechanism that results in an irreversible cell cycle arrest upon exposure to noxious stimuli. Senescent cells resist apoptosis via senescent cell anti-apoptotic pathways (SCAPs) and transition into a state known as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that generates a cytotoxic proinflammatory microenvironment. Cellular senescence results in the adoption of a detrimental vicious cycle driven by dysbiosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress - a pathophysiological positive feedback loop that results in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Detrimental effects of MiDAS might be prevented and abolished by mitochondria-targeted senotherapeutics, a group of drugs specifically designed to alleviate senescence by inhibiting SCAPs (senolytics), or inhibiting SASP (senomorphics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Chen HY, Zhao Y, Xie YZ. Immunosenescence of brain accelerates Alzheimer's disease progression. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:85-101. [PMID: 35791032 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases are sporadic and occur after age 65. With prolonged life expectancy and general population aging, AD is becoming a significant public health concern. The immune system supports brain development, plasticity, and homeostasis, yet it is particularly vulnerable to aging-related changes. Aging of the immune system, called immunosenescence, is the multifaceted remodeling of the immune system during aging. Immunosenescence is a contributing factor to various age-related diseases, including AD. Age-related changes in brain immune cell phenotype and function, crosstalk between immune cells and neural cells, and neuroinflammation work together to promote neurodegeneration and age-related cognitive impairment. Although numerous studies have confirmed the correlation between systemic immune changes and AD, few studies focus on the immune state of brain microenvironment in aging and AD. This review mainly addresses the changes of brain immune microenvironment in aging and AD. Specifically, we delineate how various aspects of the brain immune microenvironment, including immune gateways, immune cells, and molecules, and the interplay between immune cells and neural cells, accelerate AD pathogenesis during aging. We also propose a theoretical framework of therapeutic strategies selectively targeting the different mechanisms to restore brain immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Yu Chen
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510095, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.,Institute of Aging and Age-related Disease Research, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yong-Zhi Xie
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
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20
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miR-22 alleviates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury via targeting the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:409-421. [PMID: 35960478 PMCID: PMC9859886 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe complication of sepsis, and is strongly correlated with MicroRNAs (miRNAs). However, the mechanism of miR-22 on sepsis-induced AKI is not clearly understood. The study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of miR-22 on AKI. METHODS The AKI models were established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery in SD rats and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction in HBZY-1 cells. In AKI rats, the content of serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were detected. Kidney tissues were pathologically examined by H&E and PAS staining. The LPS-induced HBZY-1 cells were transfected with mimics miR-22, si-HMGB1, or oe-HMGB1. miR-22 and HMGB1 expression was detected in vivo and in vitro. In transfected cells, HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway-related protein expressions were measured by Western blot. The relationship between miR-22 and HMGB1 was assessed by a dual-luciferase gene report. Inflammatory cytokine levels in serum and cells were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS In AKI rats, kidney injury was observed, accompanied by the down-regulated miR-122 expression and up-regulated HMBG1 expression. The dual-luciferase report found miR-22-3p could targetly regulate HMBG1. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that the releases of inflammatory cytokine were increased after AKI modeling, but the situation was reversed by mimics miR-22 or si-HMGB1 in vitro. In HBZY-1 cells, mimics miR-22 could suppress LPS-induced overexpression of HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins. However, the oe-HMGB1 addition reversed the effect of mimics miR-22. CONCLUSION miR-22 can inhibit the inflammatory response, target the HMGB1, and inhibit the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-kB pathway, to attenuate the sepsis-induced AKI, which indicates that miR-22 may serve as a potential treatment target in sepsis-induced AKI.
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21
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Wang Q, Song LJ, Ding ZB, Chai Z, Yu JZ, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Advantages of Rho-associated kinases and their inhibitor fasudil for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2623-2631. [PMID: 35662192 PMCID: PMC9165373 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog (Rho)-associated kinases (ROCKs) belong to the serine-threonine kinase family, which plays a pivotal role in regulating the damage, survival, axon guidance, and regeneration of neurons. ROCKs are also involved in the biological effects of immune cells and glial cells, as well as the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Previous studies by us and others confirmed that ROCKs inhibitors attenuated the symptoms and progression of experimental models of the abovementioned neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting neuroinflammation, regulating immune imbalance, repairing the blood-brain barrier, and promoting nerve repair and myelin regeneration. Fasudil, the first ROCKs inhibitor to be used clinically, has a good therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative diseases. Fasudil increases the activity of neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, thus optimizing cell therapy. This review will systematically describe, for the first time, the effects of abnormal activation of ROCKs on T cells, B cells, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and pericytes in neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system, summarize the therapeutic potential of fasudil in several experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases, and clarify the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of ROCKs inhibition. This review also proposes that fasudil is a novel potential treatment, especially in combination with cell-based therapy. Findings from this review add support for further investigation of ROCKs and its inhibitor fasudil for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Research Center of Neurobiology, The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Song
- Research Center of Neurobiology, The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Ding
- Research Center of Neurobiology, The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi Chai
- Research Center of Neurobiology, The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Datong Fifth People’s Hospital, Datong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Research Center of Neurobiology, The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Research Center of Neurobiology, The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province, China
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Immunosenescence and Aging: Neuroinflammation Is a Prominent Feature of Alzheimer's Disease and Is a Likely Contributor to Neurodegenerative Disease Pathogenesis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111817. [PMID: 36579548 PMCID: PMC9698256 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic multifactorial and complex neuro-degenerative disorder characterized by memory impairment and the loss of cognitive ability, which is a problem affecting the elderly. The pathological intracellular accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated Tau proteins, forming neurofibrillary tangles, and extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, forming senile plaques, as well as neural disconnection, neural death and synaptic dysfunction in the brain, are hallmark pathologies that characterize AD. The prevalence of the disease continues to increase globally due to the increase in longevity, quality of life, and medical treatment for chronic diseases that decreases the mortality and enhance the survival of elderly. Medical awareness and the accurate diagnosis of the disease also contribute to the high prevalence observed globally. Unfortunately, no definitive treatment exists that can be used to modify the course of AD, and no available treatment is capable of mitigating the cognitive decline or reversing the pathology of the disease as of yet. A plethora of hypotheses, ranging from the cholinergic theory and dominant Aβ cascade hypothesis to the abnormally excessive phosphorylated Tau protein hypothesis, have been reported. Various explanations for the pathogenesis of AD, such as the abnormal excitation of the glutamate system and mitochondrial dysfunction, have also been suggested. Despite the continuous efforts to deliver significant benefits and an effective treatment for this distressing, globally attested aging illness, multipronged approaches and strategies for ameliorating the disease course based on knowledge of the underpinnings of the pathogenesis of AD are urgently needed. Immunosenescence is an immune deficit process that appears with age (inflammaging process) and encompasses the remodeling of the lymphoid organs, leading to alterations in the immune function and neuroinflammation during advanced aging, which is closely linked to the outgrowth of infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignant cancers. It is well known that long-standing inflammation negatively influences the brain over the course of a lifetime due to the senescence of the immune system. Herein, we aim to trace the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, we explore alternative avenues, such as neuroimmune involvement in the pathogenesis of AD. We determine the initial triggers of neuroinflammation, which is an early episode in the pre-symptomatic stages of AD and contributes to the advancement of the disease, and the underlying key mechanisms of brain damage that might aid in the development of therapeutic strategies that can be used to combat this devastating disease. In addition, we aim to outline the ways in which different aspects of the immune system, both in the brain and peripherally, behave and thus to contribute to AD.
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23
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Merighi S, Nigro M, Travagli A, Gessi S. Microglia and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12990. [PMID: 36361780 PMCID: PMC9657945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a huge need for novel therapeutic and preventative approaches to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and neuroinflammation seems to be one of the most fascinating solutions. The primary cell type that performs immunosurveillance and helps clear out unwanted chemicals from the brain is the microglia. Microglia work to reestablish efficiency and stop further degeneration in the early stages of AD but mainly fail in the illness's later phases. This may be caused by a number of reasons, e.g., a protracted exposure to cytokines that induce inflammation and an inappropriate accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. Extracellular amyloid and/or intraneuronal phosphorylated tau in AD can both activate microglia. The activation of TLRs and scavenger receptors, inducing the activation of numerous inflammatory pathways, including the NF-kB, JAK-STAT, and NLRP3 inflammasome, facilitates microglial phagocytosis and activation in response to these mediators. Aβ/tau are taken up by microglia, and their removal from the extracellular space can also have protective effects, but if the illness worsens, an environment that is constantly inflamed and overexposed to an oxidative environment might encourage continuous microglial activation, which can lead to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, iron overload, and neurotoxicity. The complexity and diversity of the roles that microglia play in health and disease necessitate the urgent development of new biomarkers that identify the activity of different microglia. It is imperative to comprehend the intricate mechanisms that result in microglial impairment to develop new immunomodulating therapies that primarily attempt to recover the physiological role of microglia, allowing them to carry out their core function of brain protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Peng J, Ghosh D, Zhang F, Yang L, Wu J, Pang J, Zhang L, Yin S, Jiang Y. Advancement of epigenetics in stroke. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:981726. [PMID: 36312038 PMCID: PMC9610114 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.981726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide plethora of intervention procedures, tissue plasminogen activators, mechanical thrombectomy, and several neuroprotective drugs were reported in stroke research over the last decennium. However, against this vivid background of newly emerging pieces of evidence, there is little to no advancement in the overall functional outcomes. With the advancement of epigenetic tools and technologies associated with intervention medicine, stroke research has entered a new fertile. The stroke involves an overabundance of inflammatory responses arising in part due to the body's immune response to brain injury. Neuroinflammation contributes to significant neuronal cell death and the development of functional impairment and even death in stroke patients. Recent studies have demonstrated that epigenetics plays a key role in post-stroke conditions, leading to inflammatory responses and alteration of the microenvironment within the injured tissue. In this review, we summarize the progress of epigenetics which provides an overview of recent advancements on the emerging key role of secondary brain injury in stroke. We also discuss potential epigenetic therapies related to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dipritu Ghosh
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinpeng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shigang Yin
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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25
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Dragović IR, Popović N, Ždralević M, Radulović L, Radunović M. Inflammation-Related microRNAs-146a and -155 Are Upregulated in Mild Cognitive Impairment Subjects Among Older Age Population in Montenegro. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:625-638. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Pathological and clinical features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are in temporal discrepancy and currently accepted clinical tests provide the diagnosis decades after the initial pathophysiological events. In order to enable a more timely detection of AD, research efforts are directed to identification of biomarkers of the early symptomatic stage. Neuroinflammatory signaling pathways and inflammation-related microRNAs (miRNAs) could possibly have a crucial role in AD, making them promising potential biomarkers. Objective: We examined the expression of circulatory miRNAs with a documented role in AD pathophysiology: miR-29a/b, miR-101, miR-125b, miR-146a, and miR-155 in the plasma of AD patients (AD, n = 12), people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 9), and normocognitive group (CTRL, n = 18). We hypothesized that these miRNA expression levels could correlate with the level of participants’ cognitive decline. Methods: The study participants completed the standardized interview, neurological examination, neuropsychological assessment, and biochemical analyses. miRNA expression levels were assessed by RT-PCR. Results: Neurological and laboratory findings could not account for MCI, but miR-146a and -155 were upregulated in the MCI group compared to the control. miR-146a, known to mediate early neuroinflammatory AD events, was also upregulated in the MCI compared to AD group. ROC curve analysis for miRNA-146a showed 77.8% sensitivity and 94.4% specificity and 66.7% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity for miR-155. Conclusion: Determination of circulatory inflamma-miRs-146a and -155 expression, together with neuropsychological screening, could become a non-invasive tool for detecting individuals with an increased risk for AD, but research on a larger cohort is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nataša Popović
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Maša Ždralević
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Ljiljana Radulović
- Clinical Center of Montenegro, Department of Neurology, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Miodrag Radunović
- University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
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Heavener KS, Bradshaw EM. The aging immune system in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:649-657. [PMID: 35505128 PMCID: PMC9519729 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The neurodegenerative diseases Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) both have a myriad of risk factors including genetics, environmental exposures, and lifestyle. However, aging is the strongest risk factor for both diseases. Aging also profoundly influences the immune system, with immunosenescence perhaps the most prominent outcome. Through genetics, mouse models, and pathology, there is a growing appreciation of the role the immune system plays in neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we explore the intersection of aging and the immune system in AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey S Heavener
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bradshaw
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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27
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Wendimu MY, Hooks SB. Microglia Phenotypes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:2091. [PMID: 35805174 PMCID: PMC9266143 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which function as first-line immune guardians of the central nervous system (CNS), are the central drivers of neuroinflammation. Numerous human postmortem studies and in vivo imaging analyses have shown chronically activated microglia in patients with various acute and chronic neuropathological diseases. While microglial activation is a common feature of many NDs, the exact role of microglia in various pathological states is complex and often contradictory. However, there is a consensus that microglia play a biphasic role in pathological conditions, with detrimental and protective phenotypes, and the overall response of microglia and the activation of different phenotypes depends on the nature and duration of the inflammatory insult, as well as the stage of disease development. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current research on the various microglia phenotypes and inflammatory responses in health, aging, and NDs, with a special emphasis on the heterogeneous phenotypic response of microglia in acute and chronic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke (HS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). The primary focus is translational research in preclinical animal models and bulk/single-cell transcriptome studies in human postmortem samples. Additionally, this review covers key microglial receptors and signaling pathways that are potential therapeutic targets to regulate microglial inflammatory responses during aging and in NDs. Additionally, age-, sex-, and species-specific microglial differences will be briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shelley B. Hooks
- Hooks Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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Li Y, Lu J, Hou Y, Huang S, Pei G. Alzheimer’s Amyloid-β Accelerates Human Neuronal Cell Senescence Which Could Be Rescued by Sirtuin-1 and Aspirin. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:906270. [PMID: 35783098 PMCID: PMC9249263 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.906270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a major biological process related to aging. Neuronal cell senescence contributes to the pathogenesis of many aging-related neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we showed that amyloid-β42 oligomers (Aβ), one of the core pathological players of AD, significantly upregulated the expression of senescence markers, p21, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and SA-β-gal (senescence-associated β-galactosidase) in multiple human neuronal cells, including SK-N-SH cells, SH-SY5Y cells, and neural stem cell (NSC)-derived neuronal cells. Moreover, it was consistently observed among the cells that Aβ promoted senescence-associated DNA damage as the levels of 8-OHdG staining, histone variant H2AX phosphorylation (γ-H2AX), and genomic DNA lesion increased. Mechanism study revealed that the exposure of Aβ markedly suppressed the expression of sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), a critical regulator of aging, and the exogenous expression of SIRT1 alleviated Aβ-induced cell senescence phenotypes. To our surprise, a widely used cardiovascular drug aspirin considerably rescued Aβ-induced cellular senescence at least partially through its regulation of SIRT1. In conclusion, our findings clearly demonstrate that exposure of Aβ alone is sufficient to accelerate the senescence of human neuronal cells through the downregulation of SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujun Hou
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shichao Huang,
| | - Gang Pei
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Gang Pei,
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29
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Sex Differences in Metabolic Indices and Chronic Neuroinflammation in Response to Prolonged High-Fat Diet in ApoE4 Knock-In Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073921. [PMID: 35409283 PMCID: PMC8999114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) likely results from combinations of risk factors that include both genetic predisposition and modifiable lifestyle factors. The E4 allele of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the most significant genetic risk factor for LOAD. A Western-pattern diet (WD) has been shown to strongly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, conditions which have been strongly linked to an increased risk for developing AD. Little is known about how the WD may contribute to, or enhance, the increased risk presented by possession of the ApoE4 allele. To model this interaction over the course of a lifetime, we exposed male and female homozygote ApoE4 knock-in mice and wild-type controls to nine months of a high-fat WD or standard chow diet. At eleven months of age, the mice were tested for glucose tolerance and then for general activity and spatial learning and memory. Postmortem analysis of liver function and neuroinflammation in the brain was also assessed. Our results suggest that behavior impairments resulted from the convergence of interacting metabolic alterations, made worse in a male ApoE4 mice group who also showed liver dysfunction, leading to a higher level of inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Interestingly, female ApoE4 mice on a WD revealed impairments in spatial learning and memory without the observed liver dysfunction or increase in inflammatory markers in the brain. These results suggest multiple direct and indirect pathways through which ApoE and diet-related factors interact. The striking sex difference in markers of chronic neuroinflammation in male ApoE4 mice fed the high-fat WD suggests a specific mechanism of interaction conferring significant enhanced LOAD risk for humans with the ApoE4 allele, which may differ between sexes. Additionally, our results suggest researchers exercise caution when designing and interpreting results of experiments employing a WD, being careful not to assume a WD impacts both sexes by the same mechanisms.
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Guo L, Choi S, Bikkannavar P, Cordeiro MF. Microglia: Key Players in Retinal Ageing and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:804782. [PMID: 35370560 PMCID: PMC8968040 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.804782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and play a key role in maintaining the normal function of the retina and brain. During early development, microglia migrate into the retina, transform into a highly ramified phenotype, and scan their environment constantly. Microglia can be activated by any homeostatic disturbance that may endanger neurons and threaten tissue integrity. Once activated, the young microglia exhibit a high diversity in their phenotypes as well as their functions, which relate to either beneficial or harmful consequences. Microglial activation is associated with the release of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that can determine pathological outcomes. As the professional phagocytes in the retina, microglia are responsible for the clearance of pathogens, dead cells, and protein aggregates. However, their phenotypic diversity and phagocytic capacity is compromised with ageing. This may result in the accumulation of protein aggregates and myelin debris leading to retinal neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we describe microglial phenotypes and functions in the context of the young and ageing retina, and the mechanisms underlying changes in ageing. Additionally, we review microglia-mediated retinal neuroinflammation and discuss the mechanisms of microglial involvement in retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Li Guo,
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Ophthalmology Research Group, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- M. Francesca Cordeiro,
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A Possible Pathogenic PSEN2 Gly56Ser Mutation in a Korean Patient with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062967. [PMID: 35328387 PMCID: PMC8953053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) is characterized by the presence of neurological symptoms in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) before 65 years of age. Mutations in pathological genes, including amyloid protein precursor (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), and presenilin-2 (PSEN2), were associated with EOAD. Seventy-six mutations in PSEN2 have been found around the world, which could affect the activity of γ-secretase in amyloid beta processing. Here, a heterozygous PSEN2 point mutation from G to A nucleotide change at position 166 (codon 56; c.166G>A, Gly56Ser) was identified in a 64-year-old Korean female with AD with progressive cognitive memory impairment for the 4 years prior to the hospital visit. Hippocampal atrophy was observed from magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging analyses. Temporal and parietal cortex hypometabolisms were identified using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. This mutation was at the N-terminal portion of the presenilin 2 protein on the cytosolic side. Therefore, the serine substitution may have promoted AD pathogenesis by perturbing to the mutation region through altered phosphorylation of presenilin. In silico analysis revealed that the mutation altered protein bulkiness with increased hydrophilicity and reduced flexibility of the mutated region of the protein. Structural changes were likely caused by intramolecular interactions between serine and other residues, which may have affected APP processing. The functional study will clarify the pathogenicity of the mutation in the future.
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Yousefi-Ahmadipour A, Sartipi M, Khodadadi H, Shariati-Kohbanani M, Arababadi MK. Toll-like receptor 4 and the inflammation during aging. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRICS 2022. [DOI: 10.36150/2499-6564-n471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Ma Y, Fan P, Zhao R, Zhang Y, Wang X, Cui W. Neuregulin-1 regulates the conversion of M1/M2 microglia phenotype via ErbB4-dependent inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3975-3986. [PMID: 35166983 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory response caused by microglia in the central nervous system plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease. Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) is a member of the neuregulin family and has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory properties. The relationship between NRG1, microglia phenotype and neuroinflammation remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS BV2 cells were used to examine the mechanism of NRG1 in regulating microglia polarization. Neuronal apoptosis, inflammatory factors TNF-α and iNOS, microglia polarization, ErbB4 and NF-κB p65 expression were assessed. RESULTS We found that exogenous NRG1 treatment or overexpression improved microglial activity and reduced the secretion of the inflammatory factors TNF-α and iNOS in vitro. The expression of Bax in SH-SY5Y neuron cells incubated with medium collected from the NRG1 treatment group decreased. Additionally, our study showed that NRG1 treatment reduced the levels of the M1 microglia markers CD120 and iNOS and increased the levels of the M2 microglia markers CD206 and Arg-1. Furthermore, we observed that NRG1 treatment attenuated Aβ-induced NF-κB activation and promoted the expression of p-ErbB4 and that knockdown of ErbB4 abrogated the effects of NRG1 on NF-κB, Bax levels and M2 microglial polarization. CONCLUSION NRG1 inhibits the release of inflammatory factors in microglia and regulates the switching of the M1/M2 microglia phenotype, most likely via ErbB4-dependent inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peixia Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Weigang Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China. .,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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Profiling Microglia in a Mouse Model of Machado–Joseph Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020237. [PMID: 35203447 PMCID: PMC8869404 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia have been increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and specific disease associated microglia (DAM) profiles have been defined for several of these NDs. Yet, the microglial profile in Machado–Joseph disease (MJD) remains unexplored. Here, we characterized the profile of microglia in the CMVMJD135 mouse model of MJD. This characterization was performed using primary microglial cultures and microglial cells obtained from disease-relevant brain regions of neonatal and adult CMVMJD135 mice, respectively. Machine learning models were implemented to identify potential clusters of microglia based on their morphological features, and an RNA-sequencing analysis was performed to identify molecular perturbations and potential therapeutic targets. Our findings reveal morphological alterations that point to an increased activation state of microglia in CMVMJD135 mice and a disease-specific transcriptional profile of MJD microglia, encompassing a total of 101 differentially expressed genes, with enrichment in molecular pathways related to oxidative stress, immune response, cell proliferation, cell death, and lipid metabolism. Overall, these results allowed us to define the cellular and molecular profile of MJD-associated microglia and to identify genes and pathways that might represent potential therapeutic targets for this disorder.
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Fernandes A, Caldeira C, Cunha C, Ferreiro E, Vaz AR, Brites D. Differences in Immune-Related Genes Underlie Temporal and Regional Pathological Progression in 3xTg-AD Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010137. [PMID: 35011699 PMCID: PMC8750089 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of age-associated dementia, is estimated to increase over the next decades. Evidence suggests neuro-immune signaling deregulation and risk genes beyond the amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in AD pathology. We examined the temporal profile of inflammatory mediators and microglia deactivation/activation in the brain cortex and hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice at 3- and 9-month-old. We found upregulated APP processing, decreased expression of CD11b, CX3CR1, MFG-E8, TNF-α, IL-1β, MHC-II and C/EBP-α and increased miR-146a in both brain regions in 3-month-old 3xTG-AD mice, suggestive of a restrictive regulation. Enhanced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, SOCS1 and Arginase 1 were only present in the hippocampus of 9-month-old animals, though elevation of HMGB1 and reduction of miR-146a and miR-124 were common features in the hippocampus and cortex regions. miR-155 increased early in the cortex and later in both regions, supporting its potential as a biomarker. Candidate downregulated target genes by cortical miR-155 included Foxo3, Runx2 and CEBPβ at 3 months and Foxo3, Runx2 and Socs1 at 9 months, which are implicated in cell survival, but also in Aβ pathology and microglia/astrocyte dysfunction. Data provide new insights across AD state trajectory, with divergent microglia phenotypes and inflammatory-associated features, and identify critical targets for drug discovery and combinatorial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Fernandes
- Central Nervous System, Blood and Peripheral Inflammation, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (D.B.); Tel.: +351-217946450 (D.B.)
| | - Cláudia Caldeira
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Carolina Cunha
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.C.)
- Bruno Silva-Santos Lab, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ferreiro
- MitoXT-Mitochondrial Toxicologu and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal;
- III-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Vaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.C.); (C.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.F.); (D.B.); Tel.: +351-217946450 (D.B.)
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Chen J, Li Q, Zhu J, Yuan Z, Wang T, Song J. GPR40 Agonist Ameliorate Pathological Neuroinflammation of Alzheimer's Disease via the Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Immune System, a Mini-Review. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:2175-2185. [PMID: 34505972 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a central disease with high incidence, and its pathological process is closely associated with changes of some biological indicators in the periphery. Among them, the intestinal flora mainly causes a series of pathological changes such as inflammation through the immune system, which may contribute to the pathological process of AD. In this paper, we mainly focused the relationship between gut microbiota and immune system disorder in the neuropathology of AD, underlining the significance of the advanced mechanism of inflammatory response and providing a new direction for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianheng Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zijing Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Dyne E, Cawood M, Suzelis M, Russell R, Kim MH. Ultrastructural analysis of the morphological phenotypes of microglia associated with neuroinflammatory cues. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1263-1275. [PMID: 34773250 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the central nervous system that are responsible for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. There is a plethora of evidence to suggest that microglia display distinct phenotypes that are associated with the alteration of cell morphology under varying environmental cues. However, it has not been fully explored how the varying states of microglial activation are linked to the alteration of microglia morphology, especially in the microdomain. The objective of this study was to quantitatively characterize the ultrastructural morphology of human microglia under neuroinflammatory cues. To address this, a human cell line of microglia was stimulated by antiinflammatory (IL-4), proinflammatory (TNF-α), and Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated cues (Aβ, Aβ + TNF-α). The resulting effects on microglia morphology associated with changes in microdomain were analyzed using a high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Our findings demonstrated that microglial activation under proinflammatory and AD-cues were closely linked to changes not only in cell shape but also in cell surface topography and higher-order branching of processes. Furthermore, our results revealed that microglia under proinflammatory cues exhibited unique morphological features involving cell-to-cell contact and the formation of vesicle-like structures. Our study provides insight into the fine details of microglia morphology associated with varying status of microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dyne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Meghan Cawood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Suzelis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Reagan Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
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Xin J, Wang C, Cheng X, Xie C, Zhang Q, Ke Y, Huang X, Chen X, Pan X. CX3C-chemokine receptor 1 modulates cognitive dysfunction induced by sleep deprivation. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 135:205-215. [PMID: 34732662 PMCID: PMC8769116 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia plays an indispensable role in the pathological process of sleep deprivation (SD). Here, the potential role of microglial CX3C-chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) in modulating the cognition decline during SD was evaluated in terms of microglial neuroinflammation and synaptic pruning. In this study, we aimed to investigat whether the interference in the microglial function by the CX3CR1 knockout affects the CNS's response to SD. METHODS Middle-aged wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 and CX3CR1-/- mice were either subjected to SD or allowed normal sleep (S) for 8 h to mimic the pathophysiological changes of middle-aged people after staying up all night. After which, behavioral and histological tests were used to explore their different changes. RESULTS CX3CR1 deficiency prevented SD-induced cognitive impairments, unlike WT groups. Compared with the CX3CR1-/- S group, the CX3CR1-/- SD mice reported a markedly decreased microglia and cellular oncogene fos density in the dentate gyrus (DG), decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased microglial phagocytosis-related factors, whereas increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and a significant increase in the density of spines of the DG were also noted. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CX3CR1 deficiency leads to different cerebral behaviors and responses to SD. The inflammation-attenuating activity and the related modification of synaptic pruning are possible mechanism candidates, which indicate CX3CR1 as a candidate therapeutic target for the prevention of the sleep loss-induced cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Xiaojuan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Changfu Xie
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Yilang Ke
- Department of Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Xuanyu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China
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Wei Y, Gao J, Xu F, Shi J, Yu C, Gong Q. A network pharmacological approach to investigate the pharmacological effects of CZ2HF decoction on Alzheimer's disease. IBRAIN 2021; 7:153-170. [PMID: 37786799 PMCID: PMC10529192 DOI: 10.1002/j.2769-2795.2021.tb00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, which brings tremendous burden to the sufferers and society. However, ideal tactics are unavailable for AD. Our previous study has shown that CZ2HF, a Chinese herb preparation, mitigates cognitive impairment in AD rats; whereas, its detailed mechanism has not been elucidated. Methods Public databases were applied to collect and identify the chemical ingredients of eight herbs in CZ2HF. Criteria of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion was used to screen oral bio-availability and drug-likeness. STITCH database and Therapeutic Target Database were applied to decipher the relationship between compounds and genes related to AD. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology term analyses were used to identify the involved signaling pathways. Cytoscape was adopted to establish the networks The molecular docking was used to validate the interactions between the candidate compounds and their potential targets. Results 914 compounds were identified in eight herbal medicines of CZ2HF. Among them, 9 compounds and 28 genes were highly involved in the pathologic process of AD. Furthermore, the mechanism of CZ2HF to AD was based on its anti-inflammatory effects mainly through lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway and TNF signaling pathway. Core genes in this network were TNF, ICAM1, MMP9 and IL-10. Conclusion This study predicts the active compounds in CZ2HF and uncovers their protein targets using holistic network pharmacology methods. It will provide a insight into the underlying mechanism of CZ2HF to AD from a multi-scale perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wei
- Department of Pharmacythe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Jian‐Mei Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics of School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Department of PharmacologyKey Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Fan Xu
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and MedicineAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University FreiburgFreiburgBaden‐WürttembergGermany
| | - Jing‐Shan Shi
- Department of PharmacologyKey Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Chang‐Yin Yu
- Department of Neurologythe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Qi‐Hai Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics of School of PharmacyZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Department of PharmacologyKey Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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40
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Callizot N, Estrella C, Burlet S, Henriques A, Brantis C, Barrier M, Campanari ML, Verwaerde P. AZP2006, a new promising treatment for Alzheimer's and related diseases. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16806. [PMID: 34413330 PMCID: PMC8376949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a protein with multiple functions including the regulation of neuroinflammation, neuronal survival, neurite and synapsis growth. Although the mechanisms of action of PGRN are currently unknown, its potential therapeutic application in treating neurodegenerative diseases is huge. Thus, strategies to increase PGRN levels in patients could provide an effective treatment. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AZP2006, a lysotropic molecule now in phase 2a clinical trial in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy patients, for its ability to increase PGRN level and promote neuroprotection. We showed for the first time the in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effects of AZP2006 in neurons injured with Aβ1-42 and in two different pathological animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and aging. Thus, the chronic treatment with AZP2006 was shown to reduce the loss of central synapses and neurons but also to dramatically decrease the massive neuroinflammation associated with the animal pathology. A deeper investigation showed that the beneficial effects of AZP2006 were associated with PGRN production. Also, AZP2006 binds to PSAP (the cofactor of PGRN) and inhibits TLR9 receptors normally responsible for proinflammation when activated. Altogether, these results showed the high potential of AZP2006 as a new putative treatment for AD and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Callizot
- Alzprotect, Parc Eurasanté, 85C rue Nelson Mandela, 59120, Loos, France.
- Neuro-Sys, 410 Chemin Départemental 60, 13120, Gardanne, France.
| | - C Estrella
- Alzprotect, Parc Eurasanté, 85C rue Nelson Mandela, 59120, Loos, France
| | - S Burlet
- Alzprotect, Parc Eurasanté, 85C rue Nelson Mandela, 59120, Loos, France
| | - A Henriques
- Neuro-Sys, 410 Chemin Départemental 60, 13120, Gardanne, France
| | - C Brantis
- Alzprotect, Parc Eurasanté, 85C rue Nelson Mandela, 59120, Loos, France
| | - M Barrier
- Alzprotect, Parc Eurasanté, 85C rue Nelson Mandela, 59120, Loos, France
| | - M L Campanari
- Neuro-Sys, 410 Chemin Départemental 60, 13120, Gardanne, France
| | - P Verwaerde
- Alzprotect, Parc Eurasanté, 85C rue Nelson Mandela, 59120, Loos, France
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Pascual M, Calvo-Rodriguez M, Núñez L, Villalobos C, Ureña J, Guerri C. Toll-like receptors in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and alcohol-induced brain damage. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:900-915. [PMID: 34033211 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or pattern recognition receptors respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or internal damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). TLRs are integral membrane proteins with both extracellular leucine-rich and cytoplasmic domains that initiate downstream signaling through kinases by activating transcription factors like AP-1 and NF-κB, which lead to the release of various inflammatory cytokines and immune modulators. In the central nervous system, different TLRs are expressed mainly in microglia and astroglial cells, although some TLRs are also expressed in oligodendroglia and neurons. Activation of TLRs triggers signaling cascades by the host as a defense mechanism against invaders to repair damaged tissue. However, overactivation of TLRs disrupts the sustained immune homeostasis-induced production of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as cytokines, miRNAs, and inflammatory components of extracellular vesicles. These inflammatory mediators can, in turn, induce neuroinflammation, and neural tissue damage associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses the critical role of TLRs response in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and alcohol-induced brain damage and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pascual
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Calvo-Rodriguez
- Alzheimer's Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lucía Núñez
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and National Research Council (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carlos Villalobos
- Institute of Biology and Molecular Genetics (IBGM), University of Valladolid and National Research Council (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Juan Ureña
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology of Alcohol, Príncipe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
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Goto T, Kuramoto E, Dhar A, Wang RPH, Seki H, Iwai H, Yamanaka A, Matsumoto SE, Hara H, Michikawa M, Ohyagi Y, Leung WK, Chang RCC. Neurodegeneration of Trigeminal Mesencephalic Neurons by the Tooth Loss Triggers the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease in 3×Tg-AD Model Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 76:1443-1459. [PMID: 32651317 PMCID: PMC7505011 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Vmes) is not only anatomically adjacent to the locus coeruleus (LC) but is also tightly associated with the function of the LC. The LC can be the first area in which Alzheimer's disease (AD) develops, although it is unclear how LC neuronal loss occurs. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether neuronal death in the Vmes can be spread to adjacent LC in female triple transgenic (3×Tg)-AD mice, how amyloid-β (Aβ) is involved in LC neuronal loss, and how this neurodegeneration affects cognitive function. METHODS The molars of 3×Tg-AD mice were extracted, and the mice were reared for one week to 4 months. Immunohistochemical analysis, and spatial learning/memory assessment using the Barnes maze were carried out. RESULTS In 4-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice, aggregated cytotoxic Aβ42 was found in granules in Vmes neurons. Neuronal death in the Vmes occurred after tooth extraction, resulting in the release of cytotoxic Aβ42 and an increase in CD86 immunoreactive microglia. Released Aβ42 damaged the LC, in turn inducing a significant reduction in hippocampal neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions receiving projections from the LC. Based on spatial learning/memory assessment, after the tooth extraction in the 4-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice, increased latency was observed in 5-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice 1 month after tooth extraction, which is similar increase of latency observed in control 8-month-old 3×Tg-AD mice. Measures of cognitive deficits suggested an earlier shift to dementia-like behavior after tooth extraction. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that tooth extraction in the predementia stage can trigger the spread of neurodegeneration from the Vmes, LC, and hippocampus and accelerate the onset of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Goto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Eriko Kuramoto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ashis Dhar
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rachel Pei-Hsuan Wang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, chool of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Haruka Seki
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Haruki Iwai
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamanaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shin-Ei Matsumoto
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Hara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Michikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ohyagi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Wai Keung Leung
- Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, chool of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
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Greenwood EK, Brown DR. Senescent Microglia: The Key to the Ageing Brain? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4402. [PMID: 33922383 PMCID: PMC8122783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing represents the single biggest risk factor for development of neurodegenerative disease. Despite being such long-lived cells, microglia have been relatively understudied for their role in the ageing process. Reliably identifying aged microglia has proven challenging, not least due to the diversity of cell populations, and the limitations of available models, further complicated by differences between human and rodent cells. Consequently, the literature contains multiple descriptions and categorisations of microglia with neurotoxic phenotypes, including senescence, without any unifying markers. The role of microglia in brain homeostasis, particularly iron storage and metabolism, may provide a key to reliable identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
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Ernest James Phillips T, Maguire E. Phosphoinositides: Roles in the Development of Microglial-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:652593. [PMID: 33841102 PMCID: PMC8032904 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.652593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are increasingly recognized as vital players in the pathology of a variety of neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) disease. While microglia have a protective role in the brain, their dysfunction can lead to neuroinflammation and contributes to disease progression. Also, a growing body of literature highlights the seven phosphoinositides, or PIPs, as key players in the regulation of microglial-mediated neuroinflammation. These small signaling lipids are phosphorylated derivates of phosphatidylinositol, are enriched in the brain, and have well-established roles in both homeostasis and disease.Disrupted PIP levels and signaling has been detected in a variety of dementias. Moreover, many known AD disease modifiers identified via genetic studies are expressed in microglia and are involved in phospholipid metabolism. One of these, the enzyme PLCγ2 that hydrolyzes the PIP species PI(4,5)P2, displays altered expression in AD and PD and is currently being investigated as a potential therapeutic target.Perhaps unsurprisingly, neurodegenerative conditions exhibiting PIP dyshomeostasis also tend to show alterations in aspects of microglial function regulated by these lipids. In particular, phosphoinositides regulate the activities of proteins and enzymes required for endocytosis, toll-like receptor signaling, purinergic signaling, chemotaxis, and migration, all of which are affected in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions. These functions are crucial to allow microglia to adequately survey the brain and respond appropriately to invading pathogens and other abnormalities, including misfolded proteins. AD and PD therapies are being developed to target many of the above pathways, and although not yet investigated, simultaneous PIP manipulation might enhance the beneficial effects observed. Currently, only limited therapeutics are available for dementia, and although these show some benefits for symptom severity and progression, they are far from curative. Given the importance of microglia and PIPs in dementia development, this review summarizes current research and asks whether we can exploit this information to design more targeted, or perhaps combined, dementia therapeutics. More work is needed to fully characterize the pathways discussed in this review, but given the strength of the current literature, insights in this area could be invaluable for the future of neurodegenerative disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Maguire
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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45
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Zhan-Qiang H, Hai-Hua Q, Chi Z, Miao W, Cui Z, Zi-Yin L, Jing H, Yi-Wei W. miR-146a aggravates cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease-like pathology by triggering oxidative stress through MAPK signaling. Neurologia 2021; 38:S0213-4853(21)00022-0. [PMID: 33715884 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mir-146a-5p has been widely recognized as a critical regulatory element in the immune response. However, recent studies have shown that miR-146a-5p may also be involved in the development of Alzheimer disease (AD). Regrettably, the related mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of miR-146a in mice models and SH-SY5Y cells treated with amyloid β (Aβ)1-42. METHODS To create a model of AD, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with Aβ1-42 and mice received intracerebroventricular injections of Aβ1-42. Then, the transcriptional levels of miR-146a were estimated by real-time PCR. We transiently transfected the miR-146a-5p mimic/inhibitor into cells and mice to study the role of miR-146a. The role of signaling pathways including p38 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied by using specific inhibitors. Aβ and amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP)levels were measured by immunoblotting. Furthermore, Aβ expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence and histochemical examinations. RESULTS Aβ1-42-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells displayed increased transcriptional levels of miR-146a and APP. Moreover, the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and ROS production were activated upon stimulation with a miR-146a-5p mimic. However, treatment with a miR-146a-5p inhibitor decreased the levels of APP, ROS, and p-p38 MAPK. A similar phenomenon was also observed in the animals treated with Aβ1-42, in which miR-146a upregulation increased the expression of Aβ, p-p38, and ROS, while the inhibition of miR-146a had the opposite effect. This suggests that miR-146a increases Aβ deposition and ROS accumulation via the p-p38 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our research demonstrates that miR-146a-5pa increases Aβ deposition by triggering oxidative stress through activation of MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhan-Qiang
- Department of General medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Q Hai-Hua
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Z Chi
- Department of Neurology, Affilicated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - W Miao
- Department of General medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - Z Cui
- Department of General medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - L Zi-Yin
- Department of General medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - H Jing
- Department of General medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China
| | - W Yi-Wei
- Department of General medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, China.
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Traetta ME, Codagnone MG, Uccelli NA, Ramos AJ, Zárate S, Reinés A. Hippocampal neurons isolated from rats subjected to the valproic acid model mimic in vivo synaptic pattern: evidence of neuronal priming during early development in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism 2021; 12:23. [PMID: 33676530 PMCID: PMC7937248 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are synaptopathies characterized by area-specific synaptic alterations and neuroinflammation. Structural and adhesive features of hippocampal synapses have been described in the valproic acid (VPA) model. However, neuronal and microglial contribution to hippocampal synaptic pattern and its time-course of appearance is still unknown. METHODS Male pups born from pregnant rats injected at embryonic day 10.5 with VPA (450 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (control) were used. Maturation, exploratory activity and social interaction were assessed as autistic-like traits. Synaptic, cell adhesion and microglial markers were evaluated in the CA3 hippocampal region at postnatal day (PND) 3 and 35. Primary cultures of hippocampal neurons from control and VPA animals were used to study synaptic features and glutamate-induced structural remodeling. Basal and stimuli-mediated reactivity was assessed on microglia primary cultures isolated from control and VPA animals. RESULTS At PND3, before VPA behavioral deficits were evident, synaptophysin immunoreactivity and the balance between the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and its polysialylated form (PSA-NCAM) were preserved in the hippocampus of VPA animals along with the absence of microgliosis. At PND35, concomitantly with the establishment of behavioral deficits, the hippocampus of VPA rats showed fewer excitatory synapses and increased NCAM/PSA-NCAM balance without microgliosis. Hippocampal neurons from VPA animals in culture exhibited a preserved synaptic puncta number at the beginning of the synaptogenic period in vitro but showed fewer excitatory synapses as well as increased NCAM/PSA-NCAM balance and resistance to glutamate-induced structural synaptic remodeling after active synaptogenesis. Microglial cells isolated from VPA animals and cultured in the absence of neurons showed similar basal and stimuli-induced reactivity to the control group. Results indicate that in the absence of glia, hippocampal neurons from VPA animals mirrored the in vivo synaptic pattern and suggest that while neurons are primed during the prenatal period, hippocampal microglia are not intrinsically altered. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests microglial role is not determinant for developing neuronal alterations or counteracting neuronal outcome in the hippocampus and highlights the crucial role of hippocampal neurons and structural plasticity in the establishment of the synaptic alterations in the VPA rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Evelyn Traetta
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Calle Paraguay 2155 3er piso, 1121 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Gabriel Codagnone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Calle Paraguay 2155 3er piso, 1121 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nonthué Alejandra Uccelli
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Calle Paraguay 2155 3er piso, 1121 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Javier Ramos
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Calle Paraguay 2155 3er piso, 1121 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Zárate
- Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Reinés
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Calle Paraguay 2155 3er piso, 1121 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Phan LMT, Hoang TX, Vo TAT, Pham HL, Le HTN, Chinnadayyala SR, Kim JY, Lee SM, Cho WW, Kim YH, Choi SH, Cho S. Nanomaterial-based Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors for Amyloid beta and Tau: Potential for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:175-193. [PMID: 33560154 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1887732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD), a heterogeneous pathological process representing the most common causes of dementia worldwide, has required early and accurate diagnostic tools. Neuropathological hallmarks of AD involve the aberrant accumulation of Amyloid beta (Aβ) into Amyloid plaques and hyperphosphorylated Tau into neurofibrillary tangles, occurring long before the onset of brain dysfunction.Areas covered:Considering the significance of Aβ and Tau in AD pathogenesis, these proteins have been adopted as core biomarkers of AD, and their quantification has provided precise diagnostic information to develop next-generation AD therapeutic approaches. However, conventional diagnostic methods may not suffice to achieve clinical criteria that are acceptable for proper diagnosis and treatment. The advantages of nanomaterial-based biosensors including facile miniaturization, mass fabrication, ultra-sensitivity, make them useful to be promising tools to measure Aβ and Tau simultaneously for accurate validation of low-abundance yet potentially informative biomarkers of AD.. EXPERT OPINION The study has identified the potential application of advanced biosensors as standardized clinical diagnostic tools for AD, evolving the way for new and efficient AD control with minimum economic and social burden. After clinical trial, nanobiosensors for measuring Aβ and Tau simultaneously possess innovative diagnosis of AD to provide significant contributions to primary Alzheimer's care intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Minh Tu Phan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Danang, Vietnam
| | - Thi Xoan Hoang
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy Anh Thu Vo
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoang Lan Pham
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hien T Ngoc Le
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Won Woo Cho
- Cantis Inc., Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Akhter R, Shao Y, Formica S, Khrestian M, Bekris LM. TREM2 alters the phagocytic, apoptotic and inflammatory response to Aβ 42 in HMC3 cells. Mol Immunol 2021; 131:171-179. [PMID: 33461764 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation in the brain of extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques as well as intraneuronal inclusions (neurofibrillary tangles) consisting of total tau and phosphorylated tau. Also present are dystrophic neurites, loss of synapses, neuronal death, and gliosis. AD genetic studies have highlighted the importance of inflammation in this disease by identifying several risk associated immune response genes, including TREM2. TREM2 has been strongly implicated in basic microglia function including, phagocytosis, apoptosis, and the inflammatory response to Aβ in mouse brain and primary cells. These studies show that microglia are key players in the response to Aβ and in the accumulation of AD pathology. However, details are still missing about which apoptotic or inflammatory factors rely on TREM2 in their response to Aβ, especially in human cell lines. Given these previous findings our hypothesis is that TREM2 influences the response to Aβ toxicity by enhancing phagocytosis and inhibiting both the BCL-2 family of apoptotic proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Aβ42 treatment of the human microglial cell line, HMC3 cells, was performed and TREM2 was overexpressed or silenced and the phagocytosis, apoptosis and inflammatory response were evaluated. Results indicate that a robust phagocytic response to Aβ after 24 h requires TREM2 in HMC3 cells. Also, TREM2 inhibits Aβ induced apoptosis by activating the Mcl-1/Bim complex. TREM2 is involved in activation of IP-10, MIP-1a, and IL-8, while it inhibits FGF-2, VEGF and GRO. Taken together, TREM2 plays a role in enhancing the microglial functional response to Aβ toxicity in HMC3 cells. This novel information suggests that therapeutic strategies that seek to activate TREM2 may not only enhance phagocytosis and inhibit apoptosis, but may also inhibit beneficial inflammatory factors, emphasizing the need to define TREM2-related inflammatory activity in not only mouse models of AD, but also in human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Akhter
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yvonne Shao
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shane Formica
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maria Khrestian
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lynn M Bekris
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Jiang L, Mu H, Xu F, Xie D, Su W, Xu J, Sun Z, Liu S, Luo J, Shi Y, Leak RK, Wechsler LR, Chen J, Hu X. Transcriptomic and functional studies reveal undermined chemotactic and angiostimulatory properties of aged microglia during stroke recovery. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:S81-S97. [PMID: 32065074 PMCID: PMC7687033 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20902542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-dependent alterations in microglia behavior have been implicated in neurodegeneration and CNS injuries. Here, we compared the transcriptional profiles of young versus aged microglia during stroke recovery. CD45intermediateCD11b+ microglia were FACS-isolated from the brains of young (10-week-old) and aged (18-month-old) male mice with sham operation or 14 days after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion and subjected to RNA-sequencing analysis. Functional groups enriched in young microglia are indicative of upregulation in cell movement, cell interactions, inflammatory responses and angiogenesis, while aged microglia exhibited a reduction or no change in these features. We confirmed reduced chemoattractive capacities of aged microglia toward ischemic brain tissue in organotypic slide co-cultures, and delayed accumulation of aged microglia around dead neurons injected into the striatum in vivo. In addition, aging is associated with an overall failure to increase the expression of microglial genes involved in cell-cell interactions, such as CXCL10. Finally, impaired upregulation of pro-angiogenic genes in aged microglia was associated with a decline in neovascularization in aged mice compared to young mice after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. This study provides a new resource to understand the mechanisms underlying microglial alterations in the aged brain milieu and sheds light on new strategies to improve microglial functions in aged stroke victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hongfeng Mu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Di Xie
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zeyu Sun
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Silvia Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jianhua Luo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence R Wechsler
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology, Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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50
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Timmerman R, Burm SM, Bajramovic JJ. Tissue-specific features of microglial innate immune responses. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104924. [PMID: 33248205 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As tissue-resident macrophages of the brain, microglia are increasingly considered as cellular targets for therapeutical intervention. Innate immune responses in particular have been implicated in central nervous system (CNS) infections, neuro-oncology, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. We here review the impact of 'nature and nurture' on microglial innate immune responses and summarize documented tissue-specific adaptations. Overall, such adaptations are associated with regulatory processes rather than with overt differences in the expressed repertoire of activating receptors of different tissue-resident macrophages. Microglial responses are characterized by slower kinetics, by a more persistent nature and by a differential usage of downstream enzymes and accessory receptors. We further consider factors like aging, previous exposure to inflammatory stimuli, and differences in the microenvironment that can modulate innate immune responses. The long-life span of microglia in the metabolically active CNS renders them susceptible to the phenomenon of 'inflammaging', and major challenges lie in the unraveling of the factors that underlie age-related alterations in microglial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Timmerman
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - S M Burm
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - J J Bajramovic
- Alternatives Unit, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
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