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Lisboa SF, Stern CAJ, Gazarini L, Bertoglio LJ. Cannabidiol effects on fear processing and implications for PTSD: Evidence from rodent and human studies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 177:235-250. [PMID: 39029986 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) modulates aversive memory and its extinction, with potential implications for treating anxiety- and stress-related disorders. Here, we summarize and discuss scientific evidence showing that CBD administered after the acquisition (consolidation) and retrieval (reconsolidation) of fear memory attenuates it persistently in rats and mice. CBD also reduces fear expression and enhances fear extinction. These effects involve the activation of cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors in the dorsal hippocampus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, and medial prefrontal cortex, comprising the anterior cingulate, prelimbic, and infralimbic subregions. Serotonin type-1A (5-HT1A) receptors also mediate some CBD effects on fear memory. CBD effects on fear memory acquisition vary, depending on the aversiveness of the conditioning procedure. While rodent findings are relatively consistent and encouraging, human studies investigating CBD's efficacy in modulating aversive/traumatic memories are still limited. More studies are needed to investigate CBD's effects on maladaptive, traumatic memories, particularly in post-traumatic stress disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Francesca Lisboa
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto (FCFRP), University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Lucas Gazarini
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Três Lagoas, Três Lagoas, MS, Brazil
| | - Leandro José Bertoglio
- Pharmacology Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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2
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Luft JG, Popik B, Gonçalves DA, Cruz FC, de Oliveira Alvares L. Distinct engrams control fear and extinction memory. Hippocampus 2024; 34:230-240. [PMID: 38396226 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Memories are stored in engram cells, which are necessary and sufficient for memory recall. Recalling a memory might undergo reconsolidation or extinction. It has been suggested that the original memory engram is reactivated during reconsolidation so that memory can be updated. Conversely, during extinction training, a new memory is formed that suppresses the original engram. Nonetheless, it is unknown whether extinction creates a new engram or modifies the original fear engram. In this study, we utilized the Daun02 procedure, which uses c-Fos-lacZ rats to induce apoptosis of strongly activated neurons and examine whether a new memory trace emerges as a result of a short or long reactivation, or if these processes rely on modifications within the original engram located in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and infralimbic (IL) cortex. By eliminating neurons activated during consolidation and reactivation, we observed significant impacts on fear memory, highlighting the importance of the BLA engram in these processes. Although we were unable to show any impact when removing the neurons activated after the test of a previously extinguished memory in the BLA, disrupting the IL extinction engram reactivated the aversive memory that was suppressed by the extinction memory. Thus, we demonstrated that the IL cortex plays a crucial role in the network involved in extinction, and disrupting this specific node alone is sufficient to impair extinction behavior. Additionally, our findings indicate that extinction memories rely on the formation of a new memory, supporting the theory that extinction memories rely on the formation of a new memory, whereas the reconsolidation process reactivates the same original memory trace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Griebler Luft
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno Popik
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Débora Aguirre Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabio Cardoso Cruz
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Oliveira Alvares
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Departamento de Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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3
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Schroeder MN, Fullio CL, Ballarini F, Moncada D. Modulation of memory reconsolidation by adjacent novel tasks: timing defines the nature of change. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1288. [PMID: 38114781 PMCID: PMC10730840 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconsolidation turns memories into a responsive state that allows their modulation until they stabilize again. This phenomenon attracted remarkable attention due to its potential impact on therapeutics and education. Recent evidence revealed that different memories undergo reconsolidation via a behavioral tagging process. Thus, their re-stabilization involves setting "reconsolidation-tags" and synthesizing plasticity-related proteins for their capture at the tagged sites. Here, we studied the possibility of affecting these fundamental mechanisms to modulate reconsolidation. Our findings, in laboratory rats, indicate that exploring a novel environment 60 min before or after memory reactivation improves spatial object recognition memory by promoting protein synthesis. Conversely, experiencing novelty immediately after reactivation impairs the reconsolidation by affecting the tags. Similar effects, but with a different optimal time window for improvement, occur in inhibitory avoidance memory. These results highlight the possibility of modulating existing memories using non-invasive interventions that selectively affect the fundamental mechanisms of behavioral tagging during their reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Nicolás Schroeder
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología de la Memoria, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina (UBA/CONICET) - Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila L Fullio
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología de la Memoria, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabricio Ballarini
- Laboratorio de neurociencia translacional, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires, Av. Madero 399, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Moncada
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología de la Memoria, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, Facultad de Medicina (UBA/CONICET) - Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires (ITBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile.
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4
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Bonanno GR, Met Hoxha E, Robinson PK, Ferrara NC, Trask S. Fear Reduced Through Unconditional Stimulus Deflation Is Behaviorally Distinct From Extinction and Differentially Engages the Amygdala. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:756-765. [PMID: 37881558 PMCID: PMC10593882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Context fear memory can be reliably reduced by subsequent pairings of that context with a weaker shock. This procedure shares similarities with extinction learning: both involve extended time in the conditioning chamber following training and reduce context-elicited fear. Unlike extinction, this weak-shock exposure has been hypothesized to engage reconsolidation-like processes that weaken the original memory. Methods We directly compared the weak-shock procedure with extinction using male and female Long Evans rats. Results Both repeated weak-shock exposure and extinction resulted in decreased context freezing relative to animals that received context fear conditioning but no subsequent context exposure. Conditioning with the weak shock was not enough to form a persistent context-shock association on its own, suggesting that the weak-shock procedure does not create a new memory. Weak-shock exposure in a new context can still reduce freezing elicited by the training context, suggesting that it reduces responding through a different process than extinction, which does not transcend context. Finally, reduced fear behavior produced through both extinction and weak-shock exposure was mirrored by reduced zif268 expression in the basolateral amygdala. However, only the weak-shock procedure resulted in changes in lysine-48 polyubiquitin tagging in the synapse of the basolateral amygdala, suggesting that this procedure produced long-lasting changes in synaptic function within the basolateral amygdala. Conclusions These results suggest that the weak-shock procedure does not rely on the creation of a new inhibitory memory, as in extinction, and instead may alter the original representation of the shock to reduce fear responding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erisa Met Hoxha
- Purdue University Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Payton K. Robinson
- Purdue University Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Nicole C. Ferrara
- Purdue University Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science Discipline of Physiology and Biophysics, North Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Neurobiology of Stress Resilience and Psychiatric Disorders, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sydney Trask
- Purdue University Department of Psychological Sciences, West Lafayette, Indiana
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, West Lafayette, Indiana
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5
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Silva F, Masella G, Madeira MF, Duarte CB, Santos M. TrkC Intracellular Signalling in the Brain Fear Network During the Formation of a Contextual Fear Memory. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3507-3521. [PMID: 36882590 PMCID: PMC10122637 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Learned fear is orchestrated by a brain fear network that comprises the amygdala, hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex. Synaptic plasticity within this network is critical for the formation of proper fear memories. Known for their role in the promotion of synaptic plasticity, neurotrophins position as obvious candidates in the regulation of fear processes. Indeed, recent evidence from our laboratory and others associates dysregulated signalling through neurotrophin-3 and its receptor TrkC with the pathophysiology of anxiety and fear-related disorders. Here, we put wild-type C57Bl/6J mice through a contextual fear conditioning paradigm in order to characterize TrkC activation and expression in the main brain regions involved in (learned) fear - amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex - during the formation of a fear memory. We report an overall decreased activation of TrkC in the fear network during fear consolidation and reconsolidation. During reconsolidation, hippocampal TrkC downregulation was accompanied by a decrease in the expression and activation of Erk, a critical signalling pathway in fear conditioning. Moreover, we did not find evidence that the observed decrease of TrkC activation was caused by altered expression of dominant negative form of TrkC, neurotrophin-3, or the PTP1B phosphatase. Our results indicate hippocampal TrkC inactivation through Erk signalling as a potential mechanism in the regulation of contextual fear memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Silva
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (iiiUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gianluca Masella
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (iiiUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Santos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (iiiUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
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6
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Tavares TF, Bueno JLO, Doyère V. Temporal prediction error triggers amygdala-dependent memory updating in appetitive operant conditioning in rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 16:1060587. [PMID: 36703723 PMCID: PMC9873233 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1060587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reinforcement learning theories postulate that prediction error, i.e., a discrepancy between the actual and expected outcomes, drives reconsolidation and new learning, inducing an updating of the initial memory. Pavlovian studies have shown that prediction error detection is a fundamental mechanism in triggering amygdala-dependent memory updating, where the temporal relationship between stimuli plays a critical role. However, in contrast to the well-established findings in aversive situations (e.g., fear conditioning), only few studies exist on prediction error in appetitive operant conditioning, and even less with regard to the role of temporal parameters. To explore if temporal prediction error in an appetitive operant paradigm could generate an updating and consequent reconsolidation and/or new learning of temporal association, we ran four experiments in adult male rats. Experiment 1 verified whether an unexpected delay in the time of reward's availability (i.e., a negative temporal prediction error) in a single session produces an updating in long-term memory of temporal expectancy in an appetitive operant conditioning. Experiment 2 showed that negative prediction errors, either due to the temporal change or through reward omission, increased in the basolateral amygdala nucleus (BLA) the activation of a protein that is critical for memory formation. Experiment 3 revealed that the presence of a protein synthesis inhibitor (anisomycin) in the BLA during the session when the reward was delayed (Error session) affected the temporal updating. Finally, Experiment 4 showed that anisomycin, when infused immediately after the Error session, interfered with the long-term memory of the temporal updating. Together, our study demonstrated an involvement of BLA after a change in temporal and reward contingencies, and in the resulting updating in long-term memory in appetitive operant conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Ferreira Tavares
- Laboratory of Associative Processes, Temporal Control and Memory, Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil,Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay – NeuroPSI CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France,*Correspondence: Tatiane Ferreira Tavares,
| | - José Lino Oliveira Bueno
- Laboratory of Associative Processes, Temporal Control and Memory, Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Valérie Doyère
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay – NeuroPSI CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France,Valérie Doyère,
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7
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Spatial contextual recognition memory updating is modulated by dopamine release in the dorsal hippocampus from the locus coeruleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208254119. [PMID: 36442129 PMCID: PMC9894183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208254119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting novelty is critical to consolidate declarative memories, such as spatial contextual recognition memory. It has been shown that stored memories, when retrieved, are susceptible to modification, incorporating new information through an updating process. Catecholamine release in the hippocampal CA1 region consolidates an object location memory (OLM). This work hypothesized that spatial contextual memory updating could be changed by decreasing catecholamine release in the hippocampal CA1 terminals from the locus coeruleus (LC). In a mouse model expressing Cre-recombinase under the control of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter, memory updating was impaired by photoinhibition of the CA1 catecholaminergic terminals from the LC (LC-CA1) but not from the ventral tegmental area (VTA-CA1). In vivo microdialysis confirmed that the extracellular concentration of both dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) decreased after photoinhibition of the LC-CA1 terminals (but not VTA-CA1) during the OLM update session. Furthermore, DA D1/D5 and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists disrupted behavior, but only the former impaired memory updating. Finally, photoinhibition of LC-CA1 terminals suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP) induction in Schaffer's collaterals as a plausible mechanism for memory updating. These data will help understand the underpinning mechanisms of DA in spatial contextual memory updating.
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8
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Jones BJ, Chen ME, Simoncini L, Spencer RMC. Sleep enhances reconsolidation-based strengthening of visuospatial memories. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7307. [PMID: 35508568 PMCID: PMC9068753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Consolidated memories can be returned to a labile state upon reactivation. The re-stabilization of reactivated memories, or reconsolidation, can allow for change in previously established memories. Given the role of sleep in the initial consolidation of memories, sleep may be important for reconsolidation as well. However, effects of sleep on reconsolidation and specific aspects of sleep that may contribute are unclear. Here, participants learned 30 picture-location pairs. After overnight sleep, initial consolidation was tested. Following either one day (Experiment 1) or one week (Experiment 2), participants were tested again to reactivate their memory and then learned 30 novel picture-location pairs. Control groups (Experiment 1) received no reactivation prior to new learning. Twelve hours later, after daytime wakefulness or overnight sleep, participants completed a final memory test. Sleep participants underwent polysomnography between reactivation and final tests. In Experiment 1, reactivation led to preservation of memory compared to no reactivation. Sleep was associated with less post-reactivation memory decline than waking, with memory preservation positively related to time spent in non-rapid-eye movement sleep. In Experiment 2, sleep was associated with greater post-reactivation memory improvement than waking, with improvement positively related to sigma activity. These results suggest sleep enhances reconsolidation-based strengthening of episodic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J Jones
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.,Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Margaret E Chen
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.,Commonwealth Honors College, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Lindsey Simoncini
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.,Commonwealth Honors College, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA. .,Neuroscience & Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA. .,Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 240 Thatcher Way, S315, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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9
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Jardine KH, Huff AE, Wideman CE, McGraw SD, Winters BD. The evidence for and against reactivation-induced memory updating in humans and nonhuman animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 136:104598. [PMID: 35247380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systematic investigation of reactivation-induced memory updating began in the 1960s, and a wave of research in this area followed the seminal articulation of "reconsolidation" theory in the early 2000s. Myriad studies indicate that memory reactivation can cause previously consolidated memories to become labile and sensitive to weakening, strengthening, or other forms of modification. However, from its nascent period to the present, the field has been beset by inconsistencies in researchers' abilities to replicate seemingly established effects. Here we review these many studies, synthesizing the human and nonhuman animal literature, and suggest that these failures-to-replicate reflect a highly complex and delicately balanced memory modification system, the substrates of which must be finely tuned to enable adaptive memory updating while limiting maladaptive, inaccurate modifications. A systematic approach to the entire body of evidence, integrating positive and null findings, will yield a comprehensive understanding of the complex and dynamic nature of long-term memory storage and the potential for harnessing modification processes to treat mental disorders driven by pervasive maladaptive memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen H Jardine
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - A Ethan Huff
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Cassidy E Wideman
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shelby D McGraw
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Boyer D Winters
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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10
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Duran JM, Sierra RO, Corredor K, Cardenas FP. Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on the prefrontal cortex applied after reactivation attenuates fear memories and prevent reinstatement after extinction. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 145:213-221. [PMID: 34929471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decade, pharmacological strategies targeting reconsolidation after memory retrieval have shown promising efforts to attenuate persistent memories and overcome fear recovery. However, most reconsolidation inhibiting agents have not been approved for human testing. While non-invasive neuromodulation can be considered an alternative approach to pharmacological treatments, there is a lack of evidence about the efficacy of these technologies when modifying memory traces via reactivation/reconsolidation mechanism. OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluate the effect of cathodal (c-tDCS) and anodal (a-DCS) transcranial direct current stimulation applied after memory reactivation and extinction in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three groups: one sham group, one anodal tDCS group, and one cathodal tDCS group (500 μA, 20 min). Reconsolidation and extinction of fear memories were evaluated using a contextual fear conditioning. RESULTS Our results showed that c-tDCS and a-tDCS after memory reactivation can attenuate mild fear memories. However, only c-tDCS stimulation prevented both fear expression under strong fear learning and fear recovery after a reinstatement protocol without modification of learning rate or extinction retrieval. Nevertheless, the remote memories were resistant to modification through this type of neuromodulation. Our results are discussed considering the interaction between intrinsic excitability promoted by learning and memory retrieval and the electric field applied during tDCS. CONCLUSION These results point out some of the boundary conditions influencing the efficacy of tDCS in fear attenuation and open new ways for the development of noninvasive interventions aimed to control fear-related disorders via reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Duran
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Psychology, Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia.
| | | | - Karen Corredor
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Psychology, Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia
| | - Fernando P Cardenas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Psychology, Universidad de Los Andes, Colombia.
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11
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Trask S, Ferrara NC, Jasnow AM, Kwapis JL. Contributions of the rodent cingulate-retrosplenial cortical axis to associative learning and memory: A proposed circuit for persistent memory maintenance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:178-184. [PMID: 34450181 PMCID: PMC8511298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
While the anterior cingulate (ACC) and retrosplenial (RSC) cortices have been extensively studied for their role in spatial navigation, less is known about how they contribute to associative learning and later memory recall. The limited work that has been conducted on this topic suggests that each of these cortical regions makes distinct, but similar contributions to associative learning and memory. Here, we review evidence from the rodent literature demonstrating that while ACC activity seems to be necessary at remote time points associated with imprecise or generalized memories, the role of the RSC seems to be uniform over time. Together, the lines of evidence reviewed here suggest that the ACC and RSC likely function together to support memory formation and maintenance following associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Trask
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Nicole C Ferrara
- Department of Pharmacology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States
| | - Aaron M Jasnow
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29209, United States
| | - Janine L Kwapis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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12
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Bin Ibrahim MZ, Benoy A, Sajikumar S. Long-term plasticity in the hippocampus: maintaining within and 'tagging' between synapses. FEBS J 2021; 289:2176-2201. [PMID: 34109726 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synapses between neurons are malleable biochemical structures, strengthening and diminishing over time dependent on the type of information they receive. This phenomenon known as synaptic plasticity underlies learning and memory, and its different forms, long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), perform varied cognitive roles in reinforcement, relearning and associating memories. Moreover, both LTP and LTD can exist in an early transient form (early-LTP/LTD) or a late persistent form (late-LTP/LTD), which are triggered by different induction protocols, and also differ in their dependence on protein synthesis and the involvement of key molecular players. Beyond homosynaptic modifications, synapses can also interact with one another. This is encapsulated in the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis (STC), where synapses expressing early-LTP/LTD present a 'tag' that can capture the protein synthesis products generated during a temporally proximal late-LTP/LTD induction. This 'tagging' phenomenon forms the framework of synaptic interactions in various conditions and accounts for the cellular basis of the time-dependent associativity of short-lasting and long-lasting memories. All these synaptic modifications take place under controlled neuronal conditions, regulated by subcellular elements such as epigenetic regulation, proteasomal degradation and neuromodulatory signals. Here, we review current understanding of the different forms of synaptic plasticity and its regulatory mechanisms in the hippocampus, a brain region critical for memory formation. We also discuss expression of plasticity in hippocampal CA2 area, a long-overlooked narrow hippocampal subfield and the behavioural correlate of STC. Lastly, we put forth perspectives for an integrated view of memory representation in synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zaki Bin Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amrita Benoy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sreedharan Sajikumar
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Life Sciences Institute Neurobiology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Understanding the dynamic and destiny of memories. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:592-607. [PMID: 33722616 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Memory formation enables the retention of life experiences overtime. Based on previously acquired information, organisms can anticipate future events and adjust their behaviors to maximize survival. However, in an ever-changing environment, a memory needs to be malleable to maintain its relevance. In fact, substantial evidence suggests that a consolidated memory can become labile and susceptible to modifications after being reactivated, a process termed reconsolidation. When an extinction process takes place, a memory can also be temporarily inhibited by a second memory that carries information with opposite meaning. In addition, a memory can fade and lose its significance in a process known as forgetting. Thus, following retrieval, new life experiences can be integrated with the original memory trace to maintain its predictive value. In this review, we explore the determining factors that regulate the fate of a memory after its reactivation. We focus on three post-retrieval memory destinies (reconsolidation, extinction, and forgetting) and discuss recent rodent studies investigating the biological functions and neural mechanisms underlying each of these processes.
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Huang WL, Hsiung MH, Dai W, Hu SSJ. Rottlerin, BDNF, and the impairment of inhibitory avoidance memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:421-439. [PMID: 33146738 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05690-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE As a eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K) inhibitor and a mitochondrial uncoupler, oncologists have extensively studied rottlerin. Neuroscientists, however, have accumulated scarce data on the role of rottlerin in affective and cognitive functions. Only two prior studies have, respectively, documented its antidepressant-like effect and how it impairs psychostimulant-supported memory. Whether or not rottlerin would affect aversive memory remains unknown. Hence, we sought to investigate the effects of rottlerin on aversive memory in the inhibitory avoidance (IA) task in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were trained to acquire the IA task. Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, i.p. or 3 μg bilaterally in the hippocampus) or the vehicle was administered before footshock training (acquisition), after footshock training (consolidation), after the memory reactivation (reconsolidation), and before the test (retrieval) in the IA task. RESULTS Systemic and intrahippocampal rottlerin impaired the acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of IA memory, without affecting the reconsolidation process. Rottlerin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a fast-onset and long-lasting increase in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in the mouse hippocampus. Systemic injection of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF, 30 mg/kg), a BDNF tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) agonist impaired IA memory consolidation, and treatment with K252a (5 μg/kg), a Trk receptor antagonist, reversed the suppressing effect of rottlerin on IA memory consolidation. CONCLUSION Rottlerin impairs IA memory consolidation through the enhancement of BDNF signaling in the mouse hippocampus. Excessive brain BDNF levels can be detrimental to cognitive function. Rottlerin is likely to affect the original memory-associated neuroplasticity. Thus, it can be combined with exposure therapy to facilitate the forgetting of maladaptive aversive memory, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ling Huang
- Cannabinoid Signaling Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Heng Hsiung
- Cannabinoid Signaling Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wen Dai
- Cannabinoid Signaling Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sherry Shu-Jung Hu
- Cannabinoid Signaling Laboratory, Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Rd, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
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Stanton ME, Murawski NJ, Jablonski SA, Robinson-Drummer PA, Heroux NA. Mechanisms of context conditioning in the developing rat. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 179:107388. [PMID: 33482320 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The article reviews our studies of contextual fear conditioning (CFC) in rats during a period of development---Postnatal Day (PND) 17-33---that represents the late-infant, juvenile, and early-adolescent stages. These studies seek to acquire 'systems level' knowledge of brain and memory development and apply it to a rodent model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). This rodent model focuses on alcohol exposure from PND4-9, a period of brain development equivalent to the human third trimester, when neocortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum are especially vulnerable to adverse effects of alcohol. Our research emphasizes a variant of CFC, termed the Context Preexposure Facilitation Effect (CPFE, Fanselow, 1990), in which context representations incidentally learned on one occasion are retrieved and associated with immediate shock on a subsequent occasion. These representations can be encoded at the earliest developmental stage but seem not to be retained or retrieved until the juvenile period. This is associated with developmental differences in context-elicited expression, in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala, of immediate early genes (IEGs) that are implicated in long-term memory. Loss-of-function studies establish a functional role for these regions as soon as the CPFE emerges during ontogeny. In our rodent model of FASD, the CPFE is much more sensitive to alcohol dose than other commonly used cognitive tasks. This impairment can be reversed by acute administration during behavioral testing of drugs that enhance cholinergic function. This effect is associated with normalized IEG expression in prefrontal cortex during incidental context learning. In summary, our findings suggest that long-term memory of incidentally-learned context representations depends on prefrontal-hippocampal circuitry that is important both for the normative development of context conditioning and for its disruption by developmental alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Stanton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Nathen J Murawski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Sarah A Jablonski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | | | - Nicholas A Heroux
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
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16
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Stress-induced resistance to fear memory destabilization is associated with an impairment of Lys-48-linked protein polyubiquitination in the Basolateral Amygdala: Influence of D-cycloserine. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 179:107386. [PMID: 33476748 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The destabilization/reconsolidation process can be triggered by memory recall, allowing consolidated memories to be modified. We have previously reported that stress prior to fear conditioning induces memories that exhibit resistance to the engagement of some molecular events associated with the destabilization/reconsolidation process. Here, we evaluated whether stress could affect the expression of Lys-48 polyubiquitinated proteins within the basolateral amygdala complex, a phenomenon crucially linked to memory destabilization. As expected, a post-recall increase of Lys-48 polyubiquitinated proteins in control animals was observed; however, this phenomenon was prevented by stress exposure before fear conditioning. On the other hand, pre-recall administration of D-cycloserine -a positive modulator of NMDA sites capable of reverting memory resistance to pharmacological interference-, facilitated the increase of Lys-48 polyubiquitinated proteins in stressed animals. In conclusion, the protein polyubiquitination-dependent destabilization is impaired after the recall of stress-induced resistant memories, with D-cycloserine restoring such molecular event. Hence, the present report contributes to further characterize the neurobiological events associated with stress-induced memory resistance as well as to corroborate the connection between glutamatergic signaling, protein degradation and memory destabilization in stress-induced resistant memories.
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Wright DS, Bodinayake KK, Kwapis JL. Investigating Memory Updating in Mice Using the Objects in Updated Locations Task. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 91:e87. [PMID: 31985896 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the laboratory, memory is typically studied as a de novo experience, in which a naïve animal is exposed to a discrete learning event that is markedly different from its past experiences. Most real-world memories, however, are updates-modifications or additions-to existing memories. This is particularly true in the aging, experienced brain. To better understand memory updating, we have developed a new behavioral paradigm called the objects in updated locations (OUL) task. OUL relies on hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and has the advantage of being able to test both the original memory and the updated information in a single test session. Further, OUL relies on incidental learning that avoids unnecessary stress that might hinder the performance of aging animals. In OUL, animals first learn the location of two identical objects in a familiar context. This memory is then updated by moving one object to a new location. Finally, to assess the animals' memory for the original and the updated information, all animals are given a test session in which they are exposed to four copies of the object: two in the original training locations, one in the updated location, and one in a novel location. By comparing exploration of the novel location to the familiar locations, we can infer whether the animal remembers the original and updated object locations. OUL is a simple but powerful task that could provide new insights into the cellular, circuit-level, and molecular mechanisms that support memory updating. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destiny S Wright
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders (CMIND), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Kasuni K Bodinayake
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders (CMIND), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Janine L Kwapis
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders (CMIND), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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18
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Identification of a Novel Retrieval-dependent Memory Process in the Crab Neohelice granulata. Neuroscience 2020; 448:149-159. [PMID: 32979399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fully consolidated associative memories may be altered by alternative retrieval dependent memory processes. While a brief exposure to the conditioned stimulus (CS) can trigger reconsolidation of the original memory, a prolonged CS exposure will trigger memory extinction. The conditioned response is maintained after reconsolidation, but is inhibited after extinction, presumably by the formation of a new inhibitory memory trace. In rats and humans, it has been shown that CS exposure of intermediate duration leave the memory in an insensitive or limbo state. Limbo is characterised by the absence of reconsolidation or extinction. Here we investigated the evolutionary conserved nature of limbo using a contextual Pavlovian conditioning (CPC) memory paradigm in the crab Neohelice granulata. In animals with fully consolidated CPC memory, systemic administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide after 1 CS presentation disrupted the memory, presumably by interfering with memory reconsolidation. The same intervention given after 320 CSs prevented CPC memory extinction. Cycloheximide had no behavioural effect when administered after 80 CS presentations, a protocol that failed to extinguish CPC memory. Also, we observed that a stronger CPC memory engaged reconsolidation after 80 CS instead of limbo, indicating that memory strength affects the parametrical conditions to engage either reconsolidation or limbo. Altogether, these results indicate that limbo is an evolutionary conserved memory process segregating reconsolidation from extinction in the number of CSs space. Limbo appears as an intrinsic component of retrieval dependent memory processing, with a key function in the transition from memory maintenance to inhibition.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Reconsolidation-Dependent Memory Updating. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186580. [PMID: 32916796 PMCID: PMC7555418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory is not a stable record of experience, but instead is an ongoing process that allows existing memories to be modified with new information through a reconsolidation-dependent updating process. For a previously stable memory to be updated, the memory must first become labile through a process called destabilization. Destabilization is a protein degradation-dependent process that occurs when new information is presented. Following destabilization, a memory becomes stable again through a protein synthesis-dependent process called restabilization. Much work remains to fully characterize the mechanisms that underlie both destabilization and subsequent restabilization, however. In this article, we briefly review the discovery of reconsolidation as a potential mechanism for memory updating. We then discuss the behavioral paradigms that have been used to identify the molecular mechanisms of reconsolidation-dependent memory updating. Finally, we outline what is known about the molecular mechanisms that support the memory updating process. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying reconsolidation-dependent memory updating is an important step toward leveraging this process in a therapeutic setting to modify maladaptive memories and to improve memory when it fails.
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20
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Lunardi P, de Souza LW, dos Santos B, Popik B, de Oliveira Alvares L. Effect of the Endocannabinoid System in Memory Updating and Forgetting. Neuroscience 2020; 444:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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da Silva TR, Sohn JMB, Andreatini R, Stern CA. The role of prelimbic and anterior cingulate cortices in fear memory reconsolidation and persistence depends on the memory age. Learn Mem 2020; 27:292-300. [PMID: 32669384 PMCID: PMC7365014 DOI: 10.1101/lm.051615.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reconsolidation is a time-limited process under which reactivated memory content can be modified. Works focused on studying reconsolidation mainly restrict intervention to the moments immediately after reactivation and to recently acquired memories. However, the brain areas activated during memory retrieval depend on when it was acquired, and it is relatively unknown how different brain sites contribute to reconsolidation and persistence of reactivated recent and remote fear memories. Here, we sought to investigate the participation of prelimbic (PL) and anterior cingulate cortices (ACC) in recent (1 d old) and remote (21 d old) fear memory reconsolidation and persistence. Male Wistar rats were submitted to the contextual fear conditioning protocol. Tamoxifen (TMX), an estrogen receptor modulator known to inhibit protein kinase C activity was used to interfere with these processes. When infused into the PL cortex, but not into the ACC, TMX administration immediately or 6 h after recent fear memory reactivation impaired memory reconsolidation and persistence, respectively. TMX administered immediately after remote memory reactivation impaired memory reconsolidation when infused into the PL cortex and ACC. However, remote memory persistence was only affected when TMX was infused 6 h after memory reactivation into the ACC and no effect was observed when TMX was infused 6 h after memory reactivation into PL cortex. Together, the findings provide further evidence on the participation of PL cortex and ACC in reconsolidation of recent and remote fear memories and suggest that the persistence of a reactivated fear memory becomes independent on the PL cortex with memory age and dependent on the ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roberto Andreatini
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
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22
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Trask S, Dulka BN, Helmstetter FJ. Age-Related Memory Impairment Is Associated with Increased zif268 Protein Accumulation and Decreased Rpt6 Phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5352. [PMID: 32731408 PMCID: PMC7432048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with cognitive decline, including impairments in the ability to accurately form and recall memories. Some behavioral and brain changes associated with aging are evident as early as middle age, making the understanding of associated neurobiological mechanisms essential to aid in efforts aimed at slowing cognitive decline throughout the lifespan. Here, we found that both 15-month-old and 22-month-old rats showed impaired memory recall following trace fear conditioning. This behavioral deficit was accompanied by increased zif268 protein accumulation relative to 3-month-old animals in the medial prefrontal cortex, the dorsal and ventral hippocampi, the anterior and posterior retrosplenial cortices, the lateral amygdala, and the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray. Elevated zif268 protein levels corresponded with decreases in phosphorylation of the Rpt6 proteasome regulatory subunit, which is indicative of decreased engagement of activity-driven protein degradation. Together, these results identify several brain regions differentially impacted by aging and suggest that the accumulation of proteins associated with memory retrieval, through reduced proteolytic activity, is associated with age-related impairments in memory retention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fred J. Helmstetter
- Department of Psychology, The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA; (S.T.); (B.N.D.)
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Abstract
Memory reconsolidation occurs when a retrieving event destabilizes transiently a consolidated memory, triggering thereby a new process of restabilization that ensures memory persistence. Although this phenomenon has received wide attention, the effect of new information cooccurring with the reconsolidation process has been less explored. Here we demonstrate that a memory-retrieving event sets a neural tag, which enables the reconsolidation of memory after binding proteins provided by the original or a different contiguous experience. We characterized the specific temporal window during which this association is effective and identified the protein kinase A (PKA) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2) pathways as the mechanisms related to the setting of the reconsolidation tag and the synthesis of proteins. Our results show, therefore, that memory reconsolidation is mediated by a "behavioral tagging" process, which is common to different memory forms. They represent a significant advance in understanding the fate of memories reconsolidated while being adjacent to other events, and provide a tool for designing noninvasive strategies to attenuate (pathological/traumatic) or improve (education-related) memories.
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Rinaldi A, De Leonibus E, Cifra A, Torromino G, Minicocci E, De Sanctis E, López-Pedrajas RM, Oliverio A, Mele A. Flexible use of allocentric and egocentric spatial memories activates differential neural networks in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11338. [PMID: 32647258 PMCID: PMC7347635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68025-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed navigation can be based on world-centered (allocentric) or body-centered (egocentric) representations of the environment, mediated by a wide network of interconnected brain regions, including hippocampus, striatum and prefrontal cortex. The relative contribution of these regions to navigation from novel or familiar routes, that demand a different degree of flexibility in the use of the stored spatial representations, has not been completely explored. To address this issue, we trained mice to find a reward relying on allocentric or egocentric information, in a modified version of the cross-maze task. Then we used Zif268 expression to map brain activation when well-trained mice were required to find the goal from a novel or familiar location. Successful navigation was correlated with the activation of CA1, posterior-dorsomedial striatum, nucleus accumbens core and infralimbic cortex when allocentric-trained mice needed to use a novel route. Allocentric navigation from a familiar route activated dorsomedial striatum, nucleus accumbens, prelimbic and infralimbic cortex. None of the structures analyzed was significantly activated in egocentric-trained mice, irrespective of the starting position. These data suggest that a flexible use of stored allocentric information, that allows goal finding even from a location never explored during training, induces a shift from fronto-striatal to hippocampal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rinaldi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Centre for Research in Neurobiology D. Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Alessandra Cifra
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Torromino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Minicocci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa De Sanctis
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa María López-Pedrajas
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Oliverio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Centre for Research in Neurobiology D. Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Centre for Research in Neurobiology D. Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Rewarding information presented during reactivation attenuates fear memory: Methylphenidate and fear memory updating. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Haubrich J, Bernabo M, Nader K. Noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus to the amygdala constrain fear memory reconsolidation. eLife 2020; 9:e57010. [PMID: 32420872 PMCID: PMC7297527 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory reconsolidation is a fundamental plasticity process in the brain that allows established memories to be changed or erased. However, certain boundary conditions limit the parameters under which memories can be made plastic. Strong memories do not destabilize, for instance, although why they are resilient is mostly unknown. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that specific modulatory signals shape memory formation into a state that is reconsolidation-resistant. We find that the activation of the noradrenaline-locus coeruleus system (NOR-LC) during strong fear memory encoding increases molecular mechanisms of stability at the expense of lability in the amygdala of rats. Preventing the NOR-LC from modulating strong fear encoding results in the formation of memories that can undergo reconsolidation within the amygdala and thus are vulnerable to post-reactivation interference. Thus, the memory strength boundary condition on reconsolidation is set at the time of encoding by the action of the NOR-LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Haubrich
- Department of Psychology, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Matteo Bernabo
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Karim Nader
- Department of Psychology, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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Josselyn SA, Tonegawa S. Memory engrams: Recalling the past and imagining the future. Science 2020; 367:367/6473/eaaw4325. [PMID: 31896692 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In 1904, Richard Semon introduced the term "engram" to describe the neural substrate for storing memories. An experience, Semon proposed, activates a subset of cells that undergo off-line, persistent chemical and/or physical changes to become an engram. Subsequent reactivation of this engram induces memory retrieval. Although Semon's contributions were largely ignored in his lifetime, new technologies that allow researchers to image and manipulate the brain at the level of individual neurons has reinvigorated engram research. We review recent progress in studying engrams, including an evaluation of evidence for the existence of engrams, the importance of intrinsic excitability and synaptic plasticity in engrams, and the lifetime of an engram. Together, these findings are beginning to define an engram as the basic unit of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena A Josselyn
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Brain, Mind & Consciousness Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Susumu Tonegawa
- RIKEN-MIT Laboratory for Neural Circuit Genetics at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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28
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Sharma R, Sahota P, Thakkar MM. Sleep Loss Immediately After Fear Memory Reactivation Attenuates Fear Memory Reconsolidation. Neuroscience 2020; 428:70-75. [PMID: 31917354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Permanently stored memories become labile through a process called reactivation. Once reactivated, these memories need reconsolidation to become permanent. Sleep is critical for memory consolidation. Is sleep necessary for memory reconsolidation? We hypothesized that sleep loss immediately after fear reactivation (FR) will prevent memory reconsolidation. To test our hypothesis, two experiments were performed in adult male C57BL/6J mice exposed to contextual fear conditioning paradigm with inescapable foot shock as unconditional stimulus (US) and contextual cage as conditional stimulus (CS). Sleep loss was achieved either by 5 h of sleep deprivation (SD; Experiment 1) or by systemic infusion of modafinil (200 mg/Kg, ip), an FDA approved wake-promoting agent (Experiment 2). One hour after light-onset, fear memory acquisition (FMA) was performed on Day 1. Mice were allowed to explore CS for 5 min followed by presentation of US (7 foot-shocks; 0.5 mA, 2.0 s duration) at pseudorandom intervals. Controls were exposed to similar CS but no shocks were delivered. On Day 2, mice were exposed to CS for 2 min (without US; for FR) followed by either sleep loss or no sleep loss. On Day 3, fear memory recall (FMR) was performed by exposing mice to CS (without US) for 12 min. Percent time spent in freezing was monitored during FC, FR and FMR. Our results suggested that as compared to sleeping controls, mice with sleep loss immediately after FR displayed a significant reduction in percent time freezing during FMR. These results suggest that sleep loss may prevent memory reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Sharma
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
| | - Pradeep Sahota
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, United States
| | - Mahesh M Thakkar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri-School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, United States.
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Kwapis JL, Alaghband Y, Keiser AA, Dong TN, Michael CM, Rhee D, Shu G, Dang RT, Matheos DP, Wood MA. Aging mice show impaired memory updating in the novel OUL updating paradigm. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:337-346. [PMID: 31202213 PMCID: PMC6901557 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Memories do not persist in a permanent, static state but instead must be dynamically modified in response to new information. Although new memory formation is typically studied in a laboratory setting, most real-world associations are modifications to existing memories, particularly in the aging, experienced brain. To date, the field has lacked a simple behavioral paradigm that can measure whether original and updated information is remembered in a single test session. To address this gap, we have developed a novel memory updating paradigm, called the Objects in Updated Locations (OUL) task that is capable of assessing memory updating in a non-stressful task that is appropriate for both young and old rodents. We first show that young mice successfully remember both the original memory and the updated information in OUL. Next, we demonstrate that intrahippocampal infusion of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin disrupts both the updated information and the original memory at test, suggesting that memory updating in OUL engages the original memory. To verify this, we used the Arc CatFISH technique to show that the OUL update session reactivates a largely overlapping set of neurons as the original memory. Finally, using OUL, we show that memory updating is impaired in aging, 18-m.o. mice. Together, these results demonstrate that hippocampal memory updating is impaired with aging and establish that the OUL paradigm is an effective, sensitive method of assessing memory updating in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine L Kwapis
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders (CMIND), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Yasaman Alaghband
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ashley A Keiser
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Tri N Dong
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Christina M Michael
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Diane Rhee
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Guanhua Shu
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Richard T Dang
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Dina P Matheos
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Heroux NA, Horgan CJ, Rosen JB, Stanton ME. Cholinergic rescue of neurocognitive insult following third-trimester equivalent alcohol exposure in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 163:107030. [PMID: 31185278 PMCID: PMC6689250 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal ethanol exposure during the third trimester equivalent of human pregnancy in the rat significantly impairs hippocampal and prefrontal neurobehavioral functioning. Postnatal day [PD] 4-9 ethanol exposure in rats disrupts long-term context memory formation, resulting in abolished post-shock and retention test freezing in a variant of contextual fear conditioning called the Context Preexposure Facilitation Effect (CPFE). This behavioral impairment is accompanied by disrupted medial prefrontal, but not dorsal hippocampal expression of the immediate early genes (IEGs) c-Fos, Arc, Egr-1, and Npas4 (Heroux, Robinson-Drummer, Kawan, Rosen, & Stanton, 2019). The current experiment examined if systemic administration of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine (PHY) prior to context learning would rescue prefrontal IEG expression and freezing in the CPFE. From PD4-9, Long-Evans rats received oral intubation of ethanol (EtOH; 5.25 g/kg/day) or sham-intubation (SI). Rats received a systemic injection of saline (SAL) or PHY (0.01 mg/kg) prior to all three phases (Experiment 1) or just context exposure (Experiment 2) in the CPFE from PD31-33. A subset of rats were sacrificed 30 min after context learning to assay changes in IEG expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal hippocampus (dHPC), and ventral hippocampus (vHPC). Administration of PHY prior to all three phases or just context learning rescued both post-shock and retention test freezing in the CPFE in EtOH rats without altering performance in SI rats. EtOH-SAL rats had significantly reduced mPFC but not dHPC expression of c-Fos, Arc, Egr-1, and Npas4. EtOH-PHY treatment rescued mPFC expression of c-Fos in ethanol-exposed rats and increased Arc and Npas4 regardless of dosing condition. While there was no effect of PHY on dHPC or vHPC expression of Arc, Egr-1, or Npas4, this treatment significantly boosted hippocampal expression of c-Fos regardless of ethanol treatment. These findings implicate impaired cholinergic and prefrontal function in cognitive deficits arising from 3rd-trimester equivalent alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Heroux
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Colin J Horgan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Rosen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Mark E Stanton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
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de la Fuente V, Medina C, Falasco G, Urrutia L, Kravitz AV, Urbano FJ, Vázquez S, Pedreira ME, Romano A. The lateral neocortex is critical for contextual fear memory reconsolidation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12157. [PMID: 31434945 PMCID: PMC6704072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Memories are a product of the concerted activity of many brain areas. Deregulation of consolidation and reprocessing of mnemonic traces that encode fearful experiences might result in fear-related psychopathologies. Here, we assessed how pre-established memories change with experience, particularly the labilization/reconsolidation of memory, using the whole-brain analysis technique of positron emission tomography in male mice. We found differences in glucose consumption in the lateral neocortex, hippocampus and amygdala in mice that underwent labilization/reconsolidation processes compared to animals that did not reactivate a fear memory. We used chemogenetics to obtain insight into the role of cortical areas in these phases of memory and found that the lateral neocortex is necessary for fear memory reconsolidation. Inhibition of lateral neocortex during reconsolidation altered glucose consumption levels in the amygdala. Using an optogenetic/neuronal recording-based strategy we observed that the lateral neocortex is functionally connected with the amygdala, which, along with retrograde labeling using fluorophore-conjugated cholera toxin subunit B, support a monosynaptic connection between these areas and poses this connection as a hot-spot in the circuits involved in reactivation of fear memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica de la Fuente
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Candela Medina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Germán Falasco
- Centro de Imágenes Moleculares, Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Urrutia
- Centro de Imágenes Moleculares, Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney and Digestive Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Francisco J Urbano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Vázquez
- Centro de Imágenes Moleculares, Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Escobar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Pedreira
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arturo Romano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Quillfeldt JA. Temporal Flexibility of Systems Consolidation and the Synaptic Occupancy/Reset Theory (SORT): Cues About the Nature of the Engram. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:1. [PMID: 30814946 PMCID: PMC6381034 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to adapt to new situations involves behavioral changes expressed either from an innate repertoire, or by acquiring experience through memory consolidation mechanisms, by far a much richer and flexible source of adaptation. Memory formation consists of two interrelated processes that take place at different spatial and temporal scales, Synaptic Consolidation, local plastic changes in the recruited neurons, and Systems Consolidation, a process of gradual reorganization of the explicit/declarative memory trace between hippocampus and the neocortex. In this review, we summarize some converging experimental results from our lab that support a normal temporal framework of memory systems consolidation as measured both from the anatomical and the psychological points of view, and propose a hypothetical model that explains these findings while predicting other phenomena. Then, the same experimental design was repeated interposing additional tasks between the training and the remote test to verify for any interference: we found that (a) when the animals were subject to a succession of new learnings, systems consolidation was accelerated, with the disengagement of the hippocampus taking place before the natural time point of this functional switch, but (b) when a few reactivation sessions reexposed the animal to the training context without the shock, systems consolidation was delayed, with the hippocampus prolonging its involvement in retrieval. We hypothesize that new learning recruits from a fixed number of plastic synapses in the CA1 area to store the engram index, while reconsolidation lead to a different outcome, in which additional synapses are made available. The first situation implies the need of a reset mechanism in order to free synapses needed for further learning, and explains the acceleration observed under intense learning activity, while the delay might be explained by a different process, able to generate extra free synapses: depending on the cognitive demands, it deals either with a fixed or a variable pool of available synapses. The Synaptic Occupancy/Reset Theory (SORT) emerged as an explanation for the temporal flexibility of systems consolidation, to encompass the two different dynamics of explicit memories, as well as to bridge both synaptic and systems consolidation in one single mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alberto Quillfeldt
- Psychobiology and Neurocomputation Lab, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Torquatto KI, Menegolla AP, Popik B, Casagrande MA, de Oliveira Alvares L. Role of calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in memory consolidation, retrieval and updating. Neuropharmacology 2019; 144:312-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Postretrieval Relearning Strengthens Hippocampal Memories via Destabilization and Reconsolidation. J Neurosci 2018; 39:1109-1118. [PMID: 30587543 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2618-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory reconsolidation is hypothesized to be a mechanism by which memories can be updated with new information. Such updating has previously been shown to weaken memory expression or change the nature of the memory. Here we demonstrate that retrieval-induced memory destabilization also allows that memory to be strengthened by additional learning. We show that for rodent contextual fear memories, this retrieval conditioning effect is observed only when conditioning occurs within a specific temporal window opened by retrieval. Moreover, it necessitates hippocampal protein degradation at the proteasome and engages hippocampal Zif268 protein expression, both of which are established mechanisms of memory destabilization-reconsolidation. We also demonstrate a conceptually analogous pattern of results in human visual paired-associate learning. Retrieval-relearning strengthens memory performance, again only when relearning occurs within the temporal window of memory reconsolidation. These findings link retrieval-mediated learning in humans to the reconsolidation literature, and have potential implications both for the understanding of endogenous memory gains and strategies to boost weakly learned memories.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Memory reconsolidation allows existing memories to be updated with new information. Previous research has demonstrated that reconsolidation can be manipulated pharmacologically and behaviorally to impair problematic memories. In this article, we show that reconsolidation can also be exploited to strengthen memory. This is shown both in rats, in a fear memory setting, and in a human declarative memory setting. For both, the behavioral conditions necessary to observe the memory strengthening match those that are required to trigger memory reconsolidation. There are several behavioral approaches that have previously been shown convincingly to strengthen memory. The present demonstration that reconsolidation can underpin long-lasting memory improvements may both provide an underlying mechanism for such approaches and provide new strategies to boost memories.
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Jablonski SA, Robinson-Drummer PA, Schreiber WB, Asok A, Rosen JB, Stanton ME. Impairment of the context preexposure facilitation effect in juvenile rats by neonatal alcohol exposure is associated with decreased Egr-1 mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex. Behav Neurosci 2018; 132:497-511. [PMID: 30346189 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The context preexposure facilitation effect (CPFE) is a variant of contextual fear conditioning in which learning about the context (preexposure) and associating the context with a shock (training) occur on separate occasions. The CPFE is sensitive to a range of neonatal alcohol doses (Murawski & Stanton, 2011). The current study examined the impact of neonatal alcohol on Egr-1 mRNA expression in the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) subregions of the mPFC, the CA1 of dorsal hippocampus (dHPC), and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA), following the preexposure and training phases of the CPFE. Rat pups were exposed to a 5.25 g/kg/day single binge-like dose of alcohol (Group EtOH) or were sham intubated (SI; Group SI) over postnatal days (PD) 7-9. In behaviorally tested rats, alcohol administration disrupted freezing. Following context preexposure, Egr-1 mRNA was elevated in both EtOH and SI groups compared with baseline control animals in all regions analyzed. Following both preexposure and training, Group EtOH displayed a significant decrease in mPFC Egr-1 mRNA expression compared with Group SI. However, this decrease was greatest after training. Training day decreases in Egr-1 expression were not found in LA or CA1 in Group EtOH compared with Group SI. A second experiment confirmed that the EtOH-induced training-day deficits in mPFC Egr-1 mRNA expression were specific to groups which learned contextual fear (vs. nonassociative controls). Thus, memory processes that engage the mPFC during the context-shock association may be most susceptible to the teratogenic effects of neonatal alcohol. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arun Asok
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
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36
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Gisquet-Verrier P, Riccio DC. Memory integration: An alternative to the consolidation/reconsolidation hypothesis. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 171:15-31. [PMID: 30343034 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The original concept of consolidation considers that memory requires time to be fixed. Since 2000, a comparable protein-dependent re-stabilization phase, called reconsolidation, has been assumed to take place after memory retrieval. This consolidation/reconsolidation hypothesis, has dominated the literature for more than 50 years, despite compelling evidence that is inconsistent with it. In this review, we present an historical overview and explain how, despite serious criticisms, this hypothesis has persisted for decades and become accepted as a dogma. Based on both older and more recent evidence, we next propose the concept of memory integration which involves the linkage or embedding of new material into an already existing representation. We believe integration provides a viable explanation for retrograde amnesia in place of the consolidation/reconsolidation hypothesis. Integration can further be the basis for several major cases of memory alteration such as time dependent memory enhancement, interference, counter-conditioning, updating and other instances of memory malleability. In a final section we consider the implications this new concept may have for memory processes and its translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Gisquet-Verrier
- Neuro-PSI, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR9197, Université Paris-Saclay, Bât 446, Orsay, F-91405, France.
| | - David C Riccio
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
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Galea LA, Roes MM, Dimech CJ, Chow C, Mahmoud R, Lieblich SE, Duarte-Guterman P. Premarin has opposing effects on spatial learning, neural activation, and serum cytokine levels in middle-aged female rats depending on reproductive history. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 70:291-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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38
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Zhang JJ, Haubrich J, Bernabo M, Finnie PS, Nader K. Limits on lability: Boundaries of reconsolidation and the relationship to metaplasticity. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 154:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Finnie PSB, Gamache K, Protopoulos M, Sinclair E, Baker AG, Wang SH, Nader K. Cortico-hippocampal Schemas Enable NMDAR-Independent Fear Conditioning in Rats. Curr Biol 2018; 28:2900-2909.e5. [PMID: 30197087 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The neurobiology of memory formation has been studied primarily in experimentally naive animals, but the majority of learning unfolds on a background of prior experience. Considerable evidence now indicates that the brain processes initial and subsequent learning differently. In rodents, a first instance of contextual fear conditioning requires NMDA receptor (NMDAR) activation in the dorsal hippocampus, but subsequent conditioning to another context does not. This shift may result from a change in molecular plasticity mechanisms or in the information required to learn the second task. To clarify how related events are encoded, it is critical to identify which aspect of a first task engages NMDAR-independent learning and the brain regions that maintain this state. Here, we show in rats that the requirement for NMDARs in hippocampus depends neither on prior exposure to context nor footshock alone but rather on the procedural similarity between two conditioning tasks. Importantly, NMDAR-independent learning requires the memory of the first task to remain hippocampus dependent. Furthermore, disrupting memory maintenance in the anterior cingulate cortex after the first task also reinstates NMDAR dependency. These results reveal cortico-hippocampal interactions supporting experience-dependent learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S B Finnie
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Drive Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Karine Gamache
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Drive Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Maria Protopoulos
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Drive Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Sinclair
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Drive Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Andrew G Baker
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Drive Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Szu-Han Wang
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Chancellor's Building GU507c, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Karim Nader
- Psychology Department, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Drive Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada.
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40
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Wang X, Li M, Zhu H, Yu Y, Xu Y, Zhang W, Bian C. Transcriptional Regulation Involved in Fear Memory Reconsolidation. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:127-140. [PMID: 29796837 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Memory reconsolidation has been demonstrated to offer a potential target period during which the fear memories underlying fear disorders can be disrupted. Reconsolidation is a labile stage that consolidated memories re-enter after memories are reactivated. Reactivated memories, induced by cues related to traumatic events, are susceptible to strengthening and weakening. Gene transcription regulation and protein synthesis have been suggested to be required for fear memory reconsolidation. Investigating the transcriptional regulation mechanisms underlying reconsolidation may provide a therapeutic method for the treatment of fear disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the therapeutic effect of treating a fear disorder through interfering with reconsolidation is still contradictory. In this review, we summarize several transcription factors that have been linked to fear memory reconsolidation and propose that transcription factors, as well as related signaling pathways can serve as targets for fear memory interventions. Then, we discuss the application of pharmacological and behavioral interventions during reconsolidation that may or not efficiently treat fear disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Military Psychology, College of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Forth Battalion of Cadet Brigade, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Military Psychology, College of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Medical Company, Troops 95848 of People's Liberation Army, Xiaogan, 432100, China
| | - Yongju Yu
- Department of Military Psychology, College of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Military Psychology, College of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wenmo Zhang
- Department of Fundamental, Army Logistical University of PLA, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Chen Bian
- Department of Military Psychology, College of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Inoue R, Talukdar G, Takao K, Miyakawa T, Mori H. Dissociated Role of D-Serine in Extinction During Consolidation vs. Reconsolidation of Context Conditioned Fear. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:161. [PMID: 29872376 PMCID: PMC5972189 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extinction-based exposure therapy is widely used for the treatment of anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). D-serine, an endogenous co-agonist at the glycine-binding site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR), has been shown to be involved in extinction of fear memory. Recent findings suggest that the length of time between the initial learning and an extinction session is a determinant of neural mechanism involved in fear extinction. However, how D-serine is involved in extinction of fear memory at different timings remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of D-serine in immediate, delayed and post-retrieval extinction (P-RE) of contextual fear memory using wild-type (WT) and serine racemase (SRR) knockout (KO) mice that exhibit 90% reduction in D-serine content in the hippocampus. We found that SRR disruption impairs P-RE, facilitates immediate extinction (IE), but has no effect on delayed extinction (DE) of contextual fear memories. The impaired P-RE of contextual fear memory in SRRKO mice was associated with increased expression of the GluA1 subunit of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) in the hippocampal synaptic membrane fraction after P-RE, and this increase of AMPAR and impaired P-RE were rescued by the administration of D-serine to SRRKO mice. Our findings suggest that D-serine is differentially involved in the regulation of contextual fear extinction depending on the timing of behavioral intervention, and that combining D-serine or other drugs, enhancing the NMDAR function, with P-RE may achieve optimal outcomes for the treatment of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Inoue
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Gourango Talukdar
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Keizo Takao
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Genetic Engineering and Functional Genomics Group, Frontier Technology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Genetic Engineering and Functional Genomics Group, Frontier Technology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Lim CS, Kim JI, Kwak C, Lee J, Jang EH, Oh J, Kaang BK. β-Adrenergic signaling is required for the induction of a labile state during memory reconsolidation. Brain Res Bull 2018; 141:50-57. [PMID: 29680772 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Memory reconsolidation is the process by which previously consolidated memories reenter a labile state through reactivation of the memory trace and are actively consolidated through de novo protein synthesis. Although extensive studies have shown that β-adrenergic signaling plays a critical role in the restabilization of reactivated memory, its role in the destabilization of long-term memory is not well-studied. In this study, we found that membrane excitability increased in hippocampal CA1 neurons immediately after the retrieval of contextual fear memory. Interestingly, this increase in membrane excitability diminished after treatment with propranolol (a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist), an NMDA receptor antagonist, and a PKA inhibitor. In addition, we found that administration of propranolol prior to, but not after, the retrieval of fear memory ameliorated the memory impairment caused by anisomycin, indicating that inhibition of β-adrenergic signaling blocks the destabilization of contextual fear memory. Taken together, these results indicate that β-adrenergic signaling via NMDA receptors and PKA signaling pathway induces a labile state of long-term memory through increased neuronal membrane excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Seok Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ick Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Chuljung Kwak
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jaehyun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Eun Hae Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jihae Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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Robinson-Drummer PA, Chakraborty T, Heroux NA, Rosen JB, Stanton ME. Age and experience dependent changes in Egr-1 expression during the ontogeny of the context preexposure facilitation effect (CPFE). Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 150:1-12. [PMID: 29452227 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The context preexposure facilitation effect (CPFE) is a variant of contextual fear conditioning in which acquisition of the contextual representation and association of the retrieved contextual memory with an immediate foot-shock are separated by 24 h. During the CPFE, learning- related expression patterns of the early growth response-1 gene (Egr-1) vary based on training phase and brain sub-region in adult and adolescent rats (Asok, Schreiber, Jablonski, Rosen, & Stanton, 2013; Schreiber, Asok, Jablonski, Rosen, & Stanton, 2014; Chakraborty, Asok, Stanton, & Rosen, 2016). The current experiments extended our previous findings by examining Egr-1 expression in infant (PD17) and juvenile (PD24) rats during the CPFE using preexposure protocols involving single-exposure (SE) or multiple-exposure (ME) to context. Following a 5 min preexposure to the training context (i.e. the SE protocol), Egr-1 expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) and lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) was differentially increased in PD24 rats relative to PD17 rats. In contrast, increased Egr-1 expression following an immediate foot-shock (2s, 1.5 mA) did not differ between PD17 and PD24 rats, and was not learning-related. Interestingly, increasing the number of exposures to the training chamber on the preexposure day (i.e. ME protocol) altered training-day expression such that a learning-related increase in expression was observed in the mPFC in PD24 but not PD17 rats. Together, these results illustrate a clear maturation of Egr-1 expression that is both age- and experience-dependent. In addition, the data suggest that regional activity and plasticity within the mPFC on the preexposure but not the training day may contribute to the ontogenetic profile of the effect. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the causal role of sub-region-specific neuroplasticity in the ontogeny of the CPFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Robinson-Drummer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - T Chakraborty
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - N A Heroux
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - J B Rosen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - M E Stanton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
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Miranda M, Bekinschtein P. Plasticity Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation in the Perirhinal Cortex. Neuroscience 2018; 370:46-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Scientific advances in the last decades uncovered that memory is not a stable, fixed entity. Apparently stable memories may become transiently labile and susceptible to modifications when retrieved due to the process of reconsolidation. Here, we review the initial evidence and the logic on which reconsolidation theory is based, the wide range of conditions in which it has been reported and recent findings further revealing the fascinating nature of this process. Special focus is given to conceptual issues of when and why reconsolidation happen and its possible outcomes. Last, we discuss the potential clinical implications of memory modifications by reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Haubrich
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karim Nader
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Heroux NA, Osborne BF, Miller LA, Kawan M, Buban KN, Rosen JB, Stanton ME. Differential expression of the immediate early genes c-Fos, Arc, Egr-1, and Npas4 during long-term memory formation in the context preexposure facilitation effect (CPFE). Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 147:128-138. [PMID: 29222058 PMCID: PMC6314028 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The context preexposure facilitation effect (CPFE) is a contextual fear conditioning paradigm in which learning about the context, acquiring the context-shock association, and retrieving/expressing contextual fear are temporally dissociated into three distinct phases (context preexposure, immediate-shock training, and retention). The current study examined changes in the expression of plasticity-associated immediate early genes (IEGs) during context and contextual fear memory formation on the preexposure and training days of the CPFE, respectively. Using adolescent Long-Evans rats, preexposure and training day expression of the IEGs c-Fos, Arc, Egr-1, and Npas4 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal hippocampus (dHPC), and basolateral amygdala (BLA) was analyzed using qPCR as an extension of previous studies from our lab examining Egr-1 via in situ hybridization (Asok, Schreiber, Jablonski, Rosen, & Stanton, 2013; Schreiber, Asok, Jablonski, Rosen, & Stanton, 2014). In Expt. 1, context preexposure induced expression of c-Fos, Arc, Egr-1 and Npas4 significantly above that of home-cage (HC) controls in all three regions. In Expt. 2, immediate-shock was followed by a post-shock freezing test, resulting in increased mPFC c-Fos expression in a group preexposed to the training context but not a control group preexposed to an alternate context, indicating expression related to associative learning. This was not seen with other IEGs in mPFC or with any IEG in dHPC or BLA. Finally, when the post-shock freezing test was omitted in Expt. 3, training-related increases were observed in prefrontal c-Fos, Arc, Egr-1, and Npas4, hippocampal c-Fos, and amygdalar Egr-1 expression. These results indicate that context exposure in a post-shock freezing test re-engages IEG expression that may obscure associatively-induced expression during contextual fear conditioning. Additionally, these studies suggest a key role for long-term synaptic plasticity in the mPFC in supporting the CPFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Heroux
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Brittany F Osborne
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Lauren A Miller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Malak Kawan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Katelyn N Buban
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Jeffrey B Rosen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Mark E Stanton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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de Bartolomeis A, Buonaguro EF, Latte G, Rossi R, Marmo F, Iasevoli F, Tomasetti C. Immediate-Early Genes Modulation by Antipsychotics: Translational Implications for a Putative Gateway to Drug-Induced Long-Term Brain Changes. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:240. [PMID: 29321734 PMCID: PMC5732183 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing amount of research aims at recognizing the molecular mechanisms involved in long-lasting brain architectural changes induced by antipsychotic treatments. Although both structural and functional modifications have been identified following acute antipsychotic administration in humans, currently there is scarce knowledge on the enduring consequences of these acute changes. New insights in immediate-early genes (IEGs) modulation following acute or chronic antipsychotic administration may help to fill the gap between primary molecular response and putative long-term changes. Moreover, a critical appraisal of the spatial and temporal patterns of IEGs expression may shed light on the functional "signature" of antipsychotics, such as the propensity to induce motor side effects, the potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying the differences between antipsychotics beyond D2 dopamine receptor affinity, as well as the relevant effects of brain region-specificity in their mechanisms of action. The interest for brain IEGs modulation after antipsychotic treatments has been revitalized by breakthrough findings such as the role of early genes in schizophrenia pathophysiology, the involvement of IEGs in epigenetic mechanisms relevant for cognition, and in neuronal mapping by means of IEGs expression profiling. Here we critically review the evidence on the differential modulation of IEGs by antipsychotics, highlighting the association between IEGs expression and neuroplasticity changes in brain regions impacted by antipsychotics, trying to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underpinning the effects of this class of drugs on psychotic, cognitive and behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta F Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Latte
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Rossi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Marmo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Iasevoli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Psychiatry and Unit of Treatment Resistant Psychosis, Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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48
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Fernández RS, Pedreira ME, Boccia MM. Does reconsolidation occur in natural settings? Memory reconsolidation and anxiety disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 57:45-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Haubrich J, Machado A, Boos FZ, Crestani AP, Sierra RO, Alvares LDO, Quillfeldt JA. Enhancement of extinction memory by pharmacological and behavioral interventions targeted to its reactivation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10960. [PMID: 28887561 PMCID: PMC5591313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction is a process that involves new learning that inhibits the expression of previously acquired memories. Although temporarily effective, extinction does not erase an original fear association. Since the extinction trace tends to fade over time, the original memory can resurge. On the other hand, strengthening effects have been described in several reconsolidation studies using different behavioral and pharmacological manipulations. In order to know whether an extinction memory can be strengthened by reactivation-based interventions in the contextual fear conditioning task, we began by replicating the classic phenomenon of spontaneous recovery to show that brief reexposure sessions can prevent the decay of the extinction trace over time in a long-lasting way. This fear attenuation was shown to depend both on L-type calcium channels and protein synthesis, which suggests a reconsolidation process behind the reactivation-induced strengthening effect. The extinction trace was also susceptible to enhancement by a post-reactivation infusion of a memory-enhancing drug (NaB), which was also able to prevent rapid fear reacquisition (savings). These findings point to new reactivation-based approaches able to strengthen an extinction memory to promote its persistence. The constructive interactions between extinction and reconsolidation may represent a promising novel approach in the realm of fear-related disorder treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Haubrich
- Psychobiology and Neurocomputation lab and Neurobiology of Memory lab. Neurosciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Adriano Machado
- Psychobiology and Neurocomputation lab and Neurobiology of Memory lab. Neurosciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flávia Zacouteguy Boos
- Psychobiology and Neurocomputation lab and Neurobiology of Memory lab. Neurosciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana P Crestani
- Psychobiology and Neurocomputation lab and Neurobiology of Memory lab. Neurosciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O Sierra
- Psychobiology and Neurocomputation lab and Neurobiology of Memory lab. Neurosciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Oliveira Alvares
- Psychobiology and Neurocomputation lab and Neurobiology of Memory lab. Neurosciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Quillfeldt
- Psychobiology and Neurocomputation lab and Neurobiology of Memory lab. Neurosciences Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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50
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Cassini LF, Flavell CR, Amaral OB, Lee JLC. On the transition from reconsolidation to extinction of contextual fear memories. Learn Mem 2017; 24:392-399. [PMID: 28814464 PMCID: PMC5580521 DOI: 10.1101/lm.045724.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Retrieval of an associative memory can lead to different phenomena. Brief reexposure sessions tend to trigger reconsolidation, whereas more extended ones trigger extinction. In appetitive and fear cued Pavlovian memories, an intermediate "null point" period has been observed where neither process seems to be engaged. Here we investigated whether this phenomenon extends to contextual fear memory. Adult rats were subjected to a contextual fear conditioning paradigm, reexposed to the context 2 d later for 3, 5, 10, 20, or 30 min, with immediate injections of MK-801 or saline following reexposure, and tested on the following day. We observed a significant effect of MK-801 with the 3- and 30-min sessions, impairing reconsolidation and extinction, respectively. However, it did not have significant effects with 5-, 10-, or 20-min sessions, even though freezing decreased from reexposure to test. Further analyses indicated that this is not likely to be due to a variable transition point at the population level. In conclusion, the results show that in contextual fear memories there is a genuine "null point" between the parameters that induce reconsolidation and extinction, as defined by the effects of MK-801, although NMDA receptor-independent decreases in freezing can still occur in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey F Cassini
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte R Flavell
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Olavo B Amaral
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Jonathan L C Lee
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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