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Vaughan AJ, McMeekin LJ, Hine K, Stubbs IW, Codadu NK, Cockell S, Hill JT, Cowell R, Trevelyan AJ, Parrish RR. RNA Sequencing Demonstrates Ex Vivo Neocortical Transcriptomic Changes Induced by Epileptiform Activity in Male and Female Mice. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0520-23.2024. [PMID: 38664009 PMCID: PMC11129778 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0520-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Seizures are generally associated with epilepsy but may also be a symptom of many other neurological conditions. A hallmark of a seizure is the intensity of the local neuronal activation, which can drive large-scale gene transcription changes. Such changes in the transcriptional profile likely alter neuronal function, thereby contributing to the pathological process. Therefore, there is a strong clinical imperative to characterize how gene expression is changed by seizure activity. To this end, we developed a simplified ex vivo technique for studying seizure-induced transcriptional changes. We compared the RNA sequencing profile in mouse neocortical tissue with up to 3 h of epileptiform activity induced by 4-aminopyridine (4AP) relative to control brain slices not exposed to the drug. We identified over 100 genes with significantly altered expression after 4AP treatment, including multiple genes involved in MAPK, TNF, and neuroinflammatory signaling pathways, all of which have been linked to epilepsy previously. Notably, the patterns in male and female brain slices were almost identical. Various immediate early genes were among those showing the largest upregulation. The set of down-regulated genes included ones that might be expected either to increase or to decrease neuronal excitability. In summary, we found the seizure-induced transcriptional profile complex, but the changes aligned well with an analysis of published epilepsy-associated genes. We discuss how simple models may provide new angles for investigating seizure-induced transcriptional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec J Vaughan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Laura J McMeekin
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233
| | - Kutter Hine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Isaac W Stubbs
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Neela K Codadu
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Cockell
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sports Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathon T Hill
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Rita Cowell
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233
| | - Andrew J Trevelyan
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - R Ryley Parrish
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
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Sun F, Zhang G, Zhang X. Improvement of Tourette syndrome symptoms after intractable temporal lobe epileptic surgery: a case report. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:806-811. [PMID: 34623200 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1990914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The comorbidities of either epilepsy or Tourette syndrome (TS) are heterogeneous. However, the co-occurrence of epilepsy and TS conditions is rarely encountered, let alone effective treatments that address both neurologic disorders at the same time. METHODS We report a 24-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with TLE and TS. She presented for seizure control. After evaluation with stereo-electroencephalography and electrocorticography monitoring, the patient underwent a resective surgery treatment and was followed for 9 months. RESULTS At the last follow-up, the patient remained seizure free and unexpectedly showed great improvement in TS symptoms and its psychiatric comorbidities. CONCLUSION This anecdotal case highlights the close association between TLE and TS and we suggest that epilepsy and TS share some common pathophysiologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiao Sun
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
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Ghosh C, Westcott R, Perucca E, Hossain M, Bingaman W, Najm I. Cytochrome P450-mediated antiseizure medication interactions influence apoptosis, modulate the brain BAX/Bcl-X L ratio and aggravate mitochondrial stressors in human pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:983233. [PMID: 36515436 PMCID: PMC9441576 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.983233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polytherapy with antiseizure medications (ASMs) is often used to control seizures in patients suffering from epilepsy, where about 30% of patients are pharmacoresistant. While drug combinations are intended to be beneficial, the consequence of CYP-dependent drug interactions on apoptotic protein levels and mitochondrial function in the epileptic brain remains unclear. We examined the interactions of ASMs given prior to surgery in surgically resected brain tissues and of three ASMs (lacosamide, LCM; oxcarbazepine, OXC; levetiracetam LEV) in isolated brain cells from patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (n = 23). We divided the patients into groups-those who took combinations of NON-CYP + CYP substrate ASMs, NON-CYP + CYP inducer ASMs, CYP substrate + CYP substrate or CYP substrate + CYP inducer ASMs-to study the 1) pro- and anti-apoptotic protein levels and other apoptotic signaling proteins and levels of reactive oxygen species (reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation) in brain tissues; 2) cytotoxicity at blood-brain barrier epileptic endothelial cells (EPI-ECs) and subsequent changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in normal neuronal cells, following treatment with LCM + OXC (CYP substrate + CYP inducer) or LCM + LEV (CYP substrate + NON-CYP-substrate) after blood-brain barrier penetration, and 3) apoptotic and mitochondrial protein targets in the cells, pre-and post-CYP3A4 inhibition by ketoconazole and drug treatments. We found an increased BAX (pro-apoptotic)/Bcl-XL (anti-apoptotic) protein ratio in epileptic brain tissue after treatment with CYP substrate + CYP substrate or inducer compared to NON-CYP + CYP substrate or inducer, and subsequently decreased glutathione and elevated lipid peroxidation levels. Further, increased cytotoxicity and Mito-ID levels, indicative of compromised mitochondrial membrane potential, were observed after treatment of LCM + OXC in combination compared to LCM + LEV or these ASMs alone in EPI-ECs, which was attenuated by pre-treatment of CYP inhibitor, ketoconazole. A combination of two CYP-mediated ASMs on EPI-ECs resulted in elevated caspase-3 and cytochrome c with decreased SIRT3 levels and activity, which was rescued by CYP inhibition. Together, the study highlights for the first time that pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins levels are dependent on ASM combinations in epilepsy, modulated via a CYP-mediated mechanism that controls free radicals, cytotoxicity and mitochondrial activity. These findings lead to a better understanding of future drug selection choices offsetting pharmacodynamic CYP-mediated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Ghosh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cerebrovascular Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rosemary Westcott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cerebrovascular Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Emilio Perucca
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australia and Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammed Hossain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cerebrovascular Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - William Bingaman
- Charles Shor Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Imad Najm
- Australia and Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Vilela J, Martiniano H, Marques AR, Santos JX, Rasga C, Oliveira G, Vicente AM. Disease similarity network analysis of Autism Spectrum Disorder and comorbid brain disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:932305. [PMID: 36061363 PMCID: PMC9434349 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.932305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with heterogeneous clinical presentation, variable severity, and multiple comorbidities. A complex underlying genetic architecture matches the clinical heterogeneity, and evidence indicates that several co-occurring brain disorders share a genetic component with ASD. In this study, we established a genetic similarity disease network approach to explore the shared genetics between ASD and frequent comorbid brain diseases (and subtypes), namely Intellectual Disability, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Epilepsy, as well as other rarely co-occurring neuropsychiatric conditions in the Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disease spectrum. Using sets of disease-associated genes curated by the DisGeNET database, disease genetic similarity was estimated from the Jaccard coefficient between disease pairs, and the Leiden detection algorithm was used to identify network disease communities and define shared biological pathways. We identified a heterogeneous brain disease community that is genetically more similar to ASD, and that includes Epilepsy, Bipolar Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder combined type, and some disorders in the Schizophrenia Spectrum. To identify loss-of-function rare de novo variants within shared genes underlying the disease communities, we analyzed a large ASD whole-genome sequencing dataset, showing that ASD shares genes with multiple brain disorders from other, less genetically similar, communities. Some genes (e.g., SHANK3, ASH1L, SCN2A, CHD2, and MECP2) were previously implicated in ASD and these disorders. This approach enabled further clarification of genetic sharing between ASD and brain disorders, with a finer granularity in disease classification and multi-level evidence from DisGeNET. Understanding genetic sharing across disorders has important implications for disease nosology, pathophysiology, and personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Vilela
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo Martiniano
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Marques
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Xavier Santos
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Célia Rasga
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Guiomar Oliveira
- Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo, Serviço do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança, Centro de Investigação e Formação Clínica, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University Clinic of Pediatrics and Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Astrid Moura Vicente
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, University of Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Astrid Moura Vicente,
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Li Q, Jiang B, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Xu Z, Chen X, Hou X, Cai J, Huang Y, Jian J. Serotonin system is partially involved in immunomodulation of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) immune cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:944388. [PMID: 35967362 PMCID: PMC9366525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.944388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a well-known neurotransmitter affecting emotion, behavior, and cognition. Additionally, numerous immunomodulatory functions of serotonin have been discovered in mammals. However, the regulatory role of the serotonin system in fish immunity remains unclear. In this study, various serotonergic markers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were identified and characterized. The involvement of the serotonin system during bacterial infection was investigated. Moreover, the expression characteristics and specific functions of serotonergic markers within Nile tilapia immune cells were also assessed. Overall, 22 evolutionarily conserved serotonergic marker genes in Nile tilapia were cloned and characterized. Transcriptional levels of these molecules were most abundant in the brain, and their transcripts were induced during Streptococcus agalactiae infection. Nevertheless, few serotonergic markers exist on Nile tilapia immune cells, and no distinct immunomodulation effect was observed during an immune response. The present study lays a theoretical foundation for further investigation of the immunological mechanisms in fish as well as the evolution of the serotonin system in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Baijian Jiang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yongxiong Huang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhou Xu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xinjin Chen
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xitan Hou
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jia Cai
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Huang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Huang, ; Jichang Jian,
| | - Jichang Jian
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Huang, ; Jichang Jian,
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Khaksar S, Salimi M, Zeinoddini H, Naderi N. The Role of the Possible Receptors and Intracellular Pathways in Protective Effect of Exogenous Anandamide in Kindling Model of Epilepsy. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1226-1242. [PMID: 35112235 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this research, the involvement of CB1 and TRPV1 receptors in the possible protective effects of anandamide were investigated in the kindling model of epilepsy. The basolateral amygdala of the rat brain was chosen to put stimulating electrodes. Semi-rapid kindling was induced by a repetitive sub-threshold stimulation for 5-9 consecutive days. There were seven groups, six of which were kindled and used for drug testing by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) microinjection. (i) Sham, (ii) control group received vehicles, (iii) anandamide (AEA; 100 ng/rat), (iv) capsazepine (TRPV1 antagonist; 100 ng/rat), (v) AM251 (CB1 antagonist; 100 ng/rat), (vi) AM251 + anandamide, and (vii) capsazepine + anandamide. The after-discharge duration, seizure duration, and stage five duration were measured in rats. Moreover, the expressions of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and the cAMP responsive element binding (CREB) proteins in the hippocampus were also studied. The anandamide-treated group showed a significant decrease in seizure scores, while no change was shown in seizure scores in the capsazepine- and AM251-treated groups compared with the control group. Co-administrations of either capsazepine + AEA or AM251 + AEA attenuated the protective effect of AEA against seizure. Furthermore, the group received AEA showed a decrease in the expressions of CREB and p-CREB possibly through the activation of the CB1 and TRPV1 receptors. Activation of CB1 and TRPV1 receptors might be involved in AEA anticonvulsant effect in kindling model of epilepsy. This effect could be due to suppression of CREB phosphorylation in hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Khaksar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Salimi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Zeinoddini
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 2660, Vali-e-Asr Ave, 1996835113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Naderi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 2660, Vali-e-Asr Ave, 1996835113, Tehran, Iran. .,Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kalinina A, Krekhno Z, Yee J, Lehmann H, Fournier NM. Effect of repeated seizures on spatial exploration and immediate early gene expression in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 12:73-80. [PMID: 35028638 PMCID: PMC8741423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Immediate early genes (IEGs) are coordinately activated in response to neuronal activity and can cause activation of secondary response genes that modulate synaptic plasticity and mediate long-lasting changes in behaviour. Excessive neuronal stimulation induced by epileptic seizures induce rapid and dramatic changes in IEG expression. Although the impact of acute seizure activity on IEG expression has been well studied, less is known about the long-term effects of chronic seizures on IEG induction during seizure free periods where behavioural and cognitive impairments are frequently observed in people with epilepsy and in animal models of epilepsy. The present study sought out to examine the impact of chronic pentylenetetrazole evoked seizures (PTZ kindling) on spatial exploration induced in IEG expression (c-Fos, ΔFosB, Homer1a, Egr1, Npas4, Nr4a1) in the hippocampus (CA1 and CA3 subfields) and dentate gyrus of rats. Male rats underwent two weeks of PTZ kindling (every 2 days) or received vehicle injections and were placed into a novel open field arena for 30 min either 24 hrs or 4 weeks after the last treatment. Although exploratory activity was similar between PTZ kindled and vehicle controls when examined 24 hrs after the last treatment, we observed a significant reduction in spatial exploration induced expression of c-Fos, Egr1, and ΔFosB in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, and reduced expression of Nr4a1 in the dentate gyrus and Homer1a in the hippocampus only. When testing was conducted after a 4-week recovery period, only c-Fos continued to show reduced expression after exposure a novel environment in previously PTZ kindled animals. Interestingly, these animals also showed reduced activity in the center region of the open field suggestive of heightened anxiety-like behaviour. Collectively, these results suggest that repeated seizures may lead to longterm downregulation in hippocampal IEG expression that can extend into seizure free periods thereby providing a critical mechanism for the development of cognitive and behavioural deficits that arise during chronic epilepsy
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kalinina
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Zakhar Krekhno
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Janet Yee
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Hugo Lehmann
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Neil M Fournier
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
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An insight into crosstalk among multiple signaling pathways contributing to epileptogenesis. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174469. [PMID: 34478688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the years of research, epilepsy remains uncontrolled in one-third of afflicted individuals and poses a health and economic burden on society. Currently available anti-epileptic drugs mainly target the excitatory-inhibitory imbalance despite targeting the underlying pathophysiology of the disease. Recent research focuses on understanding the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to seizure generation and on possible new treatment avenues for preventing epilepsy after a brain injury. Various signaling pathways, including the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP-ERK) pathway, JAK-STAT pathway, wnt/β-catenin signaling, cAMP pathway, and jun kinase pathway, have been suggested to play an essential role in this regard. Recent work suggests that the mTOR pathway intervenes epileptogenesis and proposes that mTOR inhibitors may have antiepileptogenic properties for epilepsy. In the same way, several animal studies have indicated the involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway in neurogenesis and neuronal death induced by seizures in different phases (acute and chronic) of seizure development. Various studies have also documented the activation of JAK-STAT signaling in epilepsy and cAMP involvement in epileptogenesis through CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein). Although studies are there, the mechanism for how components of these pathways mediate epileptogenesis requires further investigation. This review summarises the current role of various signaling pathways involved in epileptogenesis and the crosstalk among them. Furthermore, we will also discuss the mechanical base for the interaction between these pathways and how these interactions could be a new emerging promising target for future epilepsy therapies.
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Huang L, Wang J, Liang G, Gao Y, Jin SY, Hu J, Yang X, Lao J, Chen J, Luo ZC, Fan C, Xiong L, Zhu X, Gao TM, Zhong M, Yang X. Upregulated NMDAR-mediated GABAergic transmission underlies autistic-like deficits in Htr3a knockout mice. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9296-9310. [PMID: 34646371 PMCID: PMC8490518 DOI: 10.7150/thno.60531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in serotonin pathway genes, especially the serotonergic receptor subunit gene HTR3A, are associated with autism. However, the association of HTR3A deficiency with autism and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Methods: The Htr3a knockout (KO) mice were generated using transcription activator-like effector nuclease technology. Various behavior tests, including social interaction, social approach task, olfactory habituation/dishabituation, self-grooming, novel object recognition, contextual fear conditioning, elevated plus maze, open field and seizure susceptibility, were performed to assess the phenotypes. Transcriptome sequencing was carried out to search for molecular network and pathways underlying the phenotypes. Electrophysiological recordings, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence staining, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to verify the potential mechanisms. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist memantine was used to treat the KO mice for rescuing the phenotypes. Results: The Htr3a KO mouse model showed three phenotypic domains: autistic-like behaviors (including impaired social behavior, cognitive deficits, and increased repetitive self-grooming), impaired memory, and attenuated susceptibility to pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. We observed enhanced action potential-driven γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) transmission in pyramidal neurons and decreased excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) ratio using the patch-clamp recording. Transcriptome sequencing on the hippocampus revealed the converged pathways of the dysregulated molecular networks underlying three phenotypic domains with upregulation of NMDAR. We speculated that Htr3a KO promotes an increase in GABA release through NMDAR upregulation. The electrophysiological recordings on hippocampal parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneuron revealed increased NMDAR current and NMDAR-dependent excitability. The NMDAR antagonist memantine could rescue GABAergic transmission in the hippocampus and ameliorate autistic-like behaviors of the KO mice. Conclusion: Our data indicated that upregulation of the NMDAR in PV+ interneurons may play a critical role in regulating GABAergic input to pyramidal neurons and maybe involve in the pathogenesis of autism associated with HTR3A deficiency. Therefore, we suggest that the NMDAR system could be considered potential therapeutic target for autism.
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Epigenetic Mediation of AKT1 rs1130233's Effect on Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Medial Temporal Function during Fear Processing. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11091240. [PMID: 34573260 PMCID: PMC8471665 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High doses of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis, have been shown to have anxiogenic effects. Additionally, THC effects have been shown to be modulated by genotype, including the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1130233 at the protein kinase AKT1 gene, a key component of the dopamine signalling cascade. As such, it is likely that epigenetic methylation around this SNP may affect AKT gene expression, which may in turn impact on the acute effects of THC on brain function. We investigated the genetic (AKT1 rs1130233) and epigenetic modulation of brain function during fear processing in a 2-session, double-blind, cross-over, randomized placebo-controlled THC administration, in 36 healthy males. Fear processing was assessed using an emotion (fear processing) paradigm, under functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Complete genetic and fMRI data were available for 34 participants. THC caused an increase in anxiety and transient psychotomimetic symptoms and para-hippocampal gyrus/amygdala activation. Number of A alleles at the AKT1 rs1130233 SNP, and percentage methylation at the CpG11-12 site, were independently associated with a greater effect of THC on activation in a network of brain regions including left and right parahippocampal gyri, respectively. AKT1 rs1130233 moderation of the THC effect on left parahippocampal activation persisted after covarying for methylation percentage, and was partially mediated in sections of the left parahippocampal gyrus/hippocampus by methylation percentage. These results may offer an example of how genetic and epigenetic variations influence the psychotomimetic and neurofunctional effects of THC.
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Ahmed MM, Carrel AJ, Cruz Del Angel Y, Carlsen J, Thomas AX, González MI, Gardiner KJ, Brooks-Kayal A. Altered Protein Profiles During Epileptogenesis in the Pilocarpine Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2021; 12:654606. [PMID: 34122302 PMCID: PMC8194494 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.654606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, spontaneous seizures and is a major contributor to the global burden of neurological disease. Although epilepsy can result from a variety of brain insults, in many cases the cause is unknown and, in a significant proportion of cases, seizures cannot be controlled by available treatments. Understanding the molecular alterations that underlie or are triggered by epileptogenesis would help to identify therapeutics to prevent or control progression to epilepsy. To this end, the moderate throughput technique of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) was used to profile changes in protein expression in a pilocarpine mouse model of acquired epilepsy. Levels of 54 proteins, comprising phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent components of major signaling pathways and cellular complexes, were measured in hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum of mice at six time points, spanning 15 min to 2 weeks after induction of status epilepticus. Results illustrate the time dependence of levels of the commonly studied MTOR pathway component, pS6, and show, for the first time, detailed responses during epileptogenesis of multiple components of the MTOR, MAPK, JAK/STAT and apoptosis pathways, NMDA receptors, and additional cellular complexes. Also noted are time- and brain region- specific changes in correlations among levels of functionally related proteins affecting both neurons and glia. While hippocampus and cortex are primary areas studied in pilocarpine-induced epilepsy, cerebellum also shows significant time-dependent molecular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Andrew J Carrel
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Yasmin Cruz Del Angel
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jessica Carlsen
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ajay X Thomas
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Section of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Section of Child Neurology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marco I González
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katheleen J Gardiner
- Department of Pediatrics, Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Amy Brooks-Kayal
- Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States
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12
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Hoda U, Jain S, Samim M, Jain GK, Agarwal NB. Embelin ameliorates cognitive dysfunction and progression of kindling in pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in mice by attenuating brain inflammation. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 116:107788. [PMID: 33581600 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of embelin (EMB) on various epileptic models and related brain inflammation. METHODS Male Swiss albino mice were administered EMB (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/p.o.) in acute and chronic study for 7 days and 35 days, respectively. Acute study included increasing current electroshock (ICES) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure test. Step-down latency (SDL) and forced swim test (FST) were performed to evaluate cognitive functions and depression-like behavior, respectively. Chronic study included PTZ-induced kindling. Levels of inflammatory biomarkers, namely interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were estimated in the hippocampus and cortex of the kindled brains by ELISA technique. Further, neurotransmitters (NTs), namely gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and dopamine, were estimated by using validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). RESULTS Embelin (EMB) treatment increased the seizure threshold to hind limb extension (HLE) in the ICES test and decreased the seizure scores in the kindling experiment. Significantly low levels of IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-6, and TNF-α were observed in the hippocampus of PTZ + EMB (10 and 20 mg/kg)-treated groups compared with PTZ+ vehicle-treated group. Significantly lower levels of IL-1Ra, IL-6, and TNF-α compared with PTZ+ vehicle-treated group were observed in the cortex of PTZ + EMB (10 and 20 mg/kg)-treated groups, while IL-1β levels were found to be significantly lower only in the cortex of PTZ + EMB (20 mg/kg)-treated group. Increased levels of dopamine and GABA and decreased levels of glutamate in both hippocampus and cortex were observed in EMB + PTZ-treated groups compared with vehicle + PTZ-treated group. Latency of step down was found to be increased and immobility time in FST was decreased in EMB + PTZ groups compared with vehicle + PTZ group. CONCLUSION Embelin suppressed epileptogenesis in the kindled mice via neurochemical modulation of neurotransmitters and inhibiting the inflammatory pathway. Further, EMB was also observed to be protecting the kindled animals from cognition and depression-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubedul Hoda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Seema Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi 110095, India
| | - Mohammed Samim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Nidhi Bharal Agarwal
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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13
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Li H, Feng Y, Chen Z, Jiang X, Zhou Z, Yuan J, Li F, Zhang Y, Huang X, Fan S, Wu X, Huang C. Pepper component 7-ethoxy-4-methylcoumarin, a novel dopamine D2 receptor agonist, ameliorates experimental Parkinson's disease in mice and Caenorhabditis elegans. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105220. [PMID: 33007422 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease resulting from the degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and subsequent deficit of dopamine in the striatum. PD is inversely associated with consumption of peppers; however, the constituent and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 7-ethoxy-4-methylcoumarin (EMC), a pepper constituent, on PD-like disorders in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mice and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-exposed C. elegans. In this study, EMC was identified as an agonist of dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) and increased the expression of P-CREB and BDNF in SH-SY5Y cells. In MPTP-treated PD mice, EMC was shown to apparently ameliorate the motor and gait disorders, and restore the depressed TH expression in SNpc and striatum. Meanwhile, it recovered the locomotor deficit caused by 6-OHDA in wild type N2 and CAT-2-transgenic UA57 of C. elegans, and relieved the degeneration of DAergic neurons resulting from 6-OHDA or with ageing. Moreover, EMC inhibited α-synuclein accumulation in C. elegans strain NL5901 overexpressing human α-synuclein gene. Taken together, EMC was identified as a novel DRD2 agonist and improved experimental PD in mice and C. elegans. These findings suggest that EMC may be beneficial to PD patients, further supporting that the consumption of peppers may have favorable effect on PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Li
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaru Feng
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinfeng Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Cheng Huang
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Revisiting the role of neurotransmitters in epilepsy: An updated review. Life Sci 2020; 265:118826. [PMID: 33259863 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurologicaldisorder characterized by persistent predisposition to recurrent seizurescaused by abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. Epileptic seizures maydevelop due to a relative imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Expressional alterations of receptors and ion channelsactivated by neurotransmitters can lead to epilepsy pathogenesis. AIMS In this updated comprehensive review, we discuss the emerging implication of mutations in neurotransmitter-mediated receptors and ion channels. We aim to provide critical findings of the current literature about the role of neurotransmitters in epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify and critically evaluate studies analyzing the possible relationship between epilepsy and neurotransmitters. The PubMed database was searched for related research articles. KEY FINDINGS Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the main neurotransmitters playing a critical role in the pathophysiology of this balance, and irreversible neuronal damage may occur as a result of abnormal changes in these molecules. Acetylcholine (ACh), the main stimulant of the autonomic nervous system, mediates signal transmission through cholinergic and nicotinic receptors. Accumulating evidence indicates that dysfunction of nicotinic ACh receptors, which are widely expressed in hippocampal and cortical neurons, may be significantly implicated in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. The dopamine-norepinephrine-epinephrine cycle activates hormonal and neuronal pathways; serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, and melatonin can act as both hormones and neurotransmitters. Recent reports have demonstrated that nitric oxide mediates cognitive and memory-related functions via stimulating neuronal transmission. SIGNIFICANCE The elucidation of the role of the main mediators and receptors in epilepsy is crucial for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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15
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Takahashi K, Nakagawasai O, Nakajima T, Okubo M, Nishimura Y, Sakuma W, Yamagata R, Nemoto W, Miyagawa K, Kurokawa K, Mochida-Saito A, Tsuji M, Takeda H, Tadano T, Tan-No K. Dopamine D2 receptor supersensitivity in the hypothalamus of olfactory bulbectomized mice. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Jiang Q, Tang G, Fu J, Yang J, Xu T, Tan CH, Wang Y, Chen YM. Lim Kinase1 regulates seizure activity via modulating actin dynamics. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:134936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Sadeghian A, Salari Z, Azizi H, Raoufy MR, Shojaei A, Kosarmadar N, Zare M, Rezaei M, Barkley V, Javan M, Fathollahi Y, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J. The role of dopamine D 2-like receptors in a "depotentiation-like effect" of deep brain stimulation in kindled rats. Brain Res 2020; 1738:146820. [PMID: 32251663 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the anti-seizure effects of low-frequency stimulation (LFS) have not been completely determined. However, Gi-protein-coupled receptors, including D2-like receptors, may have a role in mediating these effects. In the present study, the role of D2-like receptors in LFS' anti-seizure action was investigated. Rats were kindled with semi-rapid (6 stimulations per day), electrical stimulation of the hippocampal CA1 area. In LFS-treated groups, subjects received four trials of LFS at 5 min, 6 h, 24 h, and 30 h following the last kindling stimulation. Each LFS set occurred at 5 min intervals, and consisted of 4 trains. Each train contained 200, 0/1 ms long, monophasic square wave pulses at 1 Hz. Haloperidol (D2-like receptors antagonist, 2 µm) and/or bromocriptine (D2-like receptors agonist 2 µg/µlit) were microinjected into the lateral ventricle immediately after the last kindling, before applying LFS. Obtained results showed that applying LFS in fully-kindled subjects led to a depotentiation-like decrease in kindling-induced potentiation and reduced the amplitude and rise slope of excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic currents in whole-cell recordings from CA1 pyramidal neurons. In addition, LFS restored the kindling-induced, spatial learning and memory impairments in the Barnes maze test. A D2-like receptor antagonist inhibited these effects of LFS, while a D2-like receptor agonist mimicked these effects. In conclusion, a depotentiation-like mechanism may be involved in restoring LFS' effects on learning and memory, and synaptic plasticity. These effects depend on D2-like receptors activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Sadeghian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Salari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Azizi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shojaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Kosarmadar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Zare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rezaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Victoria Barkley
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Fathollahi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Fu Y, Wu Z, Guo Z, Chen L, Ma Y, Wang Z, Xiao W, Wang Y. Systems-level analysis identifies key regulators driving epileptogenesis in temporal lobe epilepsy. Genomics 2020; 112:1768-1780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Mirzajani S, Ghafouri-Fard S, Habibabadi JM, Arsang-Jang S, Omrani MD, Fesharaki SSH, Sayad A, Taheri M. Peripheral expression of Rubicon Like Autophagy Enhancer is reduced in epileptic patients. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Hammer MF, Sprissler R, Bina RW, Lau B, Johnstone L, Walter CM, Labiner DM, Weinand ME. Altered expression of signaling pathways regulating neuronal excitability in hippocampal tissue of temporal lobe epilepsy patients with low and high seizure frequency. Epilepsy Res 2019; 155:106145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kalinina A, Maletta T, Carr J, Lehmann H, Fournier NM. Spatial exploration induced expression of immediate early genes Fos and Zif268 in adult-born neurons Is reduced after pentylenetetrazole kindling. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:74-84. [PMID: 31279580 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Seizure activity stimulates adult neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, in the hippocampus. Many new neurons that develop in the presence of repeatedly induced seizures acquire abnormal morphological and functional characteristics that can promote network hyperexcitability and hippocampal dysfunction. However, the impact of seizure induced neurogenesis on behaviour remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether adult-born neurons generated immediately before and during chronic seizures were capable of integration into behaviorally relevant hippocampal networks. Adult rats underwent pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) kindling for either 1 or 2 weeks. Proliferating cells were labelled with BrdU immediately before kindling commenced. Twenty-four hours after receiving their last kindling treatment, rats were placed in a novel environment and allowed to freely explore for 30 min. The rats were euthanized 90 min later to examine for behaviourally-induced immediate early gene expression (c-fos, Zif268). Using this approach, we found that PTZ kindled rats did not differ from control rats in regards to exploratory behaviour, but there was a marked attenuation in behaviour-induced expression of Fos and Zif268 for rats that received 2 weeks of PTZ kindling. Further examination revealed that PTZ kindled rats showed reduced colocalization of Fos and Zif268 in 2.5 week old BrdU + cells. The proportion of immature granule cells (doublecortin-positive) expressing behaviorally induced Zif268 was also significantly lower for PTZ kindled rats than control rats. These results suggest that chronic seizures can potentially disrupt the ability of adult-born cells to functionally integrate into hippocampal circuits important for the processing of spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Kalinina
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Teresa Maletta
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Joshua Carr
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Hugo Lehmann
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Neil M Fournier
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
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22
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Deng J, Xu T, Yang J, Zhang KM, Li Q, Yu XY, Li R, Fu J, Jiang Q, Ma JX, Chen YM. Sema7A, a brain immune regulator, regulates seizure activity in PTZ-kindled epileptic rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 26:101-116. [PMID: 31179640 PMCID: PMC6930824 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Semaphorin7A (Sema7A) plays an important role in the immunoregulation of the brain. In our study, we aimed to investigate the expression patterns of Sema7A in epilepsy and further explore the roles of Sema7A in the regulation of seizure activity and the inflammatory response in PTZ‐kindled epileptic rats. Methods First, we measured the Sema7A expression levels in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and in rats of a PTZ‐kindled epilepsy rat model. Second, to explore the role of Sema7A in the regulation of seizure activity, we conducted epilepsy‐related behavioral experiments after knockdown and overexpression of Sema7A in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Possible Sema7A‐related brain immune regulators (eg, ERK phosphorylation, IL‐6, and TNF‐α) were also investigated. Additionally, the growth of mossy fibers was visualized by anterograde tracing using injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the DG region. Results Sema7A expression was markedly upregulated in the brain tissues of TLE patients and rats of the epileptic model after PTZ kindling. After knockdown of Sema7A, seizure activity was suppressed based on the latency to the first epileptic seizure, number of seizures, and duration of seizures. Conversely, overexpression of Sema7A promoted seizures. Overexpression of Sema7A increased the expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines, IL‐6 and TNF‐α, ERK phosphorylation, and growth of mossy fibers in PTZ‐kindled epileptic rats. Conclusion Sema7A is upregulated in the epileptic brain and plays a potential role in the regulation of seizure activity in PTZ‐kindled epileptic rats, which may be related to neuroinflammation. Sema7A promotes the inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐6 as well as the growth of mossy fibers through the ERK pathway, suggesting that Sema7A may promote seizures by increasing neuroinflammation and activating pathological neural circuits. Sema7A plays a critical role in epilepsy and could be a potential therapeutic target for this neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chonqing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Ke-Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
| | - Jing-Xi Ma
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chonqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, China
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Inhibition of Hsp70 Suppresses Neuronal Hyperexcitability and Attenuates Epilepsy by Enhancing A-Type Potassium Current. Cell Rep 2019; 26:168-181.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Abstract
There is a resurgence of interest in the role of metabolism in epilepsy. Long considered ancillary and acknowledged only in the context of clinical application of ketogenic diets, metabolic control of epilepsy is gaining momentum and mainstream interest among researchers. A metabolic paradigm for epilepsy rests upon known perturbations in three major interconnected metabolic nodes and therapeutic targets therefrom (i.e., glycolysis, mitochondria, and redox balance).
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Takahashi K, Nakagawasai O, Nemoto W, Kadota S, Isono J, Odaira T, Sakuma W, Arai Y, Tadano T, Tan-No K. Memantine ameliorates depressive-like behaviors by regulating hippocampal cell proliferation and neuroprotection in olfactory bulbectomized mice. Neuropharmacology 2018; 137:141-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Sharma S, Carlson S, Puttachary S, Sarkar S, Showman L, Putra M, Kanthasamy AG, Thippeswamy T. Role of the Fyn-PKCδ signaling in SE-induced neuroinflammation and epileptogenesis in experimental models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 110:102-121. [PMID: 29197620 PMCID: PMC5753797 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) induces neuroinflammation and epileptogenesis, but the mechanisms are not yet fully delineated. The Fyn, a non-receptor Src family tyrosine kinase (SFK), and its immediate downstream target, PKCδ are emerging as potential mediators of neuroinflammation. In order to first determine the role of Fyn kinase signaling in SE, we tested the efficacy of a SFK inhibitor, saracatinib (25mg/kg, oral) in C57BL/6J mouse kainate model of acute seizures. Saracatinib pretreatment dampened SE severity and completely prevented mortality. We further utilized fyn-/- and fyn+/+ mice (wildtype control for the fyn-/- mice on same genetic background), and the rat kainate model, treated with saracatinib post-SE, to validate the role of Fyn/SFK in SE and epileptogenesis. We observed significant reduction in SE severity, epileptiform spikes, and electrographic non-convulsive seizures in fyn-/- mice when compared to fyn+/+ mice. Interestingly, significant reductions in phosphorylated pSrc-416 and PKCδ (pPKCδ-507) and naive PKCδ were observed in fyn-/- mice as compared to fyn+/+ mice suggesting that PKCδ signaling is a downstream mediator of Fyn in SE and epileptogenesis. Notably, fyn-/- mice also showed a reduction in key proinflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS mRNA expression; serum IL-6 and IL-12 levels; and nitro-oxidative stress markers such as 4-HNE, gp91phox, and 3-NT in the hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry revealed a significant increase in reactive microgliosis and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and hilus of dentate gyrus in fyn+/+ mice in contrast to fyn-/- mice. Interestingly, we did not observe upregulation of Fyn in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus during post-SE in fyn+/+ mice, but it was upregulated in hilar neurons of the dentate gyrus when compared to naïve control. In reactive microglia, both Fyn and PKCδ were persistently upregulated during post-SE suggesting that Fyn-PKCδ may drive neuroinflammation during epileptogenesis. Since disabling the Fyn kinase prior to SE, either by treating with saracatinib or fyn gene knockout, suppressed seizures and the subsequent epileptogenic events, we further tested whether Fyn/SFK inhibition during post-SE modifies epileptogenesis. Telemetry-implanted, SE-induced, rats were treated with saracatinib and continuously monitored for a month. At 2h post-diazepam, the saracatinib (25mg/kg) or the vehicle was administered orally and repeated twice daily for first three days followed by a single dose/day for the next four days. The saracatinib post-treatment prevented epileptogenesis in >50% of the rats and significantly reduced spontaneous seizures and epileptiform spikes in the rest (one animal did not respond) when compared to the vehicle treated group, which had >24 seizures in a month. Collectively, the findings suggest that Fyn/SFK is a potential mediator of epileptogenesis and a therapeutic target to prevent/treat seizures and epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunik Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Steven Carlson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Sreekanth Puttachary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Souvarish Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Lucas Showman
- W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Marson Putra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | - Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA.
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Kikuyama H, Hanaoka T, Kanazawa T, Yoshida Y, Mizuno T, Toyoda H, Yoneda H. The Mechanism of Anti-Epileptogenesis by Levetiracetam Treatment is Similar to the Spontaneous Recovery of Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy during Adolescence. Psychiatry Investig 2017; 14:844-850. [PMID: 29209390 PMCID: PMC5714728 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2017.14.6.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The anti-epileptogenic drug levetiracetam has anticonvulsant and anti-epileptogenesis effects. Synergy between cell death and inflammation can lead to increased levels of apoptosis inhibitory factors and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, aberrant neurogenesis and extended axon sprouting. Once hyperexcitation of the neural network occurs, spontaneous seizures or epileptogenesis develops. This study investigated whether the anti-epileptogenic effect of levetiracetam is due to its alternate apoptotic activity. METHODS Adult male Noda epileptic rats were treated with levetiracetam or vehicle control for two weeks. mRNA quantification of Bax, Bcl-2 and GAPDH expression were performed from prefrontal cortex and hippocampus tissue samples. RESULTS The levetiracetam-treated group showed a significant increase of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA expression ratio in the prefrontal cortex than the control group, but no change in the Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA expression ratio in hippocampus. CONCLUSION Idiopathic generalized epilepsy including childhood absence epilepsy develop at childhood and recover spontaneously during adolescence. The aberrant neural excitable network is pruned by a neural-maturing action. This study suggests the mechanism of acquired anti-epileptogenesis by levetiracetam treatment may be similar to spontaneous recovery of idiopathic generalized epilepsy during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kikuyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadahito Hanaoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yasushi Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takafumi Mizuno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Toyoda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoneda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
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Lösing P, Niturad CE, Harrer M, Reckendorf CMZ, Schatz T, Sinske D, Lerche H, Maljevic S, Knöll B. SRF modulates seizure occurrence, activity induced gene transcription and hippocampal circuit reorganization in the mouse pilocarpine epilepsy model. Mol Brain 2017; 10:30. [PMID: 28716058 PMCID: PMC5513048 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is hippocampal neuronal demise and aberrant mossy fiber sprouting. In addition, unrestrained neuronal activity in TLE patients induces gene expression including immediate early genes (IEGs) such as Fos and Egr1. We employed the mouse pilocarpine model to analyze the transcription factor (TF) serum response factor (SRF) in epileptogenesis, seizure induced histopathology and IEG induction. SRF is a neuronal activity regulated TF stimulating IEG expression as well as nerve fiber growth and guidance. Adult conditional SRF deficient mice (SrfCaMKCreERT2) were more refractory to initial status epilepticus (SE) acquisition. Further, SRF deficient mice developed more spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis uncovered a requirement of SRF for SE and SRS induced IEG induction (e.g. Fos, Egr1, Arc, Npas4, Btg2, Atf3). SRF was required for epilepsy associated neurodegeneration, mossy fiber sprouting and inflammation. We uncovered MAP kinase signaling as SRF target during epilepsy. Upon SRF ablation, seizure evoked induction of dual specific phosphatases (Dusp5 and Dusp6) was reduced. Lower expression of these negative ERK kinase regulators correlated with altered P-ERK levels in epileptic Srf mutant animals. Overall, this study uncovered an SRF contribution to several processes of epileptogenesis in the pilocarpine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Lösing
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cristina Elena Niturad
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Merle Harrer
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Theresa Schatz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Sinske
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Lerche
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Snezana Maljevic
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie-Institute of Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Present address: The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Bernd Knöll
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Rasgado LAV, Villanueva I, Díaz FV. Effect of γ-ethyl-γ-phenyl-butyrolactone (EFBL), anticonvulsant and hypnotic drug, on mouse brain catecholamine levels. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2017; 67:215-226. [PMID: 28590911 DOI: 10.1515/acph-2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
γ-Ethyl-γ-phenyl-butyrolactone (EFBL) is a structural combination of the anticonvulsant γ-hydroxy-γ-ethyl-γ-phenylbutyramide (HEPB) and the hypnotic γ-butyrolactone (GBL), which inherits both properties. To clarify its mechanism of action, the effects of EFBL, GBL and HEPB on dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) brain levels were investigated. Influences of chlorpromazine, phenelzine and aminooxyacetic acid were also studied. EFBL increased DA in a dose-dependent manner, remaining enhanced by 80 % over a period of 24 h and augmented NA by 54 % one hour after treatment. HEPB increased DA and NA approximately 2-fold after the first hour. GBL raised DA and NA after three and 24 h, resp. EFBL reversed chlorpromazine effects but potentiated those of phenelzine on DA. Amino-oxyacetic modified neither DA nor NA brain levels, not even in the presence of EFBL. The anticonvulsant and hypnotic properties of EFBL are attributed to its effect on presynaptic dopaminergic receptors and its lasting effect on ethyl and phenyl radicals that hinder its degradation. The results support the role of DA and NA in regulating seizure activity in the brain and indicate that EFBL offers a potential treatment for refractory epilepsy without complementary drugs and Parkinson's disease, without the drawbacks of oral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes A. Vega Rasgado
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Departamento de Bioquímica Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológica Instituto Politécnico Nacional Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás C.P. 11340, México , D.F., México
| | - Iván Villanueva
- Departamento de Fisiología Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás C.P. 11340, México , D.F., México
| | - Fernando Vega Díaz
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica Departamento de Bioquímica Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológica Instituto Politécnico Nacional Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás C.P. 11340, México , D.F., México
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30
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Mouri A, Noda Y, Niwa M, Matsumoto Y, Mamiya T, Nitta A, Yamada K, Furukawa S, Iwamura T, Nabeshima T. The involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-induced place preference and behavioral sensitization. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329:157-165. [PMID: 28472632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is known to induce dependence and psychosis in humans. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the synaptic plasticity and neurotrophy in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. This study aimed to investigate the role of BDNF in MDMA-induced dependence and psychosis. A single dose of MDMA (10mg/kg) induced BDNF mRNA expression in the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala, but not in the striatum or the hippocampus. However, repeated MDMA administration for 7 days induced BDNF mRNA expression in the striatum and hippocampus. Both precursor and mature BDNF protein expression increased in the nucleus accumbens, mainly in the neurons. Additionally, rapidly increased extracellular serotonin levels and gradually and modestly increased extracellular dopamine levels were noted within the nucleus accumbens of mice after repeated MDMA administration. Dopamine receptor antagonists attenuated the effect of repeated MDMA administration on BDNF mRNA expression in the nucleus accumbens. To examine the role of endogenous BDNF in the behavioral and neurochemical effects of MDMA, we used mice with heterozygous deletions of the BDNF gene. MDMA-induced place preference, behavioral sensitization, and an increase in the levels of extracellular serotonin and dopamine within the nucleus accumbens, were attenuated in BDNF heterozygous knockout mice. These results suggest that BDNF is implicated in MDMA-induced dependence and psychosis by activating the midbrain serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Mouri
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Meijo University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya 468-0069, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya 468-0069, Japan
| | - Minae Niwa
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Meijo University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Yurie Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Meijo University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Meijo University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya 468-0069, Japan
| | - Atsumi Nitta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya 468-0069, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya 468-0069, Japan
| | - Shoei Furukawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Iwamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama 790-8578, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Meijo University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan; Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya 468-0069, Japan; Aino University, Ibaraki 567-0012, Japan.
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31
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Babaie J, Sayyah M, Fard-Esfahani P, Golkar M, Gharagozli K. Contribution of dopamine neurotransmission in proconvulsant effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection in male mice. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1894-1905. [PMID: 28266723 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurologic disorders worldwide with no distinguishable cause in 60% of patients. One-third of world's population is infected with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). This intracellular parasite has high tendency to excitable cells including neurons. We assessed seizure susceptibility and involvement of dopaminergic system in male mice with acute and chronic T. gondii infection. Mice were infected by intraperitoneal injection of T. gondii cysts. Acute and chronic stages of infection were determined by quantification of SAG1/BAG1 transcripts and level of repetitive REP-529 sequence in the brain of mice by real-time PCR. Threshold of clonic seizures was measured by tail vein infusion of pentylenetetrazole. The infected mice were pretreated with D1 and D2 dopamine receptor antagonists, and seizure threshold was measured. Moreover, seizure threshold was determined after treatment of toxoplasmosis by sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. SAG1 level reached the maximum at week 2 after infection and then declined. The maximum level of BAG1 was observed at the week 3 and preserved till the week 8. REP-529 was detected at first week after infection, reached maximum at the week 3 and kept at this level till the eighth week. Threshold of seizures significantly decreased in both acute and chronic phases of infection. D1 and D2 receptors antagonists inhibited proconvulsant effect of toxoplasmosis. Chemotherapy inhibited parasite growth and multiplication, and returned seizure susceptibility to the level of non-infected mice. Dopaminergic neurotransmission participates in proconvulsant effect of T. gondii. The effect of parasite is eliminated by antibiotic therapy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Babaie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sayyah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Majid Golkar
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kourosh Gharagozli
- Department of Neurology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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32
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Giordano C, Costa AM, Lucchi C, Leo G, Brunel L, Fehrentz JA, Martinez J, Torsello A, Biagini G. Progressive Seizure Aggravation in the Repeated 6-Hz Corneal Stimulation Model Is Accompanied by Marked Increase in Hippocampal p-ERK1/2 Immunoreactivity in Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:281. [PMID: 28018175 PMCID: PMC5159434 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6-Hz corneal stimulation test is used to screen novel antiepileptic molecules to overcome the problem of drug refractoriness. Although recognized as a standard test, it has been evaluated only recently in the attempt to characterize the putative neuronal networks involved in seizures caused by corneal stimulation. In particular, by recording from the CA1 region we previously established that the hippocampus participates to propagation of seizure activity. However, these findings were not corroborated by using markers of neuronal activation such as FosB/ΔFosB antigens. In view of this discrepancy, we performed new experiments to characterize the changes in levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases1/2 (p-ERK1/2), which are also used as markers of neuronal activation. To this aim, mice underwent corneal stimulation up to three different times, in three sessions separated by an interval of 3 days. To characterize a group in which seizures could be prevented by pharmacological treatment, we also considered pretreatment with the ghrelin receptor antagonist EP-80317 (330 μg/kg). Control mice were sham-treated. Video electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings were obtained from mice belonging to each group of treatment. Animals were finally used to characterize the immunoreactivity for FosB/ΔFosB and p-ERK1/2 in the hippocampus. As previously shown, FosB/ΔFosB levels were highly increased throughout the hippocampus by the first induced seizure but, in spite of the progressively increased seizure severity, they were restored to control levels after the third stimulation. At variance, corneal stimulation caused a progressive increase in p-ERK1/2 immunoreactivity all over the hippocampus, especially in CA1, peaking in the third session. Predictably, EP-80317 administration reduced both duration and severity of seizures, prevented the increase in FosB/ΔFosB levels in the first session, and partially counteracted the increase in p-ERK1/2 levels in the third session. The vast majority of p-ERK1/2 immunopositive cells were co-labeled with FosB/ΔFosB antibodies, suggesting the existence of a relationship between the investigated markers in a subpopulation of neurons activated by seizures. These findings suggest that p-ERK1/2 are useful markers to define the aggravation of seizures and the response to anticonvulsant treatments. In particular, p-ERK1/2 expression clearly identified the involvement of hippocampal regions during seizure aggravation in the 6-Hz model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Giordano
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, NOCSAE Hospital, AUSLModena, Italy
| | - Anna M Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, NOCSAE Hospital, AUSLModena, Italy
| | - Chiara Lucchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, NOCSAE Hospital, AUSLModena, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Leo
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, NOCSAE Hospital, AUSLModena, Italy
| | - Luc Brunel
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM) Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM) Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Max Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Montpellier, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM) Montpellier, France
| | - Antonio Torsello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca Monza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Biagini
- Laboratory of Experimental Epileptology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio EmiliaModena, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, NOCSAE Hospital, AUSLModena, Italy
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Albright B, Dhaher R, Wang H, Harb R, Lee TSW, Zaveri H, Eid T. Progressive neuronal activation accompanies epileptogenesis caused by hippocampal glutamine synthetase inhibition. Exp Neurol 2016; 288:122-133. [PMID: 27769717 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Loss of glutamine synthetase (GS) in hippocampal astrocytes has been implicated in the causation of human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). However, the mechanism by which the deficiency in GS leads to epilepsy is incompletely understood. Here we ask how hippocampal GS inhibition affects seizure phenotype and neuronal activation during epilepsy development (epileptogenesis). Epileptogenesis was induced by infusing the irreversible GS blocker methionine sulfoximine (MSO) unilaterally into the hippocampal formation of rats. We then used continuous video-intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring and c-Fos immunohistochemistry to determine the type of seizures and spatial distribution of neuronal activation early (1-5days postinfusion) and late (16-43days postinfusion) in epileptogenesis. Early in epileptogenesis, seizures were preferentially mild (stage 1-2), activating neurons in the entorhinal-hippocampal area, the basolateral amygdala, the piriform cortex, the midline thalamus, and the anterior olfactory area. Late in epileptogenesis, the seizures were generally more severe (stages 4-5) with neuronal activation extending to the neocortex, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the mediodorsal thalamu\s, and the central nucleus of the amygdala. Our findings demonstrate that inhibition of GS focally in the hippocampal formation triggers a process of epileptogenesis characterized by gradual worsening of seizure severity and involvement of progressively larger neuronal populations over a period of several weeks. Knowledge about the underlying mechanism of epileptogenesis is important because such knowledge may result in more specific and efficacious treatments of MTLE by moving away from large and poorly specific surgical resections to highly targeted surgical or pharmacological interventions of the epileptogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Albright
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Helen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Roa Harb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tih-Shih W Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Hitten Zaveri
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tore Eid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Lee S, Kang S, Kim J, Yoon S, Kim SH, Moon C. Enhanced expression of immediate-early genes in mouse hippocampus after trimethyltin treatment. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:679-684. [PMID: 27614947 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Immediate-early genes (IEGs) are transiently and rapidly activated in response to various cellular stimuli. IEGs mediate diverse functions during pathophysiologic events by regulating cellular signal transduction. We investigated the temporal expression of several IEGs, including c-fos, early growth response protein-1 (Egr-1), and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), in trimethyltin (TMT)-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration. Mice (7 weeks old, C57BL/6) administered TMT (2.6mg/kg intraperitoneally) presented severe neurodegenerative lesions in the dentate gyrus (DG) and showed behavioral seizure activity on days 1-4 post-treatment, after which the lesions and behavior recovered spontaneously over time. c-fos, Egr-1, and Arc mRNA and protein levels significantly increased in the mouse hippocampus after TMT treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that nuclear c-fos expression increased mainly in the DG, whereas nuclear Egr-1 expression was increased extensively in cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA3, and the DG after TMT treatment. Increased Arc levels were detected in the cellular somata/dendrites of the hippocampal subregions after TMT treatment. Therefore, we suggest that increased IEGs are associated with TMT-induced pathological events in mouse hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sohi Kang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Seongwook Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea.
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Mäkelä J, Mudò G, Pham DD, Di Liberto V, Eriksson O, Louhivuori L, Bruelle C, Soliymani R, Baumann M, Korhonen L, Lalowski M, Belluardo N, Lindholm D. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α mediates neuroprotection against excitotoxic brain injury in transgenic mice: role of mitochondria and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:626-39. [PMID: 26741810 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional coactivator involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and cell defense. The functions of PGC-1α in physiology of brain mitochondria are, however, not fully understood. To address this we have studied wild-type and transgenic mice with a two-fold overexpression of PGC-1α in brain neurons. Data showed that the relative number and basal respiration of brain mitochondria were increased in PGC-1α transgenic mice compared with wild-type mitochondria. These changes occurred concomitantly with altered levels of proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as studied by proteomic analyses and immunoblottings. Cultured hippocampal neurons from PGC-1α transgenic mice were more resistant to cell degeneration induced by the glutamate receptor agonist kainic acid. In vivo kainic acid induced excitotoxic cell death in the hippocampus at 48 h in wild-type mice but significantly less so in PGC-1α transgenic mice. However, at later time points cell degeneration was also evident in the transgenic mouse hippocampus, indicating that PGC-1α overexpression can induce a delay in cell death. Immunoblotting showed that X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) was increased in PGC-1α transgenic hippocampus with no significant changes in Bcl-2 or Bcl-X. Collectively, these results show that PGC-1α overexpression contributes to enhanced neuronal viability by stimulating mitochondria number and respiration and increasing levels of OXPHOS proteins and the anti-apoptotic protein XIAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Mäkelä
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Medical Research Institute, Biomedicum-2 Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, I-90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Dan Duc Pham
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Medical Research Institute, Biomedicum-2 Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valentina Di Liberto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, I-90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ove Eriksson
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri Louhivuori
- Medicum, Department of Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Céline Bruelle
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Medical Research Institute, Biomedicum-2 Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Baumann
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Korhonen
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Clinicum, Division of Child Psychiatry, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maciej Lalowski
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Human Physiology, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, I-90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Dan Lindholm
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, POB 63, 00014, Haartmaninkatu 8, FIN-00290, Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Medical Research Institute, Biomedicum-2 Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland
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AKT1 genotype moderates the acute psychotomimetic effects of naturalistically smoked cannabis in young cannabis smokers. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e738. [PMID: 26882038 PMCID: PMC4872423 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking cannabis daily doubles an individual's risk of developing a psychotic disorder, yet indicators of specific vulnerability have proved largely elusive. Genetic variation is one potential risk modifier. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the AKT1 and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genes have been implicated in the interaction between cannabis, psychosis and cognition, but no studies have examined their impact on an individual's acute response to smoked cannabis. A total 442 healthy young cannabis users were tested while intoxicated with their own cannabis-which was analysed for delta-9-tetrahydrocannbinol (THC) and cannabidiol content-and also ± 7 days apart when drug-free. Psychotomimetic symptoms and working memory were assessed on both the sessions. Variation at the rs2494732 locus of the AKT1 gene predicted acute psychotic response to cannabis along with dependence on the drug and baseline schizotypal symptoms. Working memory following cannabis acutely was worse in females, with some suggestion of an impact of COMT polymorphism on working memory when drug-free. These findings are the first to demonstrate that AKT1 mediates the acute response to cannabis in otherwise healthy individuals and implicate the AKT1 pathway as a possible target for prevention and treatment of cannabis psychosis.
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Gangarossa G, Sakkaki S, Lory P, Valjent E. Mouse hippocampal phosphorylation footprint induced by generalized seizures: Focus on ERK, mTORC1 and Akt/GSK-3 pathways. Neuroscience 2015; 311:474-83. [PMID: 26545981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Exacerbated hippocampal activity has been associated to critical modifications of the intracellular signaling pathways. We have investigated rapid hippocampal adaptive responses induced by maximal electroshock seizure (MES). Here, we demonstrate that abnormal and exacerbated hippocampal activity induced by MES triggers specific and temporally distinct patterns of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC) and Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3 (Akt/GSK-3) pathways in the mouse hippocampus. While the ERK pathway is transiently activated, the mTORC1 cascade follows a rapid inhibition followed by a transient activation. This rebound of mTORC1 activity leads to the selective phosphorylation of p70S6K, which is accompanied by an enhanced phosphorylation of the ribosomal subunit S6. In contrast, the Akt/GSK-3 pathway is weakly altered. Finally, MES triggers a rapid upregulation of several plasticity-associated genes as a consequence exacerbated hippocampal activity. The results reported in the present study are reminiscent of the one observed in other models of generalized seizures, thus defining a common molecular footprint induced by intense and aberrant hippocampal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gangarossa
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier F-34094, France; Inserm U1191, Montpellier F-34094, France; Université de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34094, France.
| | - Sophie Sakkaki
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier F-34094, France; Inserm U1191, Montpellier F-34094, France; Université de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34094, France
| | - Philippe Lory
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier F-34094, France; Inserm U1191, Montpellier F-34094, France; Université de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34094, France; LabEx 'Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics', Montpellier F-34094, France
| | - Emmanuel Valjent
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier F-34094, France; Inserm U1191, Montpellier F-34094, France; Université de Montpellier, Montpellier F-34094, France.
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Sarikaya I. PET studies in epilepsy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 5:416-430. [PMID: 26550535 PMCID: PMC4620171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Various PET studies, such as measurements of glucose, serotonin and oxygen metabolism, cerebral blood flow and receptor bindings are availabe for epilepsy. (18)Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) PET imaging of brain glucose metabolism is a well established and widely available technique. Studies have demonstrated that the sensitivity of interictal FDG-PET is higher than interictal SPECT and similar to ictal SPECT for the lateralization and localization of epileptogenic foci in presurgical patients refractory to medical treatments who have noncontributory EEG and MRI. In addition to localizing epileptogenic focus, FDG-PET provide additional important information on the functional status of the rest of the brain. The main limitation of interictal FDG-PET is that it cannot precisely define the surgical margin as the area of hypometabolism usually extends beyond the epileptogenic zone. Various neurotransmitters (GABA, glutamate, opiates, serotonin, dopamine, acethylcholine, and adenosine) and receptor subtypes are involved in epilepsy. PET receptor imaging studies performed in limited centers help to understand the role of neurotransmitters in epileptogenesis, identify epileptic foci and investigate new treatment approaches. PET receptor imaging studies have demonstrated reduced (11)C-flumazenil (GABAA-cBDZ) and (18)F-MPPF (5-HT1A serotonin) and increased (11)C-cerfentanil (mu opiate) and (11)C-MeNTI (delta opiate) bindings in the area of seizure. (11)C-flumazenil has been reported to be more sensitive than FDG-PET for identifying epileptic foci. The area of abnormality on GABAAcBDZ and opiate receptor images is usually smaller and more circumscribed than the area of hypometabolism on FDG images. Studies have demonstrated that (11)C-alpha-methyl-L-tryptophan PET (to study synthesis of serotonin) can detect the epileptic focus within malformations of cortical development and helps in differentiating epileptogenic from non-epileptogenic tubers in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. (15)O-H2O PET was reported to have a similar sensitivity to FDG-PET in detecting epileptic foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismet Sarikaya
- Nuclear Medicine Section, Baskent University Hospital Istanbul, Turkey
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Van Den Berge N, Vanhove C, Descamps B, Dauwe I, van Mierlo P, Vonck K, Keereman V, Raedt R, Boon P, Van Holen R. Functional MRI during Hippocampal Deep Brain Stimulation in the Healthy Rat Brain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133245. [PMID: 26193653 PMCID: PMC4508110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a promising treatment for neurological and psychiatric disorders. The mechanism of action and the effects of electrical fields administered to the brain by means of an electrode remain to be elucidated. The effects of DBS have been investigated primarily by electrophysiological and neurochemical studies, which lack the ability to investigate DBS-related responses on a whole-brain scale. Visualization of whole-brain effects of DBS requires functional imaging techniques such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), which reflects changes in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) responses throughout the entire brain volume. In order to visualize BOLD responses induced by DBS, we have developed an MRI-compatible electrode and an acquisition protocol to perform DBS during BOLD fMRI. In this study, we investigate whether DBS during fMRI is valuable to study local and whole-brain effects of hippocampal DBS and to investigate the changes induced by different stimulation intensities. Seven rats were stereotactically implanted with a custom-made MRI-compatible DBS-electrode in the right hippocampus. High frequency Poisson distributed stimulation was applied using a block-design paradigm. Data were processed by means of Independent Component Analysis. Clusters were considered significant when p-values were <0.05 after correction for multiple comparisons. Our data indicate that real-time hippocampal DBS evokes a bilateral BOLD response in hippocampal and other mesolimbic structures, depending on the applied stimulation intensity. We conclude that simultaneous DBS and fMRI can be used to detect local and whole-brain responses to circuit activation with different stimulation intensities, making this technique potentially powerful for exploration of cerebral changes in response to DBS for both preclinical and clinical DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Van Den Berge
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group, Ghent University-iMinds Medical IT department, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Christian Vanhove
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group, Ghent University-iMinds Medical IT department, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Descamps
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group, Ghent University-iMinds Medical IT department, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ine Dauwe
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter van Mierlo
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group, Ghent University-iMinds Medical IT department, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristl Vonck
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent Keereman
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group, Ghent University-iMinds Medical IT department, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Boon
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roel Van Holen
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group, Ghent University-iMinds Medical IT department, Ghent, Belgium
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Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of N-[4-(4-(alkyl/aryl/heteroaryl)-piperazin-1-yl)-phenyl]-carbamic acid ethyl ester derivatives as novel anticonvulsant agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1092-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sehar N, Agarwal NB, Vohora D, Raisuddin S. Atorvastatin prevents development of kindling by modulating hippocampal levels of dopamine, glutamate, and GABA in mice. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 42:48-53. [PMID: 25499163 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Atorvastatin (ATV) is widely used for the treatment of dyslipidemias. Recent evidence has shown that ATV has protection effects against seizures. However, the effect of ATV on certain neurotransmitter and oxidative stress markers associated with seizures had not been reported. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of ATV on oxidative stress markers on whole brain and GABA, glutamate, and dopamine levels in the hippocampus of PTZ-kindled mice. Additionally, effects of ATV on animal models of seizures, anxiety, and depression were also assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Swiss albino mice were given ATV (20, 40, and 80mg/kg/p.o.) in an acute study. On the seventh day, animals were subjected to various neurological and neurobehavioral tests, viz, increasing current electroshock (ICES) test, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures, Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), and Forced Swim Test (FST). For the development of kindling, a subconvulsant dose of PTZ, i.e., 25mg/kg, i.p., was administered every other day, and ATV in all the three doses was administered daily. Seizure score was continuously monitored until the development of kindling. Thiobarbituric acid reacting species (TBARS), glutathione, dopamine, GABA, and glutamate levels were also assessed in the brain tissues of mice. RESULTS The results showed that in the ICES test, ATV 80mg/kg increased the seizure threshold to hind limb extension (HLE), and a complete protection against HLE was observed when ATV 80mg/kg was combined with a subanticonvulsant dose of phenytoin. Atorvastatin in all the tested doses suppressed the development of kindling, reduced lipid peroxidation, and increased glutathione levels. All doses of ATV maintained the normal levels of glutamate, GABA, and dopamine in kindled mice. CONCLUSION Atorvastatin possesses anticonvulsant activity against electroconvulsions. It was found to suppress the development of PTZ kindling, presumably altering the redox status and hippocampal levels of dopamine, glutamate, and GABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouroz Sehar
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Nidhi Bharal Agarwal
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - S Raisuddin
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Neurobiology of Comorbid Substance Use Disorders in Mental Illness: A Closer Look at the Underlying Commonalities between Cannabis and Schizophrenia. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-014-0031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gangarossa G, Ceolin L, Paucard A, Lerner-Natoli M, Perroy J, Fagni L, Valjent E. Repeated stimulation of dopamine D1-like receptor and hyperactivation of mTOR signaling lead to generalized seizures, altered dentate gyrus plasticity, and memory deficits. Hippocampus 2014; 24:1466-81. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gangarossa
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle; Montpellier France
- INSERM, U661; Montpellier France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2; UMR-5203 Montpellier France
| | - Laura Ceolin
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle; Montpellier France
- INSERM, U661; Montpellier France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2; UMR-5203 Montpellier France
| | - Alexia Paucard
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle; Montpellier France
- INSERM, U661; Montpellier France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2; UMR-5203 Montpellier France
| | - Mireille Lerner-Natoli
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle; Montpellier France
- INSERM, U661; Montpellier France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2; UMR-5203 Montpellier France
| | - Julie Perroy
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle; Montpellier France
- INSERM, U661; Montpellier France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2; UMR-5203 Montpellier France
| | - Laurent Fagni
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle; Montpellier France
- INSERM, U661; Montpellier France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2; UMR-5203 Montpellier France
| | - Emmanuel Valjent
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle; Montpellier France
- INSERM, U661; Montpellier France
- Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2; UMR-5203 Montpellier France
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Srimontri P, Hirota H, Kanno H, Okada T, Hirabayashi Y, Kato K. Infusion of growth hormone into the hippocampus induces molecular and behavioral responses in mice. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2957-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tripathi P, Di Giovannantonio L, Sanguinetti E, Acampora D, Allegra M, Caleo M, Wurst W, Simeone A, Bozzi Y. Increased dopaminergic innervation in the brain of conditional mutant mice overexpressing Otx2: Effects on locomotor behavior and seizure susceptibility. Neuroscience 2014; 261:173-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Henshall DC. MicroRNAs in the pathophysiology and treatment of status epilepticus. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:37. [PMID: 24282394 PMCID: PMC3824358 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) are an important class of non-coding RNA which function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in cells, repressing and fine-tuning protein output. Prolonged seizures (status epilepticus, SE) can cause damage to brain regions such as the hippocampus and result in cognitive deficits and the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Emerging work in animal models has found that SE produces select changes to miRNAs within the brain. Similar changes in over 20 miRNAs have been found in the hippocampus in two or more studies, suggesting conserved miRNA responses after SE. The miRNA changes that accompany SE are predicted to impact levels of multiple proteins involved in neuronal morphology and function, gliosis, neuroinflammation, and cell death. miRNA expression also displays select changes in the blood after SE, supporting blood genomic profiling as potential molecular biomarkers of seizure-damage or epileptogenesis. Intracerebral delivery of chemically modified antisense oligonucleotides (antagomirs) has been shown to have potent, specific and long-lasting effects on brain levels of miRNAs. Targeting miR-34a, miR-132 and miR-184 has been reported to alter seizure-induced neuronal death, whereas targeting miR-134 was neuroprotective, reduced seizure severity during status epilepticus and reduced the later emergence of recurrent spontaneous seizures. These studies support roles for miRNAs in the pathophysiology of status epilepticus and miRNAs may represent novel therapeutic targets to reduce brain injury and epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin, Ireland
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47
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Bozzi Y, Borrelli E. The role of dopamine signaling in epileptogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:157. [PMID: 24062645 PMCID: PMC3774988 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental studies implicate most neuromodulatory systems in epileptogenesis. The dopaminergic system has a seizure-modulating effect that crucially depends on the different subtypes of dopamine (DA) receptors involved and the brain regions in which they are activated. Specifically, DA plays a major role in the control of seizures arising in the limbic system. Studies performed in a wide variety of animal models contributed to illustrate the opposite actions of D1-like and D2-like receptor signaling in limbic epileptogenesis. Indeed, signaling from D1-like receptors is generally pro-epileptogenic, whereas D2-like receptor signaling exerts an anti-epileptogenic effect. However, this view might appear quite simplistic as the complex neuromodulatory action of DA in the control of epileptogenesis likely requires a physiological balance in the activation of circuits modulated by these two major DA receptor subtypes, which determines the response to seizure-promoting stimuli. Here we will review recent evidences on the identification of molecules activated by DA transduction pathways in the generation and spread of seizures in the limbic system. We will discuss the intracellular signaling pathways triggered by activation of different DA receptors in relation to their role in limbic epileptogenesis, which lead to the activation of neuronal death/survival cascades. A deep understanding of the signaling pathways involved in epileptogenesis is crucial for the identification of novel targets for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Bozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento Trento, Italy ; Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council Pisa, Italy
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Zarros A, Byrne AM, Boomkamp SD, Tsakiris S, Baillie GS. Lanthanum-induced neurotoxicity: solving the riddle of its involvement in cognitive impairment? Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:2031-2035. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1112-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Henshall DC, Engel T. Contribution of apoptosis-associated signaling pathways to epileptogenesis: lessons from Bcl-2 family knockouts. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:110. [PMID: 23882182 PMCID: PMC3712126 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell death is a pathophysiological consequence of many brain insults that trigger epilepsy and has been implicated as a causal factor in epileptogenesis. Seizure-induced neuronal death features excitotoxic necrosis and apoptosis-associated signaling pathways, including activation of multiple members of the Bcl-2 gene family. The availability of mice in which individual Bcl-2 family members have been deleted has provided the means to determine whether they have causal roles in neuronal death and epileptogenesis in vivo. Studies show that multiple members of the Bcl-2 family are activated following status epilepticus and the seizure and damage phenotypes of eight different knockouts of the Bcl-2 family have now been characterized. Loss of certain pro-apoptotic members, including Puma, protected against seizure-induced neuronal death whereas loss of anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 and Bcl-w enhanced hippocampal damage. Notably, loss of two putatively pro-apoptotic members, Bak and Bmf, resulted in more seizure-damage while deletion of Bid had no effect, indicating the role of certain Bcl-2 family proteins in epileptic brain injury is distinct from their contributions following other stressors or in non-CNS tissue. Notably, Puma-deficient mice develop fewer spontaneous seizures after status epilepticus suggesting neuroprotection may preserve functional inhibition, either directly by preserving neuronal networks or indirectly, for example by limiting reactive gliosis and pro-inflammatory responses to neuronal death. Together, these studies support apoptosis-associated molecular mechanisms controlling neuronal death as a component of epileptogenesis which might be targetable to protect against seizure-damage, cognitive deficits and mitigate the severity of syndrome following epilepsy-precipitating injuries to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's GreenDublin, Ireland
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Cell death and survival mechanisms are concomitantly active in the hippocampus of patients with mesial temporal sclerosis. Neuroscience 2013; 237:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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