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Lima RMSD, da Mata MJ, Santos JCPD, Costa L, Marques VHM, Bento LVDS, Lugon MDMV, Arcego DM, Barauna VG, Bittencourt AS, Bittencourt APSDV. Exploring the Role of Environmental Enrichment and Early Life Adversity on Emotional Development. Behav Brain Res 2024:115147. [PMID: 39029628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Early life adversity has been linked with a higher probability of developing behavioral impairments and environmental manipulation is a strategy that may reduce the negative effects of exposure to adversity in early life. Here, we focused on exploring the influence of environmental enrichment (EE) as a protective factor in the context of early life adversity. We hypothesized that 24hours of maternal deprivation (MD), in the second week of life, could induce anxiety-like behavior alterations and that exposure to EE could induce resilience to these behaviors due to alterations in the serotonergic system. Male Wistar rats were exposed to MD, on postnatal days 11 and 13, and to EE, after weaning. In adulthood, we performed a series of behavioral tests for fear, anxiety, and locomotor activity. We also measured the levels of serotonin in the amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus. Our results revealed that MD does not impact fear behavior or the levels of serotonin, while EE decreases locomotor activity in a novel environment and enhances exploration in the predator odor test. EE also decreases serotonin in the amygdala and increases its turnover rate levels. Our findings provide insights into the critical timeframe during which stress exposure impacts the development and confirm that exposure to EE has an independent and protective effect for anxiety-like behaviors later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randriely Merscher Sobreira de Lima
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Martielo Januario da Mata
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Josefa Cristina Pereira Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ludhielle Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Moreira Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Victor Dos Santos Bento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo di Marcello Valladão Lugon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Danusa Mar Arcego
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valério Garrone Barauna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Athelson Stefanon Bittencourt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica e Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Santana de Vasconcellos Bittencourt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Shaikh M, Doshi G. Epigenetic aging in major depressive disorder: Clocks, mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176757. [PMID: 38897440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Depression, a chronic mental disorder characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and difficulty in daily tasks, impacts millions globally with varying treatment options. Antidepressants, despite their long half-life and minimal effectiveness, leave half of patients undertreated, highlighting the need for new therapies to enhance well-being. Epigenetics, which studies genetic changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype without altering the underlying Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) sequence, is explored in this article. This article delves into the intricate relationship between epigenetic mechanisms and depression, shedding light on how environmental stressors, early-life adversity, and genetic predispositions shape gene expression patterns associated with depression. We have also discussed Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which enhance cognitive function and mood regulation in depression. Non-coding RNAs, (ncRNAs) such as Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and micro RNA (miRNAs), are highlighted as potential biomarkers for detecting and monitoring major depressive disorder (MDD). This article also emphasizes the reversible nature of epigenetic modifications and their influence on neuronal growth processes, underscoring the dynamic interplay between genetics, environment, and epigenetics in depression development. It explores the therapeutic potential of targeting epigenetic pathways in treating clinical depression. Additionally, it examines clinical findings related to epigenetic clocks and their role in studying depression and biological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqtada Shaikh
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, 400 056, India
| | - Gaurav Doshi
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, 400 056, India.
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Réus GZ, Abitante MS, Manosso LM, de Moura AB, Borba LA, Botelho MEM, Darabas AC, Demo JP, Behenck JP, Arent CO, Garbossa L, Joaquim L, Cardoso TA, Petronilho F, Quevedo J. Environmental Enrichment Rescues Oxidative Stress and Behavioral Impairments Induced by Maternal Care Deprivation: Sex- and Developmental-Dependent Differences. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6757-6773. [PMID: 34665408 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stress is related to major depressive disorder (MDD). This study investigated the action that early stress, represented by maternal deprivation (MD), has on the behavior and oxidative stress of Wistar female and male rats. Also, it was evaluated whether changes induced by MD could be reversed by environmental enrichment (EE). Male and female rats were divided into a non-MD and MD group. The MD group was subdivided into 3 groups: (1) assessed on the 31st day after exposure to EE for 10 days, (2) assessed on the 41st day after exposure to EE for 20 days, and (3) assessed on the 61st day after exposure to EE for 40 days. Behavioral tests were performed (memory habituation and elevated plus maze). Oxidative stress parameters were evaluated peripherally. MD was able to promote anxiety-like behavior at postnatal day (PND) 41 and impair memory at PND 31 and PND 61 in male and PND 41 and PND 61 in female rats. MD was associated with increased oxidative stress parameters (reactive species to thiobarbituric acid levels (TBARS), carbonylated proteins, nitrite/nitrate concentration), and altered antioxidant defenses (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and sulfhydryl content) in different stages of development. The EE was able to reverse almost all behavioral and biochemical changes induced by MD; however, EE effects were sex and developmental period dependent. These findings reinforce the understanding of the gender variable as a biological factor in MDD related to MD and EE could be considered a treatment option for MDD treatment and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Z Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil.
| | - Morgana S Abitante
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Luana M Manosso
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Airam B de Moura
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Laura A Borba
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda M Botelho
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Darabas
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Julia P Demo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Behenck
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Camila O Arent
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Leandro Garbossa
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Larissa Joaquim
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - Taiane A Cardoso
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fabricia Petronilho
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Center of Excellence On Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Frasier RM, De Oliveira Sergio T, Starski PA, Grippo AJ, Hopf FW. Heart rate variability measures indicating sex differences in autonomic regulation during anxiety-like behavior in rats. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1244389. [PMID: 38025424 PMCID: PMC10644002 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1244389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mental health conditions remain a substantial and costly challenge to society, especially in women since they have nearly twice the prevalence of anxiety disorders. However, critical mechanisms underlying sex differences remain incompletely understood. Measures of cardiac function, including heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV), reflect balance between sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) systems and are potential biomarkers for pathological states. Methods To better understand sex differences in anxiety-related autonomic mechanisms, we examined HR/HRV telemetry in food-restricted adult rats during novelty suppression of feeding (NSF), with conflict between food under bright light in the arena center. To assess HRV, we calculated the SDNN (reflective of both SNS and PNS contribution) and rMSSD (reflective of PNS contribution) and compared these metrics to behaviors within the anxiety task. Results Females had greater HR and lower SNS indicators at baseline, as in humans. Further, females (but not males) with higher basal HR carried this state into NSF, delaying first approach to center. In contrast, males with lower SNS measures approached and spent more time in the brightly-lit center. Further, females with lower SNS indicators consumed significantly more food. In males, a high-SNS subpopulation consumed no food. Among consumers, males with greater SNS ate more food. Discussion Together, these are congruent with human findings suggesting women engage PNS more, and men SNS more. Our previous behavior-only work also observed female differences from males during initial movement and food intake. Thus, high basal SNS in females reduced behavior early in NSF, while subsequent reduced SNS allowed greater food intake. In males, lower SNS increased engagement with arena center, but greater SNS predicted higher consumption. Our findings show novel and likely clinically relevant sex differences in HRV-behavior relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raizel M. Frasier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Phillip A. Starski
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Angela J. Grippo
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
| | - F. Woodward Hopf
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Mposhi A, Turner JD. How can early life adversity still exert an effect decades later? A question of timing, tissues and mechanisms. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215544. [PMID: 37457711 PMCID: PMC10348484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to any number of stressors during the first 1000 days from conception to age 2 years is important in shaping an individual's life trajectory of health and disease. Despite the expanding range of stressors as well as later-life phenotypes and outcomes, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Our previous data strongly suggests that early-life exposure to a stressor reduces the capacity of the immune system to generate subsequent generations of naïve cells, while others have shown that, early life stress impairs the capacity of neuronal stem cells to proliferate as they age. This leads us to the "stem cell hypothesis" whereby exposure to adversity during a sensitive period acts through a common mechanism in all the cell types by programming the tissue resident progenitor cells. Furthermore, we review the mechanistic differences observed in fully differentiated cells and suggest that early life adversity (ELA) may alter mitochondria in stem cells. This may consequently alter the destiny of these cells, producing the lifelong "supply" of functionally altered fully differentiated cells.
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Ferreira de Sá N, Camarini R, Suchecki D. One day away from mum has lifelong consequences on brain and behaviour. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00276-2. [PMID: 37352967 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
This chapter presents a brief overview of attachment theory and discusses the importance of the neonatal period in shaping an individual's physiological and behavioural responses to stress later in life, with a focus on the role of the parent-infant relationship, particularly in rodents. In rodents, the role of maternal behaviours goes far beyond nutrition, thermoregulation and excretion, acting as hidden regulators of the pup's physiology and development. In this review, we will discuss the inhibitory role of specific maternal behaviours on the ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) stress response. The interest of our group to explore the long-term consequences of maternal deprivation for 24 h (DEP) at different ages (3 days and 11 days) in rats was sparked by its opposite effects on ACTH and CORT levels. In early adulthood, DEP3 animals (males and females alike) show greater negative impact on affective behaviours and stress related parameters than DEP11, indicating that the latter is more resilient in tests of anxiety-like behaviour. These findings create an opportunity to explore the neurobiological underpinnings of vulnerability and resilience to stress-related disorders. The chapter also provides a brief historical overview and highlights the relevance of attachment theory, and how DEP helps to understand the effects of childhood parental loss as a risk factor for depression, schizophrenia, and PTSD in both childhood and adulthood. Furthermore, we present the concept of environmental enrichment (EE), its effects on stress responses and related behavioural changes and its benefits for rats previously subjected to DEP, along with the clinical implications of DEP and EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Ferreira de Sá
- Department of Psychobiology - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo.
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7
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Zanta NC, Assad N, Suchecki D. Neurobiological mechanisms involved in maternal deprivation-induced behaviours relevant to psychiatric disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1099284. [PMID: 37122626 PMCID: PMC10133561 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1099284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parental care is essential for proper development of stress response and emotion-related behaviours. Epidemiological studies show that parental loss in childhood represents a major risk factor for the development of mental disorders throughout the lifespan, including schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety. In most mammalian species, the mother is the main source of care and maternal behaviours regulate several physiological systems. Maternal deprivation (DEP) for 24 h is a paradigm widely used to disinhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress during the stress hyporesponsive period. In this mini-review we will highlight the main DEP-induced neurobiological and behavioural outcomes, including alterations on stress-related hormones, neurogenesis, neurotransmitter/neuromodulatory systems and neuroinflammation. These neurobiological changes may be reflected by aberrant behaviours, which are relevant to the study of mental disorders. The evidence indicates that DEP consequences depend on the sex, the age when the DEP takes place and the age when the animals are evaluated, reflecting dynamic plasticity and individual variability. Individual variability and sex differences have a great relevance for the study of biological factors of stress resilience and vulnerability and the DEP paradigm is a suitable model for evaluation of phenotypes of stress- and emotion-related psychopathologies.
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Jarrar Q, Ayoub R, Alhussine K, Goh KW, Moshawih S, Ardianto C, Goh BH, Ming LC. Prolonged Maternal Separation Reduces Anxiety State and Increases Compulsive Burying Activity in the Offspring of BALB/c Mice. J Pers Med 2022; 12:1921. [PMID: 36422097 PMCID: PMC9699014 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elevated plus maze (EPM) and the marble burying (MB) tests are common behavioral tests used for behavioral phenotyping in mouse models for neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the behavioral effects of maternal separation (MS), a standard paradigm for early life stress in animals, in both the EPM and MB tests remain incompletely known. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the behavioral effects of prolonged MS in the offspring of mice using the EPM and MB tests. METHODS Male BALB/c mice were isolated from their mothers for 4 h each day during the first 30 days after birth. On day 50 postnatal, groups of separated and non-separated mice (n = 18/each group) were subjected to the EPM and MB tests for comparative behavioral evaluations. In addition, the locomotor activity of mice was evaluated using the actophotometer test. RESULTS The findings of the EPM test revealed that separated mice exhibited anxiolytic-like behaviors, as evidenced by a significant increase in the latency to closed arms and the time spent in the open arms compared with non-separated mice. Separated mice also showed compulsive burying activity in the MB test, as determined by a significant increase in the number of buried marbles. The results of the actophotometer test did not show any significant change in locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged MS caused the adult offspring of mice to exhibit a decrease in anxiety state and increased compulsive burying activity, which were not associated with a change in locomotor activity. Further investigations with validated tests are needed to support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qais Jarrar
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan
| | - Rami Ayoub
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan
| | - Kawther Alhussine
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman 11622, Jordan
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Said Moshawih
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Chrismawan Ardianto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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Alizadeh-Ezdini Z, Vatanparast J. Differential impact of two paradigms of early-life adversity on behavioural responses to social defeat in young adult rats and morphology of CA3 pyramidal neurons. Behav Brain Res 2022; 435:114048. [PMID: 35952779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) is an important factor in programing the brain for future response to stress, and resilience or vulnerability to stress-induced emotional disorders. The hippocampal formation, with essential roles in both regulating the stress circuitry and emotionality, contributes to this adaptive programing. Here, we examined the effects of early handling (EH) and maternal deprivation (MD) as mild and intense postnatal stressors, respectively, on the behavioural responses to social defeat stress in young adulthood. We also evaluated the interaction of mild and intense ELS with later social defeat (SD) stress on the morphology and dendritic spine density of Golgi-cox-stained CA3 hippocampal neurons. SD stress in adult rats, as expected, increased anxiety and depressive-like behaviours in the open field, elevated plus-maze and forced swimming test. These effects were associated with reduction of dendritic spines and soma size of CA3 neurons. Both behavioural and structural alterations were significantly ameliorated in socially defeated rats that experienced early handling (EH-SD). Basal dendrites of CA3 neurons in EH-SD rats also showed longer dendrites and more intersections with Sholl circles in the distal portion, compared to both control and SD rats. On the other hand, in socially defeated rats with maternal deprivation experience (MD-SD) the stress-induced behavioural and structural alterations were generally intensified compared to SD rats. In MD-SD rats, apical dendrites of CA3 neurons demonstrated remarkable retraction; an effect that was not detected in SD rats. The reduction of dendritic spines density on the apical dendrites of CA3 neurons was also more pronounced in MD-SD rats compared to SD rats. Dendritic arbors and spines comprise the major neuronal substrate for the circuit connectivity, and cell region-specific alterations of dendrites and spines in CA3 neurons reveal plausible mechanisms that can underlie the impact of different ELSs on risk for affective disorders in response to social stress in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jafar Vatanparast
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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10
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Gołyszny M, Zieliński M, Paul-Samojedny M, Pałasz A, Obuchowicz E. Chronic treatment with escitalopram and venlafaxine affects the neuropeptide S pathway differently in adult Wistar rats exposed to maternal separation. AIMS Neurosci 2022; 9:395-422. [PMID: 36329901 PMCID: PMC9581731 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2022022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS), which is a peptide that is involved in the regulation of the stress response, seems to be relevant to the mechanism of action of antidepressants that have anxiolytic properties. However, to date, there have been no reports regarding the effect of long-term treatment with escitalopram or venlafaxine on the NPS system under stress conditions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the above-mentioned antidepressants on the NPS system in adult male Wistar rats that were exposed to neonatal maternal separation (MS). Animals were exposed to MS for 360 min. on postnatal days (PNDs) 2-15. MS causes long-lasting behavioral, endocrine and neurochemical consequences that mimic anxiety- and depression-related features. MS and non-stressed rats were given escitalopram or venlafaxine (10mg/kg) IP from PND 69 to 89. The NPS system was analyzed in the brainstem, hypothalamus, amygdala and anterior olfactory nucleus using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods. The NPS system was vulnerable to MS in the brainstem and amygdala. In the brainstem, escitalopram down-regulated NPS and NPS mRNA in the MS rats and induced a tendency to reduce the number of NPS-positive cells in the peri-locus coeruleus. In the MS rats, venlafaxine insignificantly decreased the NPSR mRNA levels in the amygdala and a number of NPSR cells in the basolateral amygdala, and increased the NPS mRNA levels in the hypothalamus. Our data show that the studied antidepressants affect the NPS system differently and preliminarily suggest that the NPS system might partially mediate the pharmacological effects that are induced by these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Gołyszny
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Zieliński
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Monika Paul-Samojedny
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Obuchowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
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11
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Kent MH, Jacob JC, Bowen G, Bhalerao J, Desinor S, Vavra D, Leserve D, Ott KR, Angeles B, Martis M, Sciandra K, Gillenwater K, Glory C, Meisel E, Choe A, Olivares-Navarrete R, Puetzer JL, Lambert K. Disrupted development from head to tail: Pervasive effects of postnatal restricted resources on neurobiological, behavioral, and morphometric outcomes. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:910056. [PMID: 35990727 PMCID: PMC9389412 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.910056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When a maternal rat nurtures her pups, she relies on adequate resources to provide optimal care for her offspring. Accordingly, limited environmental resources may result in atypical maternal care, disrupting various developmental outcomes. In the current study, maternal Long-Evans rats were randomly assigned to either a standard resource (SR) group, provided with four cups of bedding and two paper towels for nesting material or a limited resource (LR) group, provided with a quarter of the bedding and nesting material provided for the SR group. Offspring were monitored at various developmental phases throughout the study. After weaning, pups were housed in same-sex dyads in environments with SRs for continued observations. Subsequent behavioral tests revealed a sex × resource interaction in play behavior on PND 28; specifically, LR reduced play attacks in males while LR increased play attacks in females. A sex × resource interaction was also observed in anxiety-related responses in the open field task with an increase in thigmotaxis in LR females and, in the social interaction task, females exhibited more external rears oriented away from the social target. Focusing on morphological variables, tail length measurements of LR males and females were shorter on PND 9, 16, and 21; however, differences in tail length were no longer present at PND 35. Following the behavioral assessments, animals were perfused at 56 days of age and subsequent immunohistochemical assays indicated increased glucocorticoid receptors in the lateral habenula of LR offspring and higher c-Fos immunoreactivity in the basolateral amygdala of SR offspring. Further, when tail vertebrae and tail tendons were assessed via micro-CT and hydroxyproline assays, results indicated increased trabecular separation, decreased bone volume fraction, and decreased connectivity density in bones, along with reduced collagen concentration in tendons in the LR animals. In sum, although the restricted resources only persisted for a brief duration, the effects appear to be far-reaching and pervasive in this early life stress animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly H. Kent
- Department of Biology, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA, United States
| | - Joanna C. Jacob
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gabby Bowen
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Janhavi Bhalerao
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Stephanie Desinor
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Dylan Vavra
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Danielle Leserve
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Kelly R. Ott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Benjamin Angeles
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Michael Martis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Katherine Sciandra
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | - Clark Glory
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Eli Meisel
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Allison Choe
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rene Olivares-Navarrete
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Puetzer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Kelly Lambert
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kelly Lambert,
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12
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Barroca NCB, Della Santa G, Suchecki D, García-Cairasco N, Umeoka EHDL. Challenges in the use of animal models and perspectives for a translational view of stress and psychopathologies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104771. [PMID: 35817171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The neurobiology and development of treatments for stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders rely heavily on animal models. However, the complexity of these disorders makes it difficult to model them entirely, so only specific features of human psychopathology are emulated and these models should be used with great caution. Importantly, the effects of stress depend on multiple factors, like duration, context of exposure, and individual variability. Here we present a review on pre-clinical studies of stress-related disorders, especially those developed to model posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression, and anxiety. Animal models provide relevant evidence of the underpinnings of these disorders, as long as face, construct, and predictive validities are fulfilled. The translational challenges faced by scholars include reductionism and anthropomorphic/anthropocentric interpretation of the results instead of a more naturalistic and evolutionary understanding of animal behavior that must be overcome to offer a meaningful model. Other limitations are low statistical power of analysis, poor evaluation of individual variability, sex differences, and possible conflicting effects of stressors depending on specific windows in the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Cobra Barreiro Barroca
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Della Santa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto García-Cairasco
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Henrique de Lima Umeoka
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; School of Medicine, University Center UniCerrado, Goiatuba, GO, Brazil
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13
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Gołyszny M, Zieliński M, Paul-Samojedny M, Filipczyk Ł, Pałasz A, Obuchowicz E. Escitalopram alters the hypothalamic OX system but does not affect its up-regulation induced by early-life stress in adult rats. Neurosci Res 2022; 180:58-71. [PMID: 35219722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesized that there is a relationship between the orexinergic system (OX) alterations and changes elicited by escitalopram or venlafaxine in adult rats subjected to maternal separation (MS). This animal model of childhood adversity induces long-lasting consequences in adult physiology and behavior. Male Wistar rats from the control and MS groups were injected with escitalopram or venlafaxine (10 mg/kg) IP from postnatal day (PND) 69-89. Adult rats were subjected to behavioral assessment, estimation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and analysis of the OX system (quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry) in the hypothalamus and amygdala. MS caused anxiety- and depressive-like behavior, endocrine stress-related response, and up-regulation of the OX system in the hypothalamus. Escitalopram, but not venlafaxine, increased the activity of hypothalamic OX system in the control rats and both drugs had no effect on OXs in the MS group. The disturbed signaling of the OX pathway may be significant for harmful long-term consequences of early-life stress. Our data show that the normal brain and brain altered by MS respond differently to escitalopram. Presumably, anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects of this drug do not depend on the activity of hypothalamic OX system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Gołyszny
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 street, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
| | - Michał Zieliński
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 street, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Monika Paul-Samojedny
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Łukasz Filipczyk
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 street, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Artur Pałasz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 street, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Ewa Obuchowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 street, Katowice 40-752, Poland
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14
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Reemst K, Ruigrok SR, Bleker L, Naninck EFG, Ernst T, Kotah JM, Lucassen PJ, Roseboom TJ, Pollux BJA, de Rooij SR, Korosi A. Sex-dependence and comorbidities of the early-life adversity induced mental and metabolic disease risks: Where are we at? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104627. [PMID: 35339483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Early-life adversity (ELA) is a major risk factor for developing later-life mental and metabolic disorders. However, if and to what extent ELA contributes to the comorbidity and sex-dependent prevalence/presentation of these disorders remains unclear. We here comprehensively review and integrate human and rodent ELA (pre- and postnatal) studies examining mental or metabolic health in both sexes and discuss the role of the placenta and maternal milk, key in transferring maternal effects to the offspring. We conclude that ELA impacts mental and metabolic health with sex-specific presentations that depend on timing of exposure, and that human and rodent studies largely converge in their findings. ELA is more often reported to impact cognitive and externalizing domains in males, internalizing behaviors in both sexes and concerning the metabolic dimension, adiposity in females and insulin sensitivity in males. Thus, ELA seems to be involved in the origin of the comorbidity and sex-specific prevalence/presentation of some of the most common disorders in our society. Therefore, ELA-induced disease states deserve specific preventive and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Reemst
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silvie R Ruigrok
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Bleker
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva F G Naninck
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tiffany Ernst
- Wageningen University, Department of Animal Sciences, Experimental Zoology &Evolutionary Biology Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janssen M Kotah
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa J Roseboom
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J A Pollux
- Wageningen University, Department of Animal Sciences, Experimental Zoology &Evolutionary Biology Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne R de Rooij
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Kocamaz D, Franzke C, Gröger N, Braun K, Bock J. Early Life Stress-Induced Epigenetic Programming of Hippocampal NPY-Y2 Receptor Gene Expression Changes in Response to Adult Stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:936979. [PMID: 35846564 PMCID: PMC9283903 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.936979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early Life Stress (ELS) can critically influence brain development and future stress responses and thus represents an important risk factor for mental health and disease. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is discussed to be a key mediator of resilient vs. vulnerable adaptations and specifically, the NPY-Y2 receptor (Y2R) may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression due to its negative regulation of NPY-release. The present study addressed the hypotheses that ELS and adult stress (AS) affect the expression of hippocampal Y2R and that exposure to ELS induces an epigenetically mediated programming effect towards a consecutive stress exposure in adulthood. The specific aims were to investigate if (i) ELS or AS as single stressors induce changes in Y2 receptor gene expression in the hippocampus, (ii) the predicted Y2R changes are epigenetically mediated via promoter-specific DNA-methylation, (iii) the ELS-induced epigenetic changes exert a programming effect on Y2R gene expression changes in response to AS, and finally (iv) if the predicted alterations are sex-specific. Animals were assigned to the following experimental groups: (1) non-stressed controls (CON), (2) only ELS exposure (ELS), (3) only adult stress exposure (CON+AS), and (4) exposure to ELS followed by AS (ELS+AS). Using repeated maternal separation in mice as an ELS and swim stress as an AS we found that both stressors affected Y2R gene expression in the hippocampus of male mice but not in females. Specifically, upregulated expression was found in the CON+AS group. In addition, exposure to both stressors ELS+AS significantly reduced Y2R gene expression when compared to CON+AS. The changes in Y2R expression were paralleled by altered DNA-methylation patterns at the Y2R promoter, specifically, a decrease in mean DNA-methylation in the CON+AS males compared to the non-AS exposed groups and an increase in the ELS+AS males compared to the CON+AS males. Also, a strong negative correlation of mean DNA-methylation with Y2R expression was found. Detailed CpG-site-specific analysis of DNA-methylation revealed that ELS induced increased DNA-methylation only at specific CpG-sites within the Y2R promoter. It is tempting to speculate that these ELS-induced CpG-site-specific changes represent a “buffering” programming effect against elevations of Y2R expression induced by AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Kocamaz
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Franzke
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Gröger
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Braun
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Bock
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
- PG “Epigenetics and Structural Plasticity,” Institute of Biology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jörg Bock,
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16
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Steinbauer P, Monje FJ, Kothgassner O, Goreis A, Eva C, Wildner B, Schned H, Deindl P, Seki D, Berger A, Olischar M, Giordano V. The consequences of neonatal pain, stress and opiate administration in animal models: An extensive meta-analysis concerning neuronal cell death, motor and behavioral outcomes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104661. [PMID: 35427643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the association of neonatal exposure to pain, stress, opiate administration alone, as well as opiate administration prior to a painful procedure on neuronal cell death, motor, and behavioral outcomes in rodents. In total, 36 studies investigating the effect of pain (n = 18), stress (n = 15), opiate administration (n = 13), as well as opiate administration prior to a painful event (n = 7) in rodents were included in our meta-analysis. The results showed a large effect of pain (g = 1.37, 95% CI 1.00-1.74, p < .001) on neuronal cell death. Moreover, higher number of neonatal pain events were significantly associated with increased neuronal cell death, increased anxiety (b = -1.18, SE = 0.43, p = .006), and depressant-like behavior (b = 1.74, SE = 0.51, p = .027) in rodents. Both opiates and pain had no impact on motor function (g = 0.26, 95% CI 0.18-0.70, p = .248).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Steinbauer
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Francisco J Monje
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oswald Kothgassner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Goreis
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chwala Eva
- Information Retrieval Office, University Library of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Wildner
- Information Retrieval Office, University Library of the Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannah Schned
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Deindl
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg, Eppendorf, Germany
| | - David Seki
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science Division of Microbial Ecology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Berger
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Olischar
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vito Giordano
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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A Framework for Developing Translationally Relevant Animal Models of Stress-Induced Changes in Eating Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:888-897. [PMID: 34433512 PMCID: PMC8720907 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress often affects eating behaviors, leading to increased eating in some individuals and decreased eating in others. Identifying physiological and psychological factors that determine the direction of eating responses to stress has been a major goal of epidemiological and clinical studies. However, challenges of standardizing the stress exposure in humans hinder efforts to uncover the underlying mechanisms. The issue of what determines the direction of stress-induced feeding responses has not been directly addressed in animal models, but assays that combine stress with a feeding-related task are commonly used as readouts of other behaviors, such as anxiety. Sex, estrous cyclicity, circadian cyclicity, caloric restriction, palatable diets, elevated body weight, and properties of the stressors similarly influence feeding behavior in humans and rodent models. Yet, most rodent studies do not use conditions that are most relevant for studying feeding behavior in humans. This review proposes a conceptual framework for incorporating these influences to develop reproducible and translationally relevant assays to study effects of stress on food intake. Such paradigms have the potential to uncover links between emotional eating and obesity as well as to the etiology of eating disorders.
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18
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Sharma A, Ren X, Zhang H, Pandey GN. Effect of depression and suicidal behavior on neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its receptors in the adult human brain: A postmortem study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 112:110428. [PMID: 34411658 PMCID: PMC8489679 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are small proteinaceous molecules (3-100 amino acids) that are secreted by neurons and act on both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a highly conserved and expressed neuropeptide in the central nervous system of mammals, plays a major role in stress response and resilience. Increasing evidence suggests that NPY and its receptors are altered in depression and suicide, pointing to their antidepressant-like nature. The objective of this study was to examine the role of NPY system in depression and suicidal behavior. Expression of NPY and its four receptors, NPY1R, NPY2R, NPY4R, and NPY5R was studied at the transcriptional and translational levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus regions of the postmortem brain of normal control (NC) (n = 24) and depressed suicide (DS) (n = 24) subjects. We observed a significant decrease in NPY mRNA and upregulation in NPY1R and NPY2R mRNA in both brain regions of DS subjects compared with NC subjects. We also observed a significant decrease in NPY protein expression in the PFC of subjects with DS. This study provides the first detailed evidence of alterations in the NPY system and the associated stress response in depression and suicidal behavior in humans. The outcomes of this study could be applied in the development of novel NPY system-targeted approaches for the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ghanshyam N. Pandey
- Corresponding Author: Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Ph.D., University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Phone (312) 413-4540, Fax: (312) 413-4547,
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19
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De Oliveira Sergio T, Wetherill L, Kwok C, Khoyloo F, Hopf FW. Sex differences in specific aspects of two animal tests of anxiety-like behavior. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2775-2787. [PMID: 34120205 PMCID: PMC11071636 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05893-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anxiety, a negative state of high arousal and vigilance, is especially prevalent in women, making identification of underlying mechanisms critical for developing effective therapies. With the challenge of disentangling biological and social factors in humans, animal tests can provide valuable insights, although such tests, developed in males, have unclear validity for females. OBJECTIVE To better understand patterns of sex differences across multiple measures within two classical rodent anxiety tests. METHODS We examined female and male adult Wistar rats (n = 15-18/group) that were single-housed in the novelty suppression of feeding test (NSFT) that involves food under a bright light in food-restricted animals, and light-dark test (LDT), which reflects innate aversion to bright light. To further validate these tests in females, we also examined the impact of 1 mg/kg diazepam. RESULTS NSFT measures of the most direct interaction with food, latency to grab food and food consumed, indicated increased anxiety-like behavior in females versus males, with diazepam altering these behaviors in females but not males. Most other measures showed more similar effects of diazepam across the sexes, with some evidence of reduced anxiety-like behavior in LDT for females. Principal component analyses indicated limited relationships across behavioral factors, underscoring previous suggestions of the importance of assessing multiple measures to maximize information and ethological relevance. CONCLUSIONS Combining our findings and previous studies, we speculate that increased anxiety-like behavior in females manifests especially when there is a specific, life-relevant condition (e.g., food in the NSFT). Our findings also validate NSFT and LDT use in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatiane De Oliveira Sergio
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 300E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California At San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leah Wetherill
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Claudina Kwok
- Department of Neurology, University of California At San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Farrah Khoyloo
- Department of Neurology, University of California At San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frederic W Hopf
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 300E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California At San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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20
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Nahvi RJ, Tanelian A, Nwokafor C, Hollander CM, Peacock L, Sabban EL. Intranasal Neuropeptide Y as a Potential Therapeutic for Depressive Behavior in the Rodent Single Prolonged Stress Model in Females. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:705579. [PMID: 34566592 PMCID: PMC8456029 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.705579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility to stress-elicited disorders is markedly influenced by sex. Women are twice as likely as men to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety disorders, and social impairments following exposure to traumatic stress. However, most of the studies in animal models examining putative therapeutics for stress-triggered impairments, including single prolonged stress (SPS), were performed predominantly with males. Previous studies in males demonstrated that intranasal neuropeptide Y (NPY) can provide therapeutic relief of many SPS-triggered behaviors, but is ineffective in females at the same dose. Thus, females may need a higher dose of exogenous NPY to attain a therapeutically significant concentration since the overwhelming majority of studies found that NPY levels in females in many brain regions are lower than in male rodents. Here, we examined SPS as an appropriate model to elicit many PTSD-associated symptoms in females and whether intranasal NPY at higher doses than with males is able to alter the development of SPS-triggered behavioral impairments. Sprague-Dawley female rats were exposed to SPS only, or in a separate cohort after SPS stressors were immediately infused intranasally with one of several doses of NPY, starting with 600 μg/rat—four times the dose effective in males. In the third cohort of animals, females were infused intranasally with either 600 μg NPY, omarigliptin [a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitor], or both right after the SPS stressors. After 19 days they were tested on several behavioral tests. SPS elicited significant depressive/despair like behavior on the forced swim test (FST), anxiety behavior on the elevated plus maze (EPM), as well as impaired social interaction. On the FST, there was a dose-response effect of intranasal NPY, with 1,200 μg, but not 600 μg, preventing the development of the SPS-elicited depressive-like behavior. The omarigliptin and 600 μg NPY combined treatment, but neither alone, was also sufficient at preventing depressive-like behavior on the FST. The results demonstrate that: (1) SPS elicits several behavioral manifestations of PTSD in females; (2) early intervention with a high dose of intranasal NPY has therapeutic potential also for females; and (3) NPY cleavage by DPP4 may play a role in the higher dose requirement for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanna J Nahvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Arax Tanelian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Chiso Nwokafor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Callie M Hollander
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Lauren Peacock
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Esther L Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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21
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Abramova O, Zorkina Y, Syunyakov T, Zubkov E, Ushakova V, Silantyev A, Soloveva K, Gurina O, Majouga A, Morozova A, Chekhonin V. Brain Metabolic Profile after Intranasal vs. Intraperitoneal Clomipramine Treatment in Rats with Ultrasound Model of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179598. [PMID: 34502505 PMCID: PMC8431753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular mechanisms of depression remain unclear. The brain metabolome after antidepressant therapy is poorly understood and had not been performed for different routes of drug administration before the present study. Rats were exposed to chronic ultrasound stress and treated with intranasal and intraperitoneal clomipramine. We then analyzed 28 metabolites in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. METHODS Rats' behavior was identified in such tests: social interaction, sucrose preference, forced swim, and Morris water maze. Metabolic analysis was performed with liquid chromatography. RESULTS After ultrasound stress pronounced depressive-like behavior, clomipramine had an equally antidepressant effect after intranasal and intraperitoneal administration on behavior. Ultrasound stress contributed to changes of the metabolomic pathways associated with pathophysiology of depression. Clomipramine affected global metabolome in frontal cortex and hippocampus in a different way that depended on the route of administration. Intranasal route was associated with more significant changes of metabolites composition in the frontal cortex compared to the control and ultrasound groups while the intraperitoneal route corresponded with more profound changes in hippocampal metabolome compared to other groups. Since far metabolic processes in the brain can change in many ways depending on different routes of administration, the antidepressant therapy should also be evaluated from this point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Abramova
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (T.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Yana Zorkina
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (T.S.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-916-588-4851
| | - Timur Syunyakov
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (T.S.); (K.S.)
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology, 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene Zubkov
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Valeria Ushakova
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (T.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Artemiy Silantyev
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Kristina Soloveva
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (T.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Olga Gurina
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Alexander Majouga
- Drug Delivery Systems Laboratory, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya pl. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anna Morozova
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (T.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.); (E.Z.); (V.U.); (A.S.); (O.G.); (A.M.); (V.C.)
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Zanta NC, Suchecki D, Girardi CEN. Early life stress alters emotional learning in a sex- and age-dependent manner with no impact on emotional behaviors. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:e22182. [PMID: 34423425 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal adversity can impact neurodevelopmental trajectories. This study examined the long-term effects of maternal deprivation on day 9 (DEP9), associated or not to a stressor (saline injection [SAL]), on contextual fear conditioning (Experiment 1) and emotional behaviors (Experiment 2) in Wistar rats. Whole litters were either assigned to DEP9 or control groups, and on day 10, half of the litters in each group received an SAL or not (NSAL). DEP9-SAL male adolescents showed the longest freezing time and DEP9 adult males froze more than females. Females exhibited less anxiety-like behavior than males; DEP9-SAL females spent more time in the open arms and DEP9 males visited less the extremity of the open arm in the elevated plus maze. Early life stress increased conditioned and innate fear in males, but not in females, indicating a clear sexual dimorphism in the response to potentially threatening stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália C Zanta
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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23
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al'Absi M, DeAngelis B, Nakajima M, Hatsukami D, Allen S. Early life adversity and appetite hormones: The effects of smoking status, nicotine withdrawal, and relapse on ghrelin and peptide YY during smoking cessation. Addict Behav 2021; 118:106866. [PMID: 33640833 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence suggesting that ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) modulate stress responses and the rewarding effects of drugs, although no research has examined the impact of exposure to early life stress on these hormones in smokers nor during smoking cessation. This study examined the relationships between early life adversity (ELA) and circulating ghrelin and PYY during ad libitum smoking and early withdrawal in tobacco smokers (N = 98) who were interested in cessation. We also included a comparison group of nonsmokers (N = 36). We prospectively compared levels of hormones between smokers who were successful in quitting within a 2-week period, smokers who relapsed during that period, and nonsmokers. Results showed that ELA was positively associated with elevated ghrelin in nonsmokers. Among those reporting no ELA, successful quitters had higher ghrelin levels than nonsmokers during ad libitum smoking, while relapsers had higher ghrelin levels than nonsmokers during withdrawal. In addition, having no ELA was associated with a decline in ghrelin from the ad libitum to abstinence sessions in successful quitters; this withdrawal-related decline was not found in relapsers. Although effects of ELA, smoking group, and time on PYY were not significant, greater PYY was associated with reduced urges to smoke during withdrawal. These findings suggest the importance of considering changes in appetite-related hormones in individuals who are dependent on tobacco. This research provides additional indications for effects of ELA on appetite-stimulating hormones.
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24
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Borba LA, Broseghini LDR, Manosso LM, de Moura AB, Botelho MEM, Arent CO, Behenck JP, Hilsendeger A, Kammer LH, Valvassori SS, Quevedo J, Réus GZ. Environmental enrichment improves lifelong persistent behavioral and epigenetic changes induced by early-life stress. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 138:107-116. [PMID: 33848966 PMCID: PMC10494235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of environmental enrichment (EE) in Wistar rats subjected to maternal deprivation (MD). MD was performed in the first post-natal days (PND) ten for 3 h/day. The groups were: control; deprived without EE; and deprived with EE. The EE was applied for 3 h/day. Forced swimming test (FST) and open field test were performed, and histone deacetylase (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus were evaluated on 31, 41, and 61 PND. MD altered spontaneous locomotor activity and immobility time in FST, but the effects were sex- and developmental period dependent. In deprived females at PND 31, 41, and 61, HDAC and DNMT increased in the PFC and hippocampus. In females exposed to EE for 20 days, there was a decrease of HDAC in the hippocampus and DNMT in the PFC and hippocampus. Exposure of females to EE for 40 days can reverse HDAC and DNMT increase in all brain areas. In deprived males at PND 31, 41, and 61, HDAC and DNMT increased in the hippocampus, and in the group exposed to EE for 40 days, there was a decrease in hippocampal activity. In PFC of male deprived rats at PND 61 and EE for 40 days, there was a reduction of HDAC and DNMT. MD induced lifelong persistent behavioral and epigenetic changes, and such effects were more evident in female than male rats. EE can be considered an essential non-pharmacological strategy to treat long-term trauma-induced early life changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Borba
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Lia D R Broseghini
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Luana M Manosso
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Airam B de Moura
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda M Botelho
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Camila O Arent
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Behenck
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda Hilsendeger
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Letícia H Kammer
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - Samira S Valvassori
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil; Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gislaine Z Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, Brazil.
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25
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Čater M, Majdič G. How early maternal deprivation changes the brain and behavior? Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2058-2075. [PMID: 33870558 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Early life stress can adversely influence brain development and reprogram brain function and consequently behavior in adult life. Adequate maternal care in early childhood is therefore particularly important for the normal brain development, and adverse early life experiences can lead to altered emotional, behavioral, and neuroendocrine stress responses in the adulthood. As a form of neonatal stress, maternal deprivation/separation is often used in behavioral studies to examine the effects of early life stress and for modeling the development of certain psychiatric disorders and brain pathologies in animal models. The temporary loss of maternal care during the critical postpartum periods remodels the offspring's brain and provokes long-term effects on learning and cognition, the development of mental disorders, aggression, and an increased tendency for the drug abuse. Early life stress through maternal deprivation affects neuroendocrine responses to stress in adolescence and adulthood by dysregulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and permanently disrupts stress resilience. In this review, we focused on how improper maternal care during early postnatal life affects brain development resulting in modified behavior later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Čater
- Veterinary Faculty, Laboratory for Animal Genomics, Institute for Preclinical Studies, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Majdič
- Veterinary Faculty, Laboratory for Animal Genomics, Institute for Preclinical Studies, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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26
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Radke AK, Sneddon EA, Frasier RM, Hopf FW. Recent Perspectives on Sex Differences in Compulsion-Like and Binge Alcohol Drinking. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073788. [PMID: 33917517 PMCID: PMC8038761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder remains a substantial social, health, and economic problem and problem drinking levels in women have been increasing in recent years. Understanding whether and how the underlying mechanisms that drive drinking vary by sex is critical and could provide novel, more targeted therapeutic treatments. Here, we examine recent results from our laboratories and others which we believe provide useful insights into similarities and differences in alcohol drinking patterns across the sexes. Findings for binge intake and aversion-resistant, compulsion-like alcohol drinking are considered, since both are likely significant contributors to alcohol problems in humans. We also describe studies regarding mechanisms that may underlie sex differences in maladaptive alcohol drinking, with some focus on the importance of nucleus accumbens (NAcb) core and shell regions, several receptor types (dopamine, orexin, AMPA-type glutamate), and possible contributions of sex hormones. Finally, we discuss how stressors such as early life stress and anxiety-like states may interact with sex differences to contribute to alcohol drinking. Together, these findings underscore the importance and critical relevance of studying female and male mechanisms for alcohol and co-morbid conditions to gain a true and clinically useful understanding of addiction and neuropsychiatric mechanisms and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Radke
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45040, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Elizabeth A. Sneddon
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45040, USA;
| | - Raizel M. Frasier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (R.M.F.); (F.W.H.)
| | - Frederic W. Hopf
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (R.M.F.); (F.W.H.)
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27
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Life-course effects of early life adversity exposure on eating behavior and metabolism. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2021; 97:237-273. [PMID: 34311901 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Environmental variations in early life influence brain development, making individuals more vulnerable to psychiatric and metabolic disorders. Early life stress (ELS) has a strong impact on the development of eating behavior. However, eating is a complex behavior, determined by an interaction between signals of energy homeostasis, neuronal circuits involved in its regulation, and circuits related to rewarding properties of the food. Although mechanisms underlying ELS-induced altered feeding behavior are not completely understood, evidence suggest that the effects of ELS on metabolic, mood, and emotional disorders, as well as reward system dysfunctions can contribute directly or indirectly to altered feeding behavior. The focus of this chapter is to discuss the effects of ELS on eating behavior and metabolism, considering different factors that control appetite such as energy homeostasis, hedonic properties of the food, emotional and cognitive status. After highlighting classic studies on the association between ELS and eating behavior alterations, we discuss how exposure to adversity can interact with genetics characteristics to predict variable outcomes.
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28
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Henn L, Zanta NC, Girardi CEN, Suchecki D. Chronic Escitalopram Treatment Does Not Alter the Effects of Neonatal Stress on Hippocampal BDNF Levels, 5-HT 1A Expression and Emotional Behaviour of Male and Female Adolescent Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:926-943. [PMID: 33063280 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress is considered a risk factor for the development of long-term psychiatric disorders. Maternal deprivation (MD) is a useful paradigm to understand the neurobiological underpinnings of early stress-induced changes in neurodevelopment trajectory. The goal of the present study was to examine the effects of a chronic treatment with escitalopram (ESC) on the hippocampal levels of BDNF and neuropeptide Y (NPY), expression of serotonin type 1A receptor (5-HT1A), plasma corticosterone levels and emotional behaviours in male and female adolescent rats submitted to MD at 9 days of life (group DEP9) and challenged with a brief and mild stress (saline injection (SAL)) at the end of MD. Whole litters were kept with mothers (CTL) or submitted to MD (DEP9). Within each group, pups were stress-challenged (CTL-SAL and DEP9-SAL) or not (CTL-NSAL and DEP9-NSAL). ESC or vehicle treatments began at weaning and lasted 24 days, when animals were sacrificed for determination of neurobiological variables or submitted to a battery of tests for evaluation of emotional behaviours. The results showed that BDNF levels were higher in SAL-challenged males and in DEP9-SAL females, whereas 5-HT1A receptor expression was reduced in DEP9 males and in SAL-challenged females. There were no changes in NPY or corticosterone levels. In the forced swim test, SAL-challenged males and DEP9 females displayed less immobility and ESC only increased social motivation in males. The results indicated that neonatal stress led to sex-dependent changes in neurobiology and behaviour and that chronic ESC treatment had minor effects on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Henn
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 1° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Natália C Zanta
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 1° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo N Girardi
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 1° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 925, 1° andar, São Paulo, SP, 04024-002, Brazil.
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29
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Ceschim VC, Sumarán P, Borges AA, Girardi CEN, Suchecki D. Maternal deprivation during early infancy in rats increases oxytocin immunoreactivity in females and corticosterone reactivity to a social test in both sexes without changing emotional behaviour. Horm Behav 2021; 129:104928. [PMID: 33453261 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.104928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of social behaviour is a hallmark of emotional disorders, with increased avoidance of social contact. In rats, the 24 h maternal deprivation (DEP) paradigm is used to understand the impact of extreme neglect on neurodevelopment. Due to the distinct immediate effects of DEP on postnatal days (PND) 3 (DEP3) or 11 (DEP11), in the present study we investigated the long-term effects of DEP at these ages on anxiety-like behaviour, by recording the visits and time spent in the centre part of the open-field, social investigation of a confined, same-sex, unfamiliar animal, basal and post-social test corticosterone plasma levels and the immunoreactivity to oxytocin in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SON). Whole litters were distributed into control (CTL), DEP3 or DEP11 groups and behavioural tests and biological samples were collected between PNDs 40 and 45 in males and females. There were no differences in the exploration of the central part of the open field or on the time investigating the unfamiliar rat. However, the percent increase in post-test corticosterone secretion from baseline was greater for both DEP3 male and female subgroups than their CTL and DEP11 counterparts. DEP3 females showed more oxytocin staining than DEP11 counterparts in magnocellular neurons of the SON and PVN. These results suggest that DEP at the ages chosen does not alter social investigation, although it results in distinct neurobiological outcomes, depending on the developmental phase when it is imposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane C Ceschim
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo -, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Sumarán
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo -, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea A Borges
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo -, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Deborah Suchecki
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo -, São Paulo, Brazil.
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30
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Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor M, Jowik K, Dutkiewicz A, Krasinska A, Pytlinska N, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Suminska M, Pruciak A, Skowronska B, Slopien A. Neuropeptide Y and Peptide YY in Association with Depressive Symptoms and Eating Behaviours in Adolescents across the Weight Spectrum: From Anorexia Nervosa to Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020598. [PMID: 33670342 PMCID: PMC7917982 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY) are involved in metabolic regulation. The purpose of the study was to assess the serum levels of NPY and PYY in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) or obesity (OB), as well as in a healthy control group (CG). The effects of potential confounders on their concentrations were also analysed. Eighty-nine adolescents were included in this study (AN = 30, OB = 30, and CG = 29). Anthropometric measurements and psychometric assessment of depressive symptoms, eating behaviours, body attitudes, and fasting serum levels of NPY and PYY were analysed. The AN group presented severe depressive symptoms, while the OB group held different attitudes towards the body. The levels of NPY were lower in the AN and OB groups as compared with the CG. The PYY levels were higher in the OB group than in the AN group and the CG. The severity of eating disorder symptoms predicted fasting serum concentrations of NPY. Lower levels of NPY in AN, as well as in OB suggests the need to look for a common link in the mechanism of this effect. Higher level of PYY in OB may be important in explaining complex etiopathogenesis of the disease. The psychopathological symptoms may have an influence on the neurohormones regulating metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (K.J.); (A.D.); (N.P.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Jowik
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (K.J.); (A.D.); (N.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Agata Dutkiewicz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (K.J.); (A.D.); (N.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Agata Krasinska
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.); (M.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Natalia Pytlinska
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (K.J.); (A.D.); (N.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Marta Suminska
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.); (M.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Agata Pruciak
- Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Research Centre of Quarantine, Invasive and Genetically Modified Organisms, 60-318 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Bogda Skowronska
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (A.K.); (M.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Slopien
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland; (K.J.); (A.D.); (N.P.); (A.S.)
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Barroca NCB, Baes CVW, Martins-Monteverde CMS, Bosaipo NB, Santos da Silva Umeoka M, Tejada J, Antunes-Rodrigues J, de Castro M, Juruena MF, Garcia-Cairasco N, Umeoka EHDL. Evaluation of the HPA Axis' Response to Pharmacological Challenges in Experimental and Clinical Early-Life Stress-Associated Depression. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0222-20.2020. [PMID: 33318074 PMCID: PMC7814478 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0222-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life stress (ELS) is associated with a higher risk of psychopathologies in adulthood, such as depression, which may be related to persistent changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ELS on the functioning of the HPA axis in clinical and experimental situations. Clinically, patients with current depressive episodes, with and without ELS, and healthy controls, composed the sample. Subjects took a capsule containing placebo, fludrocortisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone or spironolactone followed by an assessment of plasma cortisol the morning after. Experimentally, male Wistar rats were submitted to ELS protocol based on variable, unpredictable stressors from postnatal day (PND)1 to PND21. On PND65 animals were behaviorally evaluated through the forced-swimming test (FST). At PND68, pharmacological challenges started, using mifepristone, dexamethasone, spironolactone, or fludrocortisone, and corticosterone levels were determined 3 h after injections. Cortisol response of the patients did not differ significantly from healthy subjects, regardless of their ELS history, and it was lower after fludrocortisone, prednisolone, and dexamethasone compared with placebo, indicating the suppression of plasma cortisol by all these treatments. Animals exposed to ELS presented altered phenotype as indicated by an increased immobility time in the FST when compared with control, but no significant long-lasting effects of ELS were observed on the HPA axis response. Limitations on the way the volunteers were sampled may have contributed to the lack of ELS effects on the HPA axis, pointing out the need for further research to understand these complex phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Cobra Barreiro Barroca
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Von Werne Baes
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Nayanne Beckmann Bosaipo
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Marcia Santos da Silva Umeoka
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, Brazil
- Research Group on Neurobiology of Behavior, Cognition and Emotions, Faculty of Medicine, University Center Unicerrado, Goiatuba, 75600-000, Brazil
| | - Julian Tejada
- Psychology Department, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Mario Francisco Juruena
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, Brazil
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Kings College London, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, Brazil
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Henrique de Lima Umeoka
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, Brazil
- Research Group on Neurobiology of Behavior, Cognition and Emotions, Faculty of Medicine, University Center Unicerrado, Goiatuba, 75600-000, Brazil
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Alviña K, Jodeiri Farshbaf M, Mondal AK. Long term effects of stress on hippocampal function: Emphasis on early life stress paradigms and potential involvement of neuropeptide Y. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:57-66. [PMID: 32162350 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The brain is both central in orchestrating the response to stress, and, a very sensitive target when such response is not controlled. In fact, stress has long been associated with the onset and/or exacerbation of several neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, and drug addiction. The hippocampus is a key brain region involved in the response to stress, not only due to its anatomical connections with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis but also as a major target of stress mediators. The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG)-CA3 circuit, composed of DG granule cells axons (mossy fibers) synapsing onto CA3 pyramidal cells, plays an essential role in memory encoding and retrieval, functions that are vulnerable to stress. Although naturally excitatory, this circuit is under the inhibitory control of GABAergic interneurons that maintain the excitation/inhibition balance. One subgroup of such interneurons produces neuropeptide Y (NPY), which has emerged as a promising endogenous stress "resilience molecule" due to its anxiolytic and anti-epileptic properties. Here we examine existing evidence that reveals a potential role for hilar NPY+ interneurons in mediating stress-induced changes in hippocampal function. We will focus specifically on rodent models of early life stress (ELS), defined as adverse conditions during the early postnatal period that can have profound consequences for neurodevelopment. Collectively, these findings suggest that the long-lasting effects of ELS might stem from the loss of GABAergic NPY+ cells, which then can lead to reduced inhibition in the DG-CA3 pathway. Such change might then lead to hyperexcitability and concomitant hippocampal-dependent behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Alviña
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Amit Kumar Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Molecular Mechanisms of Glial Cells Related Signaling Pathways Involved in the Neuroinflammatory Response of Depression. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:3497920. [PMID: 33100903 PMCID: PMC7569467 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3497920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the glial cells, such as astrocytes and microglia, is one of the pathological features in many psychiatric disorders, including depression, which emphasizes that glial cells driving neuroinflammation is not only an important pathological change in depression but also a potential therapeutic target. In this review, we summarized a recent update about several signaling pathways in which glial cells may play their roles in depression through neuroinflammatory reactions. We focused on the basic knowledge of these signaling pathways by elaborating each of them. This review may provide an updated image about the recent advances on these signaling pathways that are essential parts of neuroinflammation involved in depression.
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Lee J, Lee K. Parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic interneurons and perineuronal nets in the prelimbic and orbitofrontal cortices in association with basal anxiety-like behaviors in adult mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 398:112915. [PMID: 32949644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) GABAergic interneurons are the principal inhibitory interneurons in the cortex, and a decrease in their number or PV protein expression is associated with changes in brain function. PV+ neurons are surrounded by the perineuronal net (PNN), a reticular extracellular matrix structure surrounding the soma and proximal dendrites. Although the prefrontal cortex is critically involved in anxiety-like behavior, it is not known how cortical PV+ neurons enwrapped with PNN contribute to basal anxiety behavior. To address the issue, we employed Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) to label the PNN and measured the densities and PV immunofluorescence of PV+ neurons, including those enwrapped with PNN (i.e., PV+WFA+ neurons) in the orbitofrontal (OFC) and prelimbic cortices of mice whose basal anxiety levels had been assessed in the open field test. We found that these densities, but not PV expression according to immunofluorescence intensity, were positively correlated with the percentage of time spent and the distance traveled in the center of an open field. Thus, these data demonstrate that the densities of OFC PV+ and PV+WFA+ neurons are significantly inversely correlated with basal anxiety levels of adult mice measured in the open field test and may represent a target for future anxiolytic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Lee
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neural Circuitry and Physiology, Department of Anatomy, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea
| | - Kyungmin Lee
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neural Circuitry and Physiology, Department of Anatomy, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, South Korea.
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Nahvi RJ, Sabban EL. Sex Differences in the Neuropeptide Y System and Implications for Stress Related Disorders. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091248. [PMID: 32867327 PMCID: PMC7564266 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders by intranasal delivery to the brain. However, the vast majority of underlying research has been performed with males despite females being twice as susceptible to many stress-triggered disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anorexia nervosa, and anxiety disorders. Here, we review sex differences in the NPY system in basal and stressed conditions and how it relates to varied susceptibility to stress-related disorders. The majority of studies demonstrate that NPY expression in many brain areas under basal, unstressed conditions is lower in females than in males. This could put them at a disadvantage in dealing with stress. Knock out animals and Flinders genetic models show that NPY is important for attenuating depression in both sexes, while its effects on anxiety appear more pronounced in males. In females, NPY expression after exposure to stress may depend on age, timing, and nature and duration of the stressors and may be especially pronounced in the catecholaminergic systems. Furthermore, alterations in NPY receptor expression and affinity may contribute to the sex differences in the NPY system. Overall, the review highlights the important role of NPY and sex differences in manifestation of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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36
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Burenkova O, Averkina A, Aleksandrova E, Zarayskaya I. Brief but enough: 45-min maternal separation elicits behavioral and physiological responses in neonatal mice and changes in dam maternal behavior. Physiol Behav 2020; 222:112877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kooshki R, Abbasnejad M, Shamsizadeh A, Raoof M, Askari-Zahabi K, Esmaeili-Mahani S. Physical exercise enhances vulnerability to migraine headache associated with CGRP up-expression in trigeminal nucleus caudalis of stressed rats. Neurol Res 2020; 42:952-958. [PMID: 32686605 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2020.1794243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is conflicting evidence on the effect of physical exercise on migraine development. Present study investigated the impact of treadmill exercise on migraine - associated symptoms and changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in rats with and without maternal deprivation stress (MD). METHODS Two days after birth, the male Wistar pups were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6) as follows: intact, exercise, MD, and MD plus exercise. The animals in the MD groups were separated from their dams 4 h per day for 2 weeks. At 8 weeks of age, the rats were exercised on a motor-driven treadmill for 4 weeks. Then, nitroglycerin (NTG) (5 mg/kg/IP) was used to induce migraine and pain-related symptoms were recorded for 90 min. NTG-related thermal hyperalgesia was measured by tail flick and hot plate methods. Finally, immunofluorescence staining of CGRP in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) was performed. RESULTS NTG - produced a significant headache symptoms and thermal hypersensitivity, which were aggravated following physical exercise in stressed or unstressed groups. Besides, NTG administration increased CGRP expression in the Vc of rats. Such effect was overpowered by treadmill running only in rats exposed to MD stress. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the worsening effects of treadmill exercise for migraine in rats with and without MD stress. However, inflammatory response can further exacerbate in stressed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Kooshki
- Physiology-pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Lorestan University , Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Abbasnejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences , Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Raoof
- Endodontology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman, Iran.,Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Khadijeh Askari-Zahabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman , Kerman, Iran
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Mograbi KDM, Suchecki D, da Silva SG, Covolan L, Hamani C. Chronic unpredictable restraint stress increases hippocampal pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreases motivated behavior in rats. Stress 2020; 23:427-436. [PMID: 31928117 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1712355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most chronic stress protocols are too laborious or do not abide by the two main characteristics of the stress concept: uncontrollability and unpredictability. The goal of this study was to establish a simple and reliable model of chronic stress, while maintaining the main features of the concept. Animals were exposed to chronic movement restraint with variable duration (2, 4 or 6 h, in an unpredictable schedule) for 3 weeks and assessed in several physiological and behavioral readouts known to reflect chronic stress states. Body weight, levels of plasma corticosterone, hippocampal pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, anxiety-like (novelty suppressed feeding and elevated plus maze) and motivated behaviors (sucrose negative contrast test and forced swim test) were evaluated three days after the end of the chronic protocol. Stressed animals had a lower body weight gain, higher levels of cytokines in the hippocampus, reduced suppression of a low concentration sucrose solution and increased immobility in the forced swim test. Based on these data, we suggest that chronic movement restraint with variable duration may be a suitable and simple protocol for the study of changes induced by chronic stress and for the testing of possible treatments relevant to psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Suchecki
- Departament of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- Hospital do Câncer de Muriaé - Fundação Cristiano Varella, Centro Universitário UNIFAMINAS, Muriaé, Brazil
| | - Luciene Covolan
- Departament of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clement Hamani
- Division of Neurosurgery, Harquail Centre for Neuromodulation, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Tural U, Iosifescu DV. Neuropeptide Y in PTSD, MDD, and chronic stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:950-963. [PMID: 32048334 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels may be altered in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic stress. We investigated, through systematic review and meta-analysis, whether the mean levels of NPY are significantly different in patients with MDD, PTSD or chronic stress, compared to controls. The main outcome was the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals between cases and controls, using the random-effects model. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated. Thirty-five studies met eligibility criteria. Meta-regression determined that medication and sex could explain 27% of the between-study variance. Females and participants currently prescribed psychotropic medications had significantly higher levels of NPY. NPY levels were significantly lower in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in PTSD patients versus controls. Patients with MDD had significantly lower levels of NPY in plasma compared to controls, but not in the CSF. The magnitudes of the decrease in plasma NPY levels were not significantly different between PTSD and MDD. However, chronic stress patients had significantly higher plasma NPY levels compared to controls, PTSD or MDD. Our findings may imply a shared role of NPY in trauma and depression: nevertheless, it is not clear that the association is specific to these disorders. Psychotropic medications may help restore NPY levels. Further controlled studies are needed to better delineate the contribution of confounding variables such as type of depression, body mass index, appetite or sleep architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Tural
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Dan V Iosifescu
- Clinical Research Division, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA.,Psychiatry Department, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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de Lima RMS, dos Santos Bento LV, di Marcello Valladão Lugon M, Barauna VG, Bittencourt AS, Dalmaz C, de Vasconcellos Bittencourt APS. Early life stress and the programming of eating behavior and anxiety: Sex-specific relationships with serotonergic activity and hypothalamic neuropeptides. Behav Brain Res 2020; 379:112399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Xu L, Wang J. Food restriction in adolescence increases emotional disorder-like behaviors in adult rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 104:101731. [PMID: 31862402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the neuronal mechanism underlying the influence of early-life food restriction on the central nervous system and subsequent behaviors in adult rats. Several behavioral paradigms were tested in rats, including sucrose negative contrast test, forced swimming test (FST) and elevated plus maze test (EPM). in vivo intracellular electrophysiological recordings were conducted in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LAT). Finally, the levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) were examined using immunohistochemistry. Food restriction during adolescence reduced sucrose preference in adult rats. Adolescent food restriction increased total immobile time in the FST and reduced the latency in rats to the first bout of immobility. In the EPM test, rats that experienced food restriction in adolescence and tested four weeks later spent less time than unrestricted controls in the open arm. In addition, chronic food restriction in adolescence increased in vivo LAT neuronal excitability in adulthood. Finally, NPY immunoreactivity in the LAT was reduced in rats that experienced chronic food restriction in adolescence compared to controls. Our results suggest that food restriction in adolescence increases emotional disorder-like behaviors in adult life, in which NPY production regulates the LAT-dependent behaviors and may underly the vulnerability to emotional disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Department of Electrophysiological Examination, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Electrophysiological Examination, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei Province, China.
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Zhu X, Yao Y, Li X, Dong J, Zhang A. Alteration of GABAergic signaling is associated with anxiety-like behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 93:141-148. [PMID: 30951784 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), which is one of the most common neurological diseases, is accompanied by a high incidence of psychiatric disorders. Among these psychiatric disorders, anxiety is one of the major psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy patients. However, anxiety in epilepsy patients often remains unrecognized and untreated. It is believed that the inhibitory networks of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission play pivotal roles in the modulation of emotion and mood responses in both physiological and pathological conditions. The impairment of neurotransmission mediated by GABAergic signaling is related to the pathophysiology of anxiety. However, it remains unclear whether and how GABAergic signaling modulates anxiety responses in the context of an epileptic brain. In the present study, we sought to determine the role of inhibitory networks of GABAergic signaling in the anxiety-like behavior of epileptic mice. Our results show epileptic mice exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior, and this increased anxiety-like behavior was accompanied by a decrease in GABAergic interneurons and an increase in GABA type A receptor (GABAAR) β3 subunit (GABRB3) expression in the hippocampus. Furthermore, the activation of GABAARs produced an anxiolytic-like effect, while the inhibition of GABAARs elicited an anxiogenic-like effect in the epileptic mice, suggesting that the alteration of GABAergic signaling is associated with anxiety-like behavior in epileptic mice. Thus, targeting GABAergic signaling in the epileptic brain may provide an effective anxiolytic treatment in epilepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingde Dong
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aifeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Effects of lipopolysaccharide administration and maternal deprivation on anxiety and depressive symptoms in male and female Wistar rats: Neurobehavioral and biochemical assessments. Behav Brain Res 2019; 362:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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