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Ligeralde A, Kuang Y, Yerxa TE, Pitcher MN, Feller M, Chung S. Unsupervised learning on spontaneous retinal activity leads to efficient neural representation geometry. ARXIV 2023:arXiv:2312.02791v1. [PMID: 38106456 PMCID: PMC10723543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Prior to the onset of vision, neurons in the developing mammalian retina spontaneously fire in correlated activity patterns known as retinal waves. Experimental evidence suggests that retinal waves strongly influence the emergence of sensory representations before visual experience. We aim to model this early stage of functional development by using movies of neurally active developing retinas as pre-training data for neural networks. Specifically, we pre-train a ResNet-18 with an unsupervised contrastive learning objective (SimCLR) on both simulated and experimentally-obtained movies of retinal waves, then evaluate its performance on image classification tasks. We find that pre-training on retinal waves significantly improves performance on tasks that test object invariance to spatial translation, while slightly improving performance on more complex tasks like image classification. Notably, these performance boosts are realized on held-out natural images even though the pre-training procedure does not include any natural image data. We then propose a geometrical explanation for the increase in network performance, namely that the spatiotemporal characteristics of retinal waves facilitate the formation of separable feature representations. In particular, we demonstrate that networks pre-trained on retinal waves are more effective at separating image manifolds than randomly initialized networks, especially for manifolds defined by sets of spatial translations. These findings indicate that the broad spatiotemporal properties of retinal waves prepare networks for higher order feature extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ligeralde
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley
- Center for Computational Neuroscience, Flatiron Institute
| | - Yilun Kuang
- Center for Computational Neuroscience, Flatiron Institute
- Courant Inst. of Mathematical Sciences, New York University
| | - Thomas Edward Yerxa
- Center for Computational Neuroscience, Flatiron Institute
- Center for Neural Science, New York University
| | - Miah N Pitcher
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
| | - Marla Feller
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley
| | - SueYeon Chung
- Center for Computational Neuroscience, Flatiron Institute
- Center for Neural Science, New York University
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2
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Molotkov D, Ferrarese L, Boissonnet T, Asari H. Topographic axonal projection at single-cell precision supports local retinotopy in the mouse superior colliculus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7418. [PMID: 37973798 PMCID: PMC10654506 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinotopy, like all long-range projections, can arise from the axons themselves or their targets. The underlying connectivity pattern, however, remains elusive at the fine scale in the mammalian brain. To address this question, we functionally mapped the spatial organization of the input axons and target neurons in the female mouse retinocollicular pathway at single-cell resolution using in vivo two-photon calcium imaging. We found a near-perfect retinotopic tiling of retinal ganglion cell axon terminals, with an average error below 30 μm or 2° of visual angle. The precision of retinotopy was relatively lower for local neurons in the superior colliculus. Subsequent data-driven modeling ascribed it to a low input convergence, on average 5.5 retinal ganglion cell inputs per postsynaptic cell in the superior colliculus. These results indicate that retinotopy arises largely from topographically precise input from presynaptic cells, rather than elaborating local circuitry to reconstruct the topography by postsynaptic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Molotkov
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
| | - Leiron Ferrarese
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
| | - Tom Boissonnet
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, La Tronche, 38700, France
- Center for Advanced Imaging, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Hiroki Asari
- Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Monterotondo, 00015, Italy.
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3
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Teh KL, Sibille J, Gehr C, Kremkow J. Retinal waves align the concentric orientation map in mouse superior colliculus to the center of vision. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4240. [PMID: 37172095 PMCID: PMC10181181 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the mouse superior colliculus (SC) are arranged in a concentric orientation map, which is aligned to the center of vision and the optic flow experienced by the mouse. The origin of this map remains unclear. Here, we propose that spontaneous retinal waves during development provide a scaffold to establish the concentric orientation map within the SC and its alignment to the optic flow. We test this hypothesis by modeling the orientation-tuned SC neurons that receive ON/OFF retinal inputs. Our model suggests that the propagation direction bias of stage III retinal waves, together with OFF-delayed responses, shapes the spatial organization of the orientation map. The OFF delay establishes orientation-tuned neurons by segregating their ON/OFF receptive subfields, the wave-like activities form the concentric pattern, and the direction biases align the map to the center of vision. Together, retinal waves may play an instructive role in establishing functional properties of single SC neurons and their spatial organization within maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lun Teh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérémie Sibille
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Gehr
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Kremkow
- Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, Berlin 10115, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Nagappan-Chettiar S, Burbridge TJ, Umemori H. Activity-Dependent Synapse Refinement: From Mechanisms to Molecules. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231170167. [PMID: 37140155 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231170167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The refinement of immature neuronal networks into efficient mature ones is critical to nervous system development and function. This process of synapse refinement is driven by the neuronal activity-dependent competition of converging synaptic inputs, resulting in the elimination of weak inputs and the stabilization of strong ones. Neuronal activity, whether in the form of spontaneous activity or experience-evoked activity, is known to drive synapse refinement in numerous brain regions. More recent studies are now revealing the manner and mechanisms by which neuronal activity is detected and converted into molecular signals that appropriately regulate the elimination of weaker synapses and stabilization of stronger ones. Here, we highlight how spontaneous activity and evoked activity instruct neuronal activity-dependent competition during synapse refinement. We then focus on how neuronal activity is transformed into the molecular cues that determine and execute synapse refinement. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying synapse refinement can lead to novel therapeutic strategies in neuropsychiatric diseases characterized by aberrant synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivapratha Nagappan-Chettiar
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy J Burbridge
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hisashi Umemori
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kutsarova E, Schohl A, Munz M, Wang A, Zhang YY, Bilash OM, Ruthazer ES. BDNF signaling in correlation-dependent structural plasticity in the developing visual system. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002070. [PMID: 37011100 PMCID: PMC10101647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, patterned neural activity instructs topographic map refinement. Axons with similar patterns of neural activity converge onto target neurons and stabilize their synapses with these postsynaptic partners, restricting exploratory branch elaboration (Hebbian structural plasticity). On the other hand, non-correlated firing in inputs leads to synapse weakening and increased exploratory growth of axons (Stentian structural plasticity). We used visual stimulation to control the correlation structure of neural activity in a few ipsilaterally projecting (ipsi) retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons with respect to the majority contralateral eye inputs in the optic tectum of albino Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Multiphoton live imaging of ipsi axons, combined with specific targeted disruptions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, revealed that both presynaptic p75NTR and TrkB are required for Stentian axonal branch addition, whereas presumptive postsynaptic BDNF signaling is necessary for Hebbian axon stabilization. Additionally, we found that BDNF signaling mediates local suppression of branch elimination in response to correlated firing of inputs. Daily in vivo imaging of contralateral RGC axons demonstrated that p75NTR knockdown reduces axon branch elongation and arbor spanning field volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kutsarova
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anne Schohl
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Martin Munz
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Wang
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yuan Yuan Zhang
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Olesia M Bilash
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Voufo C, Chen AQ, Smith BE, Yan R, Feller MB, Tiriac A. Circuit mechanisms underlying embryonic retinal waves. eLife 2023; 12:e81983. [PMID: 36790167 PMCID: PMC9988258 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous activity is a hallmark of developing neural systems. In the retina, spontaneous activity comes in the form of retinal waves, comprised of three stages persisting from embryonic day 16 (E16) to eye opening at postnatal day 14 (P14). Though postnatal retinal waves have been well characterized, little is known about the spatiotemporal properties or the mechanisms mediating embryonic retinal waves, designated stage 1 waves. Using a custom-built macroscope to record spontaneous calcium transients from whole embryonic retinas, we show that stage 1 waves are initiated at several locations across the retina and propagate across a broad range of areas. Blocking gap junctions reduced the frequency and size of stage 1 waves, nearly abolishing them. Global blockade of nAChRs similarly nearly abolished stage 1 waves. Thus, stage 1 waves are mediated by a complex circuitry involving subtypes of nAChRs and gap junctions. Stage 1 waves in mice lacking the β2 subunit of the nAChRs (β2-nAChR-KO) persisted with altered propagation properties and were abolished by a gap junction blocker. To assay the impact of stage 1 waves on retinal development, we compared the spatial distribution of a subtype of retinal ganglion cells, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which undergo a significant amount of cell death, in WT and β2-nAChR-KO mice. We found that the developmental decrease in ipRGC density is preserved between WT and β2-nAChR-KO mice, indicating that processes regulating ipRGC numbers and distributions are not influenced by spontaneous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Voufo
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Andy Quaen Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Benjamin E Smith
- School of Optometry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Rongshan Yan
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Marla B Feller
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Alexandre Tiriac
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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7
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Chen C, Sun L, Adler A, Zhou H, Zhang L, Zhang L, Deng J, Bai Y, Zhang J, Yang G, Gan WB, Tang P. Synchronized activity of sensory neurons initiates cortical synchrony in a model of neuropathic pain. Nat Commun 2023; 14:689. [PMID: 36755026 PMCID: PMC9908980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased low frequency cortical oscillations are observed in people with neuropathic pain, but the cause of such elevated cortical oscillations and their impact on pain development remain unclear. By imaging neuronal activity in a spared nerve injury (SNI) mouse model of neuropathic pain, we show that neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and somatosensory cortex (S1) exhibit synchronized activity after peripheral nerve injury. Notably, synchronized activity of DRG neurons occurs within hours after injury and 1-2 days before increased cortical oscillations. This DRG synchrony is initiated by axotomized neurons and mediated by local purinergic signaling at the site of nerve injury. We further show that synchronized DRG activity after SNI is responsible for increasing low frequency cortical oscillations and synaptic remodeling in S1, as well as for inducing animals' pain-like behaviors. In naive mice, enhancing the synchrony, not the level, of DRG neuronal activity causes synaptic changes in S1 and pain-like behaviors similar to SNI mice. Taken together, these results reveal the critical role of synchronized DRG neuronal activity in increasing cortical plasticity and oscillations in a neuropathic pain model. These findings also suggest the potential importance of detection and suppression of elevated cortical oscillations in neuropathic pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking 301 Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Hand Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education/National Health Commission of China, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Avital Adler
- Skirball Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking 301 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lihai Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking 301 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junhao Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking 301 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Institute of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University, Zhangzhou 175 Hospital, Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Wen-Biao Gan
- Institute of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking 301 Hospital, Beijing, China.
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8
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Li VJ, Chorghay Z, Ruthazer ES. A Guide for the Multiplexed: The Development of Visual Feature Maps in the Brain. Neuroscience 2023; 508:62-75. [PMID: 35952996 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neural maps are found ubiquitously in the brain, where they encode a wide range of behaviourally relevant features into neural space. Developmental studies have shown that animals devote a great deal of resources to establish consistently patterned organization in neural circuits throughout the nervous system, but what purposes maps serve beneath their often intricate appearance and composition is a topic of active debate and exploration. In this article, we review the general mechanisms of map formation, with a focus on the visual system, and then survey notable organizational properties of neural maps: the multiplexing of feature representations through a nested architecture, the interspersing of fine-scale heterogeneity within a globally smooth organization, and the complex integration at the microcircuit level that enables a high dimensionality of information encoding. Finally, we discuss the roles of maps in cortical functions, including input segregation, feature extraction and routing of circuit outputs for higher order processing, as well as the evolutionary basis for the properties we observe in neural maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J Li
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University St. Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Zahraa Chorghay
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University St. Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, 3801 University St. Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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Whitney IE, Butrus S, Dyer MA, Rieke F, Sanes JR, Shekhar K. Vision-Dependent and -Independent Molecular Maturation of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells. Neuroscience 2023; 508:153-173. [PMID: 35870562 PMCID: PMC10809145 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The development and connectivity of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the retina's sole output neurons, are patterned by activity-independent transcriptional programs and activity-dependent remodeling. To inventory the molecular correlates of these influences, we applied high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to mouse RGCs at six embryonic and postnatal ages. We identified temporally regulated modules of genes that correlate with, and likely regulate, multiple phases of RGC development, ranging from differentiation and axon guidance to synaptic recognition and refinement. Some of these genes are expressed broadly while others, including key transcription factors and recognition molecules, are selectively expressed by one or a few of the 45 transcriptomically distinct types defined previously in adult mice. Next, we used these results as a foundation to analyze the transcriptomes of RGCs in mice lacking visual experience due to dark rearing from birth or to mutations that ablate either bipolar or photoreceptor cells. 98.5% of visually deprived (VD) RGCs could be unequivocally assigned to a single RGC type based on their transcriptional profiles, demonstrating that visual activity is dispensable for acquisition and maintenance of RGC type identity. However, visual deprivation significantly reduced the transcriptomic distinctions among RGC types, implying that activity is required for complete RGC maturation or maintenance. Consistent with this notion, transcriptomic alternations in VD RGCs significantly overlapped with gene modules found in developing RGCs. Our results provide a resource for mechanistic analyses of RGC differentiation and maturation, and for investigating the role of activity in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene E Whitney
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Salwan Butrus
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Fred Rieke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Joshua R Sanes
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Karthik Shekhar
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Biological Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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10
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Polese D, Riccio ML, Fagioli M, Mazzetta A, Fagioli F, Parisi P, Fagioli M. The Newborn's Reaction to Light as the Determinant of the Brain's Activation at Human Birth. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:933426. [PMID: 36118115 PMCID: PMC9478760 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.933426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental neuroscience research has not yet fully unveiled the dynamics involved in human birth. The trigger of the first breath, often assumed to be the marker of human life, has not been characterized nor has the process entailing brain modification and activation at birth been clarified yet. To date, few researchers only have investigated the impact of the extrauterine environment, with its strong stimuli, on birth. This ‘hypothesis and theory' article assumes the role of a specific stimulus activating the central nervous system (CNS) at human birth. This stimulus must have specific features though, such as novelty, efficacy, ubiquity, and immediacy. We propose light as a robust candidate for the CNS activation via the retina. Available data on fetal and neonatal neurodevelopment, in particular with reference to retinal light-responsive pathways, will be examined together with the GABA functional switch, and the subplate disappearance, which, at an experimental level, differentiate the neonatal brain from the fetal brain. In this study, we assume how a very rapid activation of retinal photoreceptors at birth initiates a sudden brain shift from the prenatal pattern of functions to the neonatal setup. Our assumption implies the presence of a photoreceptor capable of capturing and transducing light/photon stimulus, transforming it into an effective signal for the activation of new brain functions at birth. Opsin photoreception or, more specifically, melanopsin-dependent photoreception, which is provided by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), is considered as a valid candidate. Although what is assumed herein cannot be verified in humans based on knowledge available so far, proposing an important and novel function can trigger a broad range of diversified research in different domains, from neurophysiology to neurology and psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Polese
- PhD Program on Sensorineural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs NESMOS, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Daniela Polese
| | | | - Marcella Fagioli
- Department of Mental Health, National Health System ASL Rome 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mazzetta
- PhD Program on Neuroscience, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fagioli
- Department of Mental Health, National Health System ASL Rome 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Parisi
- Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs NESMOS, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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11
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Avitan L, Stringer C. Not so spontaneous: Multi-dimensional representations of behaviors and context in sensory areas. Neuron 2022; 110:3064-3075. [PMID: 35863344 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sensory areas are spontaneously active in the absence of sensory stimuli. This spontaneous activity has long been studied; however, its functional role remains largely unknown. Recent advances in technology, allowing large-scale neural recordings in the awake and behaving animal, have transformed our understanding of spontaneous activity. Studies using these recordings have discovered high-dimensional spontaneous activity patterns, correlation between spontaneous activity and behavior, and dissimilarity between spontaneous and sensory-driven activity patterns. These findings are supported by evidence from developing animals, where a transition toward these characteristics is observed as the circuit matures, as well as by evidence from mature animals across species. These newly revealed characteristics call for the formulation of a new role for spontaneous activity in neural sensory computation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Avitan
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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12
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Vaughn MJ, Haas JS. On the Diverse Functions of Electrical Synapses. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:910015. [PMID: 35755782 PMCID: PMC9219736 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.910015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical synapses are the neurophysiological product of gap junctional pores between neurons that allow bidirectional flow of current between neurons. They are expressed throughout the mammalian nervous system, including cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, retina, cerebellum, and inferior olive. Classically, the function of electrical synapses has been associated with synchrony, logically following that continuous conductance provided by gap junctions facilitates the reduction of voltage differences between coupled neurons. Indeed, electrical synapses promote synchrony at many anatomical and frequency ranges across the brain. However, a growing body of literature shows there is greater complexity to the computational function of electrical synapses. The paired membranes that embed electrical synapses act as low-pass filters, and as such, electrical synapses can preferentially transfer spike after hyperpolarizations, effectively providing spike-dependent inhibition. Other functions include driving asynchronous firing, improving signal to noise ratio, aiding in discrimination of dissimilar inputs, or dampening signals by shunting current. The diverse ways by which electrical synapses contribute to neuronal integration merits furthers study. Here we review how functions of electrical synapses vary across circuits and brain regions and depend critically on the context of the neurons and brain circuits involved. Computational modeling of electrical synapses embedded in multi-cellular models and experiments utilizing optical control and measurement of cellular activity will be essential in determining the specific roles performed by electrical synapses in varying contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Vaughn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Julie S Haas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
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13
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Pumo GM, Kitazawa T, Rijli FM. Epigenetic and Transcriptional Regulation of Spontaneous and Sensory Activity Dependent Programs During Neuronal Circuit Development. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:911023. [PMID: 35664458 PMCID: PMC9158562 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.911023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous activity generated before the onset of sensory transduction has a key role in wiring developing sensory circuits. From axonal targeting, to synapse formation and elimination, to the balanced integration of neurons into developing circuits, this type of activity is implicated in a variety of cellular processes. However, little is known about its molecular mechanisms of action, especially at the level of genome regulation. Conversely, sensory experience-dependent activity implements well-characterized transcriptional and epigenetic chromatin programs that underlie heterogeneous but specific genomic responses that shape both postnatal circuit development and neuroplasticity in the adult. In this review, we focus on our knowledge of the developmental processes regulated by spontaneous activity and the underlying transcriptional mechanisms. We also review novel findings on how chromatin regulates the specificity and developmental induction of the experience-dependent program, and speculate their relevance for our understanding of how spontaneous activity may act at the genomic level to instruct circuit assembly and prepare developing neurons for sensory-dependent connectivity refinement and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele M. Pumo
- Laboratory of Neurodevelopmental Epigenetics, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Department Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Taro Kitazawa
- Laboratory of Neurodevelopmental Epigenetics, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filippo M. Rijli
- Laboratory of Neurodevelopmental Epigenetics, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- Department Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Genescu I, Aníbal-Martínez M, Kouskoff V, Chenouard N, Mailhes-Hamon C, Cartonnet H, Lokmane L, Rijli FM, López-Bendito G, Gambino F, Garel S. Dynamic interplay between thalamic activity and Cajal-Retzius cells regulates the wiring of cortical layer 1. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110667. [PMID: 35417707 PMCID: PMC9035679 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical wiring relies on guidepost cells and activity-dependent processes that are thought to act sequentially. Here, we show that the construction of layer 1 (L1), a main site of top-down integration, is regulated by crosstalk between transient Cajal-Retzius cells (CRc) and spontaneous activity of the thalamus, a main driver of bottom-up information. While activity was known to regulate CRc migration and elimination, we found that prenatal spontaneous thalamic activity and NMDA receptors selectively control CRc early density, without affecting their demise. CRc density, in turn, regulates the distribution of upper layer interneurons and excitatory synapses, thereby drastically impairing the apical dendrite activity of output pyramidal neurons. In contrast, postnatal sensory-evoked activity had a limited impact on L1 and selectively perturbed basal dendrites synaptogenesis. Collectively, our study highlights a remarkable interplay between thalamic activity and CRc in L1 functional wiring, with major implications for our understanding of cortical development. Prenatal thalamic waves of activity regulate CRc density in L1 Prenatal and postnatal CRc manipulations alter specific interneuron populations Postnatal CRc shape L5 apical dendrite structural and functional properties Early sensory activity selectively regulates L5 basal dendrite spine formation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Genescu
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mar Aníbal-Martínez
- Instituto de Neurosciencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Vladimir Kouskoff
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Chenouard
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Caroline Mailhes-Hamon
- Acute Transgenesis Facility, Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Hugues Cartonnet
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ludmilla Lokmane
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Frédéric Gambino
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sonia Garel
- Institut de Biologie de l'École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France; Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France.
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15
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Tworig JM, Feller MB. Müller Glia in Retinal Development: From Specification to Circuit Integration. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 15:815923. [PMID: 35185477 PMCID: PMC8856507 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.815923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Müller glia of the retina share many features with astroglia located throughout the brain including maintenance of homeostasis, modulation of neurotransmitter spillover, and robust response to injury. Here we present the molecular factors and signaling events that govern Müller glial specification, patterning, and differentiation. Next, we discuss the various roles of Müller glia in retinal development, which include maintaining retinal organization and integrity as well as promoting neuronal survival, synaptogenesis, and phagocytosis of debris. Finally, we review the mechanisms by which Müller glia integrate into retinal circuits and actively participate in neuronal signaling during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Tworig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Joshua M. Tworig,
| | - Marla B. Feller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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16
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cAMP-Dependent Co-stabilization of Axonal Arbors from Adjacent Developing Neurons. Cell Rep 2021; 33:108220. [PMID: 33027659 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal arbors in many neuronal networks are exuberant early during development and become refined by activity-dependent competitive mechanisms. Theoretical work proposed non-competitive interactions between co-active axons to co-stabilize their connections, but the demonstration of such interactions is lacking. Here, we provide experimental evidence that reducing cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling in a subset of retinal ganglion cells favors the elimination of thalamic projections from neighboring neurons, pointing to a cAMP-dependent interaction that promotes axon stabilization.
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17
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Martini FJ, Guillamón-Vivancos T, Moreno-Juan V, Valdeolmillos M, López-Bendito G. Spontaneous activity in developing thalamic and cortical sensory networks. Neuron 2021; 109:2519-2534. [PMID: 34293296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developing sensory circuits exhibit different patterns of spontaneous activity, patterns that are related to the construction and refinement of functional networks. During the development of different sensory modalities, spontaneous activity originates in the immature peripheral sensory structures and in the higher-order central structures, such as the thalamus and cortex. Certainly, the perinatal thalamus exhibits spontaneous calcium waves, a pattern of activity that is fundamental for the formation of sensory maps and for circuit plasticity. Here, we review our current understanding of the maturation of early (including embryonic) patterns of spontaneous activity and their influence on the assembly of thalamic and cortical sensory networks. Overall, the data currently available suggest similarities between the developmental trajectory of brain activity in experimental models and humans, which in the future may help to improve the early diagnosis of developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Martini
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
| | - Teresa Guillamón-Vivancos
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Verónica Moreno-Juan
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Miguel Valdeolmillos
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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18
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Johnson KO, Smith NA, Goldstein EZ, Gallo V, Triplett JW. NMDA Receptor Expression by Retinal Ganglion Cells Is Not Required for Retinofugal Map Formation nor Eye-Specific Segregation in the Mouse. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0115-20.2021. [PMID: 34193509 PMCID: PMC8287875 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0115-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project topographically to the superior colliculus (SC) and dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN). Spontaneous activity plays a critical role in retinotopic mapping in both regions; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying activity-dependent refinement remain unclear. Previous pharmacologic studies implicate NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in the establishment of retinotopy. In other brain regions, NMDARs are expressed on both the presynaptic and postsynaptic side of the synapse, and recent work suggests that presynaptic and postsynaptic NMDARs play distinct roles in retinotectal developmental dynamics. To directly test the role of NMDARs expressed by RGCs in retinofugal map formation, we took a conditional genetic knock-out approach to delete the obligate GluN1 subunit of NMDARs in RGCs. Here, we demonstrate reduced GluN1 expression in the retina of Chrnb3-Cre;GluN1flox/flox (pre-cKO) mice without altered expression in the SC. Anatomical tracing experiments revealed no significant changes in termination zone size in the SC and dLGN of pre-cKO mice, suggesting NMDAR function in RGCs is not an absolute requirement for topographic refinement. Further, we observed no change in the eye-specific organization of retinal inputs to the SC nor dLGN. To verify that NMDA induces activity in RGC terminals, we restricted GCaMP5 expression to RGCs and confirmed induction of calcium transients in RGC terminals. Together, these findings demonstrate that NMDARs expressed by RGCs are not required for retinofugal topographic map formation nor eye-specific segregation in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy O Johnson
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Nathan A Smith
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Evan Z Goldstein
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Jason W Triplett
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20052
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19
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Fassier C, Nicol X. Retinal Axon Interplay for Binocular Mapping. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:679440. [PMID: 34149367 PMCID: PMC8213063 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.679440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In most mammals, retinal ganglion cell axons from each retina project to both sides of the brain. The segregation of ipsi and contralateral projections into eye-specific territories in their main brain targets-the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus and the superior colliculus-is critical for the processing of visual information. The investigation of the developmental mechanisms contributing to the wiring of this binocular map in mammals identified competitive mechanisms between axons from each retina while interactions between axons from the same eye were challenging to explore. Studies in vertebrates lacking ipsilateral retinal projections demonstrated that competitive mechanisms also exist between axons from the same eye. The development of a genetic approach enabling the differential manipulation and labeling of neighboring retinal ganglion cells in a single mouse retina revealed that binocular map development does not only rely on axon competition but also involves a cooperative interplay between axons to stabilize their terminal branches. These recent insights into the developmental mechanisms shaping retinal axon connectivity in the brain will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Fassier
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Nicol
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
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20
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Choi BJ, Chen YCD, Desplan C. Building a circuit through correlated spontaneous neuronal activity in the developing vertebrate and invertebrate visual systems. Genes Dev 2021; 35:677-691. [PMID: 33888564 PMCID: PMC8091978 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348241.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During the development of the vertebrate nervous systems, genetic programs assemble an immature circuit that is subsequently refined by neuronal activity evoked by external stimuli. However, prior to sensory experience, the intrinsic property of the developing nervous system also triggers correlated network-level neuronal activity, with retinal waves in the developing vertebrate retina being the best documented example. Spontaneous activity has also been found in the visual system of Drosophila Here, we compare the spontaneous activity of the developing visual system between mammalian and Drosophila and suggest that Drosophila is an emerging model for mechanistic and functional studies of correlated spontaneous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jiwon Choi
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | | | - Claude Desplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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21
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Wang Y, Sanghvi M, Gribizis A, Zhang Y, Song L, Morley B, Barson DG, Santos-Sacchi J, Navaratnam D, Crair M. Efferent feedback controls bilateral auditory spontaneous activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2449. [PMID: 33907194 PMCID: PMC8079389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22796-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing auditory system, spontaneous activity generated in the cochleae propagates into the central nervous system to promote circuit formation. The effects of peripheral firing patterns on spontaneous activity in the central auditory system are not well understood. Here, we describe wide-spread bilateral coupling of spontaneous activity that coincides with the period of transient efferent modulation of inner hair cells from the brainstem medial olivocochlear system. Knocking out α9/α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, a requisite part of the efferent pathway, profoundly reduces bilateral correlations. Pharmacological and chemogenetic experiments confirm that the efferent system is necessary for normal bilateral coupling. Moreover, auditory sensitivity at hearing onset is reduced in the absence of pre-hearing efferent modulation. Together, these results demonstrate how afferent and efferent pathways collectively shape spontaneous activity patterns and reveal the important role of efferents in coordinating bilateral spontaneous activity and the emergence of functional responses during the prehearing period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maya Sanghvi
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexandra Gribizis
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, One Max Planck Way, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Yueyi Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Barbara Morley
- Center for Sensory Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Daniel G Barson
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph Santos-Sacchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dhasakumar Navaratnam
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Crair
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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22
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Avitan L, Pujic Z, Mölter J, Zhu S, Sun B, Goodhill GJ. Spontaneous and evoked activity patterns diverge over development. eLife 2021; 10:e61942. [PMID: 33871351 PMCID: PMC8075578 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immature brain is highly spontaneously active. Over development this activity must be integrated with emerging patterns of stimulus-evoked activity, but little is known about how this occurs. Here we investigated this question by recording spontaneous and evoked neural activity in the larval zebrafish tectum from 4 to 15 days post-fertilisation. Correlations within spontaneous and evoked activity epochs were comparable over development, and their neural assemblies refined in similar ways. However, both the similarity between evoked and spontaneous assemblies, and also the geometric distance between spontaneous and evoked patterns, decreased over development. At all stages of development, evoked activity was of higher dimension than spontaneous activity. Thus, spontaneous and evoked activity do not converge over development in this system, and these results do not support the hypothesis that spontaneous activity evolves to form a Bayesian prior for evoked activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Avitan
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Zac Pujic
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Jan Mölter
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Shuyu Zhu
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Biao Sun
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Geoffrey J Goodhill
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
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23
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Redolfi N, Lodovichi C. Spontaneous Afferent Activity Carves Olfactory Circuits. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:637536. [PMID: 33767612 PMCID: PMC7985084 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.637536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical activity has a key role in shaping neuronal circuits during development. In most sensory modalities, early in development, internally generated spontaneous activity sculpts the initial layout of neuronal wiring. With the maturation of the sense organs, the system relies more on sensory-evoked electrical activity. Stimuli-driven neuronal discharge is required for the transformation of immature circuits in the specific patterns of neuronal connectivity that subserve normal brain function. The olfactory system (OS) differs from this organizational plan. Despite the important role of odorant receptors (ORs) in shaping olfactory topography, odor-evoked activity does not have a prominent role in refining neuronal wiring. On the contrary, afferent spontaneous discharge is required to achieve and maintain the specific diagram of connectivity that defines the topography of the olfactory bulb (OB). Here, we provide an overview of the development of olfactory topography, with a focus on the role of afferent spontaneous discharge in the formation and maintenance of the specific synaptic contacts that result in the topographic organization of the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Redolfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Lodovichi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute CNR, Padua, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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24
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Wang BS, Bernardez Sarria MS, An X, He M, Alam NM, Prusky GT, Crair MC, Huang ZJ. Retinal and Callosal Activity-Dependent Chandelier Cell Elimination Shapes Binocularity in Primary Visual Cortex. Neuron 2021; 109:502-515.e7. [PMID: 33290732 PMCID: PMC7943176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In mammals with binocular vision, integration of the left and right visual scene relies on information in the center visual field, which are relayed from each retina in parallel and merge in the primary visual cortex (V1) through the convergence of ipsi- and contralateral geniculocortical inputs as well as transcallosal projections between two visual cortices. The developmental assembly of this binocular circuit, especially the transcallosal pathway, remains incompletely understood. Using genetic methods in mice, we found that several days before eye-opening, retinal and callosal activities drive massive apoptosis of GABAergic chandelier cells (ChCs) in the binocular region of V1. Blockade of ChC elimination resulted in a contralateral eye-dominated V1 and deficient binocular vision. As pre-vision retinal activities convey the left-right organization of the visual field, their regulation of ChC density through the transcallosal pathway may prime a nascent binocular territory for subsequent experience-driven tuning during the post-vision critical period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor-Shuen Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Maria Sol Bernardez Sarria
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xu An
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Miao He
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nazia M Alam
- The Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Glen T Prusky
- The Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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25
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Aranda ML, Schmidt TM. Diversity of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells: circuits and functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:889-907. [PMID: 32965515 PMCID: PMC8650628 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are a relatively recently discovered class of atypical ganglion cell photoreceptor. These ipRGCs are a morphologically and physiologically heterogeneous population that project widely throughout the brain and mediate a wide array of visual functions ranging from photoentrainment of our circadian rhythms, to driving the pupillary light reflex to improve visual function, to modulating our mood, alertness, learning, sleep/wakefulness, regulation of body temperature, and even our visual perception. The presence of melanopsin as a unique molecular signature of ipRGCs has allowed for the development of a vast array of molecular and genetic tools to study ipRGC circuits. Given the emerging complexity of this system, this review will provide an overview of the genetic tools and methods used to study ipRGCs, how these tools have been used to dissect their role in a variety of visual circuits and behaviors in mice, and identify important directions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L Aranda
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tiffany M Schmidt
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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26
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Akin O, Zipursky SL. Activity regulates brain development in the fly. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 65:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Yan RS, Yang XL, Zhong YM, Zhang DQ. Spontaneous Depolarization-Induced Action Potentials of ON-Starburst Amacrine Cells during Cholinergic and Glutamatergic Retinal Waves. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122574. [PMID: 33271919 PMCID: PMC7759856 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlated spontaneous activity in the developing retina (termed “retinal waves”) plays an instructive role in refining neural circuits of the visual system. Depolarizing (ON) and hyperpolarizing (OFF) starburst amacrine cells (SACs) initiate and propagate cholinergic retinal waves. Where cholinergic retinal waves stop, SACs are thought to be driven by glutamatergic retinal waves initiated by ON-bipolar cells. However, the properties and function of cholinergic and glutamatergic waves in ON- and OFF-SACs still remain poorly understood. In the present work, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and Ca2+ imaging from genetically labeled ON- and OFF-SACs in mouse flat-mount retinas. We found that both SAC subtypes exhibited spontaneous rhythmic depolarization during cholinergic and glutamatergic waves. Interestingly, ON-SACs had wave-induced action potentials (APs) in an age-dependent manner, but OFF-SACs did not. Simultaneous Ca2+ imaging and patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that, during a cholinergic wave, APs of an ON-SAC appeared to promote the dendritic release of acetylcholine onto neighboring ON- and OFF-SACs, which enhances their Ca2+ transients. These results advance the understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying correlated spontaneous activity in the developing retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Shan Yan
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (R.-S.Y.); (X.-L.Y.)
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4479, USA
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (R.-S.Y.); (X.-L.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhong
- Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (R.-S.Y.); (X.-L.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.Z.); (D.-Q.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-5423-7736 (Y.-M.Z.); +1-248-3702399 (D.-Q.Z.)
| | - Dao-Qi Zhang
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4479, USA
- Correspondence: (Y.-M.Z.); (D.-Q.Z.); Tel.: +86-21-5423-7736 (Y.-M.Z.); +1-248-3702399 (D.-Q.Z.)
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Dehorter N, Del Pino I. Shifting Developmental Trajectories During Critical Periods of Brain Formation. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:283. [PMID: 33132842 PMCID: PMC7513795 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical periods of brain development are epochs of heightened plasticity driven by environmental influence necessary for normal brain function. Recent studies are beginning to shed light on the possibility that timely interventions during critical periods hold potential to reorient abnormal developmental trajectories in animal models of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we re-examine the criteria defining critical periods, highlighting the recently discovered mechanisms of developmental plasticity in health and disease. In addition, we touch upon technological improvements for modeling critical periods in human-derived neural networks in vitro. These scientific advances associated with the use of developmental manipulations in the immature brain of animal models are the basic preclinical systems that will allow the future translatability of timely interventions into clinical applications for neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Dehorter
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Isabel Del Pino
- Principe Felipe Research Center (Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe, CIPF), Valencia, Spain
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29
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Spatial Organization and Dynamics of the Extracellular Space in the Mouse Retina. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7785-7794. [PMID: 32887746 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1717-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular space (ECS) plays an important role in the physiology of neural circuits. Despite our detailed understanding of the cellular architecture of the mammalian retina, little is known about the organization and dynamics of the retinal ECS. We developed an optical technique based on two-photon imaging of fluorescently labeled extracellular fluid to measure the ECS volume fraction (α) in the ex vivo retina of male and female mice. This method has high spatial resolution and can detect rapid changes in α evoked by osmotic challenge and neuronal activity. The measured ECS α varied dramatically in different layers of the adult mouse retina, with α equaling ∼0.050 in the ganglion cell layer, ∼0.122 in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), ∼0.025 in the inner nuclear layer (INL), ∼0.087 in the outer plexiform layer, and ∼0.026 in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). ECS α was significantly larger early in retinal development; α was 67% larger in the IPL and 100% larger in the INL in neonatal mice compared with adults. In adult retinas, light stimulation evoked rapid decreases in ECS α. Light-driven reductions in ECS α were largest in the IPL, where visual stimuli decreased α values ∼10%. These light-evoked decreases demonstrate that a physiological stimulus can lead to rapid changes in ECS α and indicate that activity-dependent regulation of extracellular space may contribute to visual processing in the retina.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The volume fraction of the extracellular space (ECS α), that portion of CNS tissue occupied by interstitial space, influences the diffusion of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft and the volume transmission of transmitters. However, ECS α has never been measured in live retina, and little is known about how ECS α varies following physiological stimulation. Here we show that ECS α values vary dramatically between different retinal layers and decrease by 10% following light stimulation. ECS α differences within the retina will influence volume transmission and light-evoked α variations may modulate synaptic transmission and visual processing in the retina. Activity-dependent ECS α variations may represent a mechanism of synaptic modulation throughout the CNS.
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Spontaneous Retinal Waves Can Generate Long-Range Horizontal Connectivity in Visual Cortex. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6584-6599. [PMID: 32680939 PMCID: PMC7486661 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0649-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the primary visual cortex (V1) of higher mammals, long-range horizontal connections (LHCs) are observed to develop, linking iso-orientation domains of cortical tuning. It is unknown how this feature-specific wiring of circuitry develops before eye-opening. Here, we suggest that LHCs in V1 may originate from spatiotemporally structured feedforward activities generated from spontaneous retinal waves. Using model simulations based on the anatomy and observed activity patterns of the retina, we show that waves propagating in retinal mosaics can initialize the wiring of LHCs by coactivating neurons of similar tuning, whereas equivalent random activities cannot induce such organizations. Simulations showed that emerged LHCs can produce the patterned activities observed in V1, matching the topography of the underlying orientation map. The model can also reproduce feature-specific microcircuits in the salt-and-pepper organizations found in rodents. Our results imply that early peripheral activities contribute significantly to cortical development of functional circuits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Long-range horizontal connections (LHCs) in the primary visual cortex (V1) are observed to emerge before the onset of visual experience, thereby selectively connecting iso-domains of orientation map. However, it is unknown how such feature-specific wirings develop before eye-opening. Here, we show that LHCs in V1 may originate from the feature-specific activation of cortical neurons by spontaneous retinal waves during early developmental stages. Our simulations of a visual cortex model show that feedforward activities from the retina initialize the spatial organization of activity patterns in V1, which induces visual feature-specific wirings in the V1 neurons. Our model also explains the origin of cortical microcircuits observed in rodents, suggesting that the proposed developmental mechanism is universally applicable to circuits of various mammalian species.
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Self-Generated Whisker Movements Drive State-Dependent Sensory Input to Developing Barrel Cortex. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2404-2410.e4. [PMID: 32413304 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cortical development is an activity-dependent process [1-3]. Regarding the role of activity in the developing somatosensory cortex, one persistent debate concerns the importance of sensory feedback from self-generated movements. Specifically, recent studies claim that cortical activity is generated intrinsically, independent of movement [3, 4]. However, other studies claim that behavioral state moderates the relationship between movement and cortical activity [5-7]. Thus, perhaps inattention to behavioral state leads to failures to detect movement-driven activity [8]. Here, we resolve this issue by associating local field activity (i.e., spindle bursts) and unit activity in the barrel cortex of 5-day-old rats with whisker movements during wake and myoclonic twitches of the whiskers during active (REM) sleep. Barrel activity increased significantly within 500 ms of whisker movements, especially after twitches. Also, higher-amplitude movements were more likely to trigger barrel activity; when we controlled for movement amplitude, barrel activity was again greater after a twitch than a wake movement. We then inverted the analysis to assess the likelihood that increases in barrel activity were preceded within 500 ms by whisker movements: at least 55% of barrel activity was attributable to sensory feedback from whisker movements. Finally, when periods with and without movement were compared, 70%-75% of barrel activity was movement related. These results confirm the importance of sensory feedback from movements in driving activity in sensorimotor cortex and underscore the necessity of monitoring sleep-wake states to ensure accurate assessments of the contributions of the sensory periphery to activity in developing somatosensory cortex.
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32
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Wei W. Decreasing Influence of Retinal Inputs on the Developing Visual Cortex. Neuron 2020; 104:629-631. [PMID: 31751542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Before vision matures, spontaneous retinal activity drives downstream visual targets. In this issue of Neuron, Gribizis et al. (2019) image activity simultaneously in connected mouse visual areas and demonstrate distinct developmental patterns of signal transformation in thalamocortical versus retinocollicular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Neurobiology and Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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33
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Xu X, Cang J, Riecke H. Development and binocular matching of orientation selectivity in visual cortex: a computational model. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1305-1319. [PMID: 31913758 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00386.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mouse visual cortex, right after eye opening binocular cells have different preferred orientations for input from the two eyes. With normal visual experience during a critical period, these preferred orientations evolve and eventually become well matched. To gain insight into the matching process, we developed a computational model of a cortical cell receiving orientation selective inputs via plastic synapses. The model captures the experimentally observed matching of the preferred orientations, the dependence of matching on ocular dominance of the cell, and the relationship between the degree of matching and the resulting monocular orientation selectivity. Moreover, our model puts forward testable predictions: 1) The matching speed increases with initial ocular dominance. 2) While the matching improves more slowly for cells that are more orientation selective, the selectivity increases faster for better matched cells during the matching process. This suggests that matching drives orientation selectivity but not vice versa. 3) There are two main routes to matching: the preferred orientations either drift toward each other or one of the orientations switches suddenly. The latter occurs for cells with large initial mismatch and can render the cells monocular. We expect that these results provide insight more generally into the development of neuronal systems that integrate inputs from multiple sources, including different sensory modalities.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Animals gather information through multiple modalities (vision, audition, touch, etc.). These information streams have to be merged coherently to provide a meaningful representation of the world. Thus, for neurons in visual cortex V1, the orientation selectivities for inputs from the two eyes have to match to enable binocular vision. We analyze the postnatal process underlying this matching using computational modeling. It captures recent experimental results and reveals interdependence between matching, ocular dominance, and orientation selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xize Xu
- Department of Engineering Science and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Jianhua Cang
- Department of Biology and Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Hermann Riecke
- Department of Engineering Science and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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34
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Murcia-Belmonte V, Coca Y, Vegar C, Negueruela S, de Juan Romero C, Valiño AJ, Sala S, DaSilva R, Kania A, Borrell V, Martinez LM, Erskine L, Herrera E. A Retino-retinal Projection Guided by Unc5c Emerged in Species with Retinal Waves. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1149-1160.e4. [PMID: 30905607 PMCID: PMC6453780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The existence of axons extending from one retina to the other has been reported during perinatal development in different vertebrates. However, it has been thought that these axons are either a labeling artifact or misprojections. Here, we show unequivocally that a small subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project to the opposite retina and that the guidance receptor Unc5c, expressed in the retinal region where the retinal-retinal (R-R) RGCs are located, is necessary and sufficient to guide axons to the opposite retina. In addition, Netrin1, an Unc5c ligand, is expressed in the ventral diencephalon in a pattern that is consistent with impeding the growth of Unc5c-positive retinal axons into the brain. We also have generated a mathematical model to explore the formation of retinotopic maps in the presence and absence of a functional connection between both eyes. This model predicts that an R-R connection is required for the bilateral coordination of axonal refinement in species where refinement depends upon spontaneous retinal waves. Consistent with this idea, the retinal expression of Unc5c correlates with the existence and size of an R-R projection in different species and with the extent of axonal refinement in visual targets. These findings demonstrate that active guidance drives the formation of the R-R projection and suggest an important role for these projections in visual mapping to ensure congruent bilateral refinement. A subset of retinal ganglion cells project to the contralateral retina Unc5c mediates the formation of the retina-retina projection Unc5c retinal expression correlates with extent of refinement in visual targets Congruency of visual maps in species with retinal waves may rely on R-R axons
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Murcia-Belmonte
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC-UMH, Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Yaiza Coca
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC-UMH, Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Celia Vegar
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC-UMH, Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Santiago Negueruela
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC-UMH, Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Camino de Juan Romero
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC-UMH, Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Arturo José Valiño
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC-UMH, Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Salvador Sala
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC-UMH, Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ronan DaSilva
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110, ave. des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Artur Kania
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110, ave. des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B2, Canada
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC-UMH, Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis M Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC-UMH, Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain
| | - Lynda Erskine
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Eloísa Herrera
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández, CSIC-UMH, Av. Santiago Ramón y Cajal s/n, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain.
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35
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Distributed network interactions and their emergence in developing neocortex. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:1600-1608. [PMID: 30349107 PMCID: PMC6371984 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The principles governing the functional organization and development of
long-range network interactions in the neocortex remain poorly understood. Using
in vivo wide-field and 2-photon calcium imaging of spontaneous activity patterns
in mature ferret visual cortex, we find widespread modular correlation patterns
that accurately predict the local structure of visually-evoked orientation
columns several millimeters away. Longitudinal imaging demonstrates that
long-range spontaneous correlations are present early in cortical development
prior to the elaboration of horizontal connections, and predict mature network
structure. Silencing feed-forward drive through retinal or thalamic blockade
does not eliminate early long-range correlated activity, suggesting a cortical
origin. Circuit models containing only local, but heterogeneous, connections are
sufficient to generate long-range correlated activity by confining activity
patterns to a low-dimensional subspace via multi-synaptic short-range
interactions. These results suggest that local connections in early cortical
circuits can generate structured long-range network correlations that guide the
formation of visually-evoked distributed functional networks.
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36
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Rabesandratana O, Goureau O, Orieux G. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Approaches to Explore and Treat Optic Neuropathies. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:651. [PMID: 30294255 PMCID: PMC6158340 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sight is a major sense for human and visual impairment profoundly affects quality of life, especially retinal degenerative diseases which are the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. As for other neurodegenerative disorders, almost all retinal dystrophies are characterized by the specific loss of one or two cell types, such as retinal ganglion cells, photoreceptor cells, or retinal pigmented epithelial cells. This feature is a critical point when dealing with cell replacement strategies considering that the preservation of other cell types and retinal circuitry is a prerequisite. Retinal ganglion cells are particularly vulnerable to degenerative process and glaucoma, the most common optic neuropathy, is a frequent retinal dystrophy. Cell replacement has been proposed as a potential approach to take on the challenge of visual restoration, but its application to optic neuropathies is particularly challenging. Many obstacles need to be overcome before any clinical application. Beyond their survival and differentiation, engrafted cells have to reconnect with both upstream synaptic retinal cell partners and specific targets in the brain. To date, reconnection of retinal ganglion cells with distal central targets appears unrealistic since central nervous system is refractory to regenerative processes. Significant progress on the understanding of molecular mechanisms that prevent central nervous system regeneration offer hope to overcome this obstacle in the future. At the same time, emergence of reprogramming of human somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells has facilitated both the generation of new source of cells with therapeutic potential and the development of innovative methods for the generation of transplantable cells. In this review, we discuss the feasibility of stem cell-based strategies applied to retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve impairment. We present the different strategies for the generation, characterization and the delivery of transplantable retinal ganglion cells derived from pluripotent stem cells. The relevance of pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoid and retinal ganglion cells for disease modeling or drug screening will be also introduced in the context of optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Orieux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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37
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Sun S, Babola T, Pregernig G, So KS, Nguyen M, Su SSM, Palermo AT, Bergles DE, Burns JC, Müller U. Hair Cell Mechanotransduction Regulates Spontaneous Activity and Spiral Ganglion Subtype Specification in the Auditory System. Cell 2018; 174:1247-1263.e15. [PMID: 30078710 PMCID: PMC6429032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) transmit sound information from cochlear hair cells to the CNS. Using transcriptome analysis of thousands of single neurons, we demonstrate that murine type I SGNs consist of subclasses that are defined by the expression of subsets of transcription factors, cell adhesion molecules, ion channels, and neurotransmitter receptors. Subtype specification is initiated prior to the onset of hearing during the time period when auditory circuits mature. Gene mutations linked to deafness that disrupt hair cell mechanotransduction or glutamatergic signaling perturb the firing behavior of SGNs prior to hearing onset and disrupt SGN subtype specification. We thus conclude that an intact hair cell mechanotransduction machinery is critical during the pre-hearing period to regulate the firing behavior of SGNs and their segregation into subtypes. Because deafness is frequently caused by defects in hair cells, our findings have significant ramifications for the etiology of hearing loss and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuohao Sun
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Travis Babola
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gabriela Pregernig
- Decibel Therapeutics, 1325 Boylston Street, Suite 500, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kathy S So
- Decibel Therapeutics, 1325 Boylston Street, Suite 500, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Matthew Nguyen
- Decibel Therapeutics, 1325 Boylston Street, Suite 500, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shin-San M Su
- Decibel Therapeutics, 1325 Boylston Street, Suite 500, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Adam T Palermo
- Decibel Therapeutics, 1325 Boylston Street, Suite 500, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joseph C Burns
- Decibel Therapeutics, 1325 Boylston Street, Suite 500, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Ulrich Müller
- The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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38
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Tien NW, Kerschensteiner D. Homeostatic plasticity in neural development. Neural Dev 2018; 13:9. [PMID: 29855353 PMCID: PMC5984303 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, neural circuits change their connectivity, especially during development, when neurons frequently extend and retract dendrites and axons, and form and eliminate synapses. In spite of their changing connectivity, neural circuits maintain relatively constant activity levels. Neural circuits achieve functional stability by homeostatic plasticity, which equipoises intrinsic excitability and synaptic strength, balances network excitation and inhibition, and coordinates changes in circuit connectivity. Here, we review how diverse mechanisms of homeostatic plasticity stabilize activity in developing neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Wen Tien
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA. .,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA.
| | - Daniel Kerschensteiner
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA. .,Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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39
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Avitan L, Pujic Z, Mölter J, Van De Poll M, Sun B, Teng H, Amor R, Scott EK, Goodhill GJ. Spontaneous Activity in the Zebrafish Tectum Reorganizes over Development and Is Influenced by Visual Experience. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2407-2419.e4. [PMID: 28781054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous patterns of activity in the developing visual system may play an important role in shaping the brain for function. During the period 4-9 dpf (days post-fertilization), larval zebrafish learn to hunt prey, a behavior that is critically dependent on the optic tectum. However, how spontaneous activity develops in the tectum over this period and the effect of visual experience are unknown. Here we performed two-photon calcium imaging of GCaMP6s zebrafish larvae at all days from 4 to 9 dpf. Using recently developed graph theoretic techniques, we found significant changes in both single-cell and population activity characteristics over development. In particular, we identified days 5-6 as a critical moment in the reorganization of the underlying functional network. Altering visual experience early in development altered the statistics of tectal activity, and dark rearing also caused a long-lasting deficit in the ability to capture prey. Thus, tectal development is shaped by both intrinsic factors and visual experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Avitan
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zac Pujic
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jan Mölter
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew Van De Poll
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Biao Sun
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Haotian Teng
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Rumelo Amor
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ethan K Scott
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Goodhill
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Dystroglycan Maintains Inner Limiting Membrane Integrity to Coordinate Retinal Development. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8559-8574. [PMID: 28760865 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0946-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper neural circuit formation requires the precise regulation of neuronal migration, axon guidance, and dendritic arborization. Mutations affecting the function of the transmembrane glycoprotein dystroglycan cause a form of congenital muscular dystrophy that is frequently associated with neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Despite its importance in brain development, the role of dystroglycan in regulating retinal development remains poorly understood. Using a mouse model of dystroglycanopathy (ISPDL79* ) and conditional dystroglycan mutants of both sexes, we show that dystroglycan is critical for the proper migration, axon guidance, and dendritic stratification of neurons in the inner retina. Using genetic approaches, we show that dystroglycan functions in neuroepithelial cells as an extracellular scaffold to maintain the integrity of the retinal inner limiting membrane. Surprisingly, despite the profound disruptions in inner retinal circuit formation, spontaneous retinal activity is preserved. These results highlight the importance of dystroglycan in coordinating multiple aspects of retinal development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The extracellular environment plays a critical role in coordinating neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth during neural circuit development. The transmembrane glycoprotein dystroglycan functions as a receptor for multiple extracellular matrix proteins and its dysfunction leads to a form of muscular dystrophy frequently associated with neurodevelopmental defects. Our results demonstrate that dystroglycan is required for maintaining the structural integrity of the inner limiting membrane (ILM) in the developing retina. In the absence of functional dystroglycan, ILM degeneration leads to defective migration, axon guidance, and mosaic spacing of neurons and a loss of multiple neuron types during retinal development. These results demonstrate that disorganization of retinal circuit development is a likely contributor to visual dysfunction in patients with dystroglycanopathy.
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Narushima M. Comparison of the role of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 in developmental refinement of neuronal connectivity between the cerebellum and the sensory thalamus. Neurosci Res 2017; 129:24-31. [PMID: 28711710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developmental refinement of neuronal connectivity is crucial for proper brain function. In the early phase of development, input fibers arrive at their target areas guided by specific molecular cues and form abundant immature synapses. Then, functionally important synapses are preserved and strengthened by neural activity while unnecessary synapses are eliminated. Afferent synapses in the sensory thalamus, such as from retina to lateral geniculate nucleus, and climbing fiber (CF)-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses in the cerebellum are valuable models for studying this developmental refinement of synaptic connectivity because only a limited number of input fibers innervate a given postsynaptic thalamocortical (TC) neuron or PC. The metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 (mGluR1) is required for the refinement of both afferent-TC neuron and CF-PC synapses. However, mGluR1 functions differently at these synapses. While mGluR1 is critical for elimination of surplus CF-PC synapses in the cerebellum, retinogeniculate synapses require mGluR1 for maintenance of mature connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Narushima
- Department of Physiology (I), School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
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42
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Pallas SL. The Impact of Ecological Niche on Adaptive Flexibility of Sensory Circuitry. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:344. [PMID: 28701910 PMCID: PMC5487431 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution and development are interdependent, particularly with regard to the construction of the nervous system and its position as the machine that produces behavior. On the one hand, the processes directing development and plasticity of the brain provide avenues through which natural selection can sculpt neural cell fate and connectivity, and on the other hand, they are themselves subject to selection pressure. For example, mutations that produce heritable perturbations in neuronal birth and death rates, transcription factor expression, or availability of axon guidance factors within sensory pathways can markedly affect the development of form and thus the function of stimulus decoding circuitry. This evolvability of flexible circuits makes them more adaptable to environmental variation. Although there is general agreement on this point, whether the sensitivity of circuits to environmental influence and the mechanisms underlying development and plasticity of sensory pathways are similar across species from different ecological niches has received almost no attention. Neural circuits are generally more sensitive to environmental influences during an early critical period, but not all niches afford the same access to stimuli in early life. Furthermore, depending on predictability of the habitat and ecological niche, sensory coding circuits might be more susceptible to sensory experience in some species than in others. Despite decades of work on understanding the mechanisms underlying critical period plasticity, the importance of ecological niche in visual pathway development has received little attention. Here, I will explore the relationship between critical period plasticity and ecological niche in mammalian sensory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Pallas
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State UniversityAtlanta, GA, United States
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Chew KS, Renna JM, McNeill DS, Fernandez DC, Keenan WT, Thomsen MB, Ecker JL, Loevinsohn GS, VanDunk C, Vicarel DC, Tufford A, Weng S, Gray PA, Cayouette M, Herzog ED, Zhao H, Berson DM, Hattar S. A subset of ipRGCs regulates both maturation of the circadian clock and segregation of retinogeniculate projections in mice. eLife 2017; 6:e22861. [PMID: 28617242 PMCID: PMC5513697 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual system consists of two major subsystems, image-forming circuits that drive conscious vision and non-image-forming circuits for behaviors such as circadian photoentrainment. While historically considered non-overlapping, recent evidence has uncovered crosstalk between these subsystems. Here, we investigated shared developmental mechanisms. We revealed an unprecedented role for light in the maturation of the circadian clock and discovered that intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are critical for this refinement process. In addition, ipRGCs regulate retinal waves independent of light, and developmental ablation of a subset of ipRGCs disrupts eye-specific segregation of retinogeniculate projections. Specifically, a subset of ipRGCs, comprising ~200 cells and which project intraretinally and to circadian centers in the brain, are sufficient to mediate both of these developmental processes. Thus, this subset of ipRGCs constitute a shared node in the neural networks that mediate light-dependent maturation of the circadian clock and light-independent refinement of retinogeniculate projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie S Chew
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Jordan M Renna
- Department of Biology, Program in Integrated Bioscience, The University of Akron, Akron, United States
| | - David S McNeill
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Diego C Fernandez
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - William T Keenan
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Michael B Thomsen
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jennifer L Ecker
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | | | - Cassandra VanDunk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Daniel C Vicarel
- Department of Biology, Program in Integrated Bioscience, The University of Akron, Akron, United States
| | - Adele Tufford
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut De Recherches Cliniques De Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Shijun Weng
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Paul A Gray
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
- Indigo Agriculture, Charlestown, United States
| | - Michel Cayouette
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Unit, Institut De Recherches Cliniques De Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université De Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Erik D Herzog
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, United States
| | - Haiqing Zhao
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - David M Berson
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, United States
| | - Samer Hattar
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
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Vonhoff F, Keshishian H. Activity-Dependent Synaptic Refinement: New Insights from Drosophila. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:23. [PMID: 28484377 PMCID: PMC5399093 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, neurons establish inappropriate connections as they seek out their synaptic partners, resulting in supernumerary synapses that must be pruned away. The removal of miswired synapses usually involves electrical activity, often through a Hebbian spike-timing mechanism. A novel form of activity-dependent refinement is used by Drosophila that may be non-Hebbian, and is critical for generating the precise connectivity observed in that system. In Drosophila, motoneurons use both glutamate and the biogenic amine octopamine for neurotransmission, and the muscle fibers receive multiple synaptic inputs. Motoneuron growth cones respond in a time-regulated fashion to multiple chemotropic signals arising from their postsynaptic partners. Central to this mechanism is a very low frequency (<0.03 Hz) oscillation of presynaptic cytoplasmic calcium, that regulates and coordinates the action of multiple downstream effectors involved in the withdrawal from off-target contacts. Low frequency calcium oscillations are widely observed in developing neural circuits in mammals, and have been shown to be critical for normal connectivity in a variety of neural systems. In Drosophila these mechanisms allow the growth cone to sample widely among possible synaptic partners, evaluate opponent chemotropic signals, and withdraw from off-target contacts. It is possible that the underlying molecular mechanisms are conserved widely among invertebrates and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vonhoff
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Haig Keshishian
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
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Thompson A, Gribizis A, Chen C, Crair MC. Activity-dependent development of visual receptive fields. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 42:136-143. [PMID: 28088066 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely appreciated that neuronal activity contributes to the development of brain representations of the external world. In the visual system, in particular, it is well known that activity cooperates with molecular cues to establish the topographic organization of visual maps on a macroscopic scale [1,2] (Huberman et al., 2008; Cang and Feldheim, 2013), mapping axons in a retinotopic and eye-specific manner. In recent years, significant progress has been made in elucidating the role of activity in driving the finer-scale circuit refinement that shapes the receptive fields of individual cells. In this review, we focus on these recent breakthroughs-primarily in mice, but also in other mammals where noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Thompson
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Gribizis
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chinfei Chen
- Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Michael C Crair
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Kutsarova E, Munz M, Ruthazer ES. Rules for Shaping Neural Connections in the Developing Brain. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 10:111. [PMID: 28119574 PMCID: PMC5223306 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that spontaneous activity in the developing mammalian brain plays a fundamental role in setting up the precise connectivity found in mature sensory circuits. Experiments that produce abnormal activity or that systematically alter neural firing patterns during periods of circuit development strongly suggest that the specific patterns and the degree of correlation in firing may contribute in an instructive manner to circuit refinement. In fish and amphibians, unlike amniotic vertebrates, sensory input directly drives patterned activity during the period of initial projection outgrowth and innervation. Experiments combining sensory stimulation with live imaging, which can be performed non-invasively in these simple vertebrate models, have provided important insights into the mechanisms by which neurons read out and respond to activity patterns. This article reviews the classic and recent literature on spontaneous and evoked activity-dependent circuit refinement in sensory systems and formalizes a set of mechanistic rules for the transformation of patterned activity into accurate neuronal connectivity in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kutsarova
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Munz
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, Neurobiology Group Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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47
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Babij R, De Marco Garcia N. Neuronal activity controls the development of interneurons in the somatosensory cortex. FRONTIERS IN BIOLOGY 2016; 11:459-470. [PMID: 28133476 PMCID: PMC5267357 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal activity in cortical areas regulates neurodevelopment by interacting with defined genetic programs to shape the mature central nervous system. Electrical activity is conveyed to sensory cortical areas via intracortical and thalamocortical neurons, and includes oscillatory patterns that have been measured across cortical regions. OBJECTIVE In this work, we review the most recent findings about how electrical activity shapes the developmental assembly of functional circuitry in the somatosensory cortex, with an emphasis on interneuron maturation and integration. We include studies on the effect of various neurotransmitters and on the influence of thalamocortical afferent activity on circuit development. We additionally reviewed studies describing network activity patterns. METHODS We conducted an extensive literature search using both the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines. The following keywords were used in various iterations: "interneuron", "somatosensory", "development", "activity", "network patterns", "thalamocortical", "NMDA receptor", "plasticity". We additionally selected papers known to us from past reading, and those recommended to us by reviewers and members of our lab. RESULTS We reviewed a total of 132 articles that focused on the role of activity in interneuronal migration, maturation, and circuit development, as well as the source of electrical inputs and patterns of cortical activity in the somatosensory cortex. 79 of these papers included in this timely review were written between 2007 and 2016. CONCLUSIONS Neuronal activity shapes the developmental assembly of functional circuitry in the somatosensory cortical interneurons. This activity impacts nearly every aspect of development and acquisition of mature neuronal characteristics, and may contribute to changing phenotypes, altered transmitter expression, and plasticity in the adult. Progressively changing oscillatory network patterns contribute to this activity in the early postnatal period, although a direct requirement for specific patterns and origins of activity remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Babij
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, USA
| | - Natalia De Marco Garcia
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Martinez D, Metzen MG, Chacron MJ. Electrosensory processing in Apteronotus albifrons: implications for general and specific neural coding strategies across wave-type weakly electric fish species. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:2909-2921. [PMID: 27683890 PMCID: PMC5224934 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00594.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the brain processes sensory input to generate behavior remains an important problem in neuroscience. Towards this end, it is useful to compare results obtained across multiple species to gain understanding as to the general principles of neural coding. Here we investigated hindbrain pyramidal cell activity in the weakly electric fish Apteronotus albifrons We found strong heterogeneities when looking at baseline activity. Additionally, ON- and OFF-type cells responded to increases and decreases of sinusoidal and noise stimuli, respectively. While both cell types displayed band-pass tuning, OFF-type cells were more broadly tuned than their ON-type counterparts. The observed heterogeneities in baseline activity as well as the greater broadband tuning of OFF-type cells were both similar to those previously reported in other weakly electric fish species, suggesting that they constitute general features of sensory processing. However, we found that peak tuning occurred at frequencies ∼15 Hz in A. albifrons, which is much lower than values reported in the closely related species Apteronotus leptorhynchus and the more distantly related species Eigenmannia virescens In response to stimuli with time-varying amplitude (i.e., envelope), ON- and OFF-type cells displayed similar high-pass tuning curves characteristic of fractional differentiation and possibly indicate optimized coding. These tuning curves were qualitatively similar to those of pyramidal cells in the closely related species A. leptorhynchus In conclusion, comparison between our and previous results reveals general and species-specific neural coding strategies. We hypothesize that differences in coding strategies, when observed, result from different stimulus distributions in the natural/social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martinez
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael G Metzen
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maurice J Chacron
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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