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Spencer CD, Miller PA, Williams-Ikhenoba JG, Nikolova RG, Chee MJ. Regulation of the Mouse Ventral Tegmental Area by Melanin-Concentrating Hormone. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0790232024. [PMID: 38806249 PMCID: PMC11223476 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0790-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) acts via its sole receptor MCHR1 in rodents and is an important regulator of homeostatic behaviors like feeding, sleep, and mood to impact overall energy balance. The loss of MCH signaling by MCH or MCHR1 deletion produces hyperactive mice with increased energy expenditure, and these effects are consistently associated with a hyperdopaminergic state. We recently showed that MCH suppresses dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, which principally receives dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA), but the mechanisms underlying MCH-regulated dopamine release are not clearly defined. MCHR1 expression is widespread and includes dopaminergic VTA cells. However, as the VTA is a neurochemically diverse structure, we assessed Mchr1 gene expression at glutamatergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic VTA cells and determined if MCH inhibited the activity of VTA cells and/or their local microcircuit. Mchr1 expression was robust in major VTA cell types, including most dopaminergic (78%) or glutamatergic cells (52%) and some GABAergic cells (38%). Interestingly, MCH directly inhibited dopaminergic and GABAergic cells but did not regulate the activity of glutamatergic cells. Rather, MCH produced a delayed increase in excitatory input to dopamine cells and a corresponding decrease in GABAergic input to glutamatergic VTA cells. Our findings suggested that MCH may acutely suppress dopamine release while disinhibiting local glutamatergic signaling to restore dopamine levels. This indicated that the VTA is a target of MCH action, which may provide bidirectional regulation of energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Duncan Spencer
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Persephone A Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | | | - Ralitsa G Nikolova
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Melissa J Chee
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
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2
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Hu C, Hasenstaub AR, Schreiner CE. Basic Properties of Coordinated Neuronal Ensembles in the Auditory Thalamus. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1729232024. [PMID: 38561224 PMCID: PMC11079962 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1729-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Coordinated neuronal activity has been identified to play an important role in information processing and transmission in the brain. However, current research predominantly focuses on understanding the properties and functions of neuronal coordination in hippocampal and cortical areas, leaving subcortical regions relatively unexplored. In this study, we use single-unit recordings in female Sprague Dawley rats to investigate the properties and functions of groups of neurons exhibiting coordinated activity in the auditory thalamus-the medial geniculate body (MGB). We reliably identify coordinated neuronal ensembles (cNEs), which are groups of neurons that fire synchronously, in the MGB. cNEs are shown not to be the result of false-positive detections or by-products of slow-state oscillations in anesthetized animals. We demonstrate that cNEs in the MGB have enhanced information-encoding properties over individual neurons. Their neuronal composition is stable between spontaneous and evoked activity, suggesting limited stimulus-induced ensemble dynamics. These MGB cNE properties are similar to what is observed in cNEs in the primary auditory cortex (A1), suggesting that ensembles serve as a ubiquitous mechanism for organizing local networks and play a fundamental role in sensory processing within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Hu
- John & Edward Coleman Memorial Laboratory, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Andrea R Hasenstaub
- John & Edward Coleman Memorial Laboratory, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Christoph E Schreiner
- John & Edward Coleman Memorial Laboratory, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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3
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Gimbel SI, Hungerford LD, Twamley EW, Ettenhofer ML. White Matter Organization and Cortical Thickness Differ Among Active Duty Service Members With Chronic Mild, Moderate, and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:818-835. [PMID: 37800726 PMCID: PMC11005384 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study compared findings from whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among 90 Active Duty Service Members with chronic mild traumatic brain injury (TBI; n = 52), chronic moderate-to-severe TBI (n = 17), and TBI-negative controls (n = 21). Data were collected on a Philips Ingenia 3T MRI with DTI in 32 directions. Results demonstrated that history of TBI was associated with differences in white matter microstructure, white matter volume, and cortical thickness in both mild TBI and moderate-to-severe TBI groups relative to controls. However, the presence, pattern, and distribution of these findings varied substantially depending on the injury severity. Spatially-defined forms of DTI fractional anisotropy (FA) analyses identified altered white matter organization within the chronic moderate-to-severe TBI group, but they did not provide clear evidence of abnormalities within the chronic mild TBI group. In contrast, DTI FA "pothole" analyses identified widely distributed areas of decreased FA throughout the white matter in both the chronic mild TBI and chronic moderate-to-severe TBI groups. Additionally, decreased white matter volume was found in several brain regions for the chronic moderate-to-severe TBI group compared with the other groups. Greater number of DTI FA potholes and reduced cortical thickness were also related to greater severity of self-reported symptoms. In sum, this study expands upon a growing body of literature using advanced imaging techniques to identify potential effects of brain injury in military Service Members. These findings may differ from work in other TBI populations due to varying mechanisms and frequency of injury, as well as a potentially higher level of functioning in the current sample related to the ability to maintain continued Active Duty status after injury. In conclusion, this study provides DTI and volumetric MRI findings across the spectrum of TBI severity. These results provide support for the use of DTI and volumetric MRI to identify differences in white matter microstructure and volume related to TBI. In particular, DTI FA pothole analysis may provide greater sensitivity for detecting subtle forms of white matter injury than conventional DTI FA analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah I. Gimbel
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Lars D. Hungerford
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth W. Twamley
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mark L. Ettenhofer
- Traumatic Brain Injury Center of Excellence, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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4
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Xu Y, Koch SC, Chamessian A, He Q, Sundukova M, Heppenstall P, Ji R, Fitzgerald M, Beggs S. Microglial Refinement of A-Fiber Projections in the Postnatal Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn Is Required for Normal Maturation of Dynamic Touch. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1354232023. [PMID: 37989592 PMCID: PMC10860632 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1354-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory systems are shaped in postnatal life by the refinement of synaptic connectivity. In the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, somatosensory circuits undergo postnatal activity-dependent reorganization, including the refinement of primary afferent A-fiber terminals from superficial to deeper spinal dorsal horn laminae which is accompanied by decreases in cutaneous sensitivity. Here, we show in the mouse that microglia, the resident immune cells in the CNS, phagocytose A-fiber terminals in superficial laminae in the first weeks of life. Genetic perturbation of microglial engulfment during the initial postnatal period in either sex prevents the normal process of A-fiber refinement and elimination, resulting in an altered sensitivity of dorsal horn cells to dynamic tactile cutaneous stimulation, and behavioral hypersensitivity to dynamic touch. Thus, functional microglia are necessary for the normal postnatal development of dorsal horn sensory circuits. In the absence of microglial engulfment, superfluous A-fiber projections remain in the dorsal horn, and the balance of sensory connectivity is disrupted, leading to lifelong hypersensitivity to dynamic touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Xu
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie C Koch
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Chamessian
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Qianru He
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Mayya Sundukova
- SISSA (International School for Advanced Studies), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paul Heppenstall
- SISSA (International School for Advanced Studies), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - RuRong Ji
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Maria Fitzgerald
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
| | - Simon Beggs
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT United Kingdom
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH United Kingdom
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5
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Weiss O, Bounds HA, Adesnik H, Coen-Cagli R. Modeling the diverse effects of divisive normalization on noise correlations. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011667. [PMID: 38033166 PMCID: PMC10715670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Divisive normalization, a prominent descriptive model of neural activity, is employed by theories of neural coding across many different brain areas. Yet, the relationship between normalization and the statistics of neural responses beyond single neurons remains largely unexplored. Here we focus on noise correlations, a widely studied pairwise statistic, because its stimulus and state dependence plays a central role in neural coding. Existing models of covariability typically ignore normalization despite empirical evidence suggesting it affects correlation structure in neural populations. We therefore propose a pairwise stochastic divisive normalization model that accounts for the effects of normalization and other factors on covariability. We first show that normalization modulates noise correlations in qualitatively different ways depending on whether normalization is shared between neurons, and we discuss how to infer when normalization signals are shared. We then apply our model to calcium imaging data from mouse primary visual cortex (V1), and find that it accurately fits the data, often outperforming a popular alternative model of correlations. Our analysis indicates that normalization signals are often shared between V1 neurons in this dataset. Our model will enable quantifying the relation between normalization and covariability in a broad range of neural systems, which could provide new constraints on circuit mechanisms of normalization and their role in information transmission and representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Weiss
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Hayley A. Bounds
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hillel Adesnik
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ruben Coen-Cagli
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
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6
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Peerboom C, de Kater S, Jonker N, Rieter MPJM, Wijne T, Wierenga CJ. Delaying the GABA Shift Indirectly Affects Membrane Properties in the Developing Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5483-5500. [PMID: 37438107 PMCID: PMC10376938 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0251-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the first two postnatal weeks, intraneuronal chloride concentrations in rodents gradually decrease, causing a shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing GABA responses. The postnatal GABA shift is delayed in rodent models for neurodevelopmental disorders and in human patients, but the impact of a delayed GABA shift on the developing brain remains obscure. Here we examine the direct and indirect consequences of a delayed postnatal GABA shift on network development in organotypic hippocampal cultures made from 6- to 7-d-old mice by treating the cultures for 1 week with VU0463271, a specific inhibitor of the chloride exporter KCC2. We verified that VU treatment delayed the GABA shift and kept GABA signaling depolarizing until DIV9. We found that the structural and functional development of excitatory and inhibitory synapses at DIV9 was not affected after VU treatment. In line with previous studies, we observed that GABA signaling was already inhibitory in control and VU-treated postnatal slices. Surprisingly, 14 d after the VU treatment had ended (DIV21), we observed an increased frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in CA1 pyramidal cells, while excitatory currents were not changed. Synapse numbers and release probability were unaffected. We found that dendrite-targeting interneurons in the stratum radiatum had an elevated resting membrane potential, while pyramidal cells were less excitable compared with control slices. Our results show that depolarizing GABA signaling does not promote synapse formation after P7, and suggest that postnatal intracellular chloride levels indirectly affect membrane properties in a cell-specific manner.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT During brain development, the action of neurotransmitter GABA shifts from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. This shift is a thought to play a critical role in synapse formation. A delayed shift is common in rodent models for neurodevelopmental disorders and in human patients, but its consequences for synaptic development remain obscure. Here, we delayed the GABA shift by 1 week in organotypic hippocampal cultures and carefully examined the consequences for circuit development. We find that delaying the shift has no direct effects on synaptic development, but instead leads to indirect, cell type-specific changes in membrane properties. Our data call for careful assessment of alterations in cellular excitability in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn Peerboom
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Sam de Kater
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki Jonker
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn P J M Rieter
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Tessel Wijne
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Corette J Wierenga
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Biology Department, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
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7
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Xiao P, Liu X. Nonlinear point-process estimation of neural spiking activity based on variational Bayesian inference. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35947962 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac88a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding neural encoding and decoding processes are crucial to the development of brain-machine interfaces (BMI). Higher decoding speed of neural signals is required for the large-scale neural data and the extremely low detection delay of closed-loop feedback experiment. APPROACH To achieve higher neural decoding speed, we proposed a novel adaptive higher-order nonlinear point-process filter based on the Variational Bayesian Inference (VBI) framework, called the HON-VBI. This algorithm avoids the complex Monte Carlo random sampling in the traditional method. Using the VBI method, it can quickly implement inferences of state posterior distribution and the tuning parameters. MAIN RESULTS Our result demonstrates the effectiveness and advantages of the HON-VBI by application for decoding the multichannel neural spike trains of the simulation data and real data. Compared with traditional methods, the HON-VBI greatly reduces the decoding time of large-scale neural spike trains. Through capturing the nonlinear evolution of system state and accurate estimating of time-varying tuning parameters, the decoding accuracy is improved. SIGNIFICANCE Our work can be applied to rapidly decode large-scale multichannel neural spike trains in brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Institute of Nano Science and Department of Mathematics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, CHINA
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Institute of Nano Science and Department of Mathematics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Yudao St., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210016, CHINA
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8
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Triplett MA, Goodhill GJ. Inference of Multiplicative Factors Underlying Neural Variability in Calcium Imaging Data. Neural Comput 2022; 34:1143-1169. [PMID: 35344990 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Understanding brain function requires disentangling the high-dimensional activity of populations of neurons. Calcium imaging is an increasingly popular technique for monitoring such neural activity, but computational tools for interpreting extracted calcium signals are lacking. While there has been a substantial development of factor-analysis-type methods for neural spike train analysis, similar methods targeted at calcium imaging data are only beginning to emerge. Here we develop a flexible modeling framework that identifies low-dimensional latent factors in calcium imaging data with distinct additive and multiplicative modulatory effects. Our model includes spike-and-slab sparse priors that regularize additive factor activity and gaussian process priors that constrain multiplicative effects to vary only gradually, allowing for the identification of smooth and interpretable changes in multiplicative gain. These factors are estimated from the data using a variational expectation-maximization algorithm that requires a differentiable reparameterization of both continuous and discrete latent variables. After demonstrating our method on simulated data, we apply it to experimental data from the zebrafish optic tectum, uncovering low-dimensional fluctuations in multiplicative excitability that govern trial-to-trial variation in evoked responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus A Triplett
- Queensland Brain Institute and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Goodhill
- Queensland Brain Institute and School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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9
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Sachdeva PS, Livezey JA, Dougherty ME, Gu BM, Berke JD, Bouchard KE. Improved inference in coupling, encoding, and decoding models and its consequence for neuroscientific interpretation. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 358:109195. [PMID: 33905791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A central goal of systems neuroscience is to understand the relationships amongst constituent units in neural populations, and their modulation by external factors, using high-dimensional and stochastic neural recordings. Parametric statistical models (e.g., coupling, encoding, and decoding models), play an instrumental role in accomplishing this goal. However, extracting conclusions from a parametric model requires that it is fit using an inference algorithm capable of selecting the correct parameters and properly estimating their values. Traditional approaches to parameter inference have been shown to suffer from failures in both selection and estimation. The recent development of algorithms that ameliorate these deficiencies raises the question of whether past work relying on such inference procedures have produced inaccurate systems neuroscience models, thereby impairing their interpretation. NEW METHOD We used algorithms based on Union of Intersections, a statistical inference framework based on stability principles, capable of improved selection and estimation. COMPARISON We fit functional coupling, encoding, and decoding models across a battery of neural datasets using both UoI and baseline inference procedures (e.g., ℓ1-penalized GLMs), and compared the structure of their fitted parameters. RESULTS Across recording modality, brain region, and task, we found that UoI inferred models with increased sparsity, improved stability, and qualitatively different parameter distributions, while maintaining predictive performance. We obtained highly sparse functional coupling networks with substantially different community structure, more parsimonious encoding models, and decoding models that relied on fewer single-units. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results demonstrate that improved parameter inference, achieved via UoI, reshapes interpretation in diverse neuroscience contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik S Sachdeva
- Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA; Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Jesse A Livezey
- Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Maximilian E Dougherty
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Bon-Mi Gu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Berke
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry; Neuroscience Graduate Program; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, 94143, CA, USA
| | - Kristofer E Bouchard
- Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA; Computational Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
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10
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Francesco Edoardo V, Stefano D, Matteo F, Claudio G, Patrizia F. A Poisson generalized linear model application to disentangle the effects of various parameters on neurophysiological discharges. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100413. [PMID: 33870221 PMCID: PMC8042415 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The protocol provides an extensive guide to apply the generalized linear model framework to neurophysiological recordings. This flexible technique can be adapted to test and quantify the contributions of many different parameters (e.g., kinematics, target position, choice, reward) on neural activity. To weight the influence of each parameter, we developed an intuitive metric (“w-value”) that can be used to build a “functional fingerprint” characteristic for each neuron. We also provide suggestions to extract complementary useful information from the method. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Diomedi et al. (2020). GLM applied to neuronal discharges reveals parameters that modulate their activity Applying regularizers helps to discard minority parameters and reduces noise Each neuron can be characterized by the weight assigned to each parameter tested Results are well suited for population analyses (i.e., clustering, correlation, etc)
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diomedi Stefano
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Filippini Matteo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Galletti Claudio
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Fattori Patrizia
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
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11
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Context-Dependent Multiplexing by Individual VTA Dopamine Neurons. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7489-7509. [PMID: 32859713 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0502-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) neurons of the VTA track cues and rewards to generate a reward prediction error signal during Pavlovian conditioning. Here we explored how these neurons respond to a self-paced, operant task in freely moving mice. The animal could trigger a reward-predicting cue by remaining in a specific location of an operant box for a brief time before moving to a spout for reward collection. VTA DA neurons were identified using DAT-Cre male mice that carried an optrode with minimal impact on the behavioral task. In vivo single-unit recordings revealed transient fast spiking responses to the cue and reward in correct trials, while for incorrect ones the activity paused, reflecting positive and negative error signals of a reward prediction. In parallel, a majority of VTA DA neurons simultaneously encoded multiple actions (e.g., movement velocity, acceleration, distance to goal, and licking) in sustained slow firing modulation. Applying a GLM, we show that such multiplexed encoding of rewarding and motor variables by individual DA neurons was only apparent while the mouse was engaged in the task. Downstream targets may exploit such goal-directed multiplexing of VTA DA neurons to adjust actions to optimize the task's outcome.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT VTA DA neurons code for multiple functions, including the reward prediction error but also motivation and locomotion. Here we show that about half of the recorded VTA DA neurons perform multiplexing: they exploit the phasic and tonic activity modes to encode, respectively, the cue/reward responses and motor parameters, most prominently when the mouse engages in a self-paced operand task. VTA non-DA neurons, by contrast, encode motor parameters regardless of task engagement.
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12
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Walker LAS, Lindsay-Brown AP, Berard JA. Cognitive Fatigability Interventions in Neurological Conditions: A Systematic Review. Neurol Ther 2019; 8:251-271. [PMID: 31586303 PMCID: PMC6858900 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-019-00158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although fatigue is a well-studied concept in neurological disease, cognitive fatigability (CF) is less understood. While most studies measure fatigue using subjective self-report, fewer have measured CF objectively. Given the negative impact of CF on quality-of-life, there is a need for targeted interventions. The objective of this review was to determine which procedural, behavioural and pharmacological treatments for objectively measured CF are available to people living with neurological conditions. METHODS In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, systematic searches for randomized control trials (RCTs), case-controlled studies and case reports/series were conducted across the Ovid Medline, PsycInfo, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases. English-language articles published between 1980 and February 2019 were considered for eligibility. Included were those that objectively measured CF in individuals with neurological disease/disorder/dysfunction between the ages of 18 and 65 years. Studies were reviewed using a modified Cochrane Data Extraction Template. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. The review process was facilitated using Covidence software (www.covidence.org). Two authors reviewed articles independently, with a third resolving conflicts regarding article inclusion. RESULTS The search identified 450 records. After duplicates were removed and remaining titles/abstracts were screened for eligibility, 28 full-text articles were assessed, and two studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Studies were a priori divided into those with pharmacological, procedural or behavioural interventions. Two studies met eligibility criteria; both of these included participants with multiple sclerosis. One study utilized a procedural intervention (i.e. transcranial direct current stimulation), while the other utilized a pharmacological intervention (i.e. fampridine-SR). Studies were evaluated for risk of bias, and evidence from both eligible studies was discussed. CONCLUSION Despite the positive results of the procedural intervention, the paucity of eligible studies and the nascent nature of the field suggests that more studies are required before firm conclusions can be drawn regarding the amenability of CF to treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019118706).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A S Walker
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
- Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
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