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Jiang HJ, Qi G, Duarte R, Feldmeyer D, van Albada SJ. A layered microcircuit model of somatosensory cortex with three interneuron types and cell-type-specific short-term plasticity. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae378. [PMID: 39344196 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Three major types of GABAergic interneurons, parvalbumin-, somatostatin-, and vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (PV, SOM, VIP) cells, play critical but distinct roles in the cortical microcircuitry. Their specific electrophysiology and connectivity shape their inhibitory functions. To study the network dynamics and signal processing specific to these cell types in the cerebral cortex, we developed a multi-layer model incorporating biologically realistic interneuron parameters from rodent somatosensory cortex. The model is fitted to in vivo data on cell-type-specific population firing rates. With a protocol of cell-type-specific stimulation, network responses when activating different neuron types are examined. The model reproduces the experimentally observed inhibitory effects of PV and SOM cells and disinhibitory effect of VIP cells on excitatory cells. We further create a version of the model incorporating cell-type-specific short-term synaptic plasticity (STP). While the ongoing activity with and without STP is similar, STP modulates the responses of Exc, SOM, and VIP cells to cell-type-specific stimulation, presumably by changing the dominant inhibitory pathways. With slight adjustments, the model also reproduces sensory responses of specific interneuron types recorded in vivo. Our model provides predictions on network dynamics involving cell-type-specific short-term plasticity and can serve to explore the computational roles of inhibitory interneurons in sensory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jia Jiang
- Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), Jülich Research Centre, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany
| | - Guanxiao Qi
- JARA Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships (INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Renato Duarte
- Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), Jülich Research Centre, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC-UC), University of Coimbra, Palace of Schools, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Palace of Schools, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dirk Feldmeyer
- JARA Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships (INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sacha J van Albada
- Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6), Jülich Research Centre, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Cologne, Germany
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2
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Aitken K, Campagnola L, Garrett ME, Olsen SR, Mihalas S. Simple synaptic modulations implement diverse novelty computations. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114188. [PMID: 38713584 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Detecting novelty is ethologically useful for an organism's survival. Recent experiments characterize how different types of novelty over timescales from seconds to weeks are reflected in the activity of excitatory and inhibitory neuron types. Here, we introduce a learning mechanism, familiarity-modulated synapses (FMSs), consisting of multiplicative modulations dependent on presynaptic or pre/postsynaptic neuron activity. With FMSs, network responses that encode novelty emerge under unsupervised continual learning and minimal connectivity constraints. Implementing FMSs within an experimentally constrained model of a visual cortical circuit, we demonstrate the generalizability of FMSs by simultaneously fitting absolute, contextual, and omission novelty effects. Our model also reproduces functional diversity within cell subpopulations, leading to experimentally testable predictions about connectivity and synaptic dynamics that can produce both population-level novelty responses and heterogeneous individual neuron signals. Altogether, our findings demonstrate how simple plasticity mechanisms within a cortical circuit structure can produce qualitatively distinct and complex novelty responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Aitken
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery for Biology, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | | | | | - Shawn R Olsen
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan Mihalas
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery for Biology, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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3
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Yazdan-Shahmorad P, Gibson S, Lee JC, Horwitz GD. Preferential transduction of parvalbumin-expressing cortical neurons by AAV-mDLX5/6 vectors. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1269025. [PMID: 38410819 PMCID: PMC10894992 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1269025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A major goal of modern neuroscience is to understand the functions of the varied neuronal types that comprise the mammalian brain. Toward this end, some types of neurons can be targeted and manipulated with enhancer-bearing AAV vectors. These vectors hold great promise to advance basic and translational neuroscience, but to realize this potential, their selectivity must be characterized. In this study, we investigated the selectivity of AAV vectors carrying an enhancer of the murine Dlx5 and Dlx6 genes. Vectors were injected into the visual cortex of two macaque monkeys, the frontal cortex of two others, and the somatosensory/motor cortex of three rats. Post-mortem immunostaining revealed that parvalbumin-expressing neurons were transduced efficiently in all cases but calretinin-expressing neurons were not. We speculate that this specificity is a consequence of differential activity of this DLX5/6 enhancer in adult neurons of different developmental lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padideh Yazdan-Shahmorad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shane Gibson
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Joanne C Lee
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Gregory D Horwitz
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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4
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Zhao J, Yu Y, Han F, Wang Q. Regulating epileptiform discharges by heterogeneous interneurons in thalamocortical model. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2023; 33:083128. [PMID: 37561121 DOI: 10.1063/5.0163243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons in the cortex are abundant and have diverse roles, classified as parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM), and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) according to chemically defined categories. Currently, their involvement with seizures has been partially uncovered in physiological terms. Here, we propose a corticothalamic model containing heterogeneous interneurons to study the effects of various interneurons on absence seizure dynamics by means of optogenetic stimulation. First, the important role of feedforward inhibition caused by SRN→PV→PN projections on seizures is verified. Then, we demonstrate that light activation targeting either PV or SOM INs can control seizures. Finally, with different inhibition contributions from PV INs and SOM INs, the possible disinhibitory effect of blue light acting on VIP INs is mainly discussed. The results suggest that depending on the inhibition degree of both types, the disinhibition brought about by the VIP INs will trigger seizures, will control seizures, and will not work or cause the PNs to tend toward a high saturation state with high excitability. The circuit mechanism and the related bifurcation characteristics in various cases are emphatically revealed. In the model presented, in addition to Hopf and saddle-node bifurcations, the system may also undergo period-doubling and torus bifurcations under stimulus action, with more complex dynamics. Our work may provide a theoretical basis for understanding and further exploring the role of heterogeneous interneurons, in particular, the VIP INs, a novel target, in absence seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Zhao
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Yu
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fang Han
- College of Information Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Qingyun Wang
- Department of Dynamics and Control, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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5
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Aussel A, Fiebelkorn IC, Kastner S, Kopell NJ, Pittman-Polletta BR. Interacting rhythms enhance sensitivity of target detection in a fronto-parietal computational model of visual attention. eLife 2023; 12:e67684. [PMID: 36718998 PMCID: PMC10129332 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Even during sustained attention, enhanced processing of attended stimuli waxes and wanes rhythmically, with periods of enhanced and relatively diminished visual processing (and subsequent target detection) alternating at 4 or 8 Hz in a sustained visual attention task. These alternating attentional states occur alongside alternating dynamical states, in which lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP), the frontal eye field (FEF), and the mediodorsal pulvinar (mdPul) exhibit different activity and functional connectivity at α, β, and γ frequencies-rhythms associated with visual processing, working memory, and motor suppression. To assess whether and how these multiple interacting rhythms contribute to periodicity in attention, we propose a detailed computational model of FEF and LIP. When driven by θ-rhythmic inputs simulating experimentally-observed mdPul activity, this model reproduced the rhythmic dynamics and behavioral consequences of observed attentional states, revealing that the frequencies and mechanisms of the observed rhythms allow for peak sensitivity in visual target detection while maintaining functional flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Aussel
- Cognitive Rhythms Collaborative, Boston UniversityBostonUnited States
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston UniversityRochesterUnited States
| | - Ian C Fiebelkorn
- Department of Neuroscience and Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Sabine Kastner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
- Department of Psychology, Princeton UniversityPrincetonUnited States
| | - Nancy J Kopell
- Cognitive Rhythms Collaborative, Boston UniversityBostonUnited States
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston UniversityRochesterUnited States
| | - Benjamin Rafael Pittman-Polletta
- Cognitive Rhythms Collaborative, Boston UniversityBostonUnited States
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston UniversityRochesterUnited States
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6
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Wagatsuma N, Shimomura H, Nobukawa S. Disinhibitory circuit mediated by connections from vasoactive intestinal polypeptide to somatostatin interneurons underlies the paradoxical decrease in spike synchrony with increased border ownership selective neuron firing rate. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:988715. [PMID: 36405781 PMCID: PMC9672816 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.988715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of border ownership selective (BOS) neurons in intermediate-level visual areas indicates which side of a contour owns a border relative to its classical receptive field and provides a fundamental component of figure-ground segregation. A physiological study reported that selective attention facilitates the activity of BOS neurons with a consistent border ownership preference, defined as two neurons tuned to respond to the same visual object. However, spike synchrony between this pair is significantly suppressed by selective attention. These neurophysiological findings are derived from a biologically-plausible microcircuit model consisting of spiking neurons including two subtypes of inhibitory interneurons, somatostatin (SOM) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) interneurons, and excitatory BOS model neurons. In our proposed model, BOS neurons and SOM interneurons cooperate and interact with each other. VIP interneurons not only suppress SOM interneuron responses but also are activated by feedback signals mediating selective attention, which leads to disinhibition of BOS neurons when they are directing selective attention toward an object. Our results suggest that disinhibition arising from the synaptic connections from VIP to SOM interneurons plays a critical role in attentional modulation of neurons in intermediate-level visual areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Wagatsuma
- Department of Information Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Nobuhiko Wagatsuma,
| | - Haruka Shimomura
- Department of Information Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Sou Nobukawa
- Department of Computer Science, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Japan
- Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
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7
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Wagatsuma N, Nobukawa S, Fukai T. A microcircuit model involving parvalbumin, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide inhibitory interneurons for the modulation of neuronal oscillation during visual processing. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4459-4477. [PMID: 36130096 PMCID: PMC10110453 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various subtypes of inhibitory interneurons contact one another to organize cortical networks. Most cortical inhibitory interneurons express 1 of 3 genes: parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM), or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). This diversity of inhibition allows the flexible regulation of neuronal responses within and between cortical areas. However, the exact roles of these interneuron subtypes and of excitatory pyramidal (Pyr) neurons in regulating neuronal network activity and establishing perception (via interactions between feedforward sensory and feedback attentional signals) remain largely unknown. To explore the regulatory roles of distinct neuronal types in cortical computation, we developed a computational microcircuit model with biologically plausible visual cortex layers 2/3 that combined Pyr neurons and the 3 inhibitory interneuron subtypes to generate network activity. In simulations with our model, inhibitory signals from PV and SOM neurons preferentially induced neuronal firing at gamma (30-80 Hz) and beta (20-30 Hz) frequencies, respectively, in agreement with observed physiological results. Furthermore, our model indicated that rapid inhibition from VIP to SOM subtypes underlies marked attentional modulation for low-gamma frequency (30-50 Hz) in Pyr neuron responses. Our results suggest the distinct but cooperative roles of inhibitory interneuron subtypes in the establishment of visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Wagatsuma
- Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Sou Nobukawa
- Department of Computer Science, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan.,Department of Preventive Intervention for Psychiatric Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukai
- Neural Coding and Brain Computing Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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8
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Hahn G, Kumar A, Schmidt H, Knösche TR, Deco G. Rate and oscillatory switching dynamics of a multilayer visual microcircuit model. eLife 2022; 11:77594. [PMID: 35994330 PMCID: PMC9395191 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is organized around layered microcircuits consisting of a variety of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal types which perform rate- and oscillation-based computations. Using modeling, we show that both superficial and deep layers of the primary mouse visual cortex implement two ultrasensitive and bistable switches built on mutual inhibitory connectivity motives between somatostatin, parvalbumin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide cells. The switches toggle pyramidal neurons between high and low firing rate states that are synchronized across layers through translaminar connectivity. Moreover, inhibited and disinhibited states are characterized by low- and high-frequency oscillations, respectively, with layer-specific differences in frequency and power which show asymmetric changes during state transitions. These findings are consistent with a number of experimental observations and embed firing rate together with oscillatory changes within a switch interpretation of the microcircuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Hahn
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Computational Science and Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helmut Schmidt
- Brain Networks Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas R Knösche
- Brain Networks Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Department of Computer Science and Automation, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Braga A, Schönwiesner M. Neural Substrates and Models of Omission Responses and Predictive Processes. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:799581. [PMID: 35177967 PMCID: PMC8844463 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.799581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive coding theories argue that deviance detection phenomena, such as mismatch responses and omission responses, are generated by predictive processes with possibly overlapping neural substrates. Molecular imaging and electrophysiology studies of mismatch responses and corollary discharge in the rodent model allowed the development of mechanistic and computational models of these phenomena. These models enable translation between human and non-human animal research and help to uncover fundamental features of change-processing microcircuitry in the neocortex. This microcircuitry is characterized by stimulus-specific adaptation and feedforward inhibition of stimulus-selective populations of pyramidal neurons and interneurons, with specific contributions from different interneuron types. The overlap of the substrates of different types of responses to deviant stimuli remains to be understood. Omission responses, which are observed both in corollary discharge and mismatch response protocols in humans, are underutilized in animal research and may be pivotal in uncovering the substrates of predictive processes. Omission studies comprise a range of methods centered on the withholding of an expected stimulus. This review aims to provide an overview of omission protocols and showcase their potential to integrate and complement the different models and procedures employed to study prediction and deviance detection.This approach may reveal the biological foundations of core concepts of predictive coding, and allow an empirical test of the framework's promise to unify theoretical models of attention and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Braga
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- International Max Plank Research School, Max Plank Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marc Schönwiesner
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- International Laboratory for Research on Brain, Music, and Sound (BRAMS), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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10
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Vercruysse F, Naud R, Sprekeler H. Self-organization of a doubly asynchronous irregular network state for spikes and bursts. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009478. [PMID: 34748532 PMCID: PMC8575278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical pyramidal cells (PCs) have a specialized dendritic mechanism for the generation of bursts, suggesting that these events play a special role in cortical information processing. In vivo, bursts occur at a low, but consistent rate. Theory suggests that this network state increases the amount of information they convey. However, because burst activity relies on a threshold mechanism, it is rather sensitive to dendritic input levels. In spiking network models, network states in which bursts occur rarely are therefore typically not robust, but require fine-tuning. Here, we show that this issue can be solved by a homeostatic inhibitory plasticity rule in dendrite-targeting interneurons that is consistent with experimental data. The suggested learning rule can be combined with other forms of inhibitory plasticity to self-organize a network state in which both spikes and bursts occur asynchronously and irregularly at low rate. Finally, we show that this network state creates the network conditions for a recently suggested multiplexed code and thereby indeed increases the amount of information encoded in bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Vercruysse
- Department for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Naud
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- uOttawa Brain Mind Institute, Center for Neural Dynamics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Henning Sprekeler
- Department for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Romaro C, Najman FA, Lytton WW, Roque AC, Dura-Bernal S. NetPyNE Implementation and Scaling of the Potjans-Diesmann Cortical Microcircuit Model. Neural Comput 2021; 33:1993-2032. [PMID: 34411272 PMCID: PMC8382011 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The Potjans-Diesmann cortical microcircuit model is a widely used model originally implemented in NEST. Here, we reimplemented the model using NetPyNE, a high-level Python interface to the NEURON simulator, and reproduced the findings of the original publication. We also implemented a method for scaling the network size that preserves first- and second-order statistics, building on existing work on network theory. Our new implementation enabled the use of more detailed neuron models with multicompartmental morphologies and multiple biophysically realistic ion channels. This opens the model to new research, including the study of dendritic processing, the influence of individual channel parameters, the relation to local field potentials, and other multiscale interactions. The scaling method we used provides flexibility to increase or decrease the network size as needed when running these CPU-intensive detailed simulations. Finally, NetPyNE facilitates modifying or extending the model using its declarative language; optimizing model parameters; running efficient, large-scale parallelized simulations; and analyzing the model through built-in methods, including local field potential calculation and information flow measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Romaro
- Department of Physics, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049, Brazil
| | - Fernando Araujo Najman
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508, Brazil
| | - William W Lytton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY 11203, U.S.A.
| | - Antonio C Roque
- Department of Physics, School of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049, Brazil
| | - Salvador Dura-Bernal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, New York, NY 11203, U.S.A., and Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY 10962, U.S.A.
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12
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Keller AJ, Dipoppa M, Roth MM, Caudill MS, Ingrosso A, Miller KD, Scanziani M. A Disinhibitory Circuit for Contextual Modulation in Primary Visual Cortex. Neuron 2020; 108:1181-1193.e8. [PMID: 33301712 PMCID: PMC7850578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Context guides perception by influencing stimulus saliency. Accordingly, in visual cortex, responses to a stimulus are modulated by context, the visual scene surrounding the stimulus. Responses are suppressed when stimulus and surround are similar but not when they differ. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we use optical recordings, manipulations, and computational modeling to show that disinhibitory circuits consisting of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing and somatostatin (SOM)-expressing inhibitory neurons modulate responses in mouse visual cortex depending on similarity between stimulus and surround, primarily by modulating recurrent excitation. When stimulus and surround are similar, VIP neurons are inactive, and activity of SOM neurons leads to suppression of excitatory neurons. However, when stimulus and surround differ, VIP neurons are active, inhibiting SOM neurons, which leads to relief of excitatory neurons from suppression. We have identified a canonical cortical disinhibitory circuit that contributes to contextual modulation and may regulate perceptual saliency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J Keller
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-0444, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Mario Dipoppa
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons and Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Morgane M Roth
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-0444, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Matthew S Caudill
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Neurobiology Section and Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Ingrosso
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons and Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kenneth D Miller
- Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons and Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10027, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Swartz Program in Theoretical Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, College of Physicians and Surgeons and Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - Massimo Scanziani
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-0444, USA; Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Neurobiology Section and Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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13
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Berga D, Otazu X. Modeling bottom-up and top-down attention with a neurodynamic model of V1. Neurocomputing 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2020.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Temporal learning of bottom-up connections via spatially nonspecific top-down inputs. Neurocomputing 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Guet-McCreight A, Skinner FK, Topolnik L. Common Principles in Functional Organization of VIP/Calretinin Cell-Driven Disinhibitory Circuits Across Cortical Areas. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:32. [PMID: 32581726 PMCID: PMC7296096 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, there is a vast diversity of different structures, circuitries, cell types, and cellular genetic expression profiles. While this large diversity can often occlude a clear understanding of how the brain works, careful analyses of analogous studies performed across different brain areas can hint at commonalities in neuronal organization. This in turn can yield a fundamental understanding of necessary circuitry components that are crucial for how information is processed across the brain. In this review, we outline recent in vivo and in vitro studies that have been performed in different cortical areas to characterize the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and/or calretinin (CR)-expressing cells that specialize in inhibiting GABAergic interneurons. In doing so, we make the case that, across cortical structures, interneuron-specific cells commonly specialize in the synaptic disinhibition of excitatory neurons, which can ungate the integration and plasticity of external inputs onto excitatory neurons. In line with this, activation of interneuron- specific cells enhances animal performance across a variety of behavioral tasks that involve learning, memory formation, and sensory discrimination, and may represent a key target for therapeutic interventions under different pathological conditions. As such, interneuron-specific cells across different cortical structures are an essential network component for information processing and normal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Guet-McCreight
- Krembil Brain Institute - Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frances K Skinner
- Krembil Brain Institute - Division of Clinical and Computational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Topolnik
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Bio-informatics, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada.,Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec, QC, Canada
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16
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Functional flexibility in cortical circuits. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 58:175-180. [PMID: 31585330 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cortical networks receive a highly variable stream of inputs from internal and external influences, and must flexibly adapt their operations on a short timescale. Recent work has highlighted this state-dependent functional flexibility of cortical circuits and provided initial insights into underlying circuit-level mechanisms. Transitions from quiescent to aroused or task-engaged behavioral states are associated with common motifs of network activity, including changes in correlations and enhanced sensory encoding. Evidence points to a key role for selective activation of specific GABAergic interneuron populations in mediating mode-switching in cortical networks. Finally, inhibitory interneurons may function as a critical target for convergent state-dependent neuromodulatory sculpting of cortical circuits.
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17
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Trainito C, von Nicolai C, Miller EK, Siegel M. Extracellular Spike Waveform Dissociates Four Functionally Distinct Cell Classes in Primate Cortex. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2973-2982.e5. [PMID: 31447374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the function of different neuronal cell types is key to understanding brain function. However, cell-type diversity is typically overlooked in electrophysiological studies in awake behaving animals. Here, we show that four functionally distinct cell classes can be robustly identified from extracellular recordings in several cortical regions of awake behaving monkeys. We recorded extracellular spiking activity from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), the frontal eye field (FEF), and the lateral intraparietal area of macaque monkeys during a visuomotor decision-making task. We employed unsupervised clustering of spike waveforms, which robustly dissociated four distinct cell classes across all three brain regions. The four cell classes were functionally distinct. They showed different baseline firing statistics, visual response dynamics, and coding of visual information. Although cell-class-specific baseline statistics were consistent across brain regions, response dynamics and information coding were regionally specific. Our results identify four functionally distinct spike-waveform-based cell classes in primate cortex. This opens a new window to dissect and study the cell-type-specific function of cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Trainito
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; MEG Center, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; IMPRS for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Österbergstrasse 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Constantin von Nicolai
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; MEG Center, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Earl K Miller
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Markus Siegel
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; MEG Center, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 47, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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18
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Gleeson P, Cantarelli M, Marin B, Quintana A, Earnshaw M, Sadeh S, Piasini E, Birgiolas J, Cannon RC, Cayco-Gajic NA, Crook S, Davison AP, Dura-Bernal S, Ecker A, Hines ML, Idili G, Lanore F, Larson SD, Lytton WW, Majumdar A, McDougal RA, Sivagnanam S, Solinas S, Stanislovas R, van Albada SJ, van Geit W, Silver RA. Open Source Brain: A Collaborative Resource for Visualizing, Analyzing, Simulating, and Developing Standardized Models of Neurons and Circuits. Neuron 2019; 103:395-411.e5. [PMID: 31201122 PMCID: PMC6693896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Computational models are powerful tools for exploring the properties of complex biological systems. In neuroscience, data-driven models of neural circuits that span multiple scales are increasingly being used to understand brain function in health and disease. But their adoption and reuse has been limited by the specialist knowledge required to evaluate and use them. To address this, we have developed Open Source Brain, a platform for sharing, viewing, analyzing, and simulating standardized models from different brain regions and species. Model structure and parameters can be automatically visualized and their dynamical properties explored through browser-based simulations. Infrastructure and tools for collaborative interaction, development, and testing are also provided. We demonstrate how existing components can be reused by constructing new models of inhibition-stabilized cortical networks that match recent experimental results. These features of Open Source Brain improve the accessibility, transparency, and reproducibility of models and facilitate their reuse by the wider community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraig Gleeson
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matteo Cantarelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK; MetaCell Limited, Oxford, UK
| | - Boris Marin
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK; Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Adrian Quintana
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matt Earnshaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sadra Sadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eugenio Piasini
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK; Computational Neuroscience Initiative and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justas Birgiolas
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - N Alex Cayco-Gajic
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sharon Crook
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew P Davison
- Unité de Neuroscience, Information et Complexité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | | | - András Ecker
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK; Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael L Hines
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Frederic Lanore
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - William W Lytton
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center and Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Robert A McDougal
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Center for Medical Informatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Sergio Solinas
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rokas Stanislovas
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sacha J van Albada
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6), Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA-Institut Brain Structure-Function Relationships (INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Werner van Geit
- Blue Brain Project, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Angus Silver
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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Schmidt M, Bakker R, Shen K, Bezgin G, Diesmann M, van Albada SJ. A multi-scale layer-resolved spiking network model of resting-state dynamics in macaque visual cortical areas. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006359. [PMID: 30335761 PMCID: PMC6193609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical activity has distinct features across scales, from the spiking statistics of individual cells to global resting-state networks. We here describe the first full-density multi-area spiking network model of cortex, using macaque visual cortex as a test system. The model represents each area by a microcircuit with area-specific architecture and features layer- and population-resolved connectivity between areas. Simulations reveal a structured asynchronous irregular ground state. In a metastable regime, the network reproduces spiking statistics from electrophysiological recordings and cortico-cortical interaction patterns in fMRI functional connectivity under resting-state conditions. Stable inter-area propagation is supported by cortico-cortical synapses that are moderately strong onto excitatory neurons and stronger onto inhibitory neurons. Causal interactions depend on both cortical structure and the dynamical state of populations. Activity propagates mainly in the feedback direction, similar to experimental results associated with visual imagery and sleep. The model unifies local and large-scale accounts of cortex, and clarifies how the detailed connectivity of cortex shapes its dynamics on multiple scales. Based on our simulations, we hypothesize that in the spontaneous condition the brain operates in a metastable regime where cortico-cortical projections target excitatory and inhibitory populations in a balanced manner that produces substantial inter-area interactions while maintaining global stability. The mammalian cortex fulfills its complex tasks by operating on multiple temporal and spatial scales from single cells to entire areas comprising millions of cells. These multi-scale dynamics are supported by specific network structures at all levels of organization. Since models of cortex hitherto tend to concentrate on a single scale, little is known about how cortical structure shapes the multi-scale dynamics of the network. We here present dynamical simulations of a multi-area network model at neuronal and synaptic resolution with population-specific connectivity based on extensive experimental data which accounts for a wide range of dynamical phenomena. Our model elucidates relationships between local and global scales in cortex and provides a platform for future studies of cortical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmidt
- Laboratory for Neural Coding and Brain Computing, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-Shi, Saitama, Japan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships (INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rembrandt Bakker
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships (INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Kelly Shen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gleb Bezgin
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Markus Diesmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships (INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sacha Jennifer van Albada
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA Institute Brain Structure-Function Relationships (INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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20
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A disinhibitory circuit motif and flexible information routing in the brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 49:75-83. [PMID: 29414069 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian neocortex, an area typically receives inputs from, and projects to, dozens of other areas. Mechanisms are needed to flexibly route information to the right place at the right time, which we term 'pathway gating'. For instance, a region in your brain that receives signals from both visual and auditory pathways may want to 'gate in' the visual pathway while 'gating out' the auditory pathway when you try to read a book surrounded by people in a noisy café. In this review, we marshall experimental and computational evidence in support of a circuit mechanism for flexible pathway gating realized by a disinhibitory motif. Moreover, recent work shows an increasing preponderance of this disinhibitory motif from sensory areas to association areas of the mammalian cortex. Pathway input gating is briefly compared with alternative or complementary gating mechanisms. Predictions and open questions for future research on this puzzle about the complex brain system will be discussed.
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21
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Garcia Del Molino LC, Yang GR, Mejias JF, Wang XJ. Paradoxical response reversal of top-down modulation in cortical circuits with three interneuron types. eLife 2017; 6:29742. [PMID: 29256863 PMCID: PMC5777826 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal cells and interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) show cell-type-specific connectivity patterns leading to a canonical microcircuit across cortex. Experiments recording from this circuit often report counterintuitive and seemingly contradictory findings. For example, the response of SST cells in mouse V1 to top-down behavioral modulation can change its sign when the visual input changes, a phenomenon that we call response reversal. We developed a theoretical framework to explain these seemingly contradictory effects as emerging phenomena in circuits with two key features: interactions between multiple neural populations and a nonlinear neuronal input-output relationship. Furthermore, we built a cortical circuit model which reproduces counterintuitive dynamics observed in mouse V1. Our analytical calculations pinpoint connection properties critical to response reversal, and predict additional novel types of complex dynamics that could be tested in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jorge F Mejias
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, United States
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22
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Billeh YN, Schaub MT. Feedforward architectures driven by inhibitory interactions. J Comput Neurosci 2017; 44:63-74. [PMID: 29139049 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-017-0669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Directed information transmission is paramount for many social, physical, and biological systems. For neural systems, scientists have studied this problem under the paradigm of feedforward networks for decades. In most models of feedforward networks, activity is exclusively driven by excitatory neurons and the wiring patterns between them, while inhibitory neurons play only a stabilizing role for the network dynamics. Motivated by recent experimental discoveries of hippocampal circuitry, cortical circuitry, and the diversity of inhibitory neurons throughout the brain, here we illustrate that one can construct such networks even if the connectivity between the excitatory units in the system remains random. This is achieved by endowing inhibitory nodes with a more active role in the network. Our findings demonstrate that apparent feedforward activity can be caused by a much broader network-architectural basis than often assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan N Billeh
- Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Michael T Schaub
- ICTEAM, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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23
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Kim Y, Yang GR, Pradhan K, Venkataraju KU, Bota M, García Del Molino LC, Fitzgerald G, Ram K, He M, Levine JM, Mitra P, Huang ZJ, Wang XJ, Osten P. Brain-wide Maps Reveal Stereotyped Cell-Type-Based Cortical Architecture and Subcortical Sexual Dimorphism. Cell 2017; 171:456-469.e22. [PMID: 28985566 PMCID: PMC5870827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The stereotyped features of neuronal circuits are those most likely to explain the remarkable capacity of the brain to process information and govern behaviors, yet it has not been possible to comprehensively quantify neuronal distributions across animals or genders due to the size and complexity of the mammalian brain. Here we apply our quantitative brain-wide (qBrain) mapping platform to document the stereotyped distributions of mainly inhibitory cell types. We discover an unexpected cortical organizing principle: sensory-motor areas are dominated by output-modulating parvalbumin-positive interneurons, whereas association, including frontal, areas are dominated by input-modulating somatostatin-positive interneurons. Furthermore, we identify local cell type distributions with more cells in the female brain in 10 out of 11 sexually dimorphic subcortical areas, in contrast to the overall larger brains in males. The qBrain resource can be further mined to link stereotyped aspects of neuronal distributions to known and unknown functions of diverse brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsoo Kim
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA; College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | | | - Kith Pradhan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | | | - Mihail Bota
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | | | - Greg Fitzgerald
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Keerthi Ram
- Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Miao He
- Institute of Brain Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jesse Maurica Levine
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA; Program in Neuroscience and Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Partha Mitra
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, NY, 10003, USA; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.
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Cortical inhibitory interneurons control sensory processing. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 46:200-207. [PMID: 28938181 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory and excitatory neurons form intricate interconnected circuits in the mammalian sensory cortex. Whereas the function of excitatory neurons is largely to integrate and transmit information within and between brain areas, inhibitory neurons are thought to shape the way excitatory neurons integrate information, and they exhibit context-specific and behavior-specific responses. Over the last few years, work across sensory modalities has begun unraveling the function of distinct types of cortical inhibitory neurons in sensory processing, identifying their contribution to controlling stimulus selectivity of excitatory neurons and modulating information processing based on the behavioral state of the subject. Here, we review results from recent studies and discuss the implications for the contribution of inhibition to cortical circuit activity and information processing.
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25
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Abstract
The responses of neurons in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) to visual stimuli depend on behavioral states. Specifically, surround suppression is reduced during locomotion. Although locomotion-induced vasoactive intestinal polypeptide positive (VIP) interneuron depolarization can account for the reduction of surround suppression, the functions of VIP cell depolarization are not fully understood. Here we utilize a firing rate model and a computational model to elucidate the potential functions of VIP cell depolarization during locomotion. Our analyses suggest 1) that surround suppression sharpens the visual responses in V1 to a stationary scene, 2) that depolarized VIP cells enhance V1 responses to moving objects by reducing self-induced surround suppression and 3) that during locomotion V1 neuron responses to some features of the moving objects can be selectively enhanced. Thus, VIP cells regulate surround suppression to allow pyramidal neurons to optimally encode visual information independent of behavioral state.
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