1
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Aitken K, Campagnola L, Garrett ME, Olsen SR, Mihalas S. Simple synaptic modulations implement diverse novelty computations. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114188. [PMID: 38713584 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Detecting novelty is ethologically useful for an organism's survival. Recent experiments characterize how different types of novelty over timescales from seconds to weeks are reflected in the activity of excitatory and inhibitory neuron types. Here, we introduce a learning mechanism, familiarity-modulated synapses (FMSs), consisting of multiplicative modulations dependent on presynaptic or pre/postsynaptic neuron activity. With FMSs, network responses that encode novelty emerge under unsupervised continual learning and minimal connectivity constraints. Implementing FMSs within an experimentally constrained model of a visual cortical circuit, we demonstrate the generalizability of FMSs by simultaneously fitting absolute, contextual, and omission novelty effects. Our model also reproduces functional diversity within cell subpopulations, leading to experimentally testable predictions about connectivity and synaptic dynamics that can produce both population-level novelty responses and heterogeneous individual neuron signals. Altogether, our findings demonstrate how simple plasticity mechanisms within a cortical circuit structure can produce qualitatively distinct and complex novelty responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Aitken
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery for Biology, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | | | | | - Shawn R Olsen
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan Mihalas
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery for Biology, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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2
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Ye Z, Shelton AM, Shaker JR, Boussard J, Colonell J, Birman D, Manavi S, Chen S, Windolf C, Hurwitz C, Namima T, Pedraja F, Weiss S, Raducanu B, Ness TV, Jia X, Mastroberardino G, Rossi LF, Carandini M, Häusser M, Einevoll GT, Laurent G, Sawtell NB, Bair W, Pasupathy A, Lopez CM, Dutta B, Paninski L, Siegle JH, Koch C, Olsen SR, Harris TD, Steinmetz NA. Ultra-high density electrodes improve detection, yield, and cell type identification in neuronal recordings. bioRxiv 2024:2023.08.23.554527. [PMID: 37662298 PMCID: PMC10473688 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.23.554527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
To understand the neural basis of behavior, it is essential to sensitively and accurately measure neural activity at single neuron and single spike resolution. Extracellular electrophysiology delivers this, but it has biases in the neurons it detects and it imperfectly resolves their action potentials. To minimize these limitations, we developed a silicon probe with much smaller and denser recording sites than previous designs, called Neuropixels Ultra (NP Ultra). This device samples neuronal activity at ultra-high spatial density (~10 times higher than previous probes) with low noise levels, while trading off recording span. NP Ultra is effectively an implantable voltage-sensing camera that captures a planar image of a neuron's electrical field. We use a spike sorting algorithm optimized for these probes to demonstrate that the yield of visually-responsive neurons in recordings from mouse visual cortex improves up to ~3-fold. We show that NP Ultra can record from small neuronal structures including axons and dendrites. Recordings across multiple brain regions and four species revealed a subset of extracellular action potentials with unexpectedly small spatial spread and axon-like features. We share a large-scale dataset of these brain-wide recordings in mice as a resource for studies of neuronal biophysics. Finally, using ground-truth identification of three major inhibitory cortical cell types, we found that these cell types were discriminable with approximately 75% success, a significant improvement over lower-resolution recordings. NP Ultra improves spike sorting performance, detection of subcellular compartments, and cell type classification to enable more powerful dissection of neural circuit activity during behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Ye
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew M. Shelton
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jordan R. Shaker
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julien Boussard
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Daniel Birman
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sahar Manavi
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susu Chen
- Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Charlie Windolf
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cole Hurwitz
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Namima
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Federico Pedraja
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shahaf Weiss
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Xiaoxuan Jia
- Center for Life Sciences & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Giulia Mastroberardino
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - L. Federico Rossi
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Matteo Carandini
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gaute T. Einevoll
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gilles Laurent
- Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nathaniel B. Sawtell
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wyeth Bair
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anitha Pasupathy
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Liam Paninski
- Department of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shawn R. Olsen
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy D. Harris
- Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Gale SD, Strawder C, Bennett C, Mihalas S, Koch C, Olsen SR. Backward masking in mice requires visual cortex. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:129-136. [PMID: 37957319 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01488-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Visual masking can reveal the timescale of perception, but the underlying circuit mechanisms are not understood. Here we describe a backward masking task in mice and humans in which the location of a stimulus is potently masked. Humans report reduced subjective visibility that tracks behavioral deficits. In mice, both masking and optogenetic silencing of visual cortex (V1) reduce performance over a similar timecourse but have distinct effects on response rates and accuracy. Activity in V1 is consistent with masked behavior when quantified over long, but not short, time windows. A dual accumulator model recapitulates both mouse and human behavior. The model and subjects' performance imply that the initial spikes in V1 can trigger a correct response, but subsequent V1 activity degrades performance. Supporting this hypothesis, optogenetically suppressing mask-evoked activity in V1 fully restores accurate behavior. Together, these results demonstrate that mice, like humans, are susceptible to masking and that target and mask information is first confounded downstream of V1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Gale
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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4
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Ito S, Piet A, Bennett C, Durand S, Belski H, Garrett M, Olsen SR, Arkhipov A. Coordinated changes in a cortical circuit sculpt effects of novelty on neural dynamics. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.21.563440. [PMID: 37961331 PMCID: PMC10634721 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.21.563440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have found dramatic cell-type specific responses to stimulus novelty, highlighting the importance of analyzing the cortical circuitry at the cell-type specific level of granularity to understand brain function. Although initial work classified and characterized activity for each cell type, the specific alterations in cortical circuitry-particularly when multiple novelty effects interact-remain unclear. To address this gap, we employed a large-scale public dataset of electrophysiological recordings in the visual cortex of awake, behaving mice using Neuropixels probes and designed population network models to investigate the observed changes in neural dynamics in response to a combination of distinct forms of novelty. The model parameters were rigorously constrained by publicly available structural datasets, including multi-patch synaptic physiology and electron microscopy data. Our systematic optimization approach identified tens of thousands of model parameter sets that replicate the observed neural activity. Analysis of these solutions revealed generally weaker connections under novel stimuli, as well as a shift in the balance e between SST and VIP populations. Along with this, PV and SST populations experienced overall more excitatory influences compared to excitatory and VIP populations. Our results also highlight the role of VIP neurons in multiple aspects of visual stimulus processing and altering gain and saturation dynamics under novel conditions. In sum, our findings provide a systematic characterization of how the cortical circuit adapts to stimulus novelty by combining multiple rich public datasets.
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5
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Rimehaug AE, Stasik AJ, Hagen E, Billeh YN, Siegle JH, Dai K, Olsen SR, Koch C, Einevoll GT, Arkhipov A. Uncovering circuit mechanisms of current sinks and sources with biophysical simulations of primary visual cortex. eLife 2023; 12:e87169. [PMID: 37486105 PMCID: PMC10393295 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Local field potential (LFP) recordings reflect the dynamics of the current source density (CSD) in brain tissue. The synaptic, cellular, and circuit contributions to current sinks and sources are ill-understood. We investigated these in mouse primary visual cortex using public Neuropixels recordings and a detailed circuit model based on simulating the Hodgkin-Huxley dynamics of >50,000 neurons belonging to 17 cell types. The model simultaneously captured spiking and CSD responses and demonstrated a two-way dissociation: firing rates are altered with minor effects on the CSD pattern by adjusting synaptic weights, and CSD is altered with minor effects on firing rates by adjusting synaptic placement on the dendrites. We describe how thalamocortical inputs and recurrent connections sculpt specific sinks and sources early in the visual response, whereas cortical feedback crucially alters them in later stages. These results establish quantitative links between macroscopic brain measurements (LFP/CSD) and microscopic biophysics-based understanding of neuron dynamics and show that CSD analysis provides powerful constraints for modeling beyond those from considering spikes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Espen Hagen
- Department of Physics, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Data Science, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | | | - Josh H Siegle
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Kael Dai
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Gaute T Einevoll
- Department of Physics, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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6
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Claar LD, Rembado I, Kuyat JR, Russo S, Marks LC, Olsen SR, Koch C. Cortico-thalamo-cortical interactions modulate electrically evoked EEG responses in mice. eLife 2023; 12:RP84630. [PMID: 37358562 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Perturbational complexity analysis predicts the presence of consciousness in volunteers and patients by stimulating the brain with brief pulses, recording EEG responses, and computing their spatiotemporal complexity. We examined the underlying neural circuits in mice by directly stimulating cortex while recording with EEG and Neuropixels probes during wakefulness and isoflurane anesthesia. When mice are awake, stimulation of deep cortical layers reliably evokes locally a brief pulse of excitation, followed by a biphasic sequence of 120 ms profound off period and a rebound excitation. A similar pattern, partially attributed to burst spiking, is seen in thalamic nuclei and is associated with a pronounced late component in the evoked EEG. We infer that cortico-thalamo-cortical interactions drive the long-lasting evoked EEG signals elicited by deep cortical stimulation during the awake state. The cortical and thalamic off period and rebound excitation, and the late component in the EEG, are reduced during running and absent during anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie D Claar
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Irene Rembado
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Simone Russo
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, United States
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lydia C Marks
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, United States
| | - Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, United States
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7
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Durand S, Heller GR, Ramirez TK, Luviano JA, Williford A, Sullivan DT, Cahoon AJ, Farrell C, Groblewski PA, Bennett C, Siegle JH, Olsen SR. Acute head-fixed recordings in awake mice with multiple Neuropixels probes. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:424-457. [PMID: 36477710 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multi-electrode arrays such as Neuropixels probes enable electrophysiological recordings from large populations of single neurons with high temporal resolution. By using such probes, the activity from functionally interacting, yet distinct, brain regions can be measured simultaneously by inserting multiple probes into the same subject. However, the use of multiple probes in small animals such as mice requires the removal of a sizable fraction of the skull, while also minimizing tissue damage and keeping the brain stable during the recordings. Here, we describe a step-by-step process designed to facilitate reliable recordings from up to six Neuropixels probes simultaneously in awake, head-fixed mice. The procedure involves four stages: the implantation of a headframe and a removable glass coverslip, the precise positioning of the Neuropixels probes at targeted points on the brain surface, the placement of a perforated plastic imaging window and the insertion of the probes into the brain of an awake mouse. The approach provides access to multiple brain regions and has been successfully applied across hundreds of mice. The procedure has been optimized for dense recordings from the mouse visual system, but it can be adapted for alternative recording configurations to target multiple probes in other brain areas. The protocol is suitable for users with experience in stereotaxic surgery in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Greggory R Heller
- Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachussetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tamina K Ramirez
- Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Koch C, Svoboda K, Bernard A, Basso MA, Churchland AK, Fairhall AL, Groblewski PA, Lecoq JA, Mainen ZF, Mathis MW, Olsen SR, Phillips JW, Pouget A, Saxena S, Siegle JH, Zador AM. Next-generation brain observatories. Neuron 2022; 110:3661-3666. [PMID: 36240770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We propose centralized brain observatories for large-scale recordings of neural activity in mice and non-human primates coupled with cloud-based data analysis and sharing. Such observatories will advance reproducible systems neuroscience and democratize access to the most advanced tools and data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Michele A Basso
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mackenzie W Mathis
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alexandre Pouget
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Josh H Siegle
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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Jia X, Siegle JH, Durand S, Heller G, Ramirez TK, Koch C, Olsen SR. Multi-regional module-based signal transmission in mouse visual cortex. Neuron 2022; 110:1585-1598.e9. [PMID: 35143752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The visual cortex is hierarchically organized, yet the presence of extensive recurrent and parallel pathways make it challenging to decipher how signals flow between neuronal populations. Here, we tracked the flow of spiking activity recorded from six interconnected levels of the mouse visual hierarchy. By analyzing leading and lagging spike-timing relationships among pairs of simultaneously recorded neurons, we created a cellular-scale directed network graph. Using a module-detection algorithm to cluster neurons based on shared connectivity patterns, we uncovered two multi-regional communication modules distributed across the hierarchy. The direction of signal flow both between and within these modules, differences in layer and area distributions, and distinct temporal dynamics suggest that one module transmits feedforward sensory signals, whereas the other integrates inputs for recurrent processing. These results suggest that multi-regional functional modules may be a fundamental feature of organization beyond cortical areas that supports signal propagation across hierarchical recurrent networks.
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10
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Siegle JH, Ledochowitsch P, Jia X, Millman DJ, Ocker GK, Caldejon S, Casal L, Cho A, Denman DJ, Durand S, Groblewski PA, Heller G, Kato I, Kivikas S, Lecoq J, Nayan C, Ngo K, Nicovich PR, North K, Ramirez TK, Swapp J, Waughman X, Williford A, Olsen SR, Koch C, Buice MA, de Vries SEJ. Reconciling functional differences in populations of neurons recorded with two-photon imaging and electrophysiology. eLife 2021; 10:e69068. [PMID: 34270411 PMCID: PMC8285106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular electrophysiology and two-photon calcium imaging are widely used methods for measuring physiological activity with single-cell resolution across large populations of cortical neurons. While each of these two modalities has distinct advantages and disadvantages, neither provides complete, unbiased information about the underlying neural population. Here, we compare evoked responses in visual cortex recorded in awake mice under highly standardized conditions using either imaging of genetically expressed GCaMP6f or electrophysiology with silicon probes. Across all stimulus conditions tested, we observe a larger fraction of responsive neurons in electrophysiology and higher stimulus selectivity in calcium imaging, which was partially reconciled by applying a spikes-to-calcium forward model to the electrophysiology data. However, the forward model could only reconcile differences in responsiveness when restricted to neurons with low contamination and an event rate above a minimum threshold. This work established how the biases of these two modalities impact functional metrics that are fundamental for characterizing sensory-evoked responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoxuan Jia
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Linzy Casal
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Andy Cho
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Daniel J Denman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | - Gregg Heller
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - India Kato
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Sara Kivikas
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Chelsea Nayan
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Philip R Nicovich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Kat North
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Jackie Swapp
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Xana Waughman
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Ali Williford
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
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11
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Siegle JH, Jia X, Durand S, Gale S, Bennett C, Graddis N, Heller G, Ramirez TK, Choi H, Luviano JA, Groblewski PA, Ahmed R, Arkhipov A, Bernard A, Billeh YN, Brown D, Buice MA, Cain N, Caldejon S, Casal L, Cho A, Chvilicek M, Cox TC, Dai K, Denman DJ, de Vries SEJ, Dietzman R, Esposito L, Farrell C, Feng D, Galbraith J, Garrett M, Gelfand EC, Hancock N, Harris JA, Howard R, Hu B, Hytnen R, Iyer R, Jessett E, Johnson K, Kato I, Kiggins J, Lambert S, Lecoq J, Ledochowitsch P, Lee JH, Leon A, Li Y, Liang E, Long F, Mace K, Melchior J, Millman D, Mollenkopf T, Nayan C, Ng L, Ngo K, Nguyen T, Nicovich PR, North K, Ocker GK, Ollerenshaw D, Oliver M, Pachitariu M, Perkins J, Reding M, Reid D, Robertson M, Ronellenfitch K, Seid S, Slaughterbeck C, Stoecklin M, Sullivan D, Sutton B, Swapp J, Thompson C, Turner K, Wakeman W, Whitesell JD, Williams D, Williford A, Young R, Zeng H, Naylor S, Phillips JW, Reid RC, Mihalas S, Olsen SR, Koch C. Survey of spiking in the mouse visual system reveals functional hierarchy. Nature 2021; 592:86-92. [PMID: 33473216 PMCID: PMC10399640 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The anatomy of the mammalian visual system, from the retina to the neocortex, is organized hierarchically1. However, direct observation of cellular-level functional interactions across this hierarchy is lacking due to the challenge of simultaneously recording activity across numerous regions. Here we describe a large, open dataset-part of the Allen Brain Observatory2-that surveys spiking from tens of thousands of units in six cortical and two thalamic regions in the brains of mice responding to a battery of visual stimuli. Using cross-correlation analysis, we reveal that the organization of inter-area functional connectivity during visual stimulation mirrors the anatomical hierarchy from the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas3. We find that four classical hierarchical measures-response latency, receptive-field size, phase-locking to drifting gratings and response decay timescale-are all correlated with the hierarchy. Moreover, recordings obtained during a visual task reveal that the correlation between neural activity and behavioural choice also increases along the hierarchy. Our study provides a foundation for understanding coding and signal propagation across hierarchically organized cortical and thalamic visual areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoxuan Jia
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Sam Gale
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nile Graddis
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Hannah Choi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Dillan Brown
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Cain
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Linzy Casal
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Cho
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Timothy C Cox
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Kael Dai
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel J Denman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.,The University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian Hu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ross Hytnen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - India Kato
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Jerome Lecoq
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Arielle Leon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Fuhui Long
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kyla Mace
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Kat North
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jed Perkins
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - David Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Sam Seid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ben Sutton
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jackie Swapp
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rob Young
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Naylor
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Shawn R Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
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12
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Groblewski PA, Ollerenshaw DR, Kiggins JT, Garrett ME, Mochizuki C, Casal L, Cross S, Mace K, Swapp J, Manavi S, Williams D, Mihalas S, Olsen SR. Characterization of Learning, Motivation, and Visual Perception in Five Transgenic Mouse Lines Expressing GCaMP in Distinct Cell Populations. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:104. [PMID: 32655383 PMCID: PMC7324787 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the mechanisms of perception and cognition, neural measurements must be made during behavior. A goal of the Allen Brain Observatory is to map the activity of distinct cortical cell classes underlying visual and behavioral processing. Here we describe standardized methodology for training head-fixed mice on a visual change detection task, and we use our paradigm to characterize learning and behavior of five GCaMP6-expressing transgenic lines. We used automated training procedures to facilitate comparisons across mice. Training times varied, but most transgenic mice learned the behavioral task. Motivation levels also varied across mice. To compare mice in similar motivational states we subdivided sessions into over-, under-, and optimally motivated periods. When motivated, the pattern of perceptual decisions were highly correlated across transgenic lines, although overall performance (d-prime) was lower in one line labeling somatostatin inhibitory cells. These results provide important context for using these mice to map neural activity underlying perception and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shawn R. Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, United States
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13
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Garrett M, Manavi S, Roll K, Ollerenshaw DR, Groblewski PA, Ponvert ND, Kiggins JT, Casal L, Mace K, Williford A, Leon A, Jia X, Ledochowitsch P, Buice MA, Wakeman W, Mihalas S, Olsen SR. Experience shapes activity dynamics and stimulus coding of VIP inhibitory cells. eLife 2020; 9:e50340. [PMID: 32101169 PMCID: PMC7043888 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical circuits can flexibly change with experience and learning, but the effects on specific cell types, including distinct inhibitory types, are not well understood. Here we investigated how excitatory and VIP inhibitory cells in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex were impacted by visual experience in the context of a behavioral task. Mice learned a visual change detection task with a set of eight natural scene images. Subsequently, during 2-photon imaging experiments, mice performed the task with these familiar images and three sets of novel images. Strikingly, the temporal dynamics of VIP activity differed markedly between novel and familiar images: VIP cells were stimulus-driven by novel images but were suppressed by familiar stimuli and showed ramping activity when expected stimuli were omitted from a temporally predictable sequence. This prominent change in VIP activity suggests that these cells may adopt different modes of processing under novel versus familiar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahar Manavi
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Kate Roll
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | | | | | - Linzy Casal
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Kyla Mace
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Ali Williford
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Arielle Leon
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Xiaoxuan Jia
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | - Wayne Wakeman
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Shawn R Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
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14
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Bennett C, Gale SD, Garrett ME, Newton ML, Callaway EM, Murphy GJ, Olsen SR. Higher-Order Thalamic Circuits Channel Parallel Streams of Visual Information in Mice. Neuron 2019; 102:477-492.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Jia X, Siegle JH, Bennett C, Gale SD, Denman DJ, Koch C, Olsen SR. High-density extracellular probes reveal dendritic backpropagation and facilitate neuron classification. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:1831-1847. [PMID: 30840526 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00680.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Different neuron types serve distinct roles in neural processing. Extracellular electrical recordings are extensively used to study brain function but are typically blind to cell identity. Morphoelectrical properties of neurons measured on spatially dense electrode arrays have the potential to distinguish neuron types. We used high-density silicon probes to record from cortical and subcortical regions of the mouse brain. Extracellular waveforms of each neuron were detected across many channels and showed distinct spatiotemporal profiles among brain regions. Classification of neurons by brain region was improved with multichannel compared with single-channel waveforms. In visual cortex, unsupervised clustering identified the canonical regular-spiking (RS) and fast-spiking (FS) classes but also indicated a subclass of RS units with unidirectional backpropagating action potentials (BAPs). Moreover, BAPs were observed in many hippocampal RS cells. Overall, waveform analysis of spikes from high-density probes aids neuron identification and can reveal dendritic backpropagation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY It is challenging to identify neuron types with extracellular electrophysiology in vivo. We show that spatiotemporal action potentials measured on high-density electrode arrays can capture cell type-specific morphoelectrical properties, allowing classification of neurons across brain structures and within the cortex. Moreover, backpropagating action potentials are reliably detected in vivo from subpopulations of cortical and hippocampal neurons. Together, these results enhance the utility of dense extracellular electrophysiology for cell-type interrogation of brain network function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Jia
- Allen Institute for Brain Science , Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Samuel D Gale
- Allen Institute for Brain Science , Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science , Seattle, Washington
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science , Seattle, Washington
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16
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Arkhipov A, Gouwens NW, Billeh YN, Gratiy S, Iyer R, Wei Z, Xu Z, Abbasi-Asl R, Berg J, Buice M, Cain N, da Costa N, de Vries S, Denman D, Durand S, Feng D, Jarsky T, Lecoq J, Lee B, Li L, Mihalas S, Ocker GK, Olsen SR, Reid RC, Soler-Llavina G, Sorensen SA, Wang Q, Waters J, Scanziani M, Koch C. Visual physiology of the layer 4 cortical circuit in silico. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006535. [PMID: 30419013 PMCID: PMC6258373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in experimental techniques and accumulation of large datasets concerning the composition and properties of the cortex, quantitative modeling of cortical circuits under in-vivo-like conditions remains challenging. Here we report and publicly release a biophysically detailed circuit model of layer 4 in the mouse primary visual cortex, receiving thalamo-cortical visual inputs. The 45,000-neuron model was subjected to a battery of visual stimuli, and results were compared to published work and new in vivo experiments. Simulations reproduced a variety of observations, including effects of optogenetic perturbations. Critical to the agreement between responses in silico and in vivo were the rules of functional synaptic connectivity between neurons. Interestingly, after extreme simplification the model still performed satisfactorily on many measurements, although quantitative agreement with experiments suffered. These results emphasize the importance of functional rules of cortical wiring and enable a next generation of data-driven models of in vivo neural activity and computations. How can we capture the incredible complexity of brain circuits in quantitative models, and what can such models teach us about mechanisms underlying brain activity? To answer these questions, we set out to build extensive, bio-realistic models of brain circuitry by employing systematic datasets on brain structure and function. Here we report the first modeling results of this project, focusing on the layer 4 of the primary visual cortex (V1) of the mouse. Our simulations reproduced a variety of experimental observations in response to a large battery of visual stimuli. The results elucidated circuit mechanisms determining patters of neuronal activity in layer 4 –in particular, the roles of feedforward thalamic inputs and specific patterns of intracortical connectivity in producing tuning of neuronal responses to the orientation of motion. Simplification of neuronal models led to specific deficiencies in reproducing experimental data, giving insights into how biological details contribute to various aspects of brain activity. To enable future development of more sophisticated models, we make the software code, the model, and simulation results publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Arkhipov
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nathan W Gouwens
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yazan N Billeh
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sergey Gratiy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishnan Iyer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ziqiang Wei
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zihao Xu
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Reza Abbasi-Asl
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jim Berg
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Buice
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Cain
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nuno da Costa
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Saskia de Vries
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel Denman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Severine Durand
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tim Jarsky
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lu Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stefan Mihalas
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gabriel K Ocker
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Staci A Sorensen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Quanxin Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jack Waters
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Massimo Scanziani
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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17
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Abstract
Visually guided perceptual decisions involve the sequential activation of a hierarchy of cortical areas. It has been hypothesized that a brief time window of activity in each area is sufficient to enable the decision but direct measurements of this time window are lacking. To address this question, we develop a visual discrimination task in mice that depends on visual cortex and in which we precisely control the time window of visual cortical activity as the animal performs the task at different levels of difficulty. We show that threshold duration of activity in visual cortex enabling perceptual discrimination is between 40 and 80 milliseconds. During this time window the vast majority of neurons discriminating the stimulus fire one or no spikes and less than 16% fire more than two. This result establishes that the firing of the first visually evoked spikes in visual cortex is sufficient to enable a perceptual decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbora Resulaj
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Neurobiology Section, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sarah Ruediger
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Neurobiology Section, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Neurobiology Section, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Massimo Scanziani
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Neurobiology Section, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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18
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Denman DJ, Luviano JA, Ollerenshaw DR, Cross S, Williams D, Buice MA, Olsen SR, Reid RC. Mouse color and wavelength-specific luminance contrast sensitivity are non-uniform across visual space. eLife 2018; 7:e31209. [PMID: 29319502 PMCID: PMC5762155 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian visual behaviors, as well as responses in the neural systems underlying these behaviors, are driven by luminance and color contrast. With constantly improving tools for measuring activity in cell-type-specific populations in the mouse during visual behavior, it is important to define the extent of luminance and color information that is behaviorally accessible to the mouse. A non-uniform distribution of cone opsins in the mouse retina potentially complicates both luminance and color sensitivity; opposing gradients of short (UV-shifted) and middle (blue/green) cone opsins suggest that color discrimination and wavelength-specific luminance contrast sensitivity may differ with retinotopic location. Here we ask how well mice can discriminate color and wavelength-specific luminance changes across visuotopic space. We found that mice were able to discriminate color and were able to do so more broadly across visuotopic space than expected from the cone-opsin distribution. We also found wavelength-band-specific differences in luminance sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sissy Cross
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | - Shawn R Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
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19
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shawn R. Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington 98109
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20
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Teeters JL, Godfrey K, Young R, Dang C, Friedsam C, Wark B, Asari H, Peron S, Li N, Peyrache A, Denisov G, Siegle JH, Olsen SR, Martin C, Chun M, Tripathy S, Blanche TJ, Harris K, Buzsáki G, Koch C, Meister M, Svoboda K, Sommer FT. Neurodata Without Borders: Creating a Common Data Format for Neurophysiology. Neuron 2016; 88:629-34. [PMID: 26590340 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Neurodata Without Borders (NWB) initiative promotes data standardization in neuroscience to increase research reproducibility and opportunities. In the first NWB pilot project, neurophysiologists and software developers produced a common data format for recordings and metadata of cellular electrophysiology and optical imaging experiments. The format specification, application programming interfaces, and sample datasets have been released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L Teeters
- Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Keith Godfrey
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 615 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rob Young
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 615 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chinh Dang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 615 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Barry Wark
- Physion LLC, 1 Broadway, 14th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Hiroki Asari
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Simon Peron
- Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Nuo Li
- Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Adrien Peyrache
- School of Medicine, NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University, East River Science Park, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Gennady Denisov
- Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Joshua H Siegle
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 615 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 615 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Christopher Martin
- The Kavli Foundation, 1801 Solar Drive, Suite 250, Oxnard, CA 93030, USA
| | - Miyoung Chun
- The Kavli Foundation, 1801 Solar Drive, Suite 250, Oxnard, CA 93030, USA
| | - Shreejoy Tripathy
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Timothy J Blanche
- Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kenneth Harris
- UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; UCL Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London WC1E 6DE, UK
| | - György Buzsáki
- School of Medicine, NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University, East River Science Park, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, 615 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Markus Meister
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Friedrich T Sommer
- Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience & Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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21
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Bortone DS, Olsen SR, Scanziani M. Translaminar inhibitory cells recruited by layer 6 corticothalamic neurons suppress visual cortex. Neuron 2014; 82:474-85. [PMID: 24656931 PMCID: PMC4068343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In layer 6 (L6), a principal output layer of the mammalian cerebral cortex, a population of excitatory neurons defined by the NTSR1-Cre mouse line inhibit cortical responses to visual stimuli. Here we show that of the two major types of excitatory neurons existing in L6, the NTSR1-Cre line selectively targets those whose axons innervate both cortex and thalamus and not those whose axons remain within the cortex. These corticothalamic neurons mediate widespread inhibition across all cortical layers by recruiting fast-spiking inhibitory neurons whose cell body resides in deep cortical layers yet whose axons arborize throughout all layers. This study reveals a circuit by which L6 modulates cortical activity and identifies an inhibitory neuron able to regulate the strength of cortical responses throughout cortical depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante S Bortone
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Neurobiology Section and Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Neurobiology Section and Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA
| | - Massimo Scanziani
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Neurobiology Section and Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA.
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22
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Olsen SR, Bortone DS, Adesnik H, Scanziani M. Gain control by layer six in cortical circuits of vision. Nature 2012; 483:47-52. [PMID: 22367547 PMCID: PMC3636977 DOI: 10.1038/nature10835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
After entering the cerebral cortex, sensory information spreads through six different horizontal neuronal layers that are interconnected by vertical axonal projections. It is believed that through these projections layers can influence each other's response to sensory stimuli, but the specific role that each layer has in cortical processing is still poorly understood. Here we show that layer six in the primary visual cortex of the mouse has a crucial role in controlling the gain of visually evoked activity in neurons of the upper layers without changing their tuning to orientation. This gain modulation results from the coordinated action of layer six intracortical projections to superficial layers and deep projections to the thalamus, with a substantial role of the intracortical circuit. This study establishes layer six as a major mediator of cortical gain modulation and suggests that it could be a node through which convergent inputs from several brain areas can regulate the earliest steps of cortical visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn R Olsen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Neurobiology Section and Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0634, USA.
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23
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Wang B, Conte P, Casanova LA, da Fonseca VJJ, Saad OM, Yi JH, Gupta M, Song C, Olsen SR, Perez EA, Girish S. P1-12-13: Comparative Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1) in Patients Who Have or Who Have Not Received Prior Treatment for Human Epidermal Growth Factor 2 (HER2)-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC). Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs11-p1-12-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: T-DM1, an antibody-drug conjugate composed of trastuzumab, a stable linker, and the cytotoxic agent DM1, is in development for the treatment of HER2−positive cancers. Single-agent T-DM1 3.6 mg/kg every 3 weeks (q3w) has demonstrated clinical activity in 2 phase II studies (TDM4258g and TDM4374g) in patients with pretreated HER2−positive MBC. The efficacy and safety of T-DM1 vs trastuzumab + docetaxel was investigated in patients with no prior MBC treatment in the randomized phase II study TDM4450g/BO21976. Here we report the PK of T-DM1 from that study and compare these data with those from studies that enrolled pretreated patients.
Methods: In all 3 studies, PK parameters, including maximum concentration (Cmax), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), terminal half-life (t½), steady-state volume of distribution (Vss), and clearance (CL) were estimated by noncompartmental analysis (NCA) for serum T-DM1, serum total trastuzumab (conjugated and unconjugated), and plasma DM1. The effects of baseline trastuzumab and HER2 extracellular domain (ECD) concentration on T-DM1 exposure were explored and the relationship between T-DM1 exposure and clinical response (objective response rate [ORR] and progression-free survival [PFS]) was modeled.
Results: T-DM1 PK from evaluable patients enrolled in 3 studies are shown in Table 1. No significant correlations were observed between efficacy (as measured by ORR) and T-DM1 exposure (AUC, Cmax) after administration of T-DM1 to pretreated patients; efficacy-exposure analyses (ORR and PFS) for previously untreated patients will be presented. Patients with measurable concentrations of trastuzumab at baseline had a greater AUC during cycle 1; however, this did not impact ORR. Baseline circulating HER2 ECD concentrations also had no effect on ORR for pretreated patients. The impact of baseline trastuzumab and HER2 ECD concentrations on ORR and PFS in previously untreated patients will be presented.
Conclusions: Single-agent T-DM1 has similar PK in patients who have received prior therapy for MBC and in those who have not. The PK of T-DM1 was not affected by prior trastuzumab treatment or by circulating HER2 ECD, and no significant correlations were observed between efficacy (ORR) and T-DM1 exposure (AUC, Cmax) or HER2 ECD for pretreated patients. The relationships between efficacy and T-DM1 exposure and HER2 ECD concentrations will be presented for patients without prior MBC treatment.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-12-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Instituto Oncológico Miraflores, Lima, Peru; CliniOnco, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Mayo CLinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - P Conte
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Instituto Oncológico Miraflores, Lima, Peru; CliniOnco, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Mayo CLinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - LA Casanova
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Instituto Oncológico Miraflores, Lima, Peru; CliniOnco, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Mayo CLinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Vinholes JJ da Fonseca
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Instituto Oncológico Miraflores, Lima, Peru; CliniOnco, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Mayo CLinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - OM Saad
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Instituto Oncológico Miraflores, Lima, Peru; CliniOnco, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Mayo CLinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - J-H Yi
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Instituto Oncológico Miraflores, Lima, Peru; CliniOnco, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Mayo CLinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - M Gupta
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Instituto Oncológico Miraflores, Lima, Peru; CliniOnco, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Mayo CLinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - C Song
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Instituto Oncológico Miraflores, Lima, Peru; CliniOnco, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Mayo CLinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - SR Olsen
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Instituto Oncológico Miraflores, Lima, Peru; CliniOnco, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Mayo CLinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - EA Perez
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Instituto Oncológico Miraflores, Lima, Peru; CliniOnco, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Mayo CLinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - S Girish
- 1Genentech, South San Francisco, CA; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Instituto Oncológico Miraflores, Lima, Peru; CliniOnco, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Mayo CLinic, Jacksonville, FL
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Olsen SR, Wilson RI. Cracking neural circuits in a tiny brain: new approaches for understanding the neural circuitry of Drosophila. Trends Neurosci 2008; 31:512-20. [PMID: 18775572 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic screens in Drosophila have identified many genes involved in neural development and function. However, until recently, it has been impossible to monitor neural signals in Drosophila central neurons, and it has been difficult to make specific perturbations to central neural circuits. This has changed in the past few years with the development of new tools for measuring and manipulating neural activity in the fly. Here we review how these new tools enable novel conceptual approaches to 'cracking circuits' in this important model organism. We discuss recent studies aimed at defining the cognitive demands on the fly brain, identifying the cellular components of specific neural circuits, mapping functional connectivity in those circuits and defining causal relationships between neural activity and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn R Olsen
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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25
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Bhandawat V, Olsen SR, Gouwens NW, Schlief ML, Wilson RI. Sensory processing in the Drosophila antennal lobe increases reliability and separability of ensemble odor representations. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10:1474-82. [PMID: 17922008 DOI: 10.1038/nn1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe several fundamental principles of olfactory processing in the Drosophila melanogaster antennal lobe (the analog of the vertebrate olfactory bulb), through the systematic analysis of input and output spike trains of seven identified glomeruli. Repeated presentations of the same odor elicit more reproducible responses in second-order projection neurons (PNs) than in their presynaptic olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). PN responses rise and accommodate rapidly, emphasizing odor onset. Furthermore, weak ORN inputs are amplified in the PN layer but strong inputs are not. This nonlinear transformation broadens PN tuning and produces more uniform distances between odor representations in PN coding space. In addition, portions of the odor response profile of a PN are not systematically related to their direct ORN inputs, which probably indicates the presence of lateral connections between glomeruli. Finally, we show that a linear discriminator classifies odors more accurately using PN spike trains than using an equivalent number of ORN spike trains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Bhandawat
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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26
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Olsen SR, Bhandawat V, Wilson RI. Excitatory interactions between olfactory processing channels in the Drosophila antennal lobe. Neuron 2007; 54:89-103. [PMID: 17408580 PMCID: PMC2048819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Each odorant receptor gene defines a unique type of olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) and a corresponding type of second-order neuron. Because each odor can activate multiple ORN types, information must ultimately be integrated across these processing channels to form a unified percept. Here, we show that, in Drosophila, integration begins at the level of second-order projection neurons (PNs). We genetically silence all the ORNs that normally express a particular odorant receptor and find that PNs postsynaptic to the silent glomerulus receive substantial lateral excitatory input from other glomeruli. Genetically confining odor-evoked ORN input to just one glomerulus reveals that most PNs postsynaptic to other glomeruli receive indirect excitatory input from the single ORN type that is active. Lateral connections between identified glomeruli vary in strength, and this pattern of connections is stereotyped across flies. Thus, a dense network of lateral connections distributes odor-evoked excitation between channels in the first brain region of the olfactory processing stream.
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Abstract
The taxanes paclitaxel and docetaxel are widely used antineoplastic agents that have demonstrated significant clinical activity against a number of human tumor types. Taxanes promote microtubule polymerization and stabilization which inhibits mitosis and leads to apoptosis. Taxanes induce a number of other molecular pathways. One such example is their ability to promote transcription of the cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 gene and to stabilize the COX-2 messenger RNA transcript. This leads to increased production of prostaglandins, which have been implicated in tumorigenesis. Increased COX-2 activity has been associated with tumor growth, poor prognostic characteristics, and unfavorable clinical outcome; therefore, up-regulation of COX-2 might attenuate the anti-tumor effect of the taxanes. This provides the rationale for the use of COX-2 inhibitors in combination with taxanes, as this could theoretically improve the clinical efficacy of paclitaxel and docetaxel. Results from preclinical studies have generally shown enhanced anticancer activity from the addition of COX-2 inhibitors to taxane treatment. Data from Phase II clinical studies in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have suggested a marginal improvement in response rate when celecoxib is added to taxane therapy when compared with historical trials in similar patient groups receiving taxane therapy. There may also be a role for COX-2 inhibitors in ameliorating some of the side effects of taxane treatment, such as fatigue, myalgia, and arthralgia. Randomized clinical trials would be needed to establish whether COX-2 inhibitors improve the therapeutic profile of docetaxel or paclitaxel in patients with solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Olsen
- Breast Cancer Program, Sanoft-A ventis Oncology Medical Affairs, Bridgewater, NJ 08807-2854, USA.
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Gradishar WJ, Wedam SB, Jahanzeb M, Erban J, Limentani SA, Tsai KT, Olsen SR, Swain SM. Neoadjuvant docetaxel followed by adjuvant doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in patients with stage III breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2005; 16:1297-304. [PMID: 15905305 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdi254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate clinical and pathologic response to neoadjuvant docetaxel therapy in patients with stage III breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-five patients were planned to receive four cycles of docetaxel 100 mg/m2 every 3 weeks, followed by surgery, four cycles of doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 (AC) every 3 weeks, radiation therapy (RT), and tamoxifen when indicated. RESULTS After four cycles of neoadjuvant docetaxel, the clinical response rate within the breast was 59% (95% CI 42% to 73%) and overall (breast and axilla) was 49% (95% CI 38% to 72%) in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population. At the time of surgery, 10% (n=4) of patients had a pathologic complete response (pCR) in the breast, 27% (n=11) had a pCR within the axillary lymph nodes, and 7% (n=3) had a pCR in the breast and axilla (95% CI 2% to 21%). An additional 5% (n=2) had minimal residual invasive tumor (<5 mm). The 5-year overall survival rate was 80%. The percentage of patients with grade 3/4 neutropenia was similar during docetaxel (93%) and AC (86%), while a greater percentage of patients had febrile neutropenia during docetaxel treatment (27%) compared with AC treatment (7%). CONCLUSIONS Neoadjuvant docetaxel followed by surgery, adjuvant AC, hormonal therapy where indicated, and RT is an active regimen for patients with stage III breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Gradishar
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Abstract
In this study we have investigated the effect of creatine supplementation on performance of repeated sprint runs in well-trained young male handball players. The subjects participated in a test before supplementation (T1) and then received creatine (15 g/d) or placebo for five days before a second test was carried out (T2). Following T2, a low dose of creatine (2 g/d) or placebo was maintained for an additional nine days before the third test was performed (T3). The tests consisted of eight 40 m maximal sprint runs with a 25-s rest period between each sprint. Run time was reduced on the last three sprint runs after five days with high doses of creatine supplementation compared to T1 (P < 0.05). Although the run time during the last three sprints was still significantly lower after supplementation of low doses of creatine compared to T1, analysis of variance showed only a tendency for an interaction between test day and random group (P = 0.14). No improvement was seen in the placebo group. Blood lactate was similar at T1 and T2 in the creatine and placebo groups. In conclusion, high doses of creatine supplementation improve performance during repeated sprint runs in well-trained handball players. Further studies are needed to clarify whether low doses of creatine supplementation, after a period with supplementation of high doses, are able to maintain improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aaserud
- Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Agder College, Kristiansand, Norway
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Baude EJ, Dignam SS, Olsen SR, Reimann EM, Uhler MD. Glutamic acid 203 of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit participates in the inhibition by two isoforms of the protein kinase inhibitor. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:2316-23. [PMID: 7905001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) are known to be potent and specific inhibitors of the catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, little is known about their physiological roles. Glutamate 203 of the C alpha isoform (C alpha E203) has been implicated in the binding of the arginine 15 residue of the skeletal isoform of PKI (PKI alpha R15) (Knighton, D. R., Zheng, J., Ten Eyck, L. F., Xuong, N., Taylor, S.S., and Sowadski, J. M. (1991) Science 253, 414-420). To investigate the role of C alpha E203 in the binding of PKI and in vivo C-PKI interactions, in vitro mutagenesis was used to change the C alpha E203 codon of the murine C alpha cDNA to alanine and glutamine codons. Initially, the C alpha E203 mutant proteins were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. C alpha E203 is not essential for catalysis as all of the C subunit mutants were enzymatically active. The mutation of Glu203 did increase the apparent Km for Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly (Kemptide) severalfold but did not affect the apparent Km for ATP. The Vmax(app) was not affected by the mutation of C alpha E203. The mutation of C alpha E203 compromised the ability of PKI alpha (5-24), PKI alpha, and PKI beta to inhibit phosphotransferase activity. PKI alpha was altered using in vitro mutagenesis to probe the role of Arg15 in interacting with C alpha E203. The PKI alpha R15A mutant was reduced in its inhibition of C alpha. Preliminary studies of the expression of these C alpha mutants in COS cells gave similar results. These results suggest that the C alpha E203 mutants may be useful in assessing the role of PKI in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Baude
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Abstract
Human cDNA clones for a heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) protein of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) were isolated using a mouse PKI cDNA fragment. Two human cDNA clones of 1.7 and 2.0 kb were sequenced and shown to encode the entire open reading frame of 228 nucleotides. Together these clones comprised 2147 nucleotides of the mRNA. The deduced amino acid sequence of the human clones showed 100% identity to the rabbit skeletal muscle PKI protein and 97% identity to the mouse brain PKI. The mouse and human PKI cDNAs shared nucleotide homology in their 3' untranslated regions as well as in the 32 nucleotides immediately 5' of the translation initiation site. Northern blot analysis of human skeletal muscle RNA with a human cRNA probe detected a major mRNA of approximately 4.0 kb. Transient overexpression in COS cells verified that a heat-stable inhibitor of protein kinase was produced by he human PKI cDNA, and protein extracts from the transfected COS cells inhibited both the C alpha and C beta isoforms of the PKA catalytic subunit with equal efficacy. Functional expression of the human PKI protein was further studied by assaying the ability of PKI expression vectors to inhibit PKA catalytic subunit stimulation of transcription from the human enkephalin promoter. In these studies, elimination of a conserved alternative translation start site in the 5' untranslated region of PKI was shown to potentiate the inhibitory activity of the PKI expression vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Olsen
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Olsen SR, Uhler MD. Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for an inhibitor protein of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:11158-62. [PMID: 1710219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic oligonucleotides were designed to amplify DNA sequences related to the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. Using these oligonucleotides, a 167-base pair fragment was isolated and shown to code for a portion of the mouse protein kinase inhibitor gene. This amplified DNA sequence was used to isolate three cDNA clones from a mouse brain cDNA library. A composite sequence was derived from these clones and contained a 228-nucleotide open reading frame encoding a protein of 76 amino acids. In addition, the sequence contained 29 nucleotides of 5'-untranslated and 2022 nucleotides of 3'-untranslated regions of the mouse PKI mRNA. Northern blot analysis of various mouse tissues indicated that the 3.8-kilobase pair mRNA is present at high levels in skeletal muscle and brain but is present at lower levels in heart, testis, and liver. RNase protection experiments also suggested that skeletal muscle and brain represent tissues of highest expression and that similar nucleotide sequences are found in the skeletal muscle, brain, and testicular transcripts. Southern blot analysis indicated a single prominent species of genomic DNA sequence related to the mouse PKI cDNA clones but a minor species was also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Olsen
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Olsen SR, Uhler MD. Affinity purification of the C alpha and C beta isoforms of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:18662-6. [PMID: 2553718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A synthetic peptide of 18 amino acids corresponding to the inhibitory domain of the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor was synthesized and shown to inhibit both the C alpha and C beta isoforms of the catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Extracts from cells transfected with expression vectors coding for the C alpha or the C beta isoform of the C subunit required 200 nM protein kinase inhibitor peptide for half-maximal inhibition of kinase activity in extracts from these cells. An affinity column was constructed using this synthetic peptide, and the column was incubated with protein extracts from cells overexpressing C alpha or C beta. Elution of the affinity column with arginine allowed single step isolation of purified C alpha and C beta subunits. The C alpha and C beta proteins were enriched 200-400-fold from cellular extracts by this single step of affinity chromatography. No residual inhibitory peptide activity could be detected in the purified protein. The purified C subunit isoforms were used to demonstrate preferential antibody reactivity with the C alpha isoform by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, preliminary characterization showed both isoforms have similar apparent Km values for ATP (4 microM) and for Kemptide (5.6 microM). These results demonstrate that a combination of affinity chromatography employing peptides derived from the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor protein and the use of cells overexpressing C subunit related proteins may be an effective means for purification and characterization of the C subunit isoforms. Furthermore, this method of purification may be applicable to other kinases which are known to be specifically inhibited by small peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Olsen
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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Hauck RD, Bartholomew WV, Bremmer JM, Broadbent FE, Cheng HH, Edwards AP, Keeney DR, Legg JO, Olsen SR, Porter LK, Kohl DH, Shearer GB, Commoner B. Use of variations in natural nitrogen isotope abundance for environmental studies: a questionable approach. Science 1972; 177:453-6. [PMID: 5043150 DOI: 10.1126/science.177.4047.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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