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Lecoq J. Taste for discovery: a conversation with neuroscientist Serge Charpak. Neurophotonics 2024; 11:010401. [PMID: 38205133 PMCID: PMC10778265 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.1.010401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Serge Charpak (Institut de la Vision) discusses his pioneering work in imaging of sensory processing and neurovascular coupling, in an interview with former trainee and fellow Neurophotonics Editorial Board Member Jérôme Lecoq (Allen Institute).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Lecoq
- Allen Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
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Wyrick DG, Cain N, Larsen RS, Lecoq J, Valley M, Ahmed R, Bowlus J, Boyer G, Caldejon S, Casal L, Chvilicek M, DePartee M, Groblewski PA, Huang C, Johnson K, Kato I, Larkin J, Lee E, Liang E, Luviano J, Mace K, Nayan C, Nguyen T, Reding M, Seid S, Sevigny J, Stoecklin M, Williford A, Choi H, Garrett M, Mazzucato L. Differential encoding of temporal context and expectation under representational drift across hierarchically connected areas. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.02.543483. [PMID: 37333203 PMCID: PMC10274646 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The classic view that neural populations in sensory cortices preferentially encode responses to incoming stimuli has been strongly challenged by recent experimental studies. Despite the fact that a large fraction of variance of visual responses in rodents can be attributed to behavioral state and movements, trial-history, and salience, the effects of contextual modulations and expectations on sensory-evoked responses in visual and association areas remain elusive. Here, we present a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study showing that hierarchically connected visual and association areas differentially encode the temporal context and expectation of naturalistic visual stimuli, consistent with the theory of hierarchical predictive coding. We measured neural responses to expected and unexpected sequences of natural scenes in the primary visual cortex (V1), the posterior medial higher order visual area (PM), and retrosplenial cortex (RSP) using 2-photon imaging in behaving mice collected through the Allen Institute Mindscope's OpenScope program. We found that information about image identity in neural population activity depended on the temporal context of transitions preceding each scene, and decreased along the hierarchy. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that the conjunctive encoding of temporal context and image identity was modulated by expectations of sequential events. In V1 and PM, we found enhanced and specific responses to unexpected oddball images, signaling stimulus-specific expectation violation. In contrast, in RSP the population response to oddball presentation recapitulated the missing expected image rather than the oddball image. These differential responses along the hierarchy are consistent with classic theories of hierarchical predictive coding whereby higher areas encode predictions and lower areas encode deviations from expectation. We further found evidence for drift in visual responses on the timescale of minutes. Although activity drift was present in all areas, population responses in V1 and PM, but not in RSP, maintained stable encoding of visual information and representational geometry. Instead we found that RSP drift was independent of stimulus information, suggesting a role in generating an internal model of the environment in the temporal domain. Overall, our results establish temporal context and expectation as substantial encoding dimensions in the visual cortex subject to fast representational drift and suggest that hierarchically connected areas instantiate a predictive coding mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Wyrick
- Department of Biology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Nicholas Cain
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | - Jérôme Lecoq
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Matthew Valley
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Ruweida Ahmed
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Jessica Bowlus
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | | | - Linzy Casal
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | | | | | - Cindy Huang
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | - India Kato
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Josh Larkin
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Eric Lee
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | | | - Kyla Mace
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Chelsea Nayan
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | - Melissa Reding
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Sam Seid
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Joshua Sevigny
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | - Ali Williford
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Hannah Choi
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Oregon
| | - Marina Garrett
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Luca Mazzucato
- Department of Biology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Oregon
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Mesnard B, Lecoq J, De Vergie S, Perrouin Verbe MA, Chelghaf I, Karam G, Rigaud J, Descazeaud A, Robert G, Branchereau J. [Prostatic hyperplasia: Evaluation of practices in general practice, dissemination, and impact of recommendations]. Prog Urol 2023; 33:58-65. [PMID: 35842333 DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2015, the French Association of Urology, by the male lower urinary tract symptoms Committee, published a practices guideline for the management of prostatic hyperplasia in general practice. Five years after the publication of these recommendation, our objective is to assess their dissemination and their impact in general practice. MATERIAL A specially designed questionnaire was distributed online via the departmental councils of the order and to all regional unions of liberal doctors. The distribution to general practitioners was at the discretion of each organisation depending on local policies. RESULTS Two hundred and eighty responses were collected. Fifty-five percent of the population was female. 83 % of the general practitioners did not report having knowledge of the practice guideline. 77 % of doctors stated that they had not received training or information on prostatic hyperplasia in the past 5 years. Among the notable results, 51 % of general practitioners declared performing a digital rectal examination. 44 % prescribed an endorectal ultrasound. Only 7 % of doctors were aware of the existence of minimally invasive surgical techniques. CONCLUSION The practices guideline for the management of prostatic hyperplasia in general practice proposed in 2015 by the male lower urinary tract symptoms Committee seems to be little known by general practitioners. Dissemination of these recommendations solely through publication in Progrès en Urologie seems ill-suited to consideration by general practitioners, and it seems necessary to consider other modes of dissemination. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4, grade C.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mesnard
- Department of Urology, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - J Lecoq
- Department of Urology, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - S De Vergie
- Department of Urology, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M A Perrouin Verbe
- Department of Urology, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - I Chelghaf
- Department of Urology, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - G Karam
- Department of Urology, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - J Rigaud
- Department of Urology, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - A Descazeaud
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - G Robert
- Department of Urology, Bordeaux Pellegrin University Hospital, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - J Branchereau
- Department of Urology, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Ebrahimi S, Lecoq J, Rumyantsev O, Tasci T, Zhang Y, Irimia C, Li J, Ganguli S, Schnitzer MJ. Emergent reliability in sensory cortical coding and inter-area communication. Nature 2022; 605:713-721. [PMID: 35589841 PMCID: PMC10985415 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reliable sensory discrimination must arise from high-fidelity neural representations and communication between brain areas. However, how neocortical sensory processing overcomes the substantial variability of neuronal sensory responses remains undetermined1-6. Here we imaged neuronal activity in eight neocortical areas concurrently and over five days in mice performing a visual discrimination task, yielding longitudinal recordings of more than 21,000 neurons. Analyses revealed a sequence of events across the neocortex starting from a resting state, to early stages of perception, and through the formation of a task response. At rest, the neocortex had one pattern of functional connections, identified through sets of areas that shared activity cofluctuations7,8. Within about 200 ms after the onset of the sensory stimulus, such connections rearranged, with different areas sharing cofluctuations and task-related information. During this short-lived state (approximately 300 ms duration), both inter-area sensory data transmission and the redundancy of sensory encoding peaked, reflecting a transient increase in correlated fluctuations among task-related neurons. By around 0.5 s after stimulus onset, the visual representation reached a more stable form, the structure of which was robust to the prominent, day-to-day variations in the responses of individual cells. About 1 s into stimulus presentation, a global fluctuation mode conveyed the upcoming response of the mouse to every area examined and was orthogonal to modes carrying sensory data. Overall, the neocortex supports sensory performance through brief elevations in sensory coding redundancy near the start of perception, neural population codes that are robust to cellular variability, and widespread inter-area fluctuation modes that transmit sensory data and task responses in non-interfering channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Ebrahimi
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Allen Institute, Mindscope Program, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oleg Rumyantsev
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tugce Tasci
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Irimia
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jane Li
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Surya Ganguli
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- James Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Lecoq J, Mesnard B, De Vergie S, Chelghaf I, Bouchot O, Perrouin Verbe M, Karam G, Rigaud J, Branchereau J. Évaluation des pratiques en médecine générale, diffusion et impact des recommandations du comité des troubles mictionnels de l’homme : l’hypertrophie bénigne de prostate. une enquête nationale. Prog Urol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2021.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lecoq J, Oliver M, Siegle JH, Orlova N, Ledochowitsch P, Koch C. Removing independent noise in systems neuroscience data using DeepInterpolation. Nat Methods 2021; 18:1401-1408. [PMID: 34650233 PMCID: PMC8833814 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Progress in many scientific disciplines is hindered by the presence of independent noise. Technologies for measuring neural activity (calcium imaging, extracellular electrophysiology and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)) operate in domains in which independent noise (shot noise and/or thermal noise) can overwhelm physiological signals. Here, we introduce DeepInterpolation, a general-purpose denoising algorithm that trains a spatiotemporal nonlinear interpolation model using only raw noisy samples. Applying DeepInterpolation to two-photon calcium imaging data yielded up to six times more neuronal segments than those computed from raw data with a 15-fold increase in the single-pixel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), uncovering single-trial network dynamics that were previously obscured by noise. Extracellular electrophysiology recordings processed with DeepInterpolation yielded 25% more high-quality spiking units than those computed from raw data, while DeepInterpolation produced a 1.6-fold increase in the SNR of individual voxels in fMRI datasets. Denoising was attained without sacrificing spatial or temporal resolution and without access to ground truth training data. We anticipate that DeepInterpolation will provide similar benefits in other domains in which independent noise contaminates spatiotemporally structured datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Lecoq
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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Siegle JH, Ledochowitsch P, Jia X, Millman DJ, Ocker GK, Caldejon S, Casal L, Cho A, Denman DJ, Durand S, Groblewski PA, Heller G, Kato I, Kivikas S, Lecoq J, Nayan C, Ngo K, Nicovich PR, North K, Ramirez TK, Swapp J, Waughman X, Williford A, Olsen SR, Koch C, Buice MA, de Vries SEJ. Reconciling functional differences in populations of neurons recorded with two-photon imaging and electrophysiology. eLife 2021; 10:e69068. [PMID: 34270411 PMCID: PMC8285106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular electrophysiology and two-photon calcium imaging are widely used methods for measuring physiological activity with single-cell resolution across large populations of cortical neurons. While each of these two modalities has distinct advantages and disadvantages, neither provides complete, unbiased information about the underlying neural population. Here, we compare evoked responses in visual cortex recorded in awake mice under highly standardized conditions using either imaging of genetically expressed GCaMP6f or electrophysiology with silicon probes. Across all stimulus conditions tested, we observe a larger fraction of responsive neurons in electrophysiology and higher stimulus selectivity in calcium imaging, which was partially reconciled by applying a spikes-to-calcium forward model to the electrophysiology data. However, the forward model could only reconcile differences in responsiveness when restricted to neurons with low contamination and an event rate above a minimum threshold. This work established how the biases of these two modalities impact functional metrics that are fundamental for characterizing sensory-evoked responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoxuan Jia
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Linzy Casal
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Andy Cho
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Daniel J Denman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | - Gregg Heller
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - India Kato
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Sara Kivikas
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Chelsea Nayan
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Philip R Nicovich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Kat North
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Jackie Swapp
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Xana Waughman
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Ali Williford
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
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Wagner MJ, Savall J, Hernandez O, Mel G, Inan H, Rumyantsev O, Lecoq J, Kim TH, Li JZ, Ramakrishnan C, Deisseroth K, Luo L, Ganguli S, Schnitzer MJ. A neural circuit state change underlying skilled movements. Cell 2021; 184:3731-3747.e21. [PMID: 34214470 PMCID: PMC8844704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In motor neuroscience, state changes are hypothesized to time-lock neural assemblies coordinating complex movements, but evidence for this remains slender. We tested whether a discrete change from more autonomous to coherent spiking underlies skilled movement by imaging cerebellar Purkinje neuron complex spikes in mice making targeted forelimb-reaches. As mice learned the task, millimeter-scale spatiotemporally coherent spiking emerged ipsilateral to the reaching forelimb, and consistent neural synchronization became predictive of kinematic stereotypy. Before reach onset, spiking switched from more disordered to internally time-locked concerted spiking and silence. Optogenetic manipulations of cerebellar feedback to the inferior olive bi-directionally modulated neural synchronization and reaching direction. A simple model explained the reorganization of spiking during reaching as reflecting a discrete bifurcation in olivary network dynamics. These findings argue that to prepare learned movements, olivo-cerebellar circuits enter a self-regulated, synchronized state promoting motor coordination. State changes facilitating behavioral transitions may generalize across neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Wagner
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Joan Savall
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Mel
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hakan Inan
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Oleg Rumyantsev
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tony Hyun Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jin Zhong Li
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charu Ramakrishnan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Surya Ganguli
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Huang L, Ledochowitsch P, Knoblich U, Lecoq J, Murphy GJ, Reid RC, de Vries SE, Koch C, Zeng H, Buice MA, Waters J, Li L. Relationship between simultaneously recorded spiking activity and fluorescence signal in GCaMP6 transgenic mice. eLife 2021; 10:51675. [PMID: 33683198 PMCID: PMC8060029 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent calcium indicators are often used to investigate neural dynamics, but the relationship between fluorescence and action potentials (APs) remains unclear. Most APs can be detected when the soma almost fills the microscope’s field of view, but calcium indicators are used to image populations of neurons, necessitating a large field of view, generating fewer photons per neuron, and compromising AP detection. Here, we characterized the AP-fluorescence transfer function in vivo for 48 layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in primary visual cortex, with simultaneous calcium imaging and cell-attached recordings from transgenic mice expressing GCaMP6s or GCaMP6f. While most APs were detected under optimal conditions, under conditions typical of population imaging studies, only a minority of 1 AP and 2 AP events were detected (often <10% and ~20–30%, respectively), emphasizing the limits of AP detection under more realistic imaging conditions. Neurons, the cells that make up the nervous system, transmit information using electrical signals known as action potentials or spikes. Studying the spiking patterns of neurons in the brain is essential to understand perception, memory, thought, and behaviour. One way to do that is by recording electrical activity with microelectrodes. Another way to study neuronal activity is by using molecules that change how they interact with light when calcium binds to them, since changes in calcium concentration can be indicative of neuronal spiking. That change can be observed with specialized microscopes know as two-photon fluorescence microscopes. Using calcium indicators, it is possible to simultaneously record hundreds or even thousands of neurons. However, calcium fluorescence and spikes do not translate one-to-one. In order to interpret fluorescence data, it is important to understand the relationship between the fluorescence signals and the spikes associated with individual neurons. The only way to directly measure this relationship is by using calcium imaging and electrical recording simultaneously to record activity from the same neuron. However, this is extremely challenging experimentally, so this type of data is rare. To shed some light on this, Huang, Ledochowitsch et al. used mice that had been genetically modified to produce a calcium indicator in neurons of the visual cortex and simultaneously obtained both fluorescence measurements and electrical recordings from these neurons. These experiments revealed that, while the majority of time periods containing multi-spike neural activity could be identified using calcium imaging microscopy, on average, less than 10% of isolated single spikes were detectable. This is an important caveat that researchers need to take into consideration when interpreting calcium imaging results. These findings are intended to serve as a guide for interpreting calcium imaging studies that look at neurons in the mammalian brain at the population level. In addition, the data provided will be useful as a reference for the development of activity sensors, and to benchmark and improve computational approaches for detecting and predicting spikes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Huang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Ulf Knoblich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Gabe J Murphy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Jack Waters
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States
| | - Lu Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, United States.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Groblewski PA, Sullivan D, Lecoq J, de Vries SEJ, Caldejon S, L'Heureux Q, Keenan T, Roll K, Slaughterback C, Williford A, Farrell C. A standardized head-fixation system for performing large-scale, in vivo physiological recordings in mice. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 346:108922. [PMID: 32946912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Allen Institute recently built a set of high-throughput experimental pipelines to collect comprehensive in vivo surveys of physiological activity in the visual cortex of awake, head-fixed mice. Developing these large-scale, industrial-like pipelines posed many scientific, operational, and engineering challenges. NEW METHOD Our strategies for creating a cross-platform reference space to which all pipeline datasets were mapped required development of 1) a robust headframe, 2) a reproducible clamping system, and 3) data-collection systems that are built, and maintained, around precise alignment with a reference artifact. RESULTS When paired with our pipeline clamping system, our headframe exceeded deflection and reproducibility requirements. By leveraging our headframe and clamping system we were able to create a cross-platform reference space to which multi-modal imaging datasets could be mapped. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Together, the Allen Brain Observatory headframe, surgical tooling, clamping system, and system registration strategy create a unique system for collecting large amounts of standardized in vivo datasets over long periods of time. Moreover, the integrated approach to cross-platform registration allows for multi-modal datasets to be collected within a shared reference space. CONCLUSIONS Here we report the engineering strategies that we implemented when creating the Allen Brain Observatory physiology pipelines. All of the documentation related to headframe, surgical tooling, and clamp design has been made freely available and can be readily manufactured or procured. The engineering strategy, or components of the strategy, described in this report can be tailored and applied by external researchers to improve data standardization and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Groblewski
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - D Sullivan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - J Lecoq
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - S E J de Vries
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - S Caldejon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Q L'Heureux
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - T Keenan
- Amazon Logistics, Bellevue, WA, 98004, USA
| | - K Roll
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - A Williford
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - C Farrell
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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Lecoq J, Orlova N, Grewe BF. Wide. Fast. Deep: Recent Advances in Multiphoton Microscopy of In Vivo Neuronal Activity. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9042-9052. [PMID: 31578235 PMCID: PMC6855689 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1527-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has emerged as one of the most powerful and widespread technologies to monitor the activity of neuronal networks in awake, behaving animals over long periods of time. MPM development spanned across decades and crucially depended on the concurrent improvement of calcium indicators that report neuronal activity as well as surgical protocols, head fixation approaches, and innovations in optics and microscopy technology. Here we review the last decade of MPM development and highlight how in vivo imaging has matured and diversified, making it now possible to concurrently monitor thousands of neurons across connected brain areas or, alternatively, small local networks with sampling rates in the kilohertz range. This review includes different laser scanning approaches, such as multibeam technologies as well as recent developments to image deeper into neuronal tissues using new, long-wavelength laser sources. As future development will critically depend on our ability to resolve and discriminate individual neuronal spikes, we will also describe a simple framework that allows performing quantitative comparisons between the reviewed MPM instruments. Finally, we provide our own opinion on how the most recent MPM developments can be leveraged at scale to enable the next generation of discoveries in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Lecoq
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle 98109, Washington,
| | - Natalia Orlova
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle 98109, Washington
| | - Benjamin F Grewe
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, UZH and ETH Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland, and
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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Daigle TL, Madisen L, Hage TA, Valley MT, Knoblich U, Larsen RS, Takeno MM, Huang L, Gu H, Larsen R, Mills M, Bosma-Moody A, Siverts LA, Walker M, Graybuck LT, Yao Z, Fong O, Nguyen TN, Garren E, Lenz GH, Chavarha M, Pendergraft J, Harrington J, Hirokawa KE, Harris JA, Nicovich PR, McGraw MJ, Ollerenshaw DR, Smith KA, Baker CA, Ting JT, Sunkin SM, Lecoq J, Lin MZ, Boyden ES, Murphy GJ, da Costa NM, Waters J, Li L, Tasic B, Zeng H. A Suite of Transgenic Driver and Reporter Mouse Lines with Enhanced Brain-Cell-Type Targeting and Functionality. Cell 2019; 174:465-480.e22. [PMID: 30007418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Modern genetic approaches are powerful in providing access to diverse cell types in the brain and facilitating the study of their function. Here, we report a large set of driver and reporter transgenic mouse lines, including 23 new driver lines targeting a variety of cortical and subcortical cell populations and 26 new reporter lines expressing an array of molecular tools. In particular, we describe the TIGRE2.0 transgenic platform and introduce Cre-dependent reporter lines that enable optical physiology, optogenetics, and sparse labeling of genetically defined cell populations. TIGRE2.0 reporters broke the barrier in transgene expression level of single-copy targeted-insertion transgenesis in a wide range of neuronal types, along with additional advantage of a simplified breeding strategy compared to our first-generation TIGRE lines. These novel transgenic lines greatly expand the repertoire of high-precision genetic tools available to effectively identify, monitor, and manipulate distinct cell types in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Daigle
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Linda Madisen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Travis A Hage
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Ulf Knoblich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rylan S Larsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marc M Takeno
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lawrence Huang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hong Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rachael Larsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Maya Mills
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Miranda Walker
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Olivia Fong
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Emma Garren
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Garreck H Lenz
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mariya Chavarha
- Departments of Neurobiology and Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julie A Harris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Medea J McGraw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan M Sunkin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Michael Z Lin
- Departments of Neurobiology and Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- MIT Media Lab and McGovern Institute, Departments of Biological Engineering and Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gabe J Murphy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Jack Waters
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lu Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bosiljka Tasic
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Arkhipov A, Gouwens NW, Billeh YN, Gratiy S, Iyer R, Wei Z, Xu Z, Abbasi-Asl R, Berg J, Buice M, Cain N, da Costa N, de Vries S, Denman D, Durand S, Feng D, Jarsky T, Lecoq J, Lee B, Li L, Mihalas S, Ocker GK, Olsen SR, Reid RC, Soler-Llavina G, Sorensen SA, Wang Q, Waters J, Scanziani M, Koch C. Visual physiology of the layer 4 cortical circuit in silico. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006535. [PMID: 30419013 PMCID: PMC6258373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in experimental techniques and accumulation of large datasets concerning the composition and properties of the cortex, quantitative modeling of cortical circuits under in-vivo-like conditions remains challenging. Here we report and publicly release a biophysically detailed circuit model of layer 4 in the mouse primary visual cortex, receiving thalamo-cortical visual inputs. The 45,000-neuron model was subjected to a battery of visual stimuli, and results were compared to published work and new in vivo experiments. Simulations reproduced a variety of observations, including effects of optogenetic perturbations. Critical to the agreement between responses in silico and in vivo were the rules of functional synaptic connectivity between neurons. Interestingly, after extreme simplification the model still performed satisfactorily on many measurements, although quantitative agreement with experiments suffered. These results emphasize the importance of functional rules of cortical wiring and enable a next generation of data-driven models of in vivo neural activity and computations. How can we capture the incredible complexity of brain circuits in quantitative models, and what can such models teach us about mechanisms underlying brain activity? To answer these questions, we set out to build extensive, bio-realistic models of brain circuitry by employing systematic datasets on brain structure and function. Here we report the first modeling results of this project, focusing on the layer 4 of the primary visual cortex (V1) of the mouse. Our simulations reproduced a variety of experimental observations in response to a large battery of visual stimuli. The results elucidated circuit mechanisms determining patters of neuronal activity in layer 4 –in particular, the roles of feedforward thalamic inputs and specific patterns of intracortical connectivity in producing tuning of neuronal responses to the orientation of motion. Simplification of neuronal models led to specific deficiencies in reproducing experimental data, giving insights into how biological details contribute to various aspects of brain activity. To enable future development of more sophisticated models, we make the software code, the model, and simulation results publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Arkhipov
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nathan W Gouwens
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yazan N Billeh
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sergey Gratiy
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishnan Iyer
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ziqiang Wei
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zihao Xu
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Reza Abbasi-Asl
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jim Berg
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Buice
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Cain
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nuno da Costa
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Saskia de Vries
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel Denman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Severine Durand
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tim Jarsky
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lu Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Stefan Mihalas
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gabriel K Ocker
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Staci A Sorensen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Quanxin Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jack Waters
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Massimo Scanziani
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christof Koch
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Lecoq J, Savall J, Vučinić D, Grewe BF, Kim H, Li JZ, Kitch LJ, Schnitzer MJ. Visualizing mammalian brain area interactions by dual-axis two-photon calcium imaging. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1825-9. [PMID: 25402858 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence Ca(2+) imaging enables large-scale recordings of neural activity, but collective dynamics across mammalian brain regions are generally inaccessible within single fields of view. Here we introduce a two-photon microscope possessing two articulated arms that can simultaneously image two brain areas (∼0.38 mm(2) each), either nearby or distal, using microendoscopes. Concurrent Ca(2+) imaging of ∼100-300 neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) and lateromedial (LM) visual area in behaving mice revealed that the variability in LM neurons' visual responses was strongly dependent on that in V1, suggesting that fluctuations in sensory responses propagate through extended cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Lecoq
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joan Savall
- 1] James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dejan Vučinić
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin F Grewe
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hyun Kim
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jin Zhong Li
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lacey J Kitch
- James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mark J Schnitzer
- 1] James H. Clark Center for Biomedical Engineering &Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. [3] CNC Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Balon S, Lecoq J, Rimé B. Passion and personality: Is passionate behaviour a function of personality ? European Review of Applied Psychology 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) is an efficient tool to study cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cellular activity in depth in the brain. We describe here the advantages and weaknesses of the olfactory bulb as a model to study neurovascular coupling using TPLSM. By combining intra- and extracellular recordings, TPLSM of CBF in individual capillaries, local application of drugs, we show that odor triggers odorant-specific and concentration-dependent increases in CBF. We also demonstrate that activation of neurons is required to trigger blood flow responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Tiret
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology; Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U603, Paris, France
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18
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Abstract
In the brain, neuronal activation triggers an increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF). Here, we use two animal models and several techniques (two-photon imaging of CBF and neuronal calcium dynamics, intracellular and extracellular recordings, local pharmacology) to analyze the relationship between neuronal activity and local CBF during odor stimulation in the rodent olfactory bulb. Application of glutamate receptor antagonists or tetrodotoxin directly into single rat olfactory glomeruli blocked postsynaptic responses but did not affect the local odor-evoked CBF increases. This suggests that in our experimental conditions, odor always activates more than one glomerulus and that silencing one of a few clustered glomeruli does not affect the vascular response. To block synaptic transmission more widely, we then superfused glutamate antagonists over the surface of the olfactory bulb in transgenic G-CaMP2 mice. This was for two reasons: (1) mice have a thin olfactory nerve layer compared to rats and this will favor drug access to the glomerular layer, and (2) transgenic G-CaMP2 mice express the fluorescent calcium sensor protein G-CaMP2 in mitral cells. In G-CaMP2 mice, odor-evoked, odor-specific, and concentration-dependent calcium increases in glomeruli. Superfusion of glutamate receptor antagonists blocked odor-evoked postsynaptic calcium signals and CBF responses. We conclude that activation of postsynaptic glutamate receptors and rises in dendritic calcium are major steps for neurovascular coupling in olfactory bulb glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Chaigneau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U603, 75006 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France, and
| | - Pascale Tiret
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U603, 75006 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France, and
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U603, 75006 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France, and
| | - Mathieu Ducros
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U603, 75006 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France, and
| | - Thomas Knöpfel
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Dynamics, Riken Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Serge Charpak
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U603, 75006 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France, and
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Coulon G, Lecoq J, Escaig B. X-ray dislocation substructure observations and strengthening mechanisms in α-iron single crystal between room temperature and 123 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1051/jphys:01974003507-8055700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Payrau P, Pouliquen Y, Lecoq J. [Corneal lenses glued with surgical adhesive (artificial epithelium)]. Arch Ophtalmol Rev Gen Ophtalmol 1969; 29:299-304. [PMID: 4244082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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