1
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Wyrick DG, Cain N, Larsen RS, Lecoq J, Valley M, Ahmed R, Bowlus J, Boyer G, Caldejon S, Casal L, Chvilicek M, DePartee M, Groblewski PA, Huang C, Johnson K, Kato I, Larkin J, Lee E, Liang E, Luviano J, Mace K, Nayan C, Nguyen T, Reding M, Seid S, Sevigny J, Stoecklin M, Williford A, Choi H, Garrett M, Mazzucato L. Differential encoding of temporal context and expectation under representational drift across hierarchically connected areas. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.02.543483. [PMID: 37333203 PMCID: PMC10274646 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.02.543483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The classic view that neural populations in sensory cortices preferentially encode responses to incoming stimuli has been strongly challenged by recent experimental studies. Despite the fact that a large fraction of variance of visual responses in rodents can be attributed to behavioral state and movements, trial-history, and salience, the effects of contextual modulations and expectations on sensory-evoked responses in visual and association areas remain elusive. Here, we present a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study showing that hierarchically connected visual and association areas differentially encode the temporal context and expectation of naturalistic visual stimuli, consistent with the theory of hierarchical predictive coding. We measured neural responses to expected and unexpected sequences of natural scenes in the primary visual cortex (V1), the posterior medial higher order visual area (PM), and retrosplenial cortex (RSP) using 2-photon imaging in behaving mice collected through the Allen Institute Mindscope's OpenScope program. We found that information about image identity in neural population activity depended on the temporal context of transitions preceding each scene, and decreased along the hierarchy. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that the conjunctive encoding of temporal context and image identity was modulated by expectations of sequential events. In V1 and PM, we found enhanced and specific responses to unexpected oddball images, signaling stimulus-specific expectation violation. In contrast, in RSP the population response to oddball presentation recapitulated the missing expected image rather than the oddball image. These differential responses along the hierarchy are consistent with classic theories of hierarchical predictive coding whereby higher areas encode predictions and lower areas encode deviations from expectation. We further found evidence for drift in visual responses on the timescale of minutes. Although activity drift was present in all areas, population responses in V1 and PM, but not in RSP, maintained stable encoding of visual information and representational geometry. Instead we found that RSP drift was independent of stimulus information, suggesting a role in generating an internal model of the environment in the temporal domain. Overall, our results establish temporal context and expectation as substantial encoding dimensions in the visual cortex subject to fast representational drift and suggest that hierarchically connected areas instantiate a predictive coding mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Wyrick
- Department of Biology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Nicholas Cain
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | - Jérôme Lecoq
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Matthew Valley
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Ruweida Ahmed
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Jessica Bowlus
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | | | - Linzy Casal
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | | | | | - Cindy Huang
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | - India Kato
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Josh Larkin
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Eric Lee
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | | | - Kyla Mace
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Chelsea Nayan
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | - Melissa Reding
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Sam Seid
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Joshua Sevigny
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | | | - Ali Williford
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Hannah Choi
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
- School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Oregon
| | - Marina Garrett
- Allen Institute, Mindscope program, University of Oregon
| | - Luca Mazzucato
- Department of Biology and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Oregon
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2
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Yao S, Wang Q, Hirokawa KE, Ouellette B, Ahmed R, Bomben J, Brouner K, Casal L, Caldejon S, Cho A, Dotson NI, Daigle TL, Egdorf T, Enstrom R, Gary A, Gelfand E, Gorham M, Griffin F, Gu H, Hancock N, Howard R, Kuan L, Lambert S, Lee EK, Luviano J, Mace K, Maxwell M, Mortrud MT, Naeemi M, Nayan C, Ngo NK, Nguyen T, North K, Ransford S, Ruiz A, Seid S, Swapp J, Taormina MJ, Wakeman W, Zhou T, Nicovich PR, Williford A, Potekhina L, McGraw M, Ng L, Groblewski PA, Tasic B, Mihalas S, Harris JA, Cetin A, Zeng H. A whole-brain monosynaptic input connectome to neuron classes in mouse visual cortex. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:350-364. [PMID: 36550293 PMCID: PMC10039800 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Identification of structural connections between neurons is a prerequisite to understanding brain function. Here we developed a pipeline to systematically map brain-wide monosynaptic input connections to genetically defined neuronal populations using an optimized rabies tracing system. We used mouse visual cortex as the exemplar system and revealed quantitative target-specific, layer-specific and cell-class-specific differences in its presynaptic connectomes. The retrograde connectivity indicates the presence of ventral and dorsal visual streams and further reveals topographically organized and continuously varying subnetworks mediated by different higher visual areas. The visual cortex hierarchy can be derived from intracortical feedforward and feedback pathways mediated by upper-layer and lower-layer input neurons. We also identify a new role for layer 6 neurons in mediating reciprocal interhemispheric connections. This study expands our knowledge of the visual system connectomes and demonstrates that the pipeline can be scaled up to dissect connectivity of different cell populations across the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenqin Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Quanxin Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karla E Hirokawa
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Linzy Casal
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Andy Cho
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Tom Egdorf
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Amanda Gary
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hong Gu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Leonard Kuan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kyla Mace
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kat North
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Sam Seid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jackie Swapp
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Zhou
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip R Nicovich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Medea McGraw
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julie A Harris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali Cetin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- CNC Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
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3
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Siegle JH, Ledochowitsch P, Jia X, Millman DJ, Ocker GK, Caldejon S, Casal L, Cho A, Denman DJ, Durand S, Groblewski PA, Heller G, Kato I, Kivikas S, Lecoq J, Nayan C, Ngo K, Nicovich PR, North K, Ramirez TK, Swapp J, Waughman X, Williford A, Olsen SR, Koch C, Buice MA, de Vries SEJ. Reconciling functional differences in populations of neurons recorded with two-photon imaging and electrophysiology. eLife 2021; 10:e69068. [PMID: 34270411 PMCID: PMC8285106 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular electrophysiology and two-photon calcium imaging are widely used methods for measuring physiological activity with single-cell resolution across large populations of cortical neurons. While each of these two modalities has distinct advantages and disadvantages, neither provides complete, unbiased information about the underlying neural population. Here, we compare evoked responses in visual cortex recorded in awake mice under highly standardized conditions using either imaging of genetically expressed GCaMP6f or electrophysiology with silicon probes. Across all stimulus conditions tested, we observe a larger fraction of responsive neurons in electrophysiology and higher stimulus selectivity in calcium imaging, which was partially reconciled by applying a spikes-to-calcium forward model to the electrophysiology data. However, the forward model could only reconcile differences in responsiveness when restricted to neurons with low contamination and an event rate above a minimum threshold. This work established how the biases of these two modalities impact functional metrics that are fundamental for characterizing sensory-evoked responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaoxuan Jia
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Linzy Casal
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Andy Cho
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Daniel J Denman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | - Gregg Heller
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - India Kato
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Sara Kivikas
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Jérôme Lecoq
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Chelsea Nayan
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Philip R Nicovich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Kat North
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Jackie Swapp
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Xana Waughman
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Ali Williford
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Shawn R Olsen
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
| | - Christof Koch
- MindScope Program, Allen InstituteSeattleUnited States
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4
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Siegle JH, Jia X, Durand S, Gale S, Bennett C, Graddis N, Heller G, Ramirez TK, Choi H, Luviano JA, Groblewski PA, Ahmed R, Arkhipov A, Bernard A, Billeh YN, Brown D, Buice MA, Cain N, Caldejon S, Casal L, Cho A, Chvilicek M, Cox TC, Dai K, Denman DJ, de Vries SEJ, Dietzman R, Esposito L, Farrell C, Feng D, Galbraith J, Garrett M, Gelfand EC, Hancock N, Harris JA, Howard R, Hu B, Hytnen R, Iyer R, Jessett E, Johnson K, Kato I, Kiggins J, Lambert S, Lecoq J, Ledochowitsch P, Lee JH, Leon A, Li Y, Liang E, Long F, Mace K, Melchior J, Millman D, Mollenkopf T, Nayan C, Ng L, Ngo K, Nguyen T, Nicovich PR, North K, Ocker GK, Ollerenshaw D, Oliver M, Pachitariu M, Perkins J, Reding M, Reid D, Robertson M, Ronellenfitch K, Seid S, Slaughterbeck C, Stoecklin M, Sullivan D, Sutton B, Swapp J, Thompson C, Turner K, Wakeman W, Whitesell JD, Williams D, Williford A, Young R, Zeng H, Naylor S, Phillips JW, Reid RC, Mihalas S, Olsen SR, Koch C. Survey of spiking in the mouse visual system reveals functional hierarchy. Nature 2021; 592:86-92. [PMID: 33473216 PMCID: PMC10399640 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-03171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The anatomy of the mammalian visual system, from the retina to the neocortex, is organized hierarchically1. However, direct observation of cellular-level functional interactions across this hierarchy is lacking due to the challenge of simultaneously recording activity across numerous regions. Here we describe a large, open dataset-part of the Allen Brain Observatory2-that surveys spiking from tens of thousands of units in six cortical and two thalamic regions in the brains of mice responding to a battery of visual stimuli. Using cross-correlation analysis, we reveal that the organization of inter-area functional connectivity during visual stimulation mirrors the anatomical hierarchy from the Allen Mouse Brain Connectivity Atlas3. We find that four classical hierarchical measures-response latency, receptive-field size, phase-locking to drifting gratings and response decay timescale-are all correlated with the hierarchy. Moreover, recordings obtained during a visual task reveal that the correlation between neural activity and behavioural choice also increases along the hierarchy. Our study provides a foundation for understanding coding and signal propagation across hierarchically organized cortical and thalamic visual areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoxuan Jia
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Sam Gale
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nile Graddis
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Hannah Choi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Dillan Brown
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Cain
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Linzy Casal
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Cho
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Timothy C Cox
- University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Dentistry, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Kael Dai
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel J Denman
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.,The University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian Hu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ross Hytnen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - India Kato
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Jerome Lecoq
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Arielle Leon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Fuhui Long
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kyla Mace
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Kat North
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jed Perkins
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - David Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Sam Seid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ben Sutton
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jackie Swapp
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rob Young
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Naylor
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Shawn R Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
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5
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Groblewski PA, Ollerenshaw DR, Kiggins JT, Garrett ME, Mochizuki C, Casal L, Cross S, Mace K, Swapp J, Manavi S, Williams D, Mihalas S, Olsen SR. Characterization of Learning, Motivation, and Visual Perception in Five Transgenic Mouse Lines Expressing GCaMP in Distinct Cell Populations. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:104. [PMID: 32655383 PMCID: PMC7324787 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the mechanisms of perception and cognition, neural measurements must be made during behavior. A goal of the Allen Brain Observatory is to map the activity of distinct cortical cell classes underlying visual and behavioral processing. Here we describe standardized methodology for training head-fixed mice on a visual change detection task, and we use our paradigm to characterize learning and behavior of five GCaMP6-expressing transgenic lines. We used automated training procedures to facilitate comparisons across mice. Training times varied, but most transgenic mice learned the behavioral task. Motivation levels also varied across mice. To compare mice in similar motivational states we subdivided sessions into over-, under-, and optimally motivated periods. When motivated, the pattern of perceptual decisions were highly correlated across transgenic lines, although overall performance (d-prime) was lower in one line labeling somatostatin inhibitory cells. These results provide important context for using these mice to map neural activity underlying perception and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shawn R. Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, United States
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6
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Garrett M, Manavi S, Roll K, Ollerenshaw DR, Groblewski PA, Ponvert ND, Kiggins JT, Casal L, Mace K, Williford A, Leon A, Jia X, Ledochowitsch P, Buice MA, Wakeman W, Mihalas S, Olsen SR. Experience shapes activity dynamics and stimulus coding of VIP inhibitory cells. eLife 2020; 9:e50340. [PMID: 32101169 PMCID: PMC7043888 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical circuits can flexibly change with experience and learning, but the effects on specific cell types, including distinct inhibitory types, are not well understood. Here we investigated how excitatory and VIP inhibitory cells in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex were impacted by visual experience in the context of a behavioral task. Mice learned a visual change detection task with a set of eight natural scene images. Subsequently, during 2-photon imaging experiments, mice performed the task with these familiar images and three sets of novel images. Strikingly, the temporal dynamics of VIP activity differed markedly between novel and familiar images: VIP cells were stimulus-driven by novel images but were suppressed by familiar stimuli and showed ramping activity when expected stimuli were omitted from a temporally predictable sequence. This prominent change in VIP activity suggests that these cells may adopt different modes of processing under novel versus familiar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahar Manavi
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Kate Roll
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | | | | | - Linzy Casal
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Kyla Mace
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Ali Williford
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Arielle Leon
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | - Xiaoxuan Jia
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | | | - Wayne Wakeman
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
| | | | - Shawn R Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain ScienceSeattleUnited States
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7
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de Vries SEJ, Lecoq JA, Buice MA, Groblewski PA, Ocker GK, Oliver M, Feng D, Cain N, Ledochowitsch P, Millman D, Roll K, Garrett M, Keenan T, Kuan L, Mihalas S, Olsen S, Thompson C, Wakeman W, Waters J, Williams D, Barber C, Berbesque N, Blanchard B, Bowles N, Caldejon SD, Casal L, Cho A, Cross S, Dang C, Dolbeare T, Edwards M, Galbraith J, Gaudreault N, Gilbert TL, Griffin F, Hargrave P, Howard R, Huang L, Jewell S, Keller N, Knoblich U, Larkin JD, Larsen R, Lau C, Lee E, Lee F, Leon A, Li L, Long F, Luviano J, Mace K, Nguyen T, Perkins J, Robertson M, Seid S, Shea-Brown E, Shi J, Sjoquist N, Slaughterbeck C, Sullivan D, Valenza R, White C, Williford A, Witten DM, Zhuang J, Zeng H, Farrell C, Ng L, Bernard A, Phillips JW, Reid RC, Koch C. A large-scale standardized physiological survey reveals functional organization of the mouse visual cortex. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:138-151. [PMID: 31844315 PMCID: PMC6948932 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To understand how the brain processes sensory information to guide behavior, we must know how stimulus representations are transformed throughout the visual cortex. Here we report an open, large-scale physiological survey of activity in the awake mouse visual cortex: the Allen Brain Observatory Visual Coding dataset. This publicly available dataset includes the cortical activity of nearly 60,000 neurons from six visual areas, four layers, and 12 transgenic mouse lines in a total of 243 adult mice, in response to a systematic set of visual stimuli. We classify neurons on the basis of joint reliabilities to multiple stimuli and validate this functional classification with models of visual responses. While most classes are characterized by responses to specific subsets of the stimuli, the largest class is not reliably responsive to any of the stimuli and becomes progressively larger in higher visual areas. These classes reveal a functional organization wherein putative dorsal areas show specialization for visual motion signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Feng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kate Roll
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tom Keenan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leonard Kuan
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Shawn Olsen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Jack Waters
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Chris Barber
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Linzy Casal
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew Cho
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sissy Cross
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chinh Dang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tim Dolbeare
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sean Jewell
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nika Keller
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ulf Knoblich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Chris Lau
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Felix Lee
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arielle Leon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lu Li
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fuhui Long
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Kyla Mace
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jed Perkins
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Sam Seid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eric Shea-Brown
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jianghong Shi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Valenza
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Casey White
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Daniela M Witten
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jun Zhuang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amy Bernard
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - R Clay Reid
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Krystal JH, Webb E, Grillon C, Cooney N, Casal L, Morgan CA, Southwick SM, Davis M, Charney DS. Evidence of acoustic startle hyperreflexia in recently detoxified early onset male alcoholics: modulation by yohimbine and m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP). Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1997; 131:207-15. [PMID: 9203230 DOI: 10.1007/s002130050285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies suggest that acoustic startle amplitude is increased during ethanol withdrawal. The current study evaluated the effects of intravenous infusion of the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, yohimbine (0.4 mg/kg), the serotonin partial agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP, 0.1 mg/kg), and placebo administered to 22 male patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for alcohol dependence and 13 male healthy subjects. Patients and healthy subjects completed 3 test days under double-blind conditions in a randomized order. Patients were sober for 12-26 days prior to testing. On each test day, participants completed startle testing 80 min following drug infusion. Stimuli with varying intensities (90, 96, 102, 108, 114 dB) were presented in a randomized order balanced across four blocks. Stimuli consisted of 40-ms bursts of white noise administered every 45-60 s for 15-20 min through headphones. Analyses indicated that patients exhibited elevated acoustic startle magnitudes on the placebo day relative to healthy subjects. In patients, the magnitude of startle amplitudes elicited at 90 dB, but not 114 dB, correlated significantly with the number of previous alcohol detoxifications. Yohimbine increased startle magnitudes and reduced startle latencies relative to placebo and mCPP in both patients and healthy subjects. mCPP did not alter startle magnitude in either group. Yohimbine also increased the probability that a 90-dB stimulus produced a startle response in healthy subjects, but not in patients. Blunting of yohimbine effects on startle probability may reflect the baseline elevations in startle probability levels in patients, but may also be consistent with other evidence of reduced postsynaptic, but not presynaptic, noradrenergic function in these same patients. These data replicate and extend previous reports indicating that yohimbine facilitates the acoustic startle response in humans. They also further implicate the number of episodes of ethanol withdrawal as a factor influencing subsequent neurobiological responsivity in chronic alcoholic patients. Based on the current data, future research should explore whether measurement of the acoustic startle response provides an objective quantitative severity measure of ethanol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut, USA
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de Pablo M, Casal L, Carreira J, del Alamo M, Gordo P. [Meningitis caused by Listeria in immunocompetent patients]. An Med Interna 1995; 12:361. [PMID: 7578829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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