1
|
Ledneczki I, Némethy Z, Molnár KD, Tapolcsányi P, Ilkei V, Vágó I, Kolok S, Thán M, Laszy J, Balázs O, Krámos B, Szigetvári Á, Bata I, Makó A, Visegrády A, Fodor L, Vastag M, Lévay G, Lendvai B, Greiner I, Éles J. Optimization of Novel α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators and the Discovery of a Preclinical Development Candidate Molecule (RGH-560). J Med Chem 2023; 66:16276-16302. [PMID: 37989278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
During optimization of a previously identified lead compound, attempts were made to optimize the reactive indole structural element, the suboptimal metabolic stability, as well as the low kinetic solubility. It was concluded that the indole was important for in vitro activity. With the aim of further improvements, more thorough modifications were also carried out. As a result, a new chemotype (the azetidinespirochromone family) was identified, which proved to be 1 order of magnitude less lipophilic retaining the same high level of in vitro potency as the lead series itself, however, with improved metabolic stability and kinetic solubility. Compound 53 showed the most balanced physicochemical and pharmacological profile with significant in vivo efficacy in the scopolamine-induced amnesia test. Based on these promising results, cognitive enhancement through the positive modulation of α7 nAChRs appears to be a viable approach. Compound 53 was selected to be a preclinical development candidate (as RGH-560).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zsolt Némethy
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | | | - Pál Tapolcsányi
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Viktor Ilkei
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - István Vágó
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kolok
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Márta Thán
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Judit Laszy
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Ottilia Balázs
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Balázs Krámos
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Áron Szigetvári
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Imre Bata
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Attila Makó
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | | | - László Fodor
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Mónika Vastag
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - György Lévay
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Balázs Lendvai
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Romero-Ferreiro V, García-Gutiérrez A, Torio I, Marí-Beffa P, Rodríguez-Gómez P, Periáñez JA, Moreno EM, Romero C, Alvarez-Mon MÁ, Rodriguez-Jimenez R. Cognitive versus emotional modulation within a Stroop paradigm in patients with schizophrenia. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e19. [PMID: 36651079 PMCID: PMC9885332 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a complex disorder involving deficits in both cognitive and emotional processes. Specifically, a marked deficit in cognitive control has been found, which seems to increase when dealing with emotional information. AIMS With the aim of exploring the possible common links behind cognitive and emotional deficits, two versions of the emotional Stroop task were administered. METHOD In the cognitive-emotional task, participants had to name the ink colour (while ignoring the meaning) of emotional words. In contrast, the emotional-emotional task consisted of emotional words superimposed on emotional faces, and the participants had to indicate the emotional valence of the faces. Fifty-eight participants (29 in-patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 29 controls) took part in the study. RESULTS Patients and controls showed similar response times in the cognitive-emotional task; however, patients were significantly slower than controls in the emotional-emotional task. This result supports the idea that patients show a more pronounced impairment in conflict modulation with emotional content. Besides, no significant correlations between the tasks and positive or negative symptoms were found. This would indicate that deficits are relatively independent of the clinical status of patients. However, a significant correlation between the emotional-emotional task and cognitive symptoms was found. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a restricted capacity of patients with schizophrenia to deal with the attentional demands arising from emotional stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Romero-Ferreiro
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Spain; and Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Mental Health/Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERSAM/ISCIII), Spain
| | - Ana García-Gutiérrez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Iosune Torio
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
| | - José A Periáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M Moreno
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Mental Health/Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERSAM/ISCIII), Spain; Pluridisciplinar Institute, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain; and Department of Languages and Education, Universidad de Nebrija, Spain
| | - Carmen Romero
- Scientific Support Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health/Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERESP/ISCIII), Spain; and Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Alvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Spain; Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Spain
| | - Roberto Rodriguez-Jimenez
- Department of Psychiatry, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Spain; Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Mental Health/Carlos III Health Institute (CIBERSAM/ISCIII), Spain; and Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alzahabi R, Hussey E, Ward N. The influence of context representations on cognitive control states. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:93. [PMID: 36258104 PMCID: PMC9579249 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control operates via two distinct mechanisms, proactive and reactive control. These control states are engaged differentially, depending on a number of within-subject factors, but also between-group variables. While research has begun to explore if shifts in control can be experimentally modulated, little is known about whether context impacts which control state is utilized. Thus, we test if contextual factors temporarily bias the use of a particular control state long enough to impact performance on a subsequent task. Our methodology involves two parts: first participants are exposed to a context manipulation designed to promote proactive or reactive processing through amount or availability of advanced preparation within a task-switching paradigm. Then, they complete an AX-CPT task, where we assess immediate transfer on preferential adoption of one control mode over another. We present results from a Pilot Study that revealed anecdotal evidence of proactive versus reactive processing for a context manipulation using long and short preparation times. We also present data from a follow-up Registered Experiment that implements a context manipulation using long or no preparation times to assess if a more extreme context leads to pronounced differences on AX-CPT performance. Together, the results suggest that contextual representations do not impact the engagement of a particular control state, but rather, there is a general preference for the engagement of proactive control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alzahabi
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, USA ,grid.258550.f0000 0000 9501 099XDepartment of Liberal Arts, Kettering University, Flint, MI 48504 USA
| | - Erika Hussey
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Tufts University, Medford, USA ,U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center, Natick, USA
| | - Nathan Ward
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Z, Pi Y, Tan X, Wang Z, Chen R, Liu Y, Guo W, Zhang J. Effects of Wu Qin Xi exercise on reactive inhibition in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:961938. [PMID: 36158558 PMCID: PMC9490077 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.961938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveMotor symptom in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are related to reduced motor inhibitory ability (proactive and reactive inhibition). Although exercise has been shown to improve this ability, its effects on different levels of motor inhibition have not been determined.Materials and methodsSixty patients with PD aged 55–75 years were allocated randomly to 24-week exercise interventions [Wu Qin Xi exercise (WQX) and stretching exercise (SE)]. The stop signal task and questionnaires were administered pre and post interventions. Twenty-five age-matched healthy controls were recruited to obtain reference values for inhibition.ResultsCompared to healthy controls, patients with PD showed motor inhibition deficits in reactive inhibition, but not in proactive inhibition. Post-intervention, the WQX group showed significant improvement in reactive inhibition compared to the SE group. In both the WQX and SE groups, movement speed was improved post-intervention, accompanied by reduction in negative emotions, stable improvement of sleep quality, and high self-reported satisfaction levels.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that Wu Qin Xi exercise can improve the reactive inhibition of patients with PD. Our results provide theoretical support for the formulation of reasonable and effective exercise prescriptions for PD rehabilitation.Clinical trial registration[http://www.chictr.org.cn], identifier [ChiCTR2000038517].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Healthy Science, Xi’an Physical Education University, Xi’an, China
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yanling Pi
- Shanghai Punan Hospital of Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyin Tan
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert Chen
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Shanghai Yishen Health Management Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Z, Pi YL, Wu Y, Wei J, Li Y, Zhang J, Wang Z. Selective effects of exercise on reactive and proactive inhibition in Parkinson's disease. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13628. [PMID: 35765594 PMCID: PMC9233896 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have an obvious motor inhibition disorder, which is closely related to their motor symptoms. Although previous studies have shown that exercise can improve their inhibition deficits, the effect of exercise on different types of inhibition (proactive and reactive inhibition) has not been addressed. Methods We used a behavioral paradigm combined with a series of questionnaires to explore the effect of long-term exercise on different types of motor inhibition in 59 patients with PD aged 55-75 years. According to the intensity and frequency of exercise, the participants were divided into regular-exercise and no-exercise groups. To obtain the average reference value for inhibition ability at the same age, we also recruited 30 healthy elderly people as controls. Results The main defect in the motor inhibition of PD is reactive inhibition, while proactive inhibition has no obvious differences compared with healthy controls. Additionally, compared with the non-exercise group, PD in the exercise group showed significantly better reaction speeds and reactive control ability, fewer motor symptoms and negative emotions. Conclusions Taken together, the motor inhibition defects of patients with PD affect only reactive inhibition. In addition, PD with exercise reported fewer negative emotions than that of the non-exercise group, indicating that exercise can relieve negative emotions and improve behavioral symptoms and quality of life in PD to a certain extent. We demonstrate for the first time that exercise has and can improve reactive inhibition in PD patients and has no effect on proactive inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- School of Exercise and Health Science, Xi’an Physical Education University, Xi’an, China,School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Ling Pi
- Shanghai Punan Hospital of Pudong New District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Wu
- School of Economics and Management, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianing Wei
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Li
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China,School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Martial Arts, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fujikawa T, Kabir RS, Haramaki Y. Experimental Manipulation of Guided Attention to the Shoulder Movement Task in Clinical Dohsa-hou Induces Shifts in the Reactive Mode and Indicates Flexible Cognitive Control Performance. Front Psychol 2022; 13:785385. [PMID: 35465484 PMCID: PMC9018985 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.785385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The empirical basis for self-control in Dohsa-hou as it relates to effects on cognitive processes has been explored in a few studies of the Japanese psychotherapy, but not under standardized conditions with a strong predictive theory of control. This study reports on a series of experiments with the Dual Mechanisms of Control framework to clarify the possible regulatory mechanism of Dohsa-hou by focusing on shoulder movement, a key body movement task used by practitioners across applied settings. Cognitive control was operationalized with the AX version of Continuous Performance Test (AX-CPT) paradigm for proactive control and a modified Stroop task paradigm for reactive control in a 3-arm parallel group trial study design. Healthy Japanese university students were assigned to a Dohsa-hou group that performed a shoulder movement task for few minutes, an active control group that performed a similar task, or a passive control group comprised of a resting condition. A total of 55 participants performed the AX-CPT and 57 participants performed the modified Stroop task before and after the group manipulation. In the AX-CPT, an increase in the error rate of AY (true cue-false probe) trial from pre- to post-test was observed in the passive control group only, and found to be marginally higher in the passive control group relative to Dohsa-hou group at post-test. This indicated that Dohsa-hou moderated the activation of proactive control by repeated AX-CPT performance. The error rate of the Proactive Behavioral Index did not differ from zero at post-test only in the Dohsa-hou group, indicating flexible cognitive control. In the modified Stroop task, there was no difference between congruent and incongruent trials at post-test for the Dohsa-hou group only, indicating the facilitation of reactive control. The evidence for a balancing effect for the Dohsa-hou-based shoulder movement task indicates that clients experience a form of continuous self-monitoring, which might reduce mind-wandering from their focus on movement execution combined with iterative verbal feedback from the therapist. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that the self-regulatory mechanism promoted in clinical Dohsa-hou emphasizes guided shifts in attention to the reactive mode toward a balance of cognitive control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fujikawa
- Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Russell Sarwar Kabir
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Yutaka Haramaki
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tarantino V, Visalli A, Facchini S, Rossato C, Bertoldo A, Silvestri E, Cecchin D, Capizzi M, Anglani M, Baro V, Denaro L, Della Puppa A, D'Avella D, Corbetta M, Vallesi A. Impaired cognitive control in patients with brain tumors. Neuropsychologia 2022; 169:108187. [PMID: 35218790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Though the assessment of cognitive functions is proven to be a reliable prognostic indicator in patients with brain tumors, some of these functions, such as cognitive control, are still rarely investigated. The objective of this study was to examine proactive and reactive control functions in patients with focal brain tumors and to identify lesioned brain areas more at "risk" for developing impairment of these functions. To this end, a group of twenty-two patients, candidate to surgery, were tested with an AX-CPT task and a Stroop task, along with a clinical neuropsychological assessment, and their performance was compared to that of a well-matched healthy control group. Although overall accuracy and response times were similar for patients and control groups, the patient group failed more on the BX trials of the AX-CPT task and the incongruent trials of the Stroop task, specifically. Behavioral results were associated with the damaged brain areas, mostly distributed in right frontal regions, by means of a lesion-symptom mapping multivariate approach. This analysis showed that a white matter cluster in the right prefrontal area was associated with lower d'-context values on the AX-CPT, which reflect the fact that these patients rely more on later information (reactive processes) to respond to unexpected and conflicting stimuli, than on earlier contextual cues (proactive processes). Taken together, these results suggest that patients with brain tumors present an unbalance between proactive and reactive control strategies in more interfering conditions, in association with right prefrontal white matter lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Tarantino
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Antonino Visalli
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Facchini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Rossato
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bertoldo
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Erica Silvestri
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Cecchin
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Valentina Baro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Denaro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Della Puppa
- Neurosurgery, Department of NEUROFARBA, University Hospital of Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Domenico D'Avella
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM) Padova, Italy
| | - Antonino Vallesi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Filippi CA, Subar A, Ravi S, Haas S, Troller-Renfree SV, Fox NA, Leibenluft E, Pine DS. Developmental Changes in the Association Between Cognitive Control and Anxiety. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:599-609. [PMID: 33738691 PMCID: PMC9107422 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01150-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety has been associated with reliance on reactive (stimulus-driven/reflexive) control strategies in response to conflict. However, this conclusion rests primarily on indirect evidence. Few studies utilize tasks that dissociate the use of reactive ('just in time') vs. proactive (anticipatory/preparatory) cognitive control strategies in response to conflict, and none examine children diagnosed with anxiety. The current study utilizes the AX-CPT, which dissociates these two types of cognitive control, to examine cognitive control in youth (ages 8-18) with and without an anxiety diagnosis (n = 56). Results illustrate that planful behavior, consistent with using a proactive strategy, varies by both age and anxiety symptoms. Young children (ages 8-12 years) with high anxiety exhibit significantly less planful behavior than similarly-aged children with low anxiety. These findings highlight the importance of considering how maturation influences relations between anxiety and performance on cognitive-control tasks and have implications for understanding the pathophysiology of anxiety in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Filippi
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA.
| | - Anni Subar
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, 80208, USA
| | - Sanjana Ravi
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Sara Haas
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sonya V Troller-Renfree
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nathan A Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daniel S Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Braver TS, Kizhner A, Tang R, Freund MC, Etzel JA. The Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control Project. J Cogn Neurosci 2021:1-26. [PMID: 34407191 PMCID: PMC10069323 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We describe an ambitious ongoing study that has been strongly influenced and inspired by Don Stuss's career-long efforts to identify key cognitive processes that characterize executive control, investigate potential unifying dimensions that define prefrontal function, and carefully attend to individual differences. The Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control project tests a theoretical framework positing two key control dimensions: proactive and reactive. The framework's central tenets are that proactive and reactive control modes reflect domain-general dimensions of individual variation, with distinctive neural signatures, involving the lateral pFC as a central node within associated brain networks (e.g., fronto-parietal, cingulo-opercular). In the Dual Mechanisms of Cognitive Control project, each participant is scanned while performing theoretically targeted variants of multiple well-established cognitive control tasks (Stroop, cued task-switching, AX-CPT, Sternberg working memory) in three separate imaging sessions, that each encourages utilization of different control modes plus also completes an extensive out-of-scanner individual differences battery. Additional key features of the project include a high spatio-temporal resolution (multiband) acquisition protocol and a sample that includes a substantial subset of monozygotic twin pairs and participants recruited from the Human Connectome Project. Although data collection is still continuing (target n = 200), we provide an overview of the study design and protocol, along with initial results (n = 80) revealing evidence of a domain-general neural signature of cognitive control and its modulation under reactive conditions. Aligned with Don Stuss's legacy of scientific community building, a partial data set has been publicly released, with the full data set released at project completion, so it can serve as a valuable resource.
Collapse
|
10
|
Calvin OL, Redish AD. Global disruption in excitation-inhibition balance can cause localized network dysfunction and Schizophrenia-like context-integration deficits. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008985. [PMID: 34033641 PMCID: PMC8184155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor context integration, the process of incorporating both previous and current information in decision making, is a cognitive symptom of schizophrenia. The maintenance of the contextual information has been shown to be sensitive to changes in excitation-inhibition (EI) balance. Many regions of the brain are sensitive to EI imbalances, however, so it is unknown how systemic manipulations affect the specific regions that are important to context integration. We constructed a multi-structure, biophysically-realistic agent that could perform context-integration as is assessed by the dot pattern expectancy task. The agent included a perceptual network, a memory network, and a decision making system and was capable of successfully performing the dot pattern expectancy task. Systemic manipulation of the agent’s EI balance produced localized dysfunction of the memory structure, which resulted in schizophrenia-like deficits at context integration. When the agent’s pyramidal cells were less excitatory, the agent fixated upon the cue and initiated responding later than the default agent, which were like the deficits one would predict that individuals on the autistic spectrum would make. This modelling suggests that it may be possible to parse between different types of context integration deficits by adding distractors to context integration tasks and by closely examining a participant’s reaction times. Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental health disorder and its underlying etiology is currently unknown. Neural imbalances in the neural excitation and inhibition of specific regions of the brain have been hypothesized to cause symptoms of schizophrenia. Most regions of the brain have specific excitation-inhibition balances that permit their functioning in the processing of information. How systemic changes in the excitation-inhibition balance cause specific deficits and dysfunction within neural circuits is unknown. A common cognitive deficit in schizophrenia is difficulty with context integration, which is the ability to successfully use previous and current information when making decisions. We assessed how this symptom could be caused by an imbalance in neural excitation and inhibition by simulating the effects of potential imbalances in a model agent. Global imbalances in the agent’s neural excitation and inhibition led to impairment of specific circuits. These dysfunctional circuits produced behavioral deficits that were like those observed in individuals with schizophrenia. These simulations suggested how specific neural circuits may be disrupted by global changes in excitation or inhibition, ways to improve the assessment of context integration, new approaches to analyzing behavior, and why it may be beneficial to assess context integration in autism spectrum disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L. Calvin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United State of America
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United State of America
| | - A. David Redish
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United State of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jia LX, Qin XJ, Cui JF, Zheng Q, Yang TX, Wang Y, Chan RCK. An ERP study on proactive and reactive response inhibition in individuals with schizotypy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8394. [PMID: 33863942 PMCID: PMC8052443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizotypy, a subclinical group at risk for schizophrenia, has been found to show impairments in response inhibition. However, it remains unclear whether this impairment is accompanied by outright stopping (reactive inhibition) or preparation for stopping (proactive inhibition). We recruited 20 schizotypy and 24 non-schizotypy individuals to perform a modified stop-signal task with electroencephalographic (EEG) data recorded. This task consists of three conditions based on the probability of stop signal: 0% (no stop trials, only go trials), 17% (17% stop trials), and 33% (33% stop trials), the conditions were indicated by the colour of go stimuli. For proactive inhibition (go trials), individuals with schizotypy exhibited significantly lesser increase in go response time (RT) as the stop signal probability increasing compared to non-schizotypy individuals. Individuals with schizotypy also exhibited significantly increased N1 amplitude on all levels of stop signal probability and increased P3 amplitude in the 17% stop condition compared with non-schizotypy individuals. For reactive inhibition (stop trials), individuals with schizotypy exhibited significantly longer stop signal reaction time (SSRT) in both 17% and 33% stop conditions and smaller N2 amplitude on stop trials in the 17% stop condition than non-schizotypy individuals. These findings suggest that individuals with schizotypy were impaired in both proactive and reactive response inhibition at behavioural and neural levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Xia Jia
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Qin
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Fang Cui
- Research Center for Information and Statistics, National Institute of Education Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Xiao Yang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China. .,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vargas T, Damme KSF, Ered A, Capizzi R, Frosch I, Ellman LM, Mittal VA. Neuroimaging Markers of Resiliency in Youth at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: A Qualitative Review. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2021; 6:166-177. [PMID: 32788085 PMCID: PMC7725930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are highly debilitating and constitute a major public health burden. Identifying markers of psychosis risk and resilience is a necessary step toward understanding etiology and informing prevention and treatment efforts in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. In this context, it is important to consider that neural risk markers have been particularly useful in identifying mechanistic determinants along with predicting clinical outcomes. Notably, despite a growing body of supportive literature and the promise of recent findings identifying potential neural markers, the current work on CHR resilience markers has received little attention. The present review provides a brief overview of brain-based risk markers with a focus on predicting symptom course. Next, the review turns to protective markers, examining research from nonpsychiatric and schizophrenia fields to build an understanding of framing, priorities, and potential, applying these ideas to contextualizing a small but informative body of resiliency-relevant CHR research. Four domains (neurocognition, emotion regulation, allostatic load, and sensory and sensorimotor function) were identified and are discussed in terms of behavioral and neural markers. Taken together, the literature suggests significant predictive value for brain-based markers for individuals at CHR for psychosis, and the limited but compelling resiliency work highlights the critical importance of expanding this promising area of inquiry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Vargas
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
| | | | - Arielle Ered
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Riley Capizzi
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Isabelle Frosch
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Psychiatry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gordon A, Krug MK, Wulff R, Elliott MV, Hogeveen J, Lesh T, Carter C, Solomon M. Components of Executive Control in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Examination of Dual-Mechanism Accounts. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 6:792-801. [PMID: 33558195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether executive control (EC) deficits in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represent a failure in proactive EC (engaged and maintained before a cognitively demanding event) or in reactive EC (engaged transiently as the event occurs). We addressed this question by administering a paradigm investigating components of EC in a sample of individuals with ASD and typically developing individuals during functional magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS During functional magnetic resonance imaging, 141 participants (64 ASD, 77 typically developing) completed a rapid preparing to overcome prepotency task that required participants to respond to an arrow probe based on the color of an initially presented cue. We examined functional recruitment and connectivity in the frontoparietal task control, cingulo-opercular task control, salience, and default mode networks during cue and probe phases of the task. RESULTS ASD participants showed evidence of behavioral EC impairment. Analyses of functional recruitment and connectivity revealed that ASD participants showed significantly greater activity during the cue in networks associated with proactive control processes, but on the less cognitively demanding trials. On the more cognitively demanding trials, cue activity was similar across groups. During the probe, connectivity between regions associated with reactive control processes was uniquely enhanced on more-demanding (relative to less-demanding) trials in individuals with ASD but not in typically developing individuals. CONCLUSIONS The current data suggest that rather than arising from a specific failure to engage proactive or reactive forms of EC, the deficits in EC commonly observed in ASD may be due to reduced proactive EC and a consequent overreliance on reactive EC on more cognitively demanding tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gordon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California, Davis, Sacramento.
| | - Marie K Krug
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Rachel Wulff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California, Davis, Sacramento
| | - Matthew V Elliott
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Jeremy Hogeveen
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Tyler Lesh
- Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Marjorie Solomon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of California, Davis, Sacramento; Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, California
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stephenson DD, El Shaikh AA, Shaff NA, Bustillo JR, Dodd AB, Wertz CJ, Ryman SG, Hanlon FM, Hogeveen JP, Ling JM, Yeo RA, Stromberg SF, Lin DS, Abrams S, Mayer AR. Differing functional mechanisms underlie cognitive control deficits in psychotic spectrum disorders. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2020; 45:430-440. [PMID: 32869961 PMCID: PMC7595736 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.190212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional underpinnings of cognitive control deficits in unbiased samples (i.e., all comers) of patients with psychotic spectrum disorders (PSD) remain actively debated. While many studies suggest hypofrontality in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and greater deficits during proactive relative to reactive control, few have examined the full hemodynamic response. METHODS Patients with PSD (n = 154) and healthy controls (n = 65) performed the AX continuous performance task (AX-CPT) during rapid (460 ms) functional neuroimaging and underwent full clinical characterization. RESULTS Behavioural results indicated generalized cognitive deficits (slower and less accurate) across proactive and reactive control conditions in patients with PSD relative to healthy controls. We observed a delayed/prolonged neural response in the left dorsolateral PFC, the sensorimotor cortex and the superior parietal lobe during proactive control for patients with PSD. These proactive hemodynamic abnormalities were better explained by negative rather than by positive symptoms or by traditional diagnoses according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), with subsequent simulations unequivocally demonstrating how these abnormalities could be erroneously interpreted as hypoactivation. Conversely, true hypoactivity, unassociated with clinical symptoms or DSM-IV-TR diagnoses, was observed within the ventrolateral PFC during reactive control. LIMITATIONS In spite of guidance for AX-CPT use in neuroimaging studies, one-third of patients with PSD could not perform the task above chance and were more clinically impaired. CONCLUSION Current findings question the utility of the AX-CPT for neuroimaging-based appraisal of cognitive control across the full spectrum of patients with PSD. Previously reported lateral PFC "hypoactivity" during proactive control may be more indicative of a delayed/prolonged neural response, important for rehabilitative purposes. Negative symptoms may better explain certain behavioural and hemodynamic abnormalities in patients with PSD relative to DSM-IV-TR diagnoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David D Stephenson
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Ansam A El Shaikh
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Nicholas A Shaff
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Juan R Bustillo
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Andrew B Dodd
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Christopher J Wertz
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Sephira G Ryman
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Faith M Hanlon
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Jeremy P Hogeveen
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Josef M Ling
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Ronald A Yeo
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Shannon F Stromberg
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Denise S Lin
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Swala Abrams
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| | - Andrew R Mayer
- From the The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM (Stephenson, Shaikh, Shaff, Dodd, Wertz, Ryman, Hanlon, Ling, Mayer); the Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Bustillo, Stromberg, Lin, Abrams, Mayer); the Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (Hogeveen, Yeo, Mayer); and the Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM (Mayer)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Task context load induces reactive cognitive control: An fMRI study on cortical and brain stem activity. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 19:945-965. [PMID: 30659515 PMCID: PMC6711881 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control is a highly dynamic process that relies on flexible engagement of prefrontal areas and of neuromodulatory systems in order to adapt to changing demands. A range of internal and external factors come into play when individuals engage in a task requiring cognitive control. Here we investigated whether increased working memory (WM) demands would induce a flexible change in cognitive control mode in young healthy individuals. We developed a novel variant of the well-known AX–continuous performance task (AX-CPT). We manipulated the cognitive demands of maintaining task-relevant contextual information and studied the impact of this manipulation on behavior and brain activity. We expected that low WM load would allow for a more effortful, proactive strategy, while high WM load would induce a strategy of less effortful, stimulus-driven reactive control. In line with our hypothesis, a web-based experiment revealed that increased load was associated with more reactive behavioral responses, and this finding was independently replicated in behavioral data acquired in the MRI scanner. The results from brain activity showed that the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was activated by cues in the proactive mode and by probes in the reactive mode. The analysis of task-induced brain stem activity indicated that both the dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems are involved in updating context representations, and that, respectively, these systems mediate a gating signal to the control network and are involved in the dynamic regulation of task engagement.
Collapse
|
16
|
From Evaluation to Prediction: Behavioral Effects and Biological Markers of Cognitive Control Intervention. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:1869459. [PMID: 32184812 PMCID: PMC7060425 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1869459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the intervention effectiveness of cognitive control is disputed, some methods, such as single-task training, integrated training, meditation, aerobic exercise, and transcranial stimulation, have been reported to improve cognitive control. This review of recent advances from evaluation to prediction of cognitive control interventions suggests that brain modularity may be an important candidate marker for informing clinical decisions regarding suitable interventions. The intervention effect of cognitive control has been evaluated by behavioral performance, transfer effect, brain structure and function, and brain networks. Brain modularity can predict the benefits of cognitive control interventions based on individual differences and is independent of intervention method, group, age, initial cognitive ability, and education level. The prediction of cognitive control intervention based on brain modularity should extend to task states, combine function and structure networks, and assign different weights to subnetwork modularity.
Collapse
|
17
|
Vanes LD, Mouchlianitis E, Patel K, Barry E, Wong K, Thomas M, Szentgyorgyi T, Joyce D, Shergill S. Neural correlates of positive and negative symptoms through the illness course: an fMRI study in early psychosis and chronic schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14444. [PMID: 31595009 PMCID: PMC6783468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychotic illness is associated with cognitive control deficits and abnormal recruitment of neural circuits subserving cognitive control. It is unclear to what extent this dysfunction underlies the development and/or maintenance of positive and negative symptoms typically observed in schizophrenia. In this study we compared fMRI activation on a standard Stroop task and its relationship with positive and negative symptoms in early psychosis (EP, N = 88) and chronic schizophrenia (CHR-SZ, N = 38) patients. CHR-SZ patients showed reduced frontal, striatal, and parietal activation across incongruent and congruent trials compared to EP patients. Higher positive symptom severity was associated with reduced activation across both trial types in supplementary motor area (SMA), middle temporal gyrus and cerebellum in EP, but not CHR-SZ patients. Higher negative symptom severity was associated with reduced cerebellar activation in EP, but not in CHR-SZ patients. A negative correlation between negative symptoms and activation in SMA and precentral gyrus was observed in EP patients and in CHR-SZ patients. The results suggest that the neural substrate of positive symptoms changes with illness chronicity, and that cognitive control related neural circuits may be most relevant in the initial development phase of positive symptoms. These findings also highlight a changing role for the cerebellum in the development and later maintenance of both positive and negative symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy D Vanes
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom.
| | - Elias Mouchlianitis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, de Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Krisna Patel
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, de Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Erica Barry
- Institute Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Katie Wong
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, de Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Thomas
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, de Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Timea Szentgyorgyi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, de Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Joyce
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, de Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Sukhwinder Shergill
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, de Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Beatty-Martínez AL, Navarro-Torres CA, Dussias PE, Bajo MT, Guzzardo Tamargo RE, Kroll JF. Interactional context mediates the consequences of bilingualism for language and cognition. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2019; 46:1022-1047. [PMID: 31580119 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Proficient bilinguals use two languages actively, but the contexts in which they do so may differ dramatically. The present study asked what consequences the contexts of language use hold for the way in which cognitive resources modulate language abilities. Three groups of speakers were compared, all of whom were highly proficient Spanish-English bilinguals who differed with respect to the contexts in which they used the two languages in their everyday lives. They performed two lexical production tasks and the "AX" variant of the Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT), a nonlinguistic measure of cognitive control. Results showed that lexical access in each language, and how it related to cognitive control ability, depended on whether bilinguals used their languages separately or interchangeably or whether they were immersed in their second language. These findings suggest that even highly proficient bilinguals who speak the same languages are not necessarily alike in the way in which they engage cognitive resources. Findings support recent proposals that being bilingual does not, in itself, identify a unique pattern of cognitive control. An important implication is that much of the controversy that currently surrounds the consequences of bilingualism may be understood, in part, as a failure to characterize the complexity associated with the context of language use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Judith F Kroll
- Department of Language Science, University of California, Irvine
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Dysfunctional Neural Processes Underlying Context Processing Deficits in Schizophrenia. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 4:644-654. [PMID: 31147272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with schizophrenia (PSZ) have profound deficits in context processing, an executive process that guides adaptive behaviors according to goals and stored contextual information. Although various neural processes are involved in context processing and are affected in PSZ, the core underlying neural dysfunction is unclear. METHODS To determine the relative importance of neural dysfunctions within prefrontal cognitive control, sensory activity, and motor activity to context processing deficits in PSZ, we examined event-related potentials (ERPs) in 60 PSZ and 51 healthy control subjects during an optimal context processing task. We also analyzed the Ex-Gaussian reaction time distribution to examine abnormalities in motor control variability in PSZ. RESULTS Compared with healthy control subjects, PSZ had lower response accuracy and greater variability in their normal reaction times during high context processing demands. Latencies of normal and slow responses were generally increased in PSZ. High context processing-related reductions in frontal ERPs were indicative of specific deficits in proactive and reactive cognitive controls in PSZ, while ERPs associated with visual and motor processes were reduced regardless of context processing demands, indicating generalized visuomotor deficits. In contrast to previous studies, we found that diminished frontal responses reflective of proactive control of the contextual cue, rather than visual responses of cue encoding, predicted response accuracy deficits in PSZ. In addition, probe-related ERP components of motor preparation, prefrontal reactive control, and frontomotor interaction predicted Ex-Gaussian indices of reaction time instability in PSZ. CONCLUSIONS Prefrontal proactive and reactive control deficits associated with failures in using mental representation likely underlie context processing deficits in PSZ.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wertz CJ, Hanlon FM, Shaff NA, Dodd AB, Bustillo J, Stromberg SF, Lin DS, Abrams S, Yeo RA, Liu J, Calhoun V, Mayer AR. Disconnected and Hyperactive: A Replication of Sensorimotor Cortex Abnormalities in Patients With Schizophrenia During Proactive Response Inhibition. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:552-561. [PMID: 29939338 PMCID: PMC6483571 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory failure represents a core dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia (SP), which has predominantly been tested in the literature using reactive (ie, altering behavior after a stimulus) rather than proactive (ie, purposefully changing behavior before a stimulus) response inhibition tasks. The current study replicates/extends our previous findings of SP exhibiting sensorimotor cortex (SMC) hyperactivity and connectivity abnormalities in independent samples of patients and controls. Specifically, 49 clinically well-characterized SP and 54 matched healthy controls (HC) performed a proactive response inhibition task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging and resting-state data collection. Results indicated that the majority of SP (84%) and HC (88%) successfully inhibited all overt motor responses following a cue, eliminating behavioral confounds frequently present in this population. Observations of left SMC hyperactivity during proactive response inhibition, reduced cortical connectivity with left SMC, and increased connectivity between left SMC and ventrolateral thalamus were replicated for SP relative to HC in the current study. Similarly, negative symptoms (eg, motor retardation) were again associated with SMC functional and connectivity abnormalities. In contrast, findings of a negative blood oxygenation level-dependent response in the SMC of HC did not replicate. Collectively, current and previous findings suggest that SMC connectivity abnormalities may be more robust relative to evoked hemodynamic signals during proactive response inhibition. In addition, there is strong support that these SMC abnormalities are a key component of SP pathology, along with dysfunction within other sensory cortices, and may be associated with certain clinical deficits such as negative symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Wertz
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Faith M Hanlon
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Nicholas A Shaff
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Andrew B Dodd
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Juan Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Shannon F Stromberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Denise S Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Swala Abrams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Ronald A Yeo
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Jingyu Liu
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Vince Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM,Department of Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Andrew R Mayer
- The Mind Research Network/Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM,Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM,Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM,Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM,To whom correspondence should be addressed; The Mind Research Network, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1101 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, US; tel: 505-272-0769, fax: 505-272-8002, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Baumgartner T, Langenbach BP, Gianotti LRR, Müri RM, Knoch D. Frequency of everyday pro-environmental behaviour is explained by baseline activation in lateral prefrontal cortex. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9. [PMID: 30626887 PMCID: PMC6327023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36956-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Humankind faces a plethora of environmental problems, many of which are directly influenced by individual human behaviour. To better understand pro-environmental behaviour, we here try to identify interindividual markers that explain variance in the frequency of every-day pro-environmental behaviour. So far, research on this topic has mainly relied on subjective self-report measures and has yielded mixed results. In this study, we applied a neural trait approach to assess stable, objective individual differences. Using source-localised electroencephalography, we measured cortical activation at rest and combined our neural task-independent data with an ecologically valid assessment of everyday pro-environmental behaviour. We find whole-brain-corrected evidence that task-independent baseline activation in the right lateral prefrontal cortex, a brain area known to be involved in cognitive control and self-control processes, explains individual differences in pro-environmental behaviour. The higher the cortical baseline activation in this area, the higher the frequency of everyday pro-environmental behaviour. Implications for the promotion of pro-environmental behaviour are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baumgartner
- University of Bern, Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Fabrikstrasse 8, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benedikt P Langenbach
- University of Bern, Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Fabrikstrasse 8, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorena R R Gianotti
- University of Bern, Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Fabrikstrasse 8, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - René M Müri
- University Hospital Bern, Department of Neurology, University Neurorehabilitation, Freiburgstrasse 41c, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daria Knoch
- University of Bern, Department of Social Psychology and Social Neuroscience, Institute of Psychology, Fabrikstrasse 8, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Immediate versus delayed control demands elicit distinct mechanisms for instantiating proactive control. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 19:910-926. [PMID: 30607833 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-00684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control is critical for dynamically guiding goal-directed behavior, particularly when applying preparatory, or proactive, control processes. However, it is unknown how proactive control is modulated by timing demands. This study investigated how timing demands may instantiate distinct neural processes and contribute to the use of different types of proactive control. In two experiments, healthy young adults performed the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) or Dot Pattern Expectancy (DPX) task. The delay between informative cue and test probe was manipulated by block to be short (1s) or long (~3s). We hypothesized that short cue-probe delays would rely more on a rapid goal updating process (akin to task-switching), whereas long cue-probe delays would utilize more of an active maintenance process (akin to working memory). Short delay lengths were associated with specific impairments in rare probe accuracy. EEG responses to control-demanding cues revealed delay-specific neural signatures, which replicated across studies. In the short delay condition, EEG activities associated with task-switching were specifically enhanced, including increased early anterior positivity ERP amplitude (accompanying greater mid-frontal theta power) and a larger late differential switch positivity. In the long delay condition, we observed study-specific sustained increases in ERP amplitude following control-demanding cues, which may be suggestive of active maintenance. Collectively, these findings suggest that timing demands may instantiate distinct proactive control processes. These findings suggest a reevaluation of AX-CPT and DPX as pure assessments of working memory and highlight the need to understand how presumably benign task parameters, such as cue-probe delay length, significantly alter cognitive control.
Collapse
|
23
|
Neuroimaging Studies of Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1118:117-134. [PMID: 30747420 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-05542-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Persons suffering from schizophrenia present cognitive impairments that have a major functional impact on their lives. Particularly, executive functions and episodic memory are consistently found to be impaired. Neuroimaging allows the investigation of affected areas of the brain associated with these impairments and, moreover, the detection of brain functioning improvements after cognitive remediation interventions. For instance, executive function impairments have been associated with prefrontal cortex volume and thickness; cognitive control impairments are correlated with an increased activation in the anterior cingulate cortex, and episodic memory impairments are linked to hippocampal reduction. Some findings suggest the presence of brain compensatory mechanisms in schizophrenia, e.g. recruiting broader cortical areas to perform identical tasks. Similarly, neuroimaging studies of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia focus differentially on structural, functional and connectivity changes. Cognitive remediation improvements have been reported in two main areas: the prefrontal and thalamic regions. It has been suggested that those changes imply a functional reorganisation of neural networks, and cognitive remediation interventions might have a neuroprotective effect. Future studies should use multimodal neuroimaging procedures and more complex theoretical models to identify, confirm and clarify these and newer outcomes. This chapter highlights neuroimaging findings in anatomical and functional brain correlates of schizophrenia, as well as its application and potential use for identifying brain changes after cognitive remediation.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ocular signatures of proactive versus reactive cognitive control in young adults. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:1049-1063. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
25
|
Li Y, Liu F, Zhang Q, Liu X, Wei P. The Effect of Mindfulness Training on Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1002. [PMID: 29973897 PMCID: PMC6019482 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that mindfulness practice can improve general cognitive control. However, little research has examined whether mindfulness practices affect different cognitive control strategies. According to the dual mechanisms of control (DMC) model, different cognitive control strategies may play distinct roles in individuals' lives. Proactive control allows people to maintain and prepare for goals, whereas reactive control allows them to respond flexibly to a changing environment. Thus, this study investigates the influences of mindfulness training on proactive and reactive control measured by the AX version of the Continuous Performance Test (AX-CPT). Thirty participants completed AX-CPT and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) before and after random assignment to either an 8-week mindfulness training group or a control group. The results showed no interaction between group and test time for AY or BX trial type, but the training group had fewer post-test errors on the BX trial and a higher Behavior Shift Index (BSI) of reaction time (RT) compared with the control group. This finding indicates enhanced trend of proactive control with mindfulness training. A positive correlation between the BSI of RT and observing scores on the FFMQ confirmed the connection between attentional components in mindfulness and proactive control. Errors on the AY trial in the post-test decreased in both groups, reflecting reactive control that did not differ between groups. The 8-week mindfulness training demonstrates a potential improvement effect on proactive control and could be helpful in overcoming interference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghua Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bon L, Franck N. The impact of cognitive remediation on cerebral activity in schizophrenia: Systematic review of the literature. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00908. [PMID: 29541534 PMCID: PMC5840451 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT cognitive remediation involves either intensive training of impaired functions or implementing strategies to compensate for these impairments. In cases of schizophrenia, both methods have demonstrated benefits in terms of behavior and cerebral activity. However, despite the major differences between these two approaches, their impact has not yet been compared. METHOD We searched the PsychInfo, Pubmed, and ScienceDirect databases using the key words "cognitive remediation," "schizophrenia," "cerebral activity," and "magnetic resonance imaging," in order to select studies investigating the effects of cognitive remediation on patients with schizophrenia. The studies selected had to present their approach in detail and measure its impact in terms of both cerebral activity and cognitive function, both before and after therapy. We divided the studies into two groups, those using the strategy method and those using the training method. RESULTS Eight studies were included in the review, four for the strategy method (88 patients, 44 of whom underwent remediation) and 4 for the training method (87 patients, 43 of whom underwent remediation). The analysis of the results of this study indicates that the training method is capable of activating more the targeted brain areas than the strategy method. However, the latter appears to encourage more extensive activation of the cerebral networks. DISCUSSION The studies used for this review vary widely in terms of the imaging methods and protocol. However, differences were found between the two methods and lead us to suggest that further studies, with proper bias control, should be conducted to systematically compare the two approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bon
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation psychosociale et de Remédiation Cognitive Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier Lyon France
| | - Nicolas Franck
- Centre Ressource de Réhabilitation psychosociale et de Remédiation Cognitive Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier Lyon France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Szlachta M, Kuśmider M, Pabian P, Solich J, Kolasa M, Żurawek D, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M, Faron-Górecka A. Repeated Clozapine Increases the Level of Serotonin 5-HT 1AR Heterodimerization with 5-HT 2A or Dopamine D 2 Receptors in the Mouse Cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:40. [PMID: 29497362 PMCID: PMC5818438 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) heterodimers are new targets for the treatment of schizophrenia. Dopamine D2 receptors and serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors play an important role in neurotransmission and have been implicated in many human psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether antipsychotic drugs (clozapine (CLZ) and haloperidol (HAL)) affected the formation of heterodimers of D2–5-HT1A receptors as well as 5-HT1A–5-HT2A receptors. Proximity ligation assay (PLA) was used to accurately visualize, for the first time, GPCR heterodimers both at in vitro and ex vivo levels. In line with our previous behavioral studies, we used ketamine to induce cognitive deficits in mice. Our study confirmed the co-localization of D2/5-HT1A and 5-HT1A/5-HT2A receptors in the mouse cortex. Low-dose CLZ (0.3 mg/kg) administered repeatedly, but not CLZ at 1 mg/kg, increased the level of D2–5-HT1A and 5-HT1A–5-HT2A heterodimers in the mouse prefrontal and frontal cortex. On the other hand, HAL decreased the level of GPCR heterodimers. Ketamine affected the formation of 5-HT1A–5-HT2A, but not D2–5-HT1A, heterodimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Szlachta
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Kuśmider
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Pabian
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kolasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dariusz Żurawek
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Agata Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
White matter changes in treatment refractory schizophrenia: Does cognitive control and myelination matter? NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 18:186-191. [PMID: 29387534 PMCID: PMC5789151 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Widespread white matter abnormalities have been reported in schizophrenia, a disorder frequently characterised as a dysconnection syndrome. White matter connectivity in schizophrenia has been predominantly investigated using diffusion weighted imaging, with reductions in fractional anisotropy throughout the brain often interpreted as an indicator of abnormal myelination. However, diffusion weighted imaging lacks specificity and as such a number of microstructural factors besides myelin may be contributing to these results. We utilised multicomponent driven equilibrium single pulse observation of T1 and T2 (mcDESPOT) in medicated patients with chronic schizophrenia, stratified by treatment response status, and healthy controls, in order to assess myelin water fraction (MWF) in these groups. In addition, we assessed cognitive control using the Stroop task to investigate how response inhibition relates to myelination in patients and controls. Both treatment resistant (n = 22) and treatment responsive (n = 21) patients showed reduced MWF compared to healthy controls (n = 24) in bilateral fronto-occipital fasciculi, particularly evident in the vicinity of the striatum und extending to the cerebellum, with no difference between patient groups. Patients showed greater reaction time interference on the Stroop task compared to healthy controls, with no difference between patient groups. Stroop interference was significantly negatively correlated with MWF in the corpus callosum across groups, and MWF differences in this region mediated the behavioural group effects on the Stroop task. These findings support the suitability of mcDESPOT as a myelin-specific measure of abnormal connectivity in schizophrenia, and suggest that treatment resistant schizophrenia is not characterised by more severe abnormalities in myelination or cognitive control compared to treatment responsive schizophrenia. Treatment resistant and responsive schizophrenia patients show reduced myelin water fraction compared to healthy controls Myelin water fraction in the corpus callosum is related to performance on a cognitive control task Myelin water fraction in the corpus callosum mediates differences in a cognitive control task between patients and controls
Collapse
|
29
|
Masuyama A, Kaise Y, Sakano Y, Mochizuki S. The interference of negative emotional stimuli on context processing in mildly depressed undergraduates. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2018.1424681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Masuyama
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kaise
- School of Psychological Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuji Sakano
- School of Psychological Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wiemers EA, Redick TS. Working memory capacity and intra-individual variability of proactive control. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 182:21-31. [PMID: 29127776 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Two datasets of 110 young adults were examined to investigate the relationship between individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) and dynamic cognitive control. The results delve into the specific differences between high- and low-WMC individuals' ability to enact and maintain cognitive control using the AX version of the continuous performance test (AX-CPT). Compared to high-WMC individuals, low-WMC individuals: (a) made more errors, specifically to AX targets; (b) exhibited a partial shift to proactive control with more time-on-task; (c) had more exaggerated slower AX target responses in the tail of the response time distribution; and (d) were equally likely to adjust control after conflict. These results fit with the dual mechanisms of cognitive control theory and goal-maintenance account, and further clarify how individual differences in WMC manifests as intra-individual variability in cognitive control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas S Redick
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Birk JL, Rogers AH, Shahane AD, Urry HL. The heart of control: Proactive cognitive control training limits anxious cardiac arousal under stress. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-017-9659-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
32
|
Gómez-Ariza CJ, Martín MC, Morales J. Tempering Proactive Cognitive Control by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Right (but Not the Left) Lateral Prefrontal Cortex. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:282. [PMID: 28588441 PMCID: PMC5440549 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and neuroimaging data support the distinction of two different modes of cognitive control: proactive, which involves the active and sustained maintenance of task-relevant information to bias behavior in accordance with internal goals; and reactive, which entails the detection and resolution of interference at the time it occurs. Both control modes may be flexibly deployed depending on a variety of conditions (i.e., age, brain alterations, motivational factors, prior experience). Critically, and in line with specific predictions derived from the dual mechanisms of control account (Braver, 2012), findings from neuroimaging studies indicate that the same lateral prefrontal regions (i.e., left dorsolateral cortex and right inferior frontal junction) may implement different control modes on the basis of temporal dynamics of activity, which would be modulated in response to external or internal conditions. In the present study, we aimed to explore whether transcraneal direct current stimulation over either the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or the right inferior frontal junction would differentially modulate performance on the AX-CPT, a well-validated task that provides sensitive and reliable behavioral indices of proactive/reactive control. The study comprised six conditions of real stimulation [3 (site: left dorsolateral, right dorsolateral and right inferior frontal junction) × 2 (polarity: anodal and cathodal)], and one sham condition. The reference electrode was always placed extracephalically. Performance on the AX-CPT was assessed through two blocks of trials. The first block took place while stimulation was being delivered, whereas the second block was administered after stimulation completion. The results indicate that both offline cathodal stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and online anodal stimulation of the right inferior frontal junction led participants to be much less proactive, with such a dissociation suggesting that both prefrontal regions differentially contribute to the adjustment of cognitive control modes. tDCS of the left-DLPFC failed to modulate cognitive control. These results partially support the predictions derived from the dual mechanisms of control account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Morales
- Department of Psychology, Loyola Andalucía UniversitySevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Penadés R, González-Rodríguez A, Catalán R, Segura B, Bernardo M, Junqué C. Neuroimaging studies of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: A systematic and critical review. World J Psychiatry 2017; 7:34-43. [PMID: 28401047 PMCID: PMC5371171 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v7.i1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the effects of cognitive remediation therapies on brain functioning through neuroimaging procedures in patients with schizophrenia.
METHODS A systematic, computerised literature search was conducted in the PubMed/Medline and PsychInfo databases. The search was performed through February 2016 without any restrictions on language or publication date. The search was performed using the following search terms: [(“cogniti*” and “remediation” or “training” or “enhancement”) and (“fMRI” or “MRI” or “PET” or “SPECT”) and (schizophrenia or schiz*)]. The search was accompanied by a manual online search and a review of the references from each of the papers selected, and those papers fulfilling our inclusion criteria were also included.
RESULTS A total of 101 studies were found, but only 18 of them fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These studies indicated that cognitive remediation improves brain activation in neuroimaging studies. The most commonly reported changes were those that involved the prefrontal and thalamic regions. Those findings are in agreement with the hypofrontality hypothesis, which proposes that frontal hypoactivation is the underlying mechanism of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia. Nonetheless, great heterogeneity among the studies was found. They presented different hypotheses, different results and different findings. The results of more recent studies interpreted cognitive recovery within broader frameworks, namely, as amelioration of the efficiency of different networks. Furthermore, advances in neuroimaging methodologies, such as the use of whole-brain analysis, tractography, graph analysis, and other sophisticated methodologies of data processing, might be conditioning the interpretation of results and generating new theoretical frameworks. Additionally, structural changes were described in both the grey and white matter, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of cognitive remediation. Cognitive, functional and structural improvements tended to be positively correlated.
CONCLUSION Neuroimaging studies of cognitive remediation in patients with schizophrenia suggest a positive effect on brain functioning in terms of the functional reorganisation of neural networks.
Collapse
|
34
|
Wei YY, Wang JJ, Yan C, Li ZQ, Pan X, Cui Y, Su T, Liu TS, Tang YX. Correlation Between Brain Activation Changes and Cognitive Improvement Following Cognitive Remediation Therapy in Schizophrenia: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-analysis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 129:578-85. [PMID: 26904993 PMCID: PMC4804440 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.176983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have indicated that cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) might improve cognitive function by changing brain activations in patients with schizophrenia. However, the results were not consistent in these changed brain areas in different studies. The present activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether cognitive function change was accompanied by the brain activation changes, and where the main areas most related to these changes were in schizophrenia patients after CRT. Analyses of whole-brain studies and whole-brain + region of interest (ROI) studies were compared to explore the effect of the different methodologies on the results. Methods: A computerized systematic search was conducted to collect fMRI and PET studies on brain activation changes in schizophrenia patients from pre- to post-CRT. Nine studies using fMRI techniques were included in the meta-analysis. Ginger ALE 2.3.1 was used to perform meta-analysis across these imaging studies. Results: The main areas with increased brain activation were in frontal and parietal lobe, including left medial frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, right middle frontal gyrus, right postcentral gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule in patients after CRT, yet no decreased brain activation was found. Although similar increased activation brain areas were identified in ALE with or without ROI studies, analysis including ROI studies had a higher ALE value. Conclusions: The current findings suggest that CRT might improve the cognition of schizophrenia patients by increasing activations of the frontal and parietal lobe. In addition, it might provide more evidence to confirm results by including ROI studies in ALE meta-analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yun-Xiang Tang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Mental Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abu-Akel A, Apperly IA, Wood SJ, Hansen PC, Mevorach C. Autism Tendencies and Psychosis Proneness Interactively Modulate Saliency Cost. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:142-151. [PMID: 27217269 PMCID: PMC5216849 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Atypical responses to salient information are a candidate endophenotype for both autism and psychosis spectrum disorders. The present study investigated the costs and benefits of such atypicalities for saliency-based selection in a large cohort of neurotypical adults in whom both autism and psychosis expressions were assessed. Two experiments found that autism tendencies and psychosis proneness interactively modulated the cost incurred in the presence of a task-irrelevant salient distractor. Specifically, expressions of autism and psychosis had opposing effects on responses to salient information such that the benefits associated with high expressions for autism offset costs associated with high expressions for psychosis. The opposing influences observed on saliency cost may be driven by distinct attentional mechanisms that are differentially affected by expressions for autism and psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Abu-Akel
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK;
| | - Ian A. Apperly
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen J. Wood
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK;,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter C. Hansen
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carmel Mevorach
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kani AS, Shinn AK, Lewandowski KE, Öngür D. Converging effects of diverse treatment modalities on frontal cortex in schizophrenia: A review of longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 84:256-276. [PMID: 27776293 PMCID: PMC5135290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A variety of treatment options exist for schizophrenia, but the effects of these treatments on brain function are not clearly understood. To facilitate the development of more effective treatment strategies, it is important to identify how brain function in schizophrenia patients is affected by the diverse therapeutic approaches that are currently available. The aim of the present article is to systematically review the evidence for functional brain changes associated with different treatment modalities for schizophrenia. METHODS We searched PubMed for longitudinal functional MRI (fMRI) studies reporting on the effects of antipsychotic medications (APM), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), cognitive remediation therapy (CRT) and cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis (CBTp) on brain function in schizophrenia. RESULTS Thirty six studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Functional alterations were observed in diverse brain regions. Across intervention modalities, changes in fMRI parameters were reported most commonly in frontal brain regions including prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate and inferior frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that current treatments for schizophrenia commonly induce functional brain alterations in frontal brain regions. However, interpretability is limited by inconsistency in task and region of interest selection, and failures to replicate. Further task independent fMRI studies examining treatment effects with whole brain analysis are needed to deepen our insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Sakalli Kani
- Sivas Numune State Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Ann K. Shinn
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Kathryn E. Lewandowski
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Dost Öngür
- Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St., Belmont, MA, 02478, USA; Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Minzenberg MJ, Lesh T, Niendam T, Yoon JH, Cheng Y, Rhoades RN, Carter CS. Frontal Motor Cortex Activity During Reactive Control Is Associated With Past Suicidal Behavior in Recent-Onset Schizophrenia. CRISIS 2016; 36:363-70. [PMID: 26502787 DOI: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is prevalent in schizophrenia (SZ), yet the neural system functions that confer suicide risk remain obscure. Circuits operated by the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are altered in SZ, including those that support reactive control, and PFC changes are observed in postmortem studies of heterogeneous suicide victims. AIMS We tested whether history of suicide attempt is associated with altered frontal motor cortex activity during reactive control processes. METHOD We evaluated 17 patients with recent onset of DSM-IV-TR-defined SZ using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale and functional magnetic resonance imaging during Stroop task performance. Group-level regression models relating past suicidal behavior to frontal activation controlled for depression, psychosis, and impulsivity. RESULTS Past suicidal behavior was associated with relatively higher activation in the left-hemisphere supplementary motor area (SMA), pre-SMA, premotor cortex, and dorsolateral PFC, all ipsilateral to the active primary motor cortex. CONCLUSION This study provides unique evidence that suicidal behavior in patients with recent-onset SZ directly relates to frontal motor cortex activity during reactive control, in a pattern reciprocal to the relationship with proactive control found previously. Further work should address how frontal-based control functions change with risk over time, and their potential utility as a biomarker for interventions to mitigate suicide risk in SZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Minzenberg
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Lesh
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tara Niendam
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jong H Yoon
- 4 Department of Psychiatry, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yaoan Cheng
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Remy N Rhoades
- 4 Department of Psychiatry, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Cameron S Carter
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.,3 Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gonthier C, Macnamara BN, Chow M, Conway ARA, Braver TS. Inducing Proactive Control Shifts in the AX-CPT. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1822. [PMID: 27920741 PMCID: PMC5118587 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) account (Braver, 2012) proposes two distinct mechanisms of cognitive control, proactive and reactive. This account has been supported by a large number of studies using the AX-CPT paradigm that have demonstrated not only between-group differences, but also within-subjects variability in the use of the two control mechanisms. Yet there has been little investigation of task manipulations that can experimentally modulate the use of proactive control in healthy young adults; such manipulations could be useful to better understand the workings of cognitive control mechanisms. In the current study, a series of three experiments demonstrate how individuals can be systematically biased toward and away from the utilization of proactive control, via strategy training and no-go manipulations, respectively. These results provide increased support for the DMC framework, and provide a new basis from which to examine group-based differences and neural mechanisms underlying the two control modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Gonthier
- Department of Psychology, LPNC UMR CNRS 5105, University of SavoyChambéry, France; Department of Psychology, CRPCC EA 1285, University of RennesRennes, France
| | - Brooke N Macnamara
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, PrincetonNJ, USA; Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, ClevelandOH, USA
| | - Michael Chow
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton NJ, USA
| | - Andrew R A Conway
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, PrincetonNJ, USA; Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, ClaremontCA, USA
| | - Todd S Braver
- Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Maraver MJ, Bajo MT, Gomez-Ariza CJ. Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:588. [PMID: 27917117 PMCID: PMC5114277 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Different types of interventions have focused on trying to improve Executive Functions (EFs) due to their essential role in human cognition and behavior regulation. Although EFs are thought to be diverse, most training studies have targeted cognitive processes related to working memory (WM), and fewer have focused on training other control mechanisms, such as inhibitory control (IC). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the differential impact of training WM and IC as compared with control conditions performing non-executive control activities. Young adults were divided into two training (WM/IC) and two (active/passive) control conditions. Over six sessions, the training groups engaged in three different computer-based adaptive activities (WM or IC), whereas the active control group completed a program with low control-demanding activities that mainly involved processing speed. In addition, motivation and engagement were monitored through the training. The WM-training activities required maintenance, updating and memory search processes, while those from the IC group engaged response inhibition and interference control. All participants were pre- and post-tested in criterion tasks (n-back and Stroop), near transfer measures of WM (Operation Span) and IC (Stop-Signal). Non-trained far transfer outcome measures included an abstract reasoning test (Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices) and a well-validated experimental task (AX-CPT) that provides indices of cognitive flexibility considering proactive/reactive control. Training results revealed that strongly motivated participants reached higher levels of training improvements. Regarding transfer effects, results showed specific patterns of near transfer effects depending on the type of training. Interestingly, it was only the IC training group that showed far transfer to reasoning. Finally, all trained participants showed a shift toward a more proactive mode of cognitive control, highlighting a general effect of training on cognitive flexibility. The present results reveal specific and general modulations of executive control mechanisms after brief training intervention targeting either WM or IC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Maraver
- Department of Experimental Psychology - Research Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Granada Granada, Spain
| | - M Teresa Bajo
- Department of Experimental Psychology - Research Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Granada Granada, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xiang L, Zhang B, Wang B, Jiang J, Zhang F, Hu Z. The Effect of Aging on the Dynamics of Reactive and Proactive Cognitive Control of Response Interference. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1640. [PMID: 27847482 PMCID: PMC5088194 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A prime-target interference task was used to investigate the effects of cognitive aging on reactive and proactive control after eliminating frequency confounds and feature repetitions from the cognitive control measures. We used distributional analyses to explore the dynamics of the two control functions by distinguishing the strength of incorrect response capture and the efficiency of suppression control. For reactive control, within-trial conflict control and between-trial conflict adaption were analyzed. The statistical analysis showed that there were no reliable between-trial conflict adaption effects for either young or older adults. For within-trial conflict control, the results revealed that older adults showed larger interference effects on mean RT and mean accuracy. Distributional analyses showed that the decline mainly stemmed from inefficient suppression rather than from stronger incorrect responses. For proactive control, older adults showed comparable proactive conflict resolution to young adults on mean RT and mean accuracy. Distributional analyses showed that older adults were as effective as younger adults in adjusting their responses based on congruency proportion information to minimize automatic response capture and actively suppress the direct response activation. The results suggest that older adults were less proficient at suppressing interference after conflict was detected but can anticipate and prevent inference in response to congruency proportion manipulation. These results challenge earlier views that older adults have selective deficits in proactive control but intact reactive control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiang
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal UniversityNanchang, China; Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal UniversityNanchang, China
| | - Baoqiang Zhang
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal UniversityNanchang, China; Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal UniversityNanchang, China
| | - Baoxi Wang
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal UniversityNanchang, China; Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal UniversityNanchang, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal UniversityNanchang, China; Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal UniversityNanchang, China
| | - Zhujing Hu
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal UniversityNanchang, China; Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal UniversityNanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mayer AR, Hanlon FM, Dodd AB, Yeo RA, Haaland KY, Ling JM, Ryman SG. Proactive response inhibition abnormalities in the sensorimotor cortex of patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:312-21. [PMID: 26883319 PMCID: PMC5008920 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies of response inhibition in patients with schizophrenia have focused on reactive inhibition tasks (e.g., stop-signal, go/no-go), primarily observing lateral prefrontal cortex abnormalities. However, recent studies suggest that purposeful and sustained (i.e., proactive) inhibition may also be affected in these patients. METHODS Patients with chronic schizophrenia and healthy controls underwent fMRI while inhibiting motor responses during multisensory (audiovisual) stimulation. Resting state data were also collected. RESULTS We included 37 patients with schizophrenia and 37 healthy controls in our study. Both controls and patients with schizophrenia successfully inhibited the majority of overt motor responses. Functional results indicated basic inhibitory failure in the lateral premotor and sensorimotor cortex, with opposing patterns of positive (schizophrenia) versus negative (control) activation. Abnormal activity was associated with independently assessed signs of psychomotor retardation. Patients with schizophrenia also exhibited unique activation of the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA)/SMA and precuneus relative to baseline as well as a failure to deactivate anterior nodes of the default mode network. Independent resting-state connectivity analysis indicated reduced connectivity between anterior (task results) and posterior regions of the sensorimotor cortex for patients as well as abnormal connectivity between other regions (cerebellum, thalamus, posterior cingulate gyrus and visual cortex). LIMITATIONS Aside from rates of false-positive responses, true proactive response inhibition tasks do not provide behavioural metrics that can be independently used to quantify task performance. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that basic cortico-cortico and intracortical connections between the sensorimotor cortex and adjoining regions are impaired in patients with schizophrenia and that these impaired connections contribute to inhibitory failures (i.e., a positive rather than negative hemodynamic response).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Mayer
- Correspondence to: A. Mayer, The Mind Research Network, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque NM 87106;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kamijo K, Masaki H. Fitness and ERP Indices of Cognitive Control Mode during Task Preparation in Preadolescent Children. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:441. [PMID: 27625604 PMCID: PMC5003924 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies conducted over the past decade have demonstrated that greater aerobic fitness is associated with superior cognitive control in preadolescent children. Several studies have suggested that the relationship between fitness and cognitive control may be attributed to differential reliance on proactive vs. reactive cognitive control modes. However, this contention has remained speculative, and further studies are needed to better elucidate this relationship. We designed the present study to test the hypothesis that use of cognitive control modes would differ as a function of childhood fitness. We compared performance of lower-fit and higher-fit children on a modified AX-continuous performance task, commonly used to examine shifts in the use of proactive and reactive control, along with cue-P3 and contingent negative variation (CNV) of event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Results indicated that higher-fit children exhibited greater response accuracy for BX (non-target cue – target probe) relative to AY (target cue – non-target probe) trials, whereas lower-fit children had comparable response accuracies for AY and BX trials. Because enhanced BX performance and impaired AY performance may be attributed to the proactive use of context information, these results suggest that greater childhood fitness is associated with more effective utilization of proactive control. Higher-fit children also exhibited larger cue-P3 amplitude and smaller CNV amplitude for BX relative to AY trials, with no such effect of trial type in lower-fit children. These ERP results suggest that greater fitness is associated with more effective utilization of cue information and response preparation more appropriate to trial type, supporting the behavioral findings. The present study provides novel insights into the relationship between fitness and cognition from the perspective of cognitive control mode during task preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masaki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University Tokorozawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Campos C, Santos S, Gagen E, Machado S, Rocha S, Kurtz MM, Rocha NB. Neuroplastic Changes Following Social Cognition Training in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2016; 26:310-328. [PMID: 27541742 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-016-9326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Social cognitive impairment is a key feature of schizophrenia and social cognition training (SCT) is a promising tool to address these deficits. Neurobiological dysfunction in schizophrenia has been widely researched, but neuronal changes induced by SCT have been scarcely explored. This review aims to assess the neuroplastic effects of SCT in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for clinical trials testing the effects of SCT in functional and structural brain measurements of adult patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. A total of 11 studies were included: five used fMRI, two used EEG and ERP, one used ERP only, two used MEG and one study used MRI. Data extracting and processing regarding sociodemographic and clinical variables, intervention characteristics, neuroimaging procedures, neuroplastic findings, effect sizes and study quality criteria was completed by two raters. Results indicate a wide range of structural and functional changes in numerous regions and circuits of the social brain, including early perceptual areas, the limbic system and prefrontal regions. Despite the small number of trials currently available, evidence suggests that SCT is associated with neuroplastic changes in the social brain and concomitant improvements in social cognitive performance. There is a lack of extensive knowledge about the neural mechanisms that underlie social cognitive enhancement after treatment, but the reported findings may shed light on the neural substrates of social cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and how improved treatment procedures can be developed and applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Campos
- Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Health School, Rua Valente Perfeito, 332, 4400-330, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal. .,Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Brás, 71, Campus da Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Susana Santos
- Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Health School, Rua Valente Perfeito, 332, 4400-330, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Emily Gagen
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3720, USA
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Brás, 71, Campus da Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Rua Marechal Deodoro, 263 - Centro, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Susana Rocha
- School of Accounting and Administration of Porto, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Jaime Lopes Amorim, s/n, 4465-004 S, Mamede de Infesta, Portugal
| | - Matthew M Kurtz
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Wesleyan University, 45 Wyllys Ave, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St., Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Nuno Barbosa Rocha
- Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Health School, Rua Valente Perfeito, 332, 4400-330, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mayer AR, Hanlon FM, Teshiba TM, Klimaj SD, Ling JM, Dodd AB, Calhoun VD, Bustillo JR, Toulouse T. An fMRI study of multimodal selective attention in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 207:420-8. [PMID: 26382953 PMCID: PMC4629072 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.155499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have produced conflicting evidence regarding whether cognitive control deficits in patients with schizophrenia result from dysfunction within the cognitive control network (CCN; top-down) and/or unisensory cortex (bottom-up). AIMS To investigate CCN and sensory cortex involvement during multisensory cognitive control in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD Patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a multisensory Stroop task involving auditory and visual distracters. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia exhibited an overall pattern of response slowing, and these behavioural deficits were associated with a pattern of patient hyperactivation within auditory, sensorimotor and posterior parietal cortex. In contrast, there were no group differences in functional activation within prefrontal nodes of the CCN, with small effect sizes observed (incongruent-congruent trials). Patients with schizophrenia also failed to upregulate auditory cortex with concomitant increased attentional demands. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a prominent role for dysfunction within auditory, sensorimotor and parietal areas relative to prefrontal CCN nodes during multisensory cognitive control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Mayer
- Correspondence: Andrew R. Mayer, PhD, The Mind Research Network, Pete & Nancy Domenici Hall, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Anticevic A, Murray JD, Barch DM. Bridging Levels of Understanding in Schizophrenia Through Computational Modeling. Clin Psychol Sci 2015; 3:433-459. [PMID: 25960938 DOI: 10.1177/2167702614562041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is an illness with a remarkably complex symptom presentation that has thus far been out of reach of neuroscientific explanation. This presents a fundamental problem for developing better treatments that target specific symptoms or root causes. One promising path forward is the incorporation of computational neuroscience, which provides a way to formalize experimental observations and, in turn, make theoretical predictions for subsequent studies. We review three complementary approaches: (a) biophysically based models developed to test cellular-level and synaptic hypotheses, (b) connectionist models that give insight into large-scale neural-system-level disturbances in schizophrenia, and (c) models that provide a formalism for observations of complex behavioral deficits, such as negative symptoms. We argue that harnessing all of these modeling approaches represents a productive approach for better understanding schizophrenia. We discuss how blending these approaches can allow the field to progress toward a more comprehensive understanding of schizophrenia and its treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Anticevic
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University ; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Center for the Translational Neuroscience of Alcoholism, New Haven, Connecticut ; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven
| | | | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
RT distributional analysis of cognitive-control-related brain activity in first-episode schizophrenia. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:175-88. [PMID: 24615691 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0252-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in cognitive control are a defining feature of schizophrenia. Aspects of cognitive control include proactive control-the maintenance of task rules or goals to bias attention and maintain preparedness-and reactive control-the engagement of attention in reaction to changing cognitive demands. Proactive control is thought to be particularly impaired in schizophrenia. We sought to examine proactive and reactive control in schizophrenia, as measured by reaction time (RT) variability, and especially long RTs, which are thought to represent lapses in proactive control, during the Stroop paradigm. Furthermore, we sought to examine the neural underpinnings of lapses in proactive control and the subsequent engagement of reactive control in those with schizophrenia, as compared to healthy controls, using fMRI. We found that patients with schizophrenia displayed greater RT variability and more extremely long RTs than controls suggesting that proactive control was weaker in the schizophrenia than in the control group. All of the subjects engaged regions of the cognitive control network during long RTs, consistent with an engagement of reactive control following a failure in proactive control on these trials. The schizophrenia group, however, displayed significantly diminished activity in these regions relative to controls. Our results suggest increased failures in proactive control, but also impaired reactive control, in schizophrenia as compared to healthy subjects.
Collapse
|
47
|
Barch DM, Sheffield JM. Cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders: common mechanisms and measurement. World Psychiatry 2014; 13:224-32. [PMID: 25273286 PMCID: PMC4219054 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have provided robust evidence of cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders. Individuals with schizophrenia appear to be impaired on the majority of neuropsychological tasks, leading some researchers to argue for a "generalized deficit", in which the multitude of cognitive impairments are the result of a common neurobiological source. One such common mechanism may be an inability to actively represent goal information in working memory as a means to guide behavior, with the associated neurobiological impairment being a disturbance in the function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Here, we provide a discussion of the evidence for such impairment in schizophrenia, and how it manifests in domains typically referred to as cognitive control, working memory and episodic memory. We also briefly discuss cognitive impairment in affective psychoses, reporting that the degree of impairment is worse in schizophrenia than in bipolar disorder and psychotic major depression, but the profile of impairment is similar, possibly reflecting common mechanisms at the neural level. Given the recent release of the DSM-5, we end with a brief discussion on assessing cognition in the context of diagnosis and treatment planning in psychotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Popova P, Popov TG, Wienbruch C, Carolus AM, Miller GA, Rockstroh BS. Changing facial affect recognition in schizophrenia: effects of training on brain dynamics. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 6:156-65. [PMID: 25379427 PMCID: PMC4215531 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in social cognition including facial affect recognition and their detrimental effects on functional outcome are well established in schizophrenia. Structured training can have substantial effects on social cognitive measures including facial affect recognition. Elucidating training effects on cortical mechanisms involved in facial affect recognition may identify causes of dysfunctional facial affect recognition in schizophrenia and foster remediation strategies. In the present study, 57 schizophrenia patients were randomly assigned to (a) computer-based facial affect training that focused on affect discrimination and working memory in 20 daily 1-hour sessions, (b) similarly intense, targeted cognitive training on auditory-verbal discrimination and working memory, or (c) treatment as usual. Neuromagnetic activity was measured before and after training during a dynamic facial affect recognition task (5 s videos showing human faces gradually changing from neutral to fear or to happy expressions). Effects on 10–13 Hz (alpha) power during the transition from neutral to emotional expressions were assessed via MEG based on previous findings that alpha power increase is related to facial affect recognition and is smaller in schizophrenia than in healthy subjects. Targeted affect training improved overt performance on the training tasks. Moreover, alpha power increase during the dynamic facial affect recognition task was larger after affect training than after treatment-as-usual, though similar to that after targeted perceptual–cognitive training, indicating somewhat nonspecific benefits. Alpha power modulation was unrelated to general neuropsychological test performance, which improved in all groups. Results suggest that specific neural processes supporting facial affect recognition, evident in oscillatory phenomena, are modifiable. This should be considered when developing remediation strategies targeting social cognition in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petia Popova
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tzvetan G. Popov
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Corresponding author: Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box 905, Konstanz D-78457, Germany.
| | | | - Almut M. Carolus
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gregory A. Miller
- Departments of Psychology & Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sebastian A, Jung P, Krause-Utz A, Lieb K, Schmahl C, Tüscher O. Frontal dysfunctions of impulse control - a systematic review in borderline personality disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:698. [PMID: 25232313 PMCID: PMC4153044 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders such as borderline personality disorder (BPD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterized by impulsive behaviors. Impulsivity as used in clinical terms is very broadly defined and entails different categories including personality traits as well as different cognitive functions such as emotion regulation or interference resolution and impulse control. Impulse control as an executive function, however, is neither cognitively nor neurobehaviorally a unitary function. Recent findings from behavioral and cognitive neuroscience studies suggest related but dissociable components of impulse control along functional domains like selective attention, response selection, motivational control, and behavioral inhibition. In addition, behavioral and neural dissociations are seen for proactive vs. reactive inhibitory motor control. The prefrontal cortex with its sub-regions is the central structure in executing these impulse control functions. Based on these concepts of impulse control, neurobehavioral findings of studies in BPD and ADHD were reviewed and systematically compared. Overall, patients with BPD exhibited prefrontal dysfunctions across impulse control components rather in orbitofrontal, dorsomedial, and dorsolateral prefrontal regions, whereas patients with ADHD displayed disturbed activity mainly in ventrolateral and medial prefrontal regions. Prefrontal dysfunctions, however, varied depending on the impulse control component and from disorder to disorder. This suggests a dissociation of impulse control related frontal dysfunctions in BPD and ADHD, although only few studies are hitherto available to assess frontal dysfunctions along different impulse control components in direct comparison of these disorders. Yet, these findings might serve as a hypothesis for the future systematic assessment of impulse control components to understand differences and commonalities of prefrontal cortex dysfunction in impulsive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sebastian
- Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control Group, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg-University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Patrick Jung
- Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control Group, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg-University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Annegret Krause-Utz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control Group, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg-University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Oliver Tüscher
- Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control Group, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg-University , Mainz , Germany ; Department of Neurology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Medical Center , Freiburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tully LM, Lincoln SH, Hooker CI. Lateral prefrontal cortex activity during cognitive control of emotion predicts response to social stress in schizophrenia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 6:43-53. [PMID: 25379415 PMCID: PMC4215466 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
LPFC dysfunction is a well-established neural impairment in schizophrenia and is associated with worse symptoms. However, how LPFC activation influences symptoms is unclear. Previous findings in healthy individuals demonstrate that lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) activation during cognitive control of emotional information predicts mood and behavior in response to interpersonal conflict, thus impairments in these processes may contribute to symptom exacerbation in schizophrenia. We investigated whether schizophrenia participants show LPFC deficits during cognitive control of emotional information, and whether these LPFC deficits prospectively predict changes in mood and symptoms following real-world interpersonal conflict. During fMRI, 23 individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 24 healthy controls completed the Multi-Source Interference Task superimposed on neutral and negative pictures. Afterwards, schizophrenia participants completed a 21-day online daily-diary in which they rated the extent to which they experienced mood and schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms, as well as the occurrence and response to interpersonal conflict. Schizophrenia participants had lower dorsal LPFC activity (BA9) during cognitive control of task-irrelevant negative emotional information. Within schizophrenia participants, DLPFC activity during cognitive control of emotional information predicted changes in positive and negative mood on days following highly distressing interpersonal conflicts. Results have implications for understanding the specific role of LPFC in response to social stress in schizophrenia, and suggest that treatments targeting LPFC-mediated cognitive control of emotion could promote adaptive response to social stress in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Tully
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sarah Hope Lincoln
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christine I Hooker
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|