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Ni HC, Chen YL, Hsieh MY, Wu CT, Chen RS, Juan CH, Li CT, Gau SSF, Lin HY. Improving social cognition following theta burst stimulation over the right inferior frontal gyrus in autism spectrum: an 8-week double-blind sham-controlled trial. Psychol Med 2024:1-12. [PMID: 39238103 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The right inferior frontal gyrus (RIFG) is a potential beneficial brain stimulation target for autism. This randomized, double-blind, two-arm, parallel-group, sham-controlled clinical trial assessed the efficacy of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) over the RIFG in reducing autistic symptoms (NCT04987749). METHODS Conducted at a single medical center, the trial enrolled 60 intellectually able autistic individuals (aged 8-30 years; 30 active iTBS). The intervention comprised 16 sessions (two stimulations per week for eight weeks) of neuro-navigated iTBS or sham over the RIFG. Fifty-seven participants (28 active) completed the intervention and assessments at Week 8 (the primary endpoint) and follow-up at Week 12. RESULTS Autistic symptoms (primary outcome) based on the Social Responsiveness Scale decreased in both groups (significant time effect), but there was no significant difference between groups (null time-by-treatment interaction). Likewise, there was no significant between-group difference in changes in repetitive behaviors and exploratory outcomes of adaptive function and emotion dysregulation. Changes in social cognition (secondary outcome) differed between groups in feeling scores on the Frith-Happe Animations (Week 8, p = 0.026; Week 12, p = 0.025). Post-hoc analysis showed that the active group improved better on this social cognition than the sham group. Dropout rates did not vary between groups; the most common adverse event in both groups was local pain. Notably, our findings would not survive stringent multiple comparison corrections. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that iTBS over the RIFG is not different from sham in reducing autistic symptoms and emotion dysregulation. Nonetheless, RIFG iTBS may improve social cognition of mentalizing others' feelings in autistic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chang Ni
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lung Chen
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ying Hsieh
- Deparment of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Te Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Shayn Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Juan
- Institue of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yuan Lin
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ni HC, Chen YL, Lin HY. Feasibility and Tolerability of Daily Theta Burst Stimulation in Autistic Youth with Intellectual Disabilities and Minimally Speaking Status: A Pilot Double-Blind Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial. J Autism Dev Disord 2024:10.1007/s10803-024-06477-1. [PMID: 39153149 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-024-06477-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Scarce clinical trials involving autistic people with intellectual disability (ID) and minimally speaking (MS) status have been a substantial unmet research need in the field. Although earlier studies have demonstrated the feasibility and beneficial potentials of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in intellectually able autistic people, the feasibility and tolerability of applying rTMS in autistic people with ID/MS has never been studied. We conducted the world-first 4-week randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot trial to investigate the feasibility, tolerability, and safety of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS, a variant of excitatory rTMS) over the left DLPFC in autistic youth with ID/MS. 25 autistic youth with ID/MS (aged 8-30 years) were randomized to a 20-session 4-week daily iTBS (n = 13) vs. sham stimulation (n = 12) with follow-up 4 and 8 weeks, respectively, after the last stimulation. A retention rate was 100% in our study. Adverse events of local pain (38%) and dizziness (8%) were only noted in the active group. All adverse events were mild and transient. There were no seizures, new behavioral problems, or other severe/serious adverse events noted. No participants dropped out due to adverse events. With a small sample size, we did not find any beneficial signal of DLPFC iTBS. Our pilot data suggest regular daily TBS treatment for four weeks is feasible, well tolerated and safe in autistic youth with ID/MS. Future randomized controlled trials with sufficiently powered samples are needed to investigate the beneficial potential of rTMS/TBS for autistic people with ID/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chang Ni
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, No.5 Fusing St. Gueishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Lung Chen
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yuan Lin
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Oberman LM, Benussi A. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Across the Lifespan: Impact of Developmental and Degenerative Processes. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:581-591. [PMID: 37517703 PMCID: PMC10823041 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a pivotal noninvasive technique for investigating cortical excitability and plasticity across the lifespan, offering valuable insights into neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we explore the impact of TMS applications on our understanding of normal development, healthy aging, neurodevelopmental disorders, and adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases. By presenting key developmental milestones and age-related changes in TMS measures, we provide a foundation for understanding the maturation of neurotransmitter systems and the trajectory of cognitive functions throughout the lifespan. Building on this foundation, the paper delves into the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, and adolescent depression. Highlighting recent findings on altered neurotransmitter circuits and dysfunctional cortical plasticity, we underscore the potential of TMS as a valuable tool for unraveling underlying mechanisms and informing future therapeutic interventions. We also review the emerging role of TMS in investigating and treating the most common adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders and late-onset depression. By outlining the therapeutic applications of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques in these disorders, we discuss the growing body of evidence supporting their use as therapeutic tools for symptom management and potentially slowing disease progression. The insights gained from TMS studies have advanced our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in both healthy and disease states, ultimately informing the development of more targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for a wide range of neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Oberman
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alberto Benussi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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4
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Feng P, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhao P, Li E. Combined repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and gut microbiota modulation through the gut-brain axis for prevention and treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1341404. [PMID: 38455067 PMCID: PMC10918007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses a range of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by enduring impairments in social communication and interaction together with restricted repetitive behaviors, interests, and activities. No targeted pharmacological or physical interventions are currently available for ASD. However, emerging evidence has indicated a potential association between the development of ASD and dysregulation of the gut-brain axis. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), a noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic approach, has demonstrated positive outcomes in diverse psychiatric disorders; however, its efficacy in treating ASD and its accompanying gastrointestinal effects, particularly the effects on the gut-brain axis, remain unclear. Hence, this review aimed to thoroughly examine the existing research on the application of rTMS in the treatment of ASD. Additionally, the review explored the interplay between rTMS and the gut microbiota in children with ASD, focusing on the gut-brain axis. Furthermore, the review delved into the integration of rTMS and gut microbiota modulation as a targeted approach for ASD treatment based on recent literature. This review emphasizes the potential synergistic effects of rTMS and gut microbiota interventions, describes the underlying mechanisms, and proposes a potential therapeutic strategy for specific subsets of individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengya Feng
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Henan, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- The American Psychiatric Association, Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori, Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer of Henan Province, Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Henan, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yonghong Zhao
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Henan, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Pengju Zhao
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Henan, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Enyao Li
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Henan, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Oberman LM, Francis SM, Beynel L, Hynd M, Jaime M, Robins PL, Deng ZD, Stout J, van der Veen JW, Lisanby SH. Design and methodology for a proof of mechanism study of individualized neuronavigated continuous Theta burst stimulation for auditory processing in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1304528. [PMID: 38389984 PMCID: PMC10881663 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1304528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that aberrant excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance and dysfunctional structure and function of relevant brain networks may underlie the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the nomological network linking these constructs to quantifiable measures and mechanistically relating these constructs to behavioral symptoms of ASD is lacking. Herein we describe a within-subject, controlled, proof-of-mechanism study investigating the pathophysiology of auditory/language processing in adolescents with ASD. We utilize neurophysiological and neuroimaging techniques including magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) metrics of language network structure and function. Additionally, we apply a single, individually targeted session of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) as an experimental probe of the impact of perturbation of the system on these neurophysiological and neuroimaging outcomes. MRS, fMRI, and MEG measures are evaluated at baseline and immediately prior to and following cTBS over the posterior superior temporal cortex (pSTC), a region involved in auditory and language processing deficits in ASD. Also, behavioral measures of ASD and language processing and DWI measures of auditory/language network structures are obtained at baseline to characterize the relationship between the neuroimaging and neurophysiological measures and baseline symptom presentation. We hypothesize that local gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate concentrations (measured with MRS), and structural and functional activity and network connectivity (measured with DWI and fMRI), will significantly predict MEG indices of auditory/language processing and behavioral deficits in ASD. Furthermore, a single session of cTBS over left pSTC is hypothesized to lead to significant, acute changes in local glutamate and GABA concentration, functional activity and network connectivity, and MEG indices of auditory/language processing. We have completed the pilot phase of the study (n=20 Healthy Volunteer adults) and have begun enrollment for the main phase with adolescents with ASD (n=86; age 14-17). If successful, this study will establish a nomological network linking local E/I balance measures to functional and structural connectivity within relevant brain networks, ultimately connecting them to ASD symptoms. Furthermore, this study will inform future therapeutic trials using cTBS to treat the symptoms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Oberman
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sunday M Francis
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lysianne Beynel
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Megan Hynd
- Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Miguel Jaime
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pei L Robins
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zhi-De Deng
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jeff Stout
- Magnetoencephalography Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jan Willem van der Veen
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Core, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sarah H Lisanby
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Canitano R, Bozzi Y. Autism Spectrum Disorder with Epilepsy: A Research Protocol for a Clinical and Genetic Study. Genes (Basel) 2023; 15:61. [PMID: 38254951 PMCID: PMC10815607 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition affecting ~1% of people worldwide. Core ASD features present with impaired social communication abilities, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, and atypical sensory responses and are often associated with a series of comorbidities. Among these, epilepsy is frequently observed. The co-occurrence of ASD and epilepsy is currently thought to result from common abnormal neurodevelopmental pathways, including an imbalanced excitation/inhibition ratio. However, the pathological mechanisms involved in ASD-epilepsy co-morbidity are still largely unknown. Here, we propose a research protocol aiming to investigate electrophysiological and genetic features in subjects with ASD and epilepsy. This study will include a detailed electroencephalographic (EEG) and blood transcriptomic characterization of subjects with ASD with and without epilepsy. The combined approach of EEG and transcriptomic studies in the same subjects will contribute to a novel stratification paradigm of the heterogeneous ASD population based on quantitative gene expression and neurophysiological biomarkers. In addition, our protocol has the potential to indicate new therapeutic options, thus amending the current condition of absence of data and guidelines for the treatment of ASD with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Canitano
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Hospital of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Yuri Bozzi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy;
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Smith JR, DiSalvo M, Green A, Ceranoglu TA, Anteraper SA, Croarkin P, Joshi G. Treatment Response of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Intellectually Capable Youth and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2023; 33:834-855. [PMID: 36161554 PMCID: PMC10039963 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To examine current clinical research on the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of pediatric and young adult autism spectrum disorder in intellectually capable persons (IC-ASD). We searched peer-reviewed international literature to identify clinical trials investigating TMS as a treatment for behavioral and cognitive symptoms of IC-ASD. We identified sixteen studies and were able to conduct a meta-analysis on twelve of these studies. Seven were open-label or used neurotypical controls for baseline cognitive data, and nine were controlled trials. In the latter, waitlist control groups were often used over sham TMS. Only one study conducted a randomized, parallel, double-blind, and sham controlled trial. Favorable safety data was reported in low frequency repetitive TMS, high frequency repetitive TMS, and intermittent theta burst studies. Compared to TMS research of other neuropsychiatric conditions, significantly lower total TMS pulses were delivered in treatment and neuronavigation was not regularly utilized. Quantitatively, our multivariate meta-analysis results report improvement in cognitive outcomes (pooled Hedges' g = 0.735, 95% CI = 0.242, 1.228; p = 0.009) and primarily Criterion B symptomology of IC-ASD (pooled Hedges' g = 0.435, 95% CI = 0.359, 0.511; p < 0.001) with low frequency repetitive TMS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The results of our systematic review and meta-analysis data indicate that TMS may offer a promising and safe treatment option for pediatric and young adult patients with IC-ASD. However, future work should include use of neuronavigation software, theta burst protocols, targeting of various brain regions, and robust study design before clinical recommendations can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Smith
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center at Village of Vanderbilt, 1500 21st Avenue South, Suite 2200, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, 110 Magnolia Circle, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Maura DiSalvo
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Alan and Lorraine Bressler Clinical and Research Program for Autism Spectrum Disorder, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Allison Green
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Alan and Lorraine Bressler Clinical and Research Program for Autism Spectrum Disorder, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Tolga Atilla Ceranoglu
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Alan and Lorraine Bressler Clinical and Research Program for Autism Spectrum Disorder, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | | | - Paul Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, 1216 2nd Street Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Gagan Joshi
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology, and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Alan and Lorraine Bressler Clinical and Research Program for Autism Spectrum Disorder, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Xiao L, Huo X, Wang Y, Li W, Li M, Wang C, Wang F, Sun T. A bibliometric analysis of global research status and trends in neuromodulation techniques in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:183. [PMID: 36941549 PMCID: PMC10026211 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease which has risen to become the main cause of childhood disability, placing a heavy burden on families and society. To date, the treatment of patients with ASD remains a complicated problem, for which neuromodulation techniques are a promising solution. This study analyzed the global research situation of neuromodulation techniques in the treatment of ASD from 1992 to 2022, aiming to explore the global research status and frontier trends in this field. METHODS The Web of Science (WoS) was searched for literature related to neuromodulation techniques for ASD from 1992 to October 2022. A knowledge atlas to analyze collaboration among countries, institutions, authors, publishing journals, reference co-citation patterns, keyword co-occurrence, keyword clustering, and burst keywords was constructed using Rstudio software, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer. RESULTS In total, 392 publications related to the treatment of ASD using neuromodulation techniques were included. Despite some fluctuations, the number of publications in this field has shown a growing trend in recent years. The United States and Deakin University are the leading country and institution in this field, respectively. The greatest contributing authors are Peter G Enticott, Manuel F Casanova, and Paul B Fitzgerald et al. The most prolific and cited journal is Brain Stimulation and the most commonly co-cited journal is The Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. The most frequently cited article was that of Simone Rossi (Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transverse magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research, 2009). "Obsessive-compulsive disorder," "transcranial direct current stimulation," "working memory," "double blind" and "adolescent" were identified as hotspots and frontier trends of neuromodulation techniques in the treatment of ASD. CONCLUSION The application of neuromodulation techniques for ASD has attracted the attention of researchers worldwide. Restoring the social ability and improving the comorbid symptoms in autistic children and adults have always been the focus of research. Neuromodulation techniques have demonstrated significant advantages and effects on these issues. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are new therapeutic methods introduced in recent years, and are also directions for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
| | - Xianhao Huo
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
| | - Chaofan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Incubation Base of National Key Laboratory, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750000, China.
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Jannati A, Oberman LM, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A. Assessing the mechanisms of brain plasticity by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:191-208. [PMID: 36198876 PMCID: PMC9700722 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique for focal brain stimulation based on electromagnetic induction where a fluctuating magnetic field induces a small intracranial electric current in the brain. For more than 35 years, TMS has shown promise in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders in adults. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to the TMS technique with a focus on repetitive TMS (rTMS) protocols, particularly theta-burst stimulation (TBS), and relevant rTMS-derived metrics of brain plasticity. We then discuss the TMS-EEG technique, the use of neuronavigation in TMS, the neural substrate of TBS measures of plasticity, the inter- and intraindividual variability of those measures, effects of age and genetic factors on TBS aftereffects, and then summarize alterations of TMS-TBS measures of plasticity in major neurological and psychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, depression, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes. Finally, we discuss the translational studies of TMS-TBS measures of plasticity and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jannati
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lindsay M Oberman
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA.
- Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Institut Guttmann, Barcelona, Spain.
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Elmaghraby R, Sun Q, Ozger C, Shekunov J, Romanowicz M, Croarkin PE. A Systematic Review of the Safety and Tolerability of Theta Burst Stimulation in Children and Adolescents. Neuromodulation 2022; 25:494-503. [PMID: 35670061 PMCID: PMC8617062 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is often used in clinical practice and research protocols for adults with neuropsychiatric disorders. There are substantial knowledge gaps related to the application of TBS in children and adolescents. This systematic review examined the safety and tolerability of TBS in children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review of human TBS studies in children and adolescents was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The following inclusion criteria were applied: 1) articles in English language only; 2) studies that included child and adolescent participants (up to 21 years of age); 3) studies that administered intermittent TBS or continuous TBS or both to participants; 4) studies that had an outcome measure; and 5) availability of full text material. The primary outcome measures were tolerability and safety. When feasible, the clinical effects were reviewed. RESULTS Twenty relevant articles met the criteria for inclusion. The reported adverse events were mild and similar to what is noted in adult studies. The most common symptom was headache. One case report described a seizure induced by TBS. Collectively, the studies were heterogeneous but the methodologic quality of randomized trials was high. CONCLUSIONS TBS interventions in children may have similar safety, tolerability, and feasibility as compared to adults. However, long-term, follow-up studies of TBS are lacking. Future dose-ranging studies with systematic assessment of adverse events will be important in the translation of findings with TBS from adults to youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Elmaghraby
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Can Ozger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julia Shekunov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Magdalena Romanowicz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Paul E Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.
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11
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Huashuang Z, Yang L, Chensheng H, Jing X, Bo C, Dongming Z, Kangfu L, Shi-Bin W. Prevalence of Adverse Effects Associated With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:875591. [PMID: 35677871 PMCID: PMC9168239 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.875591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing number of studies have suggested that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may represent a novel technique with both investigative and therapeutic potential for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, a full spectrum of the adverse effects (AEs) of TMS used in ASD has not been specifically and systematically evaluated. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the prevalence of AEs related to TMS in ASD and to further explore the potentially related factors on the AEs. Methods A systematic literature research of articles published before 31 December 2020 was conducted in the databases of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Ovid, PsycINFO, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chongqing VIP, and WANFANG DATA. AEs reported in the studies were carefully examined and synthesized to understand the safety and tolerability of TMS among ASD. Then, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the potentially related factors on the AEs. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021239827. Results Eleven studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI) of AEs was calculated (overall AEs: 25%, 95% CI 18-33%; headache: 10%, 95% CI 3-19%; facial discomfort: 15%, 95% CI 4-29%; irritability 21%, 95% CI 8-37%; pain at the application site: 6%, 95% CI 0-19%; headedness or dizziness: 8%, 95% CI 0-23%). All reported AEs were mild and transient with relatively few serious AEs and can be resolved after having a rest or medication. In addition, the following variables showed no significant change in overall prevalence of AEs: the purpose of using TMS, mean age of participants, whether the stimulation site was dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC), intensity of TMS, and the number of stimulation sessions. Conclusion The overall prevalence of reported AEs of TMS among ASD was 25%. No identified ASD-specific risk factors for TMS-induced AEs were found. Further studies are needed to clarify the variation in the prevalence. Systematic Review Registration www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=239827, PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42021239827.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Huashuang
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Foshan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou Chensheng
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Jing
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Chen Bo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Gaozhou, China
| | - Zhang Dongming
- Department of Neurology, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Liang Kangfu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Foshan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Wang Shi-Bin
- Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Bejenaru AM, Malhi NK. Use of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Child Psychiatry. INNOVATIONS IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 19:11-22. [PMID: 35958966 PMCID: PMC9341313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic technique that has showed benefits in various psychiatric disorders. Although there is a large body of literature available on its use in adult populations, existing research in pediatric populations is very limited. Current research has primarily focused on its use in adolescent treatment-resistant depression. However, recently, rTMS has gained attention among researchers to find its utility in other neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), tics, and psychosis. There is a lack of systematic data on the safety of rTMS in children and adolescents. The aim of this article was to present an overview of the existing literature on the use of rTMS in children and adolescents and examine the relevant safety considerations. METHODS We conducted a literature review of the English literature in PubMed on TMS in children and adolescents, using comprehensive search terms and expanding our review to include sources cited by these reports. We reviewed the application of rTMS in psychiatric disorders in the pediatric population. RESULTS rTMS has been used for depression and anxiety disorders, OCD, ADHD, Tourette syndrome/tics, ASD, and schizophrenia, with variable results. CONCLUSION rTMS is a promising treatment in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders, although larger, sham-controlled, randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) will be required to definitely demonstrate efficacy, as well as to support a safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Maria Bejenaru
- Drs. Bejenaru and Malhi are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Christiana Care in Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Narpinder Kaur Malhi
- Drs. Bejenaru and Malhi are with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Christiana Care in Wilmington, Delaware
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13
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Jannati A, Ryan MA, Kaye HL, Tsuboyama M, Rotenberg A. Biomarkers Obtained by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. J Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 39:135-148. [PMID: 34366399 PMCID: PMC8810902 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method for focal brain stimulation that is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction where small intracranial electric currents are generated by a powerful fluctuating magnetic field. Over the past three decades, TMS has shown promise in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders in adults. However, the use of TMS in children has been more limited. We provide a brief introduction to the TMS technique; common TMS protocols including single-pulse TMS, paired-pulse TMS, paired associative stimulation, and repetitive TMS; and relevant TMS-derived neurophysiological measurements including resting and active motor threshold, cortical silent period, paired-pulse TMS measures of intracortical inhibition and facilitation, and plasticity metrics after repetitive TMS. We then discuss the biomarker applications of TMS in a few representative neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder, fragile X syndrome, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, and developmental stuttering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jannati
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary A. Ryan
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harper Lee Kaye
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Division of Medical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Melissa Tsuboyama
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Jannati A, Ryan MA, Block G, Kayarian FB, Oberman LM, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A. Modulation of motor cortical excitability by continuous theta-burst stimulation in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:1647-1662. [PMID: 34030059 PMCID: PMC8197744 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether change in motor evoked potential (ΔMEP) induced by continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) of motor cortex (M1) distinguishes adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from neurotypicals, and to explore the contribution of two common polymorphisms related to neuroplasticity. METHODS 44 adult neurotypical (NT) participants (age 21-65, 34 males) and 19 adults with ASD (age 21-58, 17 males) prospectively underwent M1 cTBS. Their data were combined with previously obtained results from 35 NT and 35 ASD adults. RESULTS ΔMEP at 15 minutes post-cTBS (T15) was a significant predictor of diagnosis (p = 0.04) in the present sample (n=63). T15 remained a significant predictor in a larger sample (n=91) and when partially imputed based on T10-T20 from a yet-greater sample (N=133). T15 also remained a significant predictor of diagnosis among brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Met+ and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4- subjects (p's < 0.05), but not among Met- or ε4+ subjects (p's > 0.19). CONCLUSIONS ΔMEP at T15 post-cTBS is a significant biomarker for adults with ASD, and its utility is modulated by BDNF and APOE polymorphisms. SIGNIFICANCE M1 cTBS response is a physiologic biomarker for adults with ASD in large samples, and controlling for BDNF and APOE polymorphisms can improve its diagnostic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jannati
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Mary A Ryan
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Block
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fae B Kayarian
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay M Oberman
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA; Guttman Brain Health Institute, Institut Guttman de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
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15
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Vukovic N, Hansen B, Lund TE, Jespersen S, Shtyrov Y. Rapid microstructural plasticity in the cortical semantic network following a short language learning session. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001290. [PMID: 34125828 PMCID: PMC8202930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the clear importance of language in our life, our vital ability to quickly and effectively learn new words and meanings is neurobiologically poorly understood. Conventional knowledge maintains that language learning—especially in adulthood—is slow and laborious. Furthermore, its structural basis remains unclear. Even though behavioural manifestations of learning are evident near instantly, previous neuroimaging work across a range of semantic categories has largely studied neural changes associated with months or years of practice. Here, we address rapid neuroanatomical plasticity accompanying new lexicon acquisition, specifically focussing on the learning of action-related language, which has been linked to the brain’s motor systems. Our results show that it is possible to measure and to externally modulate (using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of motor cortex) cortical microanatomic reorganisation after mere minutes of new word learning. Learning-induced microstructural changes, as measured by diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and machine learning-based analysis, were evident in prefrontal, temporal, and parietal neocortical sites, likely reflecting integrative lexico-semantic processing and formation of new memory circuits immediately during the learning tasks. These results suggest a structural basis for the rapid neocortical word encoding mechanism and reveal the causally interactive relationship of modal and associative brain regions in supporting learning and word acquisition. This combined neuroimaging and brain stimulation study reveals rapid and distributed microstructural plasticity after a single immersive language learning session, demonstrating the causal relevance of the motor cortex in encoding the meaning of novel action words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Vukovic
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brian Hansen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Sune Jespersen
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yury Shtyrov
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Cognition and Decision making, HSE University, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Desarkar P, Rajji TK, Ameis SH, Blumberger DM, Lai MC, Lunsky Y, Daskalakis ZJ. Assessing and stabilizing atypical plasticity in autism spectrum disorder using rTMS: Results from a proof-of-principle study. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 141:109-118. [PMID: 34011467 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emerging evidence implicates atypical plasticity in the neurophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Specifically, autistic people demonstrated hyperplasticity in response to theta-burst stimulation (TBS). We hypothesized that autistic adults would display hyperplasticity to TBS and that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) - which potentiates brain inhibitory mechanisms - would 'stabilize' hyperplasticity. METHODS Using a randomized, cross-over design, plasticity was assessed using TBS in the left motor cortex (M1) in 31 autistic adults and 30 sex-, intelligence quotient-, and age-matched controls. Autistic adults (n = 29) were further randomized (1:1) to receive a single session of active (n = 14) or sham (n = 15) rTMS (6000 pulses at 20 Hz) over left M1 and plasticity was reassessed on the next day following rTMS. RESULTS Both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) were significantly increased in the ASD group, indicating hyperplasticity. Active, but not sham rTMS, attenuated LTD in autistic adults. CONCLUSIONS We provided further evidence for the presence of brain hyperplasticity in ASD. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show preliminary evidence that an excessive LTD in ASD can be 'stabilized' using rTMS. Such 'stabilizing' effect of rTMS on LTP was not observed, likely due to small sample size or a more specific 'attenuating' effect of rTMS on LTD, compared to LTP. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate atypical brain inhibitory mechanisms behind hyperplasticity in ASD. Utilizing a larger sample, future replication studies could investigate therapeutic opportunities of 'mechanism-driven' rTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpal Desarkar
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie H Ameis
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Meng-Chuan Lai
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yona Lunsky
- Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zafiris J Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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17
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Rossi S, Antal A, Bestmann S, Bikson M, Brewer C, Brockmöller J, Carpenter LL, Cincotta M, Chen R, Daskalakis JD, Di Lazzaro V, Fox MD, George MS, Gilbert D, Kimiskidis VK, Koch G, Ilmoniemi RJ, Lefaucheur JP, Leocani L, Lisanby SH, Miniussi C, Padberg F, Pascual-Leone A, Paulus W, Peterchev AV, Quartarone A, Rotenberg A, Rothwell J, Rossini PM, Santarnecchi E, Shafi MM, Siebner HR, Ugawa Y, Wassermann EM, Zangen A, Ziemann U, Hallett M. Safety and recommendations for TMS use in healthy subjects and patient populations, with updates on training, ethical and regulatory issues: Expert Guidelines. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:269-306. [PMID: 33243615 PMCID: PMC9094636 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 558] [Impact Index Per Article: 186.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in Siena (Italy) in October 2018. The meeting intended to update the ten-year-old safety guidelines for the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in research and clinical settings (Rossi et al., 2009). Therefore, only emerging and new issues are covered in detail, leaving still valid the 2009 recommendations regarding the description of conventional or patterned TMS protocols, the screening of subjects/patients, the need of neurophysiological monitoring for new protocols, the utilization of reference thresholds of stimulation, the managing of seizures and the list of minor side effects. New issues discussed in detail from the meeting up to April 2020 are safety issues of recently developed stimulation devices and pulse configurations; duties and responsibility of device makers; novel scenarios of TMS applications such as in the neuroimaging context or imaging-guided and robot-guided TMS; TMS interleaved with transcranial electrical stimulation; safety during paired associative stimulation interventions; and risks of using TMS to induce therapeutic seizures (magnetic seizure therapy). An update on the possible induction of seizures, theoretically the most serious risk of TMS, is provided. It has become apparent that such a risk is low, even in patients taking drugs acting on the central nervous system, at least with the use of traditional stimulation parameters and focal coils for which large data sets are available. Finally, new operational guidelines are provided for safety in planning future trials based on traditional and patterned TMS protocols, as well as a summary of the minimal training requirements for operators, and a note on ethics of neuroenhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rossi
- Department of Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Neuroscienze, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (SI-BIN Lab), University of Siena, Italy.
| | - Andrea Antal
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Germany; Institue of Medical Psychology, Otto-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sven Bestmann
- Department of Movement and Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK and Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carmen Brewer
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jürgen Brockmöller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Germany
| | - Linda L Carpenter
- Butler Hospital, Brown University Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Massimo Cincotta
- Unit of Neurology of Florence - Central Tuscany Local Health Authority, Florence, Italy
| | - Robert Chen
- Krembil Research Institute and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jeff D Daskalakis
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Michael D Fox
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Mark S George
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Donald Gilbert
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Vasilios K Kimiskidis
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University Hospital, Greece
| | | | - Risto J Ilmoniemi
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (NBE), Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, Finland
| | - Jean Pascal Lefaucheur
- EA 4391, ENT Team, Faculty of Medicine, Paris Est Creteil University (UPEC), Créteil, France; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, (APHP), Créteil, France
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), IRCCS-San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Sarah H Lisanby
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences - CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Frank Padberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Guttmann Brain Health Institut, Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Germany
| | - Angel V Peterchev
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, and Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Angelo Quartarone
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Rothwell
- Department of Movement and Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK and Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Paolo M Rossini
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, IRCCS San Raffaele-Pisana, Roma, Italy
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mouhsin M Shafi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hartwig R Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yoshikatzu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Eric M Wassermann
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abraham Zangen
- Zlotowski Center of Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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18
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Jannati A, Block G, Ryan MA, Kaye HL, Kayarian FB, Bashir S, Oberman LM, Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A. Continuous Theta-Burst Stimulation in Children With High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Children. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:13. [PMID: 32231523 PMCID: PMC7083078 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: A neurophysiologic biomarker for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is highly desirable and can improve diagnosis, monitoring, and assessment of therapeutic response among children with ASD. We investigated the utility of continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) applied to the motor cortex (M1) as a biomarker for children and adolescents with high-functioning (HF) ASD compared to their age- and gender-matched typically developing (TD) controls. We also compared the developmental trajectory of long-term depression- (LTD-) like plasticity in the two groups. Finally, we explored the influence of a common brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) polymorphism on cTBS aftereffects in a subset of the ASD group. Methods: Twenty-nine children and adolescents (age range 10-16) in ASD (n = 11) and TD (n = 18) groups underwent M1 cTBS. Changes in MEP amplitude at 5-60 min post-cTBS and their cumulative measures in each group were calculated. We also assessed the relationship between age and maximum cTBS-induced MEP suppression (ΔMEPMax) in each group. Finally, we compared cTBS aftereffects in BDNF Val/Val (n = 4) and Val/Met (n = 4) ASD participants. Results: Cumulative cTBS aftereffects were significantly more facilitatory in the ASD group than in the TD group (P FDR's < 0.03). ΔMEPMax was negatively correlated with age in the ASD group (r = -0.67, P = 0.025), but not in the TD group (r = -0.12, P = 0.65). Cumulative cTBS aftereffects were not significantly different between the two BDNF subgroups (P-values > 0.18). Conclusions: The results support the utility of cTBS measures of cortical plasticity as a biomarker for children and adolescents with HF-ASD and an aberrant developmental trajectory of LTD-like plasticity in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jannati
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gabrielle Block
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mary A Ryan
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Harper L Kaye
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fae B Kayarian
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lindsay M Oberman
- Neuroplasticity and Autism Spectrum Disorder Program, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, E. P. Bradley Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, East Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Institut Guttman de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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19
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Carment L, Khoury E, Dupin L, Guedj L, Bendjemaa N, Cuenca M, Maier MA, Krebs MO, Lindberg PG, Amado I. Common vs. Distinct Visuomotor Control Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia. Autism Res 2020; 13:885-896. [PMID: 32157824 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) are neurodevelopmental disorders with partly overlapping clinical phenotypes including sensorimotor impairments. However, direct comparative studies on sensorimotor control across these two disorders are lacking. We set out to compare visuomotor upper limb impairment, quantitatively, in ASD and SCZ. Patients with ASD (N = 24) were compared to previously published data from healthy control participants (N = 24) and patients with SCZ (N = 24). All participants performed a visuomotor grip force-tracking task in single and dual-task conditions. The dual-task (high cognitive load) presented either visual distractors or required mental addition during grip force-tracking. Motor inhibition was measured by duration of force release and from principal component analysis (PCA) of the participant's force-trajectory. Common impairments in patients with ASD and SCZ included increased force-tracking error in single-task condition compared to controls, a further increase in error in dual-task conditions, and prolonged duration of force release. These three sensorimotor impairments were found in both patient groups. In contrast, distinct impairments in patients with ASD included greater error under high cognitive load and delayed onset of force release compared to SCZ. The PCA inhibition component was higher in ASD than SCZ and controls, correlated to duration of force release, and explained group differences in tracking error. In conclusion, sensorimotor impairments related to motor inhibition are common to ASD and SCZ, but more severe in ASD, consistent with enhanced neurodevelopmental load in ASD. Furthermore, impaired motor anticipation may represent a further specific impairment in ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 885-896. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) are neurodevelopmental disorders with partly overlapping and partly distinct clinical symptoms. Sensorimotor impairments rank among these symptoms, but it is less clear whether they are shared or distinct. In this study, we showed using a grip force task that sensorimotor impairments related to motor inhibition are common to ASD and SCZ, but more severe in ASD. Impaired motor anticipation may represent a further specific impairment in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Carment
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France
| | | | - Lucile Dupin
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France
| | - Laura Guedj
- Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation (C3RP), Université de Paris, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Narjes Bendjemaa
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France.,Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation (C3RP), Université de Paris, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Macarena Cuenca
- Institut de Psychiatrie CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche Clinique, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Marc A Maier
- Institut de Psychiatrie CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France.,Université de Paris UMR 8002 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France.,Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation (C3RP), Université de Paris, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Påvel G Lindberg
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Amado
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut de Psychiatrie CNRS GDR3557, Paris, France.,Resource Center for Cognitive Remediation and Psychosocial Rehabilitation (C3RP), Université de Paris, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
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20
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Cortical Excitability, Synaptic Plasticity, and Cognition in Benign Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes: A Pilot TMS-EMG-EEG Study. J Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 37:170-180. [PMID: 32142025 DOI: 10.1097/wnp.0000000000000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes have rare seizures emerging from the motor cortex, which they outgrow in adolescence, and additionally may have language deficits of unclear etiology. We piloted the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation paired with EMG and EEG (TMS-EMG, TMS-EEG) to test the hypotheses that net cortical excitability decreases with age and that use-dependent plasticity predicts learning. METHODS We assessed language and motor learning in 14 right-handed children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. We quantified two TMS metrics of left motor cortex excitability: the resting motor threshold (measure of neuronal membrane excitability) and amplitude of the N100-evoked potential (an EEG measure of GABAergic tone). To test plasticity, we applied 1 Hz repetitive TMS to the motor cortex to induce long-term depression-like changes in EMG- and EEG-evoked potentials. RESULTS Children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes tolerate TMS; no seizures were provoked. Resting motor threshold decreases with age but is elevated above maximal stimulator output for half the group. N100 amplitude decreases with age after controlling for resting motor threshold. Motor cortex plasticity correlates significantly with language learning and at a trend level with motor learning. CONCLUSIONS Transcranial magnetic stimulation is safe and feasible for children with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, and TMS-EEG provides more reliable outcome measures than TMS-EMG in this group because many children have unmeasurably high resting motor thresholds. Net cortical excitability decreases with age, and motor cortex plasticity predicts not only motor learning but also language learning, suggesting a mechanism by which motor cortex seizures may interact with language development.
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21
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Jannati A, Fried PJ, Block G, Oberman LM, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A. Test-Retest Reliability of the Effects of Continuous Theta-Burst Stimulation. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:447. [PMID: 31156361 PMCID: PMC6533847 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The utility of continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) as index of cortical plasticity is limited by inadequate characterization of its test-retest reliability. We thus evaluated the reliability of cTBS aftereffects, and explored the roles of age and common single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genes. METHODS Twenty-eight healthy adults (age range 21-65) underwent two identical cTBS sessions (median interval = 9.5 days) targeting the motor cortex. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of the log-transformed, baseline-corrected amplitude of motor evoked potentials (ΔMEP) at 5-60 min post-cTBS (T5-T60) were calculated. Adjusted effect sizes for cTBS aftereffects were then calculated by taking into account the reliability of each cTBS measure. RESULTS ΔMEP at T50 was the most-reliable cTBS measure in the whole sample (ICC = 0.53). Area under-the-curve (AUC) of ΔMEPs was most reliable when calculated over the full 60 min post-cTBS (ICC = 0.40). cTBS measures were substantially more reliable in younger participants (< 35 years) and in those with BDNF Val66Val and APOE ε4- genotypes. CONCLUSION cTBS aftereffects are most reliable when assessed 50 min post-cTBS, or when cumulative ΔMEP measures are calculated over 30-60 min post-cTBS. Reliability of cTBS aftereffects is influenced by age, and BDNF and APOE polymorphisms. Reliability coefficients are used to adjust effect-size calculations for interpretation and planning of cTBS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jannati
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter J. Fried
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gabrielle Block
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lindsay M. Oberman
- Neuroplasticity and Autism Spectrum Disorder Program, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, E.P. Bradley Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, East Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Institut Guttman de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Cole EJ, Barraclough NE, Enticott PG. Investigating Mirror System (MS) Activity in Adults with ASD When Inferring Others' Intentions Using Both TMS and EEG. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:2350-2367. [PMID: 29453710 PMCID: PMC5996018 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ASD is associated with mentalizing deficits that may correspond with atypical mirror system (MS) activation. We investigated MS activity in adults with and without ASD when inferring others' intentions using TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and mu suppression measured by EEG. Autistic traits were measured for all participants. Our EEG data show, high levels of autistic traits predicted reduced right mu (8-10 Hz) suppression when mentalizing. Higher left mu (8-10 Hz) suppression was associated with superior mentalizing performances. Eye-tracking and TMS data showed no differences associated with autistic traits. Our data suggest ASD is associated with reduced right MS activity when mentalizing, TMS-induced MEPs and mu suppression measure different aspects of MS functioning and the MS is directly involved in inferring intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J Cole
- The Department of Psychology, The University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Nick E Barraclough
- The Department of Psychology, The University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia
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23
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Kozhushko NJ, Nagornova ZV, Evdokimov SA, Shemyakina NV, Ponomarev VA, Tereshchenko EP, Kropotov JD. Specificity of spontaneous EEG associated with different levels of cognitive and communicative dysfunctions in children. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 128:22-30. [PMID: 29577946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to reveal electrophysiological markers of communicative and cognitive dysfunctions of different severity in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Eyes-opened electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 42 children with ASD, divided into two groups according to the severity of their communicative and cognitive dysfunctions (24 with severe and 18 children with less severe ASD), and 70 age-matched controls aged 4-9 years were examined by means of spectral and group independent component (gIC) analyses. A predominance of theta and beta EEG activity in both groups of children with ASD compared to the activity in the control group was found in the global gIC together with a predominance of beta EEG activity in the right occipital region. The quantity of local gICs with enhanced slow and high-frequency EEG activity (within the frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex areas) in children 4-9 years of age might be considered a marker of cognitive and communicative dysfunction severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Ju Kozhushko
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376, akad. Pavlova str., 9, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zhanna V Nagornova
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223, pr. Torez, 44, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey A Evdokimov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376, akad. Pavlova str., 9, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia V Shemyakina
- I.M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223, pr. Torez, 44, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Valery A Ponomarev
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376, akad. Pavlova str., 9, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P Tereshchenko
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376, akad. Pavlova str., 9, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jury D Kropotov
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376, akad. Pavlova str., 9, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neuropsychology, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Herlinga-Grudzinskiego 1, 30-705 Kraków, Poland
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24
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Neural Hyperexcitability in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7100129. [PMID: 29027913 PMCID: PMC5664056 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress that has been made in research on autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the understanding of the biological basis of ASD to identify targets for novel, effective treatment remains limited. One of the leading biological theories of autism is a model of cortical hyperexcitability. While numerous genetic and epigenetic studies support this model, how this particular biological alteration relates to known phenotypes in ASD is not well established. Using examples of sensory processing alterations, this review illustrates how cortical excitability may affect neural processes to result eventually in some core clinical phenotypes in ASD. Applications of the cortical excitability model for translational research and drug development are also discussed.
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25
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Jannati A, Block G, Oberman LM, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A. Interindividual variability in response to continuous theta-burst stimulation in healthy adults. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:2268-2278. [PMID: 29028501 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We used complete-linkage cluster analysis to identify healthy subpopulations with distinct responses to continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS). METHODS 21 healthy adults (age±SD, 36.9±15.2years) underwent cTBS of left motor cortex. Natural log-transformed motor evoked potentials (LnMEPs) at 5-50min post-cTBS (T5-T50) were calculated. RESULTS Two clusters were found; Group 1 (n=12) that showed significant MEP facilitation at T15, T20, and T50 (p's<0.006), and Group 2 (n=9) that showed significant suppression at T5-T15 (p's<0.022). LnMEPs at T10 and T40 were best predictors of, and together accounted for 80% of, cluster assignment. In an exploratory analysis, we examined the roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms in the cTBS response. Val66Met participants showed greater facilitation at T10 than Val66Val participants (p=0.025). BDNF and cTBS intensity predicted 59% of interindividual variability in LnMEP at T10. APOE did not significantly affect LnMEPs at any time point (p's>0.32). CONCLUSIONS Data-driven cluster analysis can identify healthy subpopulations with distinct cTBS responses. T10 and T40 LnMEPs were best predictors of cluster assignment. T10 LnMEP was influenced by BDNF polymorphism and cTBS intensity. SIGNIFICANCE Healthy adults can be sorted into subpopulations with distinct cTBS responses that are influenced by genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jannati
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gabrielle Block
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay M Oberman
- Neuroplasticity and Autism Spectrum Disorder Program, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, E.P. Bradley Hospital, Warrent Alpert Medical School of Brown University, East Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program and Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Institut Guttman de Neurorehabilitació, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Gómez L, Vidal B, Maragoto C, Morales LM, Berrillo S, Vera Cuesta H, Baez M, Denis M, Marín T, Cabrera Y, Sánchez A, Alarcón C, Selguera M, Llanez Y, Dieguez L, Robinson M. Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Short-Term Outcome Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2017; 7:E63. [PMID: 28926975 PMCID: PMC5618071 DOI: 10.3390/bs7030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) is a relatively new therapeutic approach that has shown beneficial effects in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). One question to be answered is how enduring its neuromodulatory effect could be. Twenty-four patients with ASD (mean age: 12.2 years) received 20 sessions of NIBS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC). They were randomized into two groups with two (G1) or three (G2) clinical evaluations before NIBS. Both groups had a complete follow-up at six months after the intervention, with the aim of determining the short-term outcome using the total score on the Autism Behavior Checklist, Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist, and the Autism Diagnostic Interview. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) was used in ASD patients aged <11 years, and repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for 11-13-year-olds. Observation points were at one, three, and six months after completing all the sessions of NIBS. A significant reduction in the total score on the three clinical scales was observed and maintained during the first six months after treatment, with a slight and non-significant tendency to increase the scores in the last evaluation. Twenty sessions of NIBS over the L-DLPFC improves autistic symptoms in ASD children, with a lasting effect of six months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lázaro Gómez
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave, Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
- Clinical Neurophysiology Lab., International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave. Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
| | - Belkis Vidal
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Borrás-Marfán Hospital, G and 27 Street., Vedado, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - Carlos Maragoto
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave, Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
- Neuropediatric Clinic, International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave. Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
| | - Lilia Maria Morales
- Clinical Neurophysiology Lab., International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave. Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
| | - Sheyla Berrillo
- Clinical Neurophysiology Lab., International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave. Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
| | - Héctor Vera Cuesta
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave, Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
- Neuropediatric Clinic, International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave. Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
| | - Margarita Baez
- Clinical Neurophysiology Lab., International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave. Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
| | - Marlén Denis
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave, Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
- Neuropediatric Clinic, International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave. Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
| | - Tairí Marín
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave, Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
- Neuropediatric Clinic, International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave. Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
| | - Yaumara Cabrera
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave, Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
- Neuropediatric Clinic, International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave. Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
| | - Abel Sánchez
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave, Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
| | - Celia Alarcón
- Clinical Neurophysiology Lab., International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave. Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
| | - Maribel Selguera
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Borrás-Marfán Hospital, G and 27 Street., Vedado, Havana 10400, Cuba.
| | - Yaima Llanez
- Neuropediatric Clinic, International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave. Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
| | - Lucila Dieguez
- Clinical Neurophysiology Lab., International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave. Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
| | - María Robinson
- Clinical Immunology Lab., International Center for Neurological Restoration, 25th Ave. Playa, Havana 15805, Cuba.
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Hameed MQ, Dhamne SC, Gersner R, Kaye HL, Oberman LM, Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A. Transcranial Magnetic and Direct Current Stimulation in Children. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:11. [PMID: 28229395 PMCID: PMC5962296 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Promising results in adult neurologic and psychiatric disorders are driving active research into transcranial brain stimulation techniques, particularly transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), in childhood and adolescent syndromes. TMS has realistic utility as an experimental tool tested in a range of pediatric neuropathologies such as perinatal stroke, depression, Tourette syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). tDCS has also been tested as a treatment for a number of pediatric neurologic conditions, including ASD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy. Here, we complement recent reviews with an update of published TMS and tDCS results in children, and discuss developmental neuroscience considerations that should inform pediatric transcranial stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Q Hameed
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sameer C Dhamne
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Roman Gersner
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Harper L Kaye
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay M Oberman
- Neuroplasticity and Autism Spectrum Disorder Program and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, E.P. Bradley Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division for Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Pedapati EV, Gilbert DL, Erickson CA, Horn PS, Shaffer RC, Wink LK, Laue CS, Wu SW. Abnormal Cortical Plasticity in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Case-Control Pilot Study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2016; 26:625-31. [PMID: 27007257 PMCID: PMC5035833 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This case-control study investigated the use of a low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocol to measure motor cortex (M1) plasticity in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared with typically developing children (TDC). We hypothesized that impairments in long-term potentiation-like properties represent a neurophysiological biomarker of abnormal cortical function in ASD. METHODS We studied youth with ASD aged 11-18 years and matched controls (TDC). Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) was delivered to the dominant M1 at an intensity of 70% of resting motor threshold. Suprathreshold single-pulse TMS was performed to compare amplitudes of motor-evoked potentials (MEP) measured from surface electromyography electrodes on a target muscle before (20 pulses) and after (10 pulses/time point) iTBS at predefined timepoints (up to 30 minutes) to measure any potentiation effects. A linear mixed model was used to examine group differences in MEP amplitudes over time following iTBS. RESULTS Nine youth with ASD (mean age 15.6; 7 males; 6 right-hand dominant) and 9 TDC (mean age 14.5; 5 males; 9 right-hand dominant) participated. All subjects tolerated the procedure well. Both groups had a mean increase in excitability after iTBS for 30 minutes; however, the time course of excitability changes differed (F9,144 = 2.05; p = 0.038). Post-hoc testing identified a significant decrease in amplitude of the ASD group at 20 minutes following iTBS compared with the TDC after correcting for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSION In this study, we demonstrate early evidence for a potential physiological biomarker of cortical plasticity in youth with ASD using a rapid low-intensity rTMS protocol with a discriminate measure at 20 minutes following stimulation. The procedure was well tolerated by all 18 participants. Future work will include modification of the protocol to improve the ability to distinguish subtypes of ASD based on behavioral and cognitive testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest V. Pedapati
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Donald L. Gilbert
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Craig A. Erickson
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Paul S. Horn
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rebecca C. Shaffer
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Logan K. Wink
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Cameron S. Laue
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Steve W. Wu
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Cullen KR, Jasberg S, Nelson B, Klimes-Dougan B, Lim KO, Croarkin PE. Seizure Induced by Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in an Adolescent with Depression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2016; 26:637-41. [PMID: 27447245 PMCID: PMC5118961 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with an H-1 coil was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in adults. Studies assessing the safety and effectiveness of deep TMS in adolescent TRD are lacking. The purpose of this brief report is to provide a case history of an adolescent enrolled in an investigational deep TMS protocol. METHODS A case history is described of the first participant of a sham-controlled clinical trial who had a seizure in the course of deep TMS with parameter settings extrapolated from the adult studies that led to US FDA approval (H-1 coil, 120% target stimulation intensity, 18 Hz, 55 trains of 2-second duration, total 1980 pulses). RESULTS The participant was a 17-year-old unmedicated female, with no significant medical history and no history of seizures or of drug or alcohol use. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed no structural abnormalities. She initially received sham, which was well tolerated. During active treatment sessions, titration began at 85% of motor threshold (MT) and increased by 5% per day. Her weekly MT measurements were stable. On her first day of 120% MT (8th active treatment), during the 48th train, the participant had a generalized, tonic-clonic seizure that lasted 90 seconds and resolved spontaneously. She had an emergency medicine evaluation and was discharged home without anticonvulsant medications. There were no further seizures reported at a 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS We report a deep TMS-induced generalized tonic-clonic seizure in an adolescent with TRD participating in a clinical trial. Given the demonstrated benefits of deep TMS for adult TRD, research investigating its use in adolescents with TRD is an important area. However, in light of this experience, additional precautions for adolescents should be considered. We propose that further dose-finding investigations are needed to refine adolescent-specific parameters that may be safe and effective for treating adolescents with TRD with deep TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R. Cullen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Suzanne Jasberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brent Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Kelvin O. Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Paul E. Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Advances in the Application of Electroconvulsive Therapy. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-016-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Sommer IE, Bearden CE, van Dellen E, Breetvelt EJ, Duijff SN, Maijer K, van Amelsvoort T, de Haan L, Gur RE, Arango C, Díaz-Caneja CM, Vinkers CH, Vorstman JA. Early interventions in risk groups for schizophrenia: what are we waiting for? NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2016; 2:16003. [PMID: 27336054 PMCID: PMC4849435 DOI: 10.1038/npjschz.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intervention strategies in adolescents at ultra high-risk (UHR) for psychosis are promising for reducing conversion to overt illness, but have only limited impact on functional outcome. Recent studies suggest that cognition does not further decline during the UHR stage. As social and cognitive impairments typically develop before the first psychotic episode and even years before the UHR stage, prevention should also start much earlier in the groups at risk for schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Early intervention strategies could aim to improve stress resilience, optimize brain maturation, and prevent or alleviate adverse environmental circumstances. These strategies should urgently be tested for efficacy: the prevalence of ~1% implies that yearly ~22 in every 100,000 people develop overt symptoms of this illness, despite the fact that for many of them—e.g., children with an affected first-degree family member or carriers of specific genetic variants—increased risk was already identifiable early in life. Our current ability to recognize several risk groups at an early age not only provides an opportunity, but also implies a clinical imperative to act. Time is pressing to investigate preventive interventions in high-risk children to mitigate or prevent the development of schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris E Sommer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edwin van Dellen
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elemi J Breetvelt
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sasja N Duijff
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Maijer
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Therese van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Psychiatric Centre, AMC , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Celso Arango
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense , Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense , Madrid, Spain
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob As Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Pérez C, Leite J, Carvalho S, Fregni F. Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) for the Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Across Lifespan. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a safe, painless, and inexpensive noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique. tES has been shown to reduce symptoms in a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions such as depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, autism, and craving. There are many factors that can influence the effects of tES, such as current intensity, duration, baseline level of activity, gender, and age. Age is a critical variable, since the human brain undergoes several anatomic and functional changes across the lifespan. Therefore, tES-induced effects may not be the same across the lifespan. In this review we summarize the effects of tES, including tDCS, tACS, and tRNS, on clinical outcomes in several neuropsychiatric conditions, using a framework in which studies are organized according to the age of subjects. The use of tES in neuropsychiatric disorders has yielded promising results with mild, if any, adverse effects. Most of the published studies with tES have been conducted with tDCS in adult population. Future studies should focus on interventions guided by surrogate outcomes of neuroplasticity. A better understanding of neuroplasticity across the lifespan will help optimize current tES stimulation parameters, especially for use with children and elderly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Pérez
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge Leite
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sandra Carvalho
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Neuropsychophysiology Laboratory, CIPsi, School of Psychology (EPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Oberman LM, Enticott PG, Casanova MF, Rotenberg A, Pascual-Leone A, McCracken JT. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in autism spectrum disorder: Challenges, promise, and roadmap for future research. Autism Res 2015; 9:184-203. [PMID: 26536383 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined complex neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by impairments in social communication, by the presence of restricted and repetitive behaviors, interests and activities, and by abnormalities in sensory reactivity. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising, emerging tool for the study and potential treatment of ASD. Recent studies suggest that TMS measures provide rapid and noninvasive pathophysiological ASD biomarkers. Furthermore, repetitive TMS (rTMS) may represent a novel treatment strategy for reducing some of the core and associated ASD symptoms. However, the available literature on the TMS use in ASD is preliminary, composed of studies with methodological limitations. Thus, off-label clinical rTMS use for therapeutic interventions in ASD without an investigational device exemption and outside of an IRB approved research trial is premature pending further, adequately powered and controlled trials. Leaders in this field have gathered annually for a two-day conference (prior to the 2014 and 2015 International Meeting for Autism Research, IMFAR) to share recent progress, promote collaboration across laboratories, and establish consensus on protocols. Here we review the literature in the use of TMS in ASD in the context of the unique challenges required for the study and exploration of treatment strategies in this population. We also suggest future directions for this field of investigations. While its true potential in ASD has yet to be delineated, TMS represents an innovative research tool and a novel, possibly transformative approach to the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Oberman
- Neuroplasticity and Autism Spectrum Disorder Program and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, E.P. Bradley Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode, Island
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Manuel F Casanova
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Neuromodulation Program, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James T McCracken
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Oberman LM, Enticott PG. Editorial: The safety and efficacy of noninvasive brain stimulation in development and neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:544. [PMID: 26483661 PMCID: PMC4591428 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Oberman
- Neuroplasticity and Autism Spectrum Disorder Program, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, E.P. Bradley Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University Providence, RI, USA
| | - Peter G Enticott
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University Burwood, VIC, Australia
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35
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Pedapati EV, Gilbert DL, Horn PS, Huddleston DA, Laue CS, Shahana N, Wu SW. Effect of 30 Hz theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation on the primary motor cortex in children and adolescents. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:91. [PMID: 25762919 PMCID: PMC4340218 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourteen healthy children (13.8 ± 2.2 years, range 10–16; M:F = 5:9) received 30 Hz intermittent theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (iTBS) with a stimulation intensity of 70% of resting motor threshold (RMT) with a total of 300 (iTBS300) pulses. All volunteers were free of neurologic, psychiatric and serious medical illnesses, not taking any neuropsychiatric medications, and did not have any contraindications to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Changes in the mean amplitudes of motor-evoked potentials from baseline following iTBS were expressed as a ratio and assessed from 1 to 10 min (BLOCK1) and 1–30 min (BLOCK2) using repeated-measures analysis of variance. All 14 subjects completed iTBS300 over the dominant primary motor cortex (M1) without any clinically reported adverse events. ITBS300 produced significant M1 facilitation [F(5, 65) = 3.165, p = 0.01] at BLOCK1 and trend level M1 facilitation at BLOCK2 [F(10, 129) = 1.69, p = 0.089]. Although iTBS300 (stimulation duration of 92 s at 70% RMT) delivered over M1 in typically developed children was well-tolerated and produced on average significant facilitatory changes in cortical excitability, the post-iTBS300 neurophysiologic response was variable in our small sample. ITBS300-induced changes may represent a potential neuroplastic biomarker in healthy children and those with neuro-genetic or neuro-psychiatric disorders. However, a larger sample size is needed to address safety and concerns of response variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest V Pedapati
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Donald L Gilbert
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul S Horn
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David A Huddleston
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Cameron S Laue
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nasrin Shahana
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Steve W Wu
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
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36
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Hong YH, Wu SW, Pedapati EV, Horn PS, Huddleston DA, Laue CS, Gilbert DL. Safety and tolerability of theta burst stimulation vs. single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation: a comparative study of 165 pediatric subjects. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:29. [PMID: 25698958 PMCID: PMC4316715 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although single- and paired-pulse (sp/pp) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies are considered minimal risk in adults and children, the safety profile for theta-burst TMS (TBS) is unknown. Objective: In this comparative analysis, we explored the rate, severity, and specific symptoms of TMS-related adverse effects (AEs) between sp/ppTMS and TBS in subjects between ages 6 and 18 years. Method: Data from 165 participants from 2009 to 2014 were analyzed. Assessment of AEs was performed based on baseline and post-TMS administration of a symptom-based questionnaire that rated AEs on a 5-level ordinal scale (minimal, mild, moderate, marked, severe). AE rates and severity were compared using Chi Square or Fisher’s Exact Test depending on data characteristics. Result: Overall, no seizures or severe-rated AEs were reported by 165 pediatric participants. The rate of AE in all TBS sessions was 10.5% (n = 76, 95% CI: 4.7–19.7%), whereas the rate of AE in all sp/ppTMS sessions was 12.4% (n = 89, 95% CI: 6.3–21.0%). There was no statistical difference in AE rates between TBS and sp/ppTMS (p = 0.71). In all sp/ppTMS and TBS sessions, 20 subjects reported a total of 35 AEs, among these 31 (~88.6%) were rated as “minimal” or “mild”. There was no difference in the severity of AE between TBS and sp/ppTMS (p = 1.0). Only one of 76 TBS participants reported an AE rated as more than minimal/mild. Conclusion: Our comparative analysis showed that TBS appears to be as safe as sp/ppTMS in terms of AE rate and severity. This report supports further investigation of TBS in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaejee H Hong
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Steve W Wu
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ernest V Pedapati
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA ; Division of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul S Horn
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - David A Huddleston
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Cameron S Laue
- Division of Psychiatry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Donald L Gilbert
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Desarkar P, Rajji TK, Ameis SH, Daskalakis ZJ. Assessing and Stabilizing Aberrant Neuroplasticity in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Potential Role of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:124. [PMID: 26441685 PMCID: PMC4563147 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exciting developments have taken place in the neuroscience research in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and results from these studies indicate that brain in ASD is associated with aberrant neuroplasticity. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has rapidly evolved to become a widely used, safe, and non-invasive neuroscientific tool to investigate a variety of neurophysiological processes, including neuroplasticity. The diagnostic and therapeutic potential of TMS in ASD is beginning to be realized. In this article, we briefly reviewed evidence of aberrant neuroplasticity in ASD, suggested future directions in assessing neuroplasticity using repetitive TMS (rTMS), and discussed the potential of rTMS in rectifying aberrant neuroplasticity in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpal Desarkar
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Stephanie H Ameis
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Research Imaging Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - Zafiris Jeff Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health , Toronto, ON , Canada
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Krishnan C, Santos L, Peterson MD, Ehinger M. Safety of noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adolescents. Brain Stimul 2014; 8:76-87. [PMID: 25499471 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial current stimulation (tCS) have the potential to mitigate a variety of symptoms associated with neurological and psychiatric conditions, including stroke, cerebral palsy, autism, depression, and Tourette syndrome. While the safety of these modalities has been established in adults, there is a paucity of research assessing the safety of NIBS among children. OBJECTIVE To examine the existing literature regarding the safety of NIBS techniques in children and adolescents with neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders. METHODS An electronic search was performed on online databases for studies using NIBS in individuals less than 18 years of age. Non-English publications, diagnostic studies, electroconvulsive therapy, single/dual pulse TMS studies, and reviews were excluded. Adverse events reported in the studies were carefully examined and synthesized to understand the safety and tolerability of NIBS among children and adolescents. RESULTS The data from 48 studies involving more than 513 children/adolescents (2.5-17.8 years of age) indicate that the side effects of NIBS were, in general, mild and transient [TMS: headache (11.5%), scalp discomfort (2.5%), twitching (1.2%), mood changes (1.2%), fatigue (0.9%), tinnitus (0.6%); tCS: tingling (11.5%), itching (5.8%), redness (4.7%), scalp discomfort (3.1%)] with relatively few serious adverse events. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that both repetitive TMS and tCS are safe modalities in children and adolescents with various neurological conditions, especially when safety guidelines are followed. The incidence of adverse events appears to be similar to that observed in adults; however, further studies with longer treatment and follow-up periods are needed to better understand the benefits and tolerance of long-term use of NIBS in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramouli Krishnan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Luciana Santos
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark D Peterson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Margaret Ehinger
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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