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Wang C, Tian Z, Hu Y, Luo Q. Physical activity interventions for cardiopulmonary fitness in obese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:558. [PMID: 37932667 PMCID: PMC10626758 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study [PROSPERO CRD42023416272] systematically analysed the effects of a physical activity intervention on cardiorespiratory fitness in obese children and adolescents and elucidated the factors that influenced those effects. METHODS A systematic review of the literature on physical activity interventions for improving cardiopulmonary fitness in obese children and adolescents from January 1, 2011, to March 1, 2023, was conducted. The search was performed on the Web of Science and PubMed databases, and the selected literature was first screened and then assessed for quality. Finally, a systematic review was conducted. RESULTS Out of the initially identified 1424 search records, 28 studies were eventually included in the systematic review. These studies encompassed a total of 2724 participants aged 5 to 18 years, with the publication dates of the literature primarily ranging from 2011 to 2023. Physical activity was found to effectively improve the following parameters in obese children and adolescents: weight [mean difference (MD), -2.03 (95% confidence interval, -2.59 to -1.47), p < 0.00001], maximal oxygen consumption [MD, -1.95 (95% CI, -1.06 to -2.84), p < 0.0001], heart rate [MD, -2.77 (95% CI, -4.88 to -0.67), p = 0.010], systolic blood pressure [MD, -8.11 (95% CI, -11.41 to -4.81), p < 0.00001], and diastolic blood pressure [MD, -4.18 (95% CI, -5.32 to -3.03), p < 0.00001]. High-intensity exercise was found to yield greater improvements than low- to moderate-intensity exercise in maximal oxygen consumption [MD, 1.43 (95% CI, 0.04 to 2.82), p = 0.04] and diastolic blood pressure [MD, -6.94 (95% CI, -10.61 to -3.26), p = 0.0002] in obese children and adolescents. CONCLUSION Physical activity can effectively improve the body weight, maximal oxygen consumption, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure of obese children and adolescents. The type of physical activity directly influences the participation interest of obese children and adolescents, with moderate- to high-intensity physical activity showing the most significant impact on intervention outcomes. High-frequency, long-term interventions yield better results than short-term interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, China
| | - Zuguo Tian
- Department of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, China.
| | - Yuting Hu
- Department of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, China
| | - Qiaoyou Luo
- Department of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410000, China
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2
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Henderson BJ, Richardson MR, Cooper SY. A high-fat diet has sex-specific effects on nicotine vapor self-administration in mice. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 241:109694. [PMID: 36402049 PMCID: PMC9793688 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous investigations have shown that fat-rich diets increase vulnerability to drug dependence, including nicotine. Despite this knowledge, few investigations into the neurochemical mechanisms have been completed. Our objective here was to examine if high-fat diet (HFD) impacted nicotine intake and in parallel examine potential changes in dopamine signaling. METHODS Adult male and female C57/BL6J mice were used in nicotine e-vape® self-administration (EVSA) assays after being maintained on a standard diet or HFD for 6 weeks. In a separate cohort of mice, dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core was examined with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. RESULTS Female mice assigned to HFD exhibited increased nicotine EVSA during low-effort responding (FR1) when compared to standard-diet mice. HFD-assigned mice (male and female) also exhibited reduced active nose pokes in a progressive ratio task. Finally, HFD-mice exhibited reduced phasic dopamine release compared to standard-diet mice. CONCLUSIONS These show that fat-rich diets alter nicotine intake (females increase at low effort, males and females decrease at high effort) and this may occur due to HFD-induced decreases in NAc dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave, Huntington, WV 25703, USA.
| | - Montana R Richardson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave, Huntington, WV 25703, USA.
| | - Skylar Y Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, 1700 3rd Ave, Huntington, WV 25703, USA.
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3
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Chen IH, Huang PC, Lin YC, Gan WY, Fan CW, Yang WC, Tung SEH, Poon WC, Griffiths MD, Lin CY. The Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 and the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 in Taiwan: Factor structure and concurrent validity. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1014447. [PMID: 36506452 PMCID: PMC9732099 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1014447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The most widely used instruments to assess food addiction - the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) and its modified version (mYFAS 2.0) - have not been validated in a Taiwanese population. The present study compared the psychometric properties between the Taiwan versions of YFAS 2.0 and mYFAS 2.0 among university students. Methods An online survey comprising the YFAS 2.0, mYFAS 2.0, Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) were used to assess food addiction, self-stigma, and physical activity. Results All participants (n = 687; mean age = 24.00 years [SD ± 4.48 years]; 407 females [59.2%]) completed the entire survey at baseline and then completed the YFAS 2.0 and mYFAS 2.0 again three months later. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that the YFAS 2.0 and mYFAS 2.0 both shared a similar single-factor solution. In addition, both the YFAS 2.0 and mYFAS 2.0 reported good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.90 and 0.89), good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.71 and 0.69), and good concurrent validity with the total scores being strongly associated with the WSSQ (r = 0.54 and 0.57; p < 0.01), and less strongly associated with BMI (r = 0.17 and 0.13; p < 0.01) and IPAQ-SF (r = 0.23 and 0.25; p < 0.01). Discussion Based on the findings, the Taiwan versions of the YFAS 2.0 and mYFAS 2.0 appear to be valid and reliable instruments assessing food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hua Chen
- Chinese Academy of Education Big Data, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Po-Ching Huang
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lin
- Department of Early Childhood and Family Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan Ying Gan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chia-Wei Fan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, AdventHealth University, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Wen-Chi Yang
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Infinite Power Ltd., Co., Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Serene En Hui Tung
- Division of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wai Chuen Poon
- Sunway University Business School, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Ruiz-Tejada A, Neisewander J, Katsanos CS. Regulation of Voluntary Physical Activity Behavior: A Review of Evidence Involving Dopaminergic Pathways in the Brain. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030333. [PMID: 35326289 PMCID: PMC8946175 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity leads to well-established health benefits. Current efforts to enhance physical activity have targeted mainly socioeconomic factors. However, despite these efforts, only a small number of adults engage in regular physical activity to the point of meeting current recommendations. Evidence collected in rodent models and humans establish a strong central nervous system component that regulates physical activity behavior. In particular, dopaminergic pathways in the central nervous system are among the best-characterized biological mechanisms to date with respect to regulating reward, motivation, and habit formation, which are critical for establishing regular physical activity. Herein, we discuss evidence for a role of brain dopamine in the regulation of voluntary physical activity behavior based on selective breeding and pharmacological studies in rodents, as well as genetic studies in both rodents and humans. While these studies establish a role of dopamine and associated mechanisms in the brain in the regulation of voluntary physical activity behavior, there is clearly need for more research on the underlying biology involved in motivation for physical activity and the formation of a physical activity habit. Such knowledge at the basic science level may ultimately be translated into better strategies to enhance physical activity levels within the society.
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Beeler JA, Burghardt NS. The Rise and Fall of Dopamine: A Two-Stage Model of the Development and Entrenchment of Anorexia Nervosa. Front Psychiatry 2022; 12:799548. [PMID: 35087433 PMCID: PMC8787068 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.799548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine has long been implicated as a critical neural substrate mediating anorexia nervosa (AN). Despite nearly 50 years of research, the putative direction of change in dopamine function remains unclear and no consensus on the mechanistic role of dopamine in AN has been achieved. We hypothesize two stages in AN- corresponding to initial development and entrenchment- characterized by opposite changes in dopamine. First, caloric restriction, particularly when combined with exercise, triggers an escalating spiral of increasing dopamine that facilitates the behavioral plasticity necessary to establish and reinforce weight-loss behaviors. Second, chronic self-starvation reverses this escalation to reduce or impair dopamine which, in turn, confers behavioral inflexibility and entrenchment of now established AN behaviors. This pattern of enhanced, followed by impaired dopamine might be a common path to many behavioral disorders characterized by reinforcement learning and subsequent behavioral inflexibility. If correct, our hypothesis has significant clinical and research implications for AN and other disorders, such as addiction and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A. Beeler
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY, United States
- Psychology Program, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, United States
- Biology Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nesha S. Burghardt
- Psychology Program, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, CUNY, New York, NY, United States
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Abstract
Regular physical activity has an impact on all human organ systems and mediates multiple beneficial effects on overall health. Physical activity alone is a poor strategy for weight loss; however, physical activity is of crucial importance for weight loss maintenance. The role of exercise in maintaining a stable body weight is not clear but might be related to better appetite regulation and food preference. In relation to exercise, muscle secretes myokines and other factors that can influence the metabolism in other organs, not least fat and brain tissues. Thereby, physical activity reduces the risk of obesity-associated diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, independently of weight loss and BMI. Therefore, physical activity should always be included in weight loss strategies and as a tool to maintain a healthy weight, despite its modest effect on energy expenditure and overall body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Brandt
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Beeler JA, Mourra D, Zanca RM, Kalmbach A, Gellman C, Klein BY, Ravenelle R, Serrano P, Moore H, Rayport S, Mingote S, Burghardt NS. Vulnerable and Resilient Phenotypes in a Mouse Model of Anorexia Nervosa. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:829-842. [PMID: 32950210 PMCID: PMC7855473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased physical activity is a common feature of anorexia nervosa (AN). Although high activity levels are associated with greater risk of developing AN, particularly when combined with dieting, most individuals who diet and exercise maintain a healthy body weight. It is unclear why some individuals develop AN while most do not. A rodent model of resilience and vulnerability to AN would be valuable to research. Dopamine, which is believed to play a crucial role in AN, regulates both reward and activity and may modulate vulnerability. METHODS Adolescent and young adult female C57BL/6N mice were tested in the activity-based anorexia (ABA) model, with an extended period of food restriction in adult mice. ABA was also tested in dopamine transporter knockdown mice and wild-type littermates. Mice that adapted to conditions and maintained a stable body weight were characterized as resilient. RESULTS In adults, vulnerable and resilient phenotypes emerged in both the ABA and food-restricted mice without wheels. Vulnerable mice exhibited a pronounced increase in running throughout the light cycle, which dramatically peaked prior to requiring removal from the experiment. Resilient mice exhibited an adaptive decrease in total running, appropriate food anticipatory activity, and increased consumption, thereby achieving stable body weight. Hyperdopaminergia accelerated progression of the vulnerable phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our demonstration of distinct resilient and vulnerable phenotypes in mouse ABA significantly advances the utility of the model for identifying genes and neural substrates mediating AN risk and resilience. Modulation of dopamine may play a central role in the underlying circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A. Beeler
- Dept. of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367 USA
| | - Devry Mourra
- Dept. of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367 USA
| | - Roseanna M. Zanca
- Dept. of Psychology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065 USA
| | - Abigail Kalmbach
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
| | - Celia Gellman
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Benjamin Y. Klein
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Developmental Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10031 USA,Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Peter Serrano
- Dept. of Psychology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065 USA
| | - Holly Moore
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Systems Neuroscience, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA,National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen Rayport
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Susana Mingote
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA,Dept. of Molecular Therapeutics, NYS Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA,Advanced Science Research Center, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10031 USA
| | - Nesha S. Burghardt
- Dept. of Psychology, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, 10065 USA,Dept. of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 USA
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Plaza-Florido A, Altmäe S, Esteban FJ, Löf M, Radom-Aizik S, Ortega FB. Cardiorespiratory fitness in children with overweight/obesity: Insights into the molecular mechanisms. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2083-2091. [PMID: 34333829 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) during adulthood. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the health benefits of high CRF levels at the early stage of life. This study aimed to analyze the whole-blood transcriptome profile of fit children with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) compared to unfit children with OW/OB. DESIGN 27 children with OW/OB (10.14 ± 1.3 years, 59% boys) from the ActiveBrains project were evaluated. VO2 peak was assessed using a gas analyzer, and participants were categorized into fit or unfit according to the CVD risk-related cut-points. Whole-blood transcriptome profile (RNA sequencing) was analyzed. Differential gene expression analysis was performed using the limma R/Bioconductor software package (analyses adjusted by sex and maturational status), and pathways' enrichment analysis was performed with DAVID. In addition, in silico validation data mining was performed using the PHENOPEDIA database. RESULTS 256 genes were differentially expressed in fit children with OW/OB compared to unfit children with OW/OB after adjusting by sex and maturational status (FDR < 0.05). Enriched pathway analysis identified gene pathways related to inflammation (eg, dopaminergic and GABAergic synapse pathways). Interestingly, in silico validation data mining detected a set of the differentially expressed genes to be related to CVD, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, inflammation, and asthma. CONCLUSION The distinct pattern of whole-blood gene expression in fit children with OW/OB reveals genes and gene pathways that might play a role in reducing CVD risk factors later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Plaza-Florido
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Signe Altmäe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Esteban
- Systems Biology Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Marie Löf
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Shlomit Radom-Aizik
- Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center, UC Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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Legget KT, Wylie KP, Cornier MA, Berman BD, Tregellas JR. Altered between-network connectivity in individuals prone to obesity. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113242. [PMID: 33157075 PMCID: PMC7775284 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigating intrinsic brain functional connectivity may help identify the neurobiology underlying cognitive patterns and biases contributing to obesity propensity. To address this, the current study used a novel whole-brain, data-driven approach to examine functional connectivity differences in large-scale network interactions between obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) individuals. METHODS OR (N = 24) and OP (N = 25) adults completed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during rest. Large-scale brain networks were identified using independent component analysis (ICA). Voxel-specific between-network connectivity analysis assessed correlations between ICA component time series' and individual voxel time series, identifying regions strongly connected to many networks, i.e., "hubs". RESULTS Significant group differences in between-network connectivity (OP vs. OR; FDR-corrected) were observed in bilateral basal ganglia (left: q = 0.009; right: q = 0.010) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC; q = 0.026), with OP>OR. Basal ganglia differences were largely driven by a more strongly negative correlation with a lateral sensorimotor network in OP, with dlPFC differences driven by a more strongly negative correlation with an inferior visual network in OP. CONCLUSIONS Greater between-network connectivity was observed in the basal ganglia and dlPFC in OP, driven by stronger associations with lateral sensorimotor and inferior visual networks, respectively. This may reflect a disrupted balance between goal-directed and habitual control systems and between internal/external monitoring processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina T Legget
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Korey P Wylie
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brian D Berman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Neurology Section, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jason R Tregellas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
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Morais AL, Rijo P, Batanero Hernán MB, Nicolai M. Biomolecules and Electrochemical Tools in Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance: A Systematic Review. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10090121. [PMID: 32927739 PMCID: PMC7560036 DOI: 10.3390/bios10090121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over recent three decades, the electrochemical techniques have become widely used in biological identification and detection, because it presents optimum features for efficient and sensitive molecular detection of organic compounds, being able to trace quantities with a minimum of reagents and sample manipulation. Given these special features, electrochemical techniques are regularly exploited in disease diagnosis and monitoring. Specifically, amperometric electrochemical analysis has proven to be quite suitable for the detection of physiological biomarkers in monitoring health conditions, as well as toward the control of reactive oxygen species released in the course of oxidative burst during inflammatory events. Besides, electrochemical detection techniques involve a simple and swift assessment that provides a low detection-limit for most of the molecules enclosed biological fluids and related to non-transmittable morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Morais
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona Research Centre for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.L.M.); (P.R.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, Ctra. A2, Km 33.600–Campus Universitario, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Patrícia Rijo
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona Research Centre for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.L.M.); (P.R.)
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa—Faculdade de Farmácia, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - María Belén Batanero Hernán
- Department of Organic & Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.B.B.H.); (M.N.)
| | - Marisa Nicolai
- CBIOS—Universidade Lusófona Research Centre for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.L.M.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.B.H.); (M.N.)
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11
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Crummy EA, O'Neal TJ, Baskin BM, Ferguson SM. One Is Not Enough: Understanding and Modeling Polysubstance Use. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:569. [PMID: 32612502 PMCID: PMC7309369 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease with a highly multifaceted pathology that includes (but is not limited to) sensitivity to drug-associated cues, negative affect, and motivation to maintain drug consumption. SUDs are highly prevalent, with 35 million people meeting criteria for SUD. While drug use and addiction are highly studied, most investigations of SUDs examine drug use in isolation, rather than in the more prevalent context of comorbid substance histories. Indeed, 11.3% of individuals diagnosed with a SUD have concurrent alcohol and illicit drug use disorders. Furthermore, having a SUD with one substance increases susceptibility to developing dependence on additional substances. For example, the increased risk of developing heroin dependence is twofold for alcohol misusers, threefold for cannabis users, 15-fold for cocaine users, and 40-fold for prescription misusers. Given the prevalence and risk associated with polysubstance use and current public health crises, examining these disorders through the lens of co-use is essential for translatability and improved treatment efficacy. The escalating economic and social costs and continued rise in drug use has spurred interest in developing preclinical models that effectively model this phenomenon. Here, we review the current state of the field in understanding the behavioral and neural circuitry in the context of co-use with common pairings of alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and other addictive substances. Moreover, we outline key considerations when developing polysubstance models, including challenges to developing preclinical models to provide insights and improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Crummy
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Timothy J O'Neal
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Britahny M Baskin
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan M Ferguson
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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12
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Effects of DCM Leaf Extract of Gnidia glauca (Fresen) on Locomotor Activity, Anxiety, and Exploration-Like Behaviors in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:7359235. [PMID: 31933694 PMCID: PMC6942765 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7359235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is the main component of metabolic syndromes involving distinct etiologies that target different underlying behavioral and physiological functions within the brain structures and neuronal circuits. An alteration in the neuronal circuitry stemming from abdominal or central obesity stimulates a cascade of changes in neurochemical signaling that directly or indirectly mediate spontaneously emitted behaviors such as locomotor activity patterns, anxiety, and exploration. Pharmacological agents available for the treatment of neurologic disorders have been associated with limited potency and intolerable adverse effects. These have necessitated the upsurge in the utilization of herbal prescriptions due to their affordability and easy accessibility and are firmly embedded within wider belief systems of many people. Gnidia glauca has been used in the management of many ailments including obesity and associated symptomatic complications. However, its upsurge in use has not been accompanied by empirical determination of these folkloric claims. The present study, therefore, is aimed at determining the modulatory effects of dichloromethane leaf extract of Gnidia glauca on locomotor activity, exploration, and anxiety-like behaviors in high-fat diet-induced obese rats in an open-field arena. Obesity was experimentally induced by feeding the rats with prepared high-fat diet and water ad libitum for 6 weeks. The in vivo antiobesity effects were determined by oral administration of G. glauca at dosage levels of 200, 250, and 300 mg/kg body weight in high-fat diet-induced obese rats from the 6th to 12th week. Phytochemical analysis was done using gas chromatography linked to mass spectroscopy. Results indicated that Gnidia glauca showed anxiolytic effects and significantly increased spontaneous locomotor activity and exploration-like behaviors in HFD-induced obese rats. The plant extract also contained phytocompounds that have been associated with amelioration of the main neurodegenerative mediators, viz., inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings provide “qualified leads” for the synthesis of new alternative therapeutic agents for the management of neurologic disorders. However, there is a need to conduct toxicity studies of Gnidia glauca to establish its safety profiles.
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13
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Mourra D, Gnazzo F, Cobos S, Beeler JA. Striatal Dopamine D2 Receptors Regulate Cost Sensitivity and Behavioral Thrift. Neuroscience 2019; 425:134-145. [PMID: 31809732 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The role of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) in regulating appetitive behavior continues to be controversial. Earlier literature suggests that reduced D2R signaling diminishes motivated behavior while more recent theories suggest that reduced D2R, as has been putatively observed in obesity, facilitates compulsive appetitive behavior and promotes overeating. Using a homecage foraging paradigm with mice, we revisit classic neuroleptic pharmacological studies from the 1970s that led to the 'extinction mimicry' hypothesis: that dopamine blockade reduces reinforcement leading to an extinction-like reduction in a learned, motivated behavior. We complement this with a selective genetic deletion of D2R in indirect pathway medium spiny neurons (iMSNs). Administration of haloperidol shifts foraging strategy toward less effortful, more thrifty pursuit of food without altering consumption or bodyweight. D2R deletion in iMSNs also reduces effort and energy expended toward food pursuit, but without a compensatory shift in foraging strategy, resulting in loss of body weight, an effect more pronounced under conditions of escalating costs as the knockouts fail to adequately increase effort. The selective knockouts exhibit no change in sucrose preference or sucrose reinforcement. These data suggest that striatal D2R regulates effort in response to costs, mediating cost sensitivity and behavioral thrift. In the context of obesity, these data suggest that reduced D2R is more likely to diminish effort and behavioral energy expenditure rather than increase appetitive motivation and consumption, possibly contributing to reduced physical activity commonly observed in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devry Mourra
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, New York, NY, USA; CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, City University New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Federico Gnazzo
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steve Cobos
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeff A Beeler
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University New York, New York, NY, USA; CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, The Graduate Center, City University New York, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Vicario CM, Caruso V, Craparo G, Felmingham K. Time is overestimated in obesity: A cohort study. J Health Psychol 2019; 26:771-785. [PMID: 30990091 DOI: 10.1177/1359105319842937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Food addiction and high impulsivity are common traits in obesity. In accordance with the evidence that time is overestimated in patients with a history of impulsivity and/or drug addiction, we tested the hypothesis that duration is overestimated in obesity. A total of 92 obese participants and 182 healthy controls completed a timing task of visual stimuli. In line with our prediction, obese participants overestimated the duration of the displayed visual stimuli than controls. Our result has potential clinical implications in the field of obesity, as it suggests a potential contribution of this cognitive dysfunction in the emergence and maintenance of obesity-related behaviour.
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15
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Augustijn MJCM, Deconinck FJA, D'Hondt E, Van Acker L, De Guchtenaere A, Lenoir M, Caeyenberghs K. Reduced motor competence in children with obesity is associated with structural differences in the cerebellar peduncles. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:1000-1010. [PMID: 28831722 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9760-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that neurological factors partly explain the reduced motor competence found in many children with obesity. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to compare motor competence and white matter organization of important pathways for motor control (cerebellar peduncles) in children with and without obesity. Nineteen children with obesity and 25 children with a healthy weight, aged 7-11 years old, were included. Anthropometric measurements were taken and the level of motor competence was assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (2nd Edition). Children's brain was scanned using diffusion weighted imaging preceded by a standard anatomical scan. Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity were extracted from the cerebellar peduncles. Obese children's level of motor competence was significantly lower than that in healthy weight peers (p < 0.05). Additionally, significant group differences (p < 0.05) were found for values of fractional anisotropy, but not for mean diffusivity. Further analyses revealed that lower values of fractional anisotropy in the inferior (p = 0.040) and superior (p = 0.007) cerebellar peduncles were present in children with obesity compared to children with a healthy weight. After controlling for multiple comparisons (p < 0.0167), only significant differences in the superior cerebellar peduncle remained significant. Our results showed that childhood obesity is accompanied by reduced motor competence and alterations in white matter organization. This suggests that the motor difficulties of children with obesity are not solely due to carrying excess weight, which may have implications for prevention and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille J C M Augustijn
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. .,Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Frederik J A Deconinck
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva D'Hondt
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Lore Van Acker
- Zeepreventorium VZW, Koninklijke Baan 5, 8420, De Haan, Belgium
| | | | - Matthieu Lenoir
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Pde, Melbourne, VIC, 3065, Australia
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16
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Ducrocq F, Hyde A, Fanet H, Oummadi A, Walle R, De Smedt-Peyrusse V, Layé S, Ferreira G, Trifilieff P, Vancassel S. Decrease in Operant Responding Under Obesogenic Diet Exposure is not Related to Deficits in Incentive or Hedonic Processes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:255-263. [PMID: 30597761 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A growing body of evidence suggests that obesity could result from alterations in reward processing. In rodent models, chronic exposure to an obesogenic diet leads to blunted dopamine signaling and related incentive responding. This study aimed to determine which reward-related behavioral dimensions are actually impacted by obesogenic diet exposure. METHODS Mice were chronically exposed to an obesogenic diet. Incentive and hedonic processes were tested through operant conditioning and licking microstructures, respectively. In parallel, mesolimbic dopamine transmission was assessed using microdialysis. RESULTS Prolonged high-fat (HF) diet exposure led to blunted mesolimbic dopamine release, paralleled by a decrease in operant responding in all schedules tested. HF-fed and control animals similarly decreased their operant responding in an effort-based choice task, and HF-fed animals displayed an overall lower calorie intake in this task. Analysis of the licking microstructures during consumption of a freely accessible reward suggested a decrease in basal hunger and a potentiation of gastrointestinal inhibition in HF-fed animals, without changes in hedonic reactivity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the decrease in operant responding under prolonged HF diet exposure is mainly driven by decrease in hunger as well as stronger postingestive negative feedback mechanisms, rather than by a decrease in incentive or hedonic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Ducrocq
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexia Hyde
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Hortense Fanet
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, France
- OptiNutriBrain, International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Bordeaux, France
| | - Asma Oummadi
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Roman Walle
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique De Smedt-Peyrusse
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, France
- OptiNutriBrain, International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, France
- OptiNutriBrain, International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, France
- OptiNutriBrain, International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Trifilieff
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, France
- OptiNutriBrain, International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvie Vancassel
- INRA, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, France
- OptiNutriBrain, International Associated Laboratory (NutriNeuro France-INAF Canada), Bordeaux, France
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17
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Fjære E, Myrmel LS, Lützhøft DO, Andersen H, Holm JB, Kiilerich P, Hannisdal R, Liaset B, Kristiansen K, Madsen L. Effects of exercise and dietary protein sources on adiposity and insulin sensitivity in obese mice. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 66:98-109. [PMID: 30776610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Low-fat diets and exercise are generally assumed to ameliorate obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions, but the importance of exercise vs. dietary changes is debated. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet to induce obesity and then either maintained on the HF/HS or shifted to low-fat (LF) diets containing either salmon or entrecote. For each diet, half of the animals exercised voluntarily for 8 weeks. We determined body composition, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and hepatic triacylglycerol levels. The microbiota composition in cecal and fecal samples was analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing. Voluntary exercise improved insulin sensitivity but did not improve glucose tolerance. Voluntary exercise did not reduce adiposity in mice maintained on an HF/HS diet but enhanced LF-induced reduction in adiposity. Hepatic triacylglycerol levels were reduced by voluntary exercise in LF- but not HF/HS-fed mice. Voluntary exercise induced shifts in the cecal and fecal microbiota composition and functional potential in mice fed LF or HF/HS diets. Whereas voluntary exercise improved insulin sensitivity, a switch to an LF diet was the most important factor related to body weight and fat mass reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Even Fjære
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Ditte Olsen Lützhøft
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jacob Bak Holm
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pia Kiilerich
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Madsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Cho J, Kim D, Jang J, Kim J, Kang H. Treadmill running suppresses the vulnerability of dopamine D2 receptor deficiency to obesity and metabolic complications: a pilot study. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2018; 22:42-50. [PMID: 30343561 PMCID: PMC6199485 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2018.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To investigate the effect of treadmill running on D2R deficiency related susceptibility to high fat diet (HFD )-induced obesity and its metabolic complications. [Methods] D2R-/-and +/-mice were obtained by backcrossing D2R+/-heterozygotes on wild type (WT) littermates (C57BL/6J background) for >10 generations. Mice were randomly assigned to 1) WT mice with standard chow (SC) (WT+SC); 2) WT mice with high-fat diet (WT+HFD); 3) WT mice with high-fat diet plus exercise (WT+HFD+EX), 4) heterozygous (HET) D2R mice with SC (HET+SC); 5) heterozygous D2R mice with HFD (HET+HFD); and 6) heterozygous D2R mice with HFD plus exercise (HET+HFD+EX). In addition, mice assigned to EX groups were subjected to running on a motor-driven rodent treadmill with a frequency of 5 days per week. [Results] After a 10-week HFD treatment, HET D2R (+/-) mice exhibited significantly higher values for hepatic steatosis (p<0.001), areas under the curves (AUCs) for the glucose tolerance test (GTT) and the insulin tolerance test (ITT) (p<0.001 & p<0.001 respectively), serum leptin (p=0.005) and total cholesterol (TC ) (p=0.009), in conjunction with decreased locomotor activity (p=0.031), compared to HET mice exposed to standard chow. However, these HFD-induced elevations in hepatic steatosis (p<0.001), AUCs for GTT and ITT (p=0.032 & p=0.018, respectively), serum leptin (p=0.038) and TC (p=0.038) were significantly alleviated after 10 weeks of treadmill running. [Conclusion] The current findings of the study provide experimental evidence of treadmill running as an effective and non-pharmacologic strategy to treat the susceptibility of brain D2R deficiency to HFD-induced obesity and metabolic disorders.
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19
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Striatal dopamine 2 receptor upregulation during development predisposes to diet-induced obesity by reducing energy output in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10493-10498. [PMID: 30254156 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800171115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic signaling in the striatum, particularly at dopamine 2 receptors (D2R), has been a topic of active investigation in obesity research in the past decades. However, it still remains unclear whether variations in striatal D2Rs modulate the risk for obesity and if so in which direction. Human studies have yielded contradictory findings that likely reflect a complex nonlinear relationship, possibly involving a combination of causal effects and compensatory changes. Animal work indicates that although chronic obesogenic diets reduce striatal D2R function, striatal D2R down-regulation does not lead to obesity. In this study, we evaluated the consequences of striatal D2R up-regulation on body-weight gain susceptibility and energy balance in mice. We used a mouse model of D2R overexpression (D2R-OE) in which D2Rs were selectively up-regulated in striatal medium spiny neurons. We uncover a pathological mechanism by which striatal D2R-OE leads to reduced brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, reduced energy expenditure, and accelerated obesity despite reduced eating. We also show that D2R-OE restricted to development is sufficient to promote obesity and to induce energy-balance deficits. Together, our findings indicate that striatal D2R-OE during development persistently increases the propensity for obesity by reducing energy output in mice. This suggests that early alterations in the striatal dopamine system could represent a key predisposition factor toward obesity.
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20
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Correlates of Physical Activity Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults With Hazardous Drinking Habits in Six Low- and Middle-Income Countries. J Aging Phys Act 2018; 26:589-598. [PMID: 29345520 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2017-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated physical activity (PA) correlates among middle-aged and older adults (aged ≥50 years) with hazardous drinking patterns in six low- and middle-income countries. Cross-sectional data were analyzed from the World Health Organization's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health. Hazardous drinking was defined as consuming >7 (females) or >14 (males) standard drinks per week. Participants were dichotomized into low (i.e., not meeting 150 min of moderate PA/week) and moderate-high physically active groups. Associations between PA and a range of correlates were examined using multivariable logistic regressions. The prevalence of low PA in 1,835 hazardous drinkers (60.5 ± 13.1 years; 87.9% males) was 16.2% (95% confidence interval [13.9%, 18.9%]). Older age, living in an urban setting, being unemployed, depression, underweight, obesity, asthma, visual impairment, poor self-rated health, and higher levels of disability were identified as significant PA correlates. The current data provide important guidance for future interventions to assist older hazardous drinkers to engage in regular PA.
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21
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Pharmaceutical interventions for weight-loss maintenance: no effect from cabergoline. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1871-1879. [PMID: 30082749 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight regain is a major limitation to successful weight maintenance following weight loss. Observational studies suggest that stimulation of dopamine receptors in the central nervous system is associated with weight loss and inhibition of weight gain. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that dopamine agonist treatment would prevent weight regain following acute weight loss in individuals with obesity. METHODS We conducted a 2-year double blind randomised controlled trial comparing the effect of a dopamine agonist, cabergoline, with placebo on weight regain in obese individuals who had lost at least 5% of their body weight using an 800 kcal/day commercial meal replacement programme. The primary outcome measure was the difference in mean weight between the treatment and control groups over the 2-year period following randomisation. RESULTS At 24 months, there was no difference in body weight between cabergoline and placebo treatment after adjustment for age, gender and baseline values (0.6 kg (95% CI: -1.5, 2.6), p = 0.58). The mean (±SD) baseline body weight of the randomised participants was 101.8 kg, the mean (±SD) weight loss with the 800 kcal/day diet was 7.1 ± 1.8 kg and the mean (±SD) weight regain at 24 months was 5.1 ± 7.5 kg. There were no significant differences in BMI, percent weight loss, waist circumference, resting energy expenditure, blood pressure or metabolic parameters at 24 months between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with the dopamine agonist cabergoline does not prevent weight regain in obese individuals following weight loss.
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22
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Lee Y, Kroemer NB, Oehme L, Beuthien-Baumann B, Goschke T, Smolka MN. Lower dopamine tone in the striatum is associated with higher body mass index. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:719-731. [PMID: 29705023 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Existing literature suggests that striatal dopamine (DA) tone may be altered in individuals with higher body mass index (BMI), but evidence accrued so far only offers an incomplete view of their relationship. Here, we characterized striatal DA tone using more comprehensive measures within a larger sample than previously reported. In addition, we explored if there was a relationship between striatal DA tone and disinhibited eating. 60 healthy participants underwent a 6-[18F]fluoro-L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (18F-DOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Disinhibited eating was measured with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire on a baseline visit. Individual whole-brain PET parameter estimates, namely 18F-DOPA influx rate constant (kocc i.e. DA synthesis capacity), 18F-DA washout rate (kloss) and effective distribution volume ratio (EDVR= kocc/ kloss), were derived with a reversible-tracer graphical analysis approach. We then computed parameter estimates for three regions-of-interests (ROIs), namely the ventral striatum, putamen and caudate. Overweight/mildly obese individuals had lowered EDVR than normal weight individuals in all three ROIs. The most prominent of these associations, driven by lowered kocc (r = -.28, p = .035) and heightened kloss (r = .48, p < .001), was found in the ventral striatum (r = -.46, p < .001). Disinhibition was greater in higher-BMI individuals (r = .31, p = .015), but was unrelated to PET measures and did not explain the relationship between PET measures and BMI. In sum, our findings resonate with the notion that overweight/mildly obese individuals have lower striatal DA tone and suggest new avenues for investigating their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nils B Kroemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of General Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Liane Oehme
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Goschke
- Department of Psychology and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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23
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Matikainen-Ankney BA, Kravitz AV. Persistent effects of obesity: a neuroplasticity hypothesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1428:221-239. [PMID: 29741270 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is a leading cause of health problems in the United States, increasing the risk of cardiovascular, endocrine, and psychiatric diseases. Although many people lose weight through changes in diet and lifestyle, keeping the weight off remains a challenge. Here, we discuss a hypothesis that seeks to explain why obesity is so persistent. There is a great degree of overlap in the circuits implicated in substance use disorder and obesity, and neural plasticity of these circuits in response to drugs of abuse is well documented. We hypothesize that obesity is also associated with neural plasticity in these circuits, and this may underlie persistent changes in behavior, energy balance, and body weight. Here, we discuss how obesity-associated reductions in motivation and physical activity may be rooted in neurophysiological alterations in these circuits. Such plasticity may alter how humans and animals use, expend, and store energy, even after weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget A Matikainen-Ankney
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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24
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Beeler JA, Mourra D. To Do or Not to Do: Dopamine, Affordability and the Economics of Opportunity. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:6. [PMID: 29487508 PMCID: PMC5816947 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five years ago, we introduced the thrift hypothesis of dopamine (DA), suggesting that the primary role of DA in adaptive behavior is regulating behavioral energy expenditure to match the prevailing economic conditions of the environment. Here we elaborate that hypothesis with several new ideas. First, we introduce the concept of affordability, suggesting that costs must necessarily be evaluated with respect to the availability of resources to the organism, which computes a value not only for the potential reward opportunity, but also the value of resources expended. Placing both costs and benefits within the context of the larger economy in which the animal is functioning requires consideration of the different timescales against which to compute resource availability, or average reward rate. Appropriate windows of computation for tracking resources requires corresponding neural substrates that operate on these different timescales. In discussing temporal patterns of DA signaling, we focus on a neglected form of DA plasticity and adaptation, changes in the physical substrate of the DA system itself, such as up- and down-regulation of receptors or release probability. We argue that changes in the DA substrate itself fundamentally alter its computational function, which we propose mediates adaptations to longer temporal horizons and economic conditions. In developing our hypothesis, we focus on DA D2 receptors (D2R), arguing that D2R implements a form of “cost control” in response to the environmental economy, serving as the “brain’s comptroller”. We propose that the balance between the direct and indirect pathway, regulated by relative expression of D1 and D2 DA receptors, implements affordability. Finally, as we review data, we discuss limitations in current approaches that impede fully investigating the proposed hypothesis and highlight alternative, more semi-naturalistic strategies more conducive to neuroeconomic investigations on the role of DA in adaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A Beeler
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,CUNY Neuroscience Consortium, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Devry Mourra
- Department of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,CUNY Neuroscience Consortium, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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Koyanagi A, Stubbs B, Smith L, Gardner B, Vancampfort D. Correlates of physical activity among community-dwelling adults aged 50 or over in six low- and middle-income countries. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186992. [PMID: 29077744 PMCID: PMC5659773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering that physical activity is associated with healthy ageing and helps to delay, prevent, or manage a plethora of non-communicable diseases in older adults, there is a need to investigate the factors that influence physical activity participation in this population. Thus, we investigated physical activity correlates among community-dwelling older adults (aged ≥50 years) in six low- and middle-income countries. METHODS Cross-sectional data were analyzed from the World Health Organization's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health. Physical activity was assessed by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Participants were dichotomized into low (i.e., not meeting 150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week) and moderate-to-high physically active groups. Associations between physical activity and a range of correlates were examined using multivariable logistic regressions. RESULTS The overall prevalence (95%CI) of people not meeting recommended physical activity levels in 34,129 participants (mean age 62.4 years, 52.1% female) was 23.5% (22.3%-24.8%). In the multivariable analysis, older age and unemployment were significant sociodemographic correlates of low physical activity. Individuals with low body mass index (<18.5kg/m2), bodily pain, asthma, chronic back pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hearing problems, stroke, visual impairment, slow gait, and weak grip strength were less likely to meet physical activity targets in the overall sample (P<0.05). The associations varied widely between countries. CONCLUSION Our data illustrates that a multitude of factors influence physical activity target achievement in older adults, which can inform future interventions across low- and middle-income countries to assist people of this age group to engage in regular physical activity. Future prospective cohort studies are also required to investigate the directionality and mediators of the relationships observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Gardner
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, United Kingdom
| | - Davy Vancampfort
- KU Leuven Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
- University Psychiatric Centre KU Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
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