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Pelegrino A, Guimaraes AL, Sena W, Emele N, Scoriels L, Panizzutti R. Dysregulated noradrenergic response is associated with symptom severity in individuals with schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1190329. [PMID: 38025452 PMCID: PMC10661901 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1190329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The locus coeruleus-noradrenaline (LC-NA) system is involved in a wide range of cognitive functions and may be altered in schizophrenia. A non-invasive method to indirectly measure LC activity is task-evoked pupillary response. Individuals with schizophrenia present reduced pupil dilation compared to healthy subjects, particularly when task demand increases. However, the extent to which alteration in LC activity contributes to schizophrenia symptomatology remains largely unexplored. We aimed to investigate the association between symptomatology, cognition, and noradrenergic response in individuals with schizophrenia. Methods We assessed task-evoked pupil dilation during a pro- and antisaccade task in 23 individuals with schizophrenia and 28 healthy subjects. Results Both groups showed similar preparatory pupil dilation during prosaccade trials, but individuals with schizophrenia showed significantly lower pupil dilation compared to healthy subjects in antisaccade trials. Importantly, reduced preparatory pupil dilation for antisaccade trials was associated with worse general symptomatology in individuals with schizophrenia. Discussion Our findings suggest that changes in LC-NA activity - measured by task-evoked pupil dilation - when task demand increases is associated with schizophrenia symptoms. Interventions targeting the modulation of noradrenergic responses may be suitable candidates to reduce schizophrenia symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pelegrino
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anna Luiza Guimaraes
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter Sena
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nwabunwanne Emele
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Linda Scoriels
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Université Paris Cité, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Rogerio Panizzutti
- Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Doheny MM, Lighthall NR. Social cognitive neuroscience in the digital age. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1168788. [PMID: 37323935 PMCID: PMC10265515 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1168788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human interactions are increasingly taking place from a distance through methods of remote interpersonal communication like video chatting and social media. While remote interpersonal communication has existed for millennia-with the first postal system arising in ∼2400 B.C.-accelerated advances in technology and the recent global COVID-19 pandemic have led to a dramatic increase in remote interpersonal communication use in daily life. Remote interpersonal communication presents a challenge to the field of social-cognitive neuroscience, as researchers seek to understand the implications of various types of remote interpersonal communication for the "social brain." The present paper reviews our current understanding of the social-cognitive neural network and summarizes critical differences between the neural correlates of social cognition in remote vs. face-to-face interactions. In particular, empirical and theoretical work is reviewed that highlight disparities in the neural mechanisms of social perception, evaluation of social stimuli, human motivation, evaluation of social reward, and theory of mind. Potential impacts of remote interpersonal communication on the development of the brain's social-cognitive network are also discussed. Finally, this review closes with future directions for research on social-cognitive neuroscience in our digital technology-connected world and outlines a neural model for social cognition in the context of remote interpersonal communication. For the field of social-cognitive neuroscience to advance alongside of the ever-evolving society, it is crucial for researchers to acknowledge the implications and concepts suggested for future research in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Doheny
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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Lyu H, St Clair D, Wu R, Benson PJ, Guo W, Wang G, Liu Y, Hu S, Zhao J. Eye Movement Abnormalities Can Distinguish First-Episode Schizophrenia, Chronic Schizophrenia, and Prodromal Patients From Healthy Controls. SCHIZOPHRENIA BULLETIN OPEN 2023; 4:sgac076. [PMID: 39145342 PMCID: PMC11207660 DOI: 10.1093/schizbullopen/sgac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Background This study attempts to replicate in a Chinese population an earlier UK report that eye movement abnormalities can accurately distinguish schizophrenia (SCZ) cases from healthy controls (HCs). It also seeks to determine whether first-episode SCZ differ from chronic SCZ and whether these eye movement abnormalities are enriched in psychosis risk syndrome (PRS). Methods The training set included 104 Chinese HC and 60 Chinese patients with SCZ, and the testing set included 20 SCZ patients and 20 HC from a UK cohort. An additional 16 individuals with PRS were also enrolled. Eye movements of all participants were recorded during free-viewing, smooth pursuit, and fixation stability tasks. Group differences in 55 performance measures were compared and a gradient-boosted decision tree model was built for predictive analyses. Results Extensive eye-movement abnormalities were observed in patients with SCZ on almost all eye-movement tests. On almost all individual variables, first-episode patients showed no statistically significant differences compared with chronic patients. The classification model was able to discriminate patients from controls with an area under the curve of 0.87; the model also classified 88% of PRS individuals as SCZ-like. Conclusions Our findings replicate and extend the UK results. The overall accuracy of the Chinese study is virtually identical to the UK findings. We conclude that eye-movement abnormalities appear early in the natural history of the disorder and can be considered as potential trait markers for SCZ diathesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Lyu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - David St Clair
- Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Renrong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Philip J Benson
- Department of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Chamorro Y, Betz LT, Philipsen A, Kambeitz J, Ettinger U. The Eyes Have It: A Meta-analysis of Oculomotor Inhibition in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:1090-1102. [PMID: 34052459 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diminished inhibitory control is one of the main characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and impairments in oculomotor inhibition have been proposed as a potential biomarker of the disorder. The present meta-analysis summarizes the effects reported in studies comparing oculomotor inhibition in ADHD patients and healthy control subjects. METHODS Inhibitory outcomes were derived from oculomotor experimental paradigms including the antisaccade (AS), memory-guided saccade, and prolonged fixation tasks. Temporal and spatial measures were also extracted from these tasks and from visually guided saccade tasks as secondary outcomes. Data were available from k = 31 studies (N = 1567 participants). Summary effect sizes were computed using random-effects models and a restricted maximum-likelihood estimator. RESULTS Among inhibitory outcomes, direction errors in AS, after correcting for publication bias, showed a moderate effect and large between-study heterogeneity (k = 18, n = 739, g = 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.27, 0.88], I2= 74%); anticipatory saccades in memory-guided saccade showed a large effect and low heterogeneity (k = 11, n = 487; g = 0.86, 95% CI [0.64, 1.08], I2 = 17.7%); and saccades during prolonged fixation evidenced large effect size and heterogeneity (k = 6, n = 325 g = 1.11, 95% CI [0.56, 1.65], I2 = 79.1%) partially related to age. Among secondary outcomes, saccadic reaction time in AS (k = 22, n = 932, g = 0.34, 95% CI [0.06, 0.63], I2 = 53.12%) and coefficient of variability in visually guided saccade (k = 5, n = 282, g = 0.53, 95% CI [0.28, 0.78], I2 = 0.01%) indicated significant effects with small to moderate effects sizes. CONCLUSIONS ADHD groups commit more oculomotor inhibition failures than control groups. The substantial effects support the conclusion that oculomotor disinhibition is a relevant ADHD-related mechanism. Moderate effects observed in saccadic reaction time variability suggest that fluctuant performance in oculomotor tasks is another relevant characteristic of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaira Chamorro
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.
| | - Linda T Betz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Avila E, Flierman NA, Holland PJ, Roelfsema PR, Frens MA, Badura A, De Zeeuw CI. Purkinje Cell Activity in the Medial and Lateral Cerebellum During Suppression of Voluntary Eye Movements in Rhesus Macaques. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:863181. [PMID: 35573834 PMCID: PMC9096024 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.863181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Volitional suppression of responses to distracting external stimuli enables us to achieve our goals. This volitional inhibition of a specific behavior is supposed to be mainly mediated by the cerebral cortex. However, recent evidence supports the involvement of the cerebellum in this process. It is currently not known whether different parts of the cerebellar cortex play differential or synergistic roles in the planning and execution of this behavior. Here, we measured Purkinje cell (PC) responses in the medial and lateral cerebellum in two rhesus macaques during pro- and anti-saccade tasks. During an antisaccade trial, non-human primates (NHPs) were instructed to make a saccadic eye movement away from a target, rather than toward it, as in prosaccade trials. Our data show that the cerebellum plays an important role not only during the execution of the saccades but also during the volitional inhibition of eye movements toward the target. Simple spike (SS) modulation during the instruction and execution periods of pro- and anti-saccades was prominent in PCs of both the medial and lateral cerebellum. However, only the SS activity in the lateral cerebellar cortex contained information about stimulus identity and showed a strong reciprocal interaction with complex spikes (CSs). Moreover, the SS activity of different PC groups modulated bidirectionally in both of regions, but the PCs that showed facilitating and suppressive activity were predominantly associated with instruction and execution, respectively. These findings show that different cerebellar regions and PC groups contribute to goal-directed behavior and volitional inhibition, but with different propensities, highlighting the rich repertoire of the cerebellar control in executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Avila
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nico A. Flierman
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Holland
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter R. Roelfsema
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Aleksandra Badura
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Aleksandra Badura,
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Chris I. De Zeeuw,
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Shen L, Liu D, Huang Y. Hypothesis of subcortical visual pathway impairment in schizophrenia. Med Hypotheses 2021; 156:110686. [PMID: 34583308 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disease involving both neurological and psychiatric abnormalities. Previous studies mainly focus on damage to high-order cognitive dysfunction, which is related to high-level cortical regions such as the prefrontal and temporal lobes. Recent research reveals that impairment of low-level sensory processing occurs in the early stage of schizophrenia, which may be due to impairment of the subcortical magnocellular visual pathway. Moreover, the structure and function of some important nuclei in a subcortical visual pathway are reported to be abnormal in patients with schizophrenia. Inspired by the above evidence, we propose a hypothesis that impairment of the Superior Colliculus-Pulvinar-Amygdala subcortical visual pathway may be involved in the pathological mechanisms of early stages of schizophrenia. And we propose a possible method to detect dysfunction of this subcortical pathway through examining topological processing, which may help early diagnosis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shen
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dongqiang Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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7
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Cutsuridis V, Jiang S, Dunn MJ, Rosser A, Brawn J, Erichsen JT. Neural modeling of antisaccade performance of healthy controls and early Huntington's disease patients. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2021; 31:013121. [PMID: 33754760 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD), a genetically determined neurodegenerative disease, is positively correlated with eye movement abnormalities in decision making. The antisaccade conflict paradigm has been widely used to study response inhibition in eye movements, and reliable performance deficits in HD subjects have been observed, including a greater number and timing of direction errors. We recorded the error rates and response latencies of early HD patients and healthy age-matched controls performing the mirror antisaccade task. HD participants displayed slower and more variable antisaccade latencies and increased error rates relative to healthy controls. A competitive accumulator-to-threshold neural model was then employed to quantitatively simulate the controls' and patients' reaction latencies and error rates and uncover the mechanisms giving rise to the observed HD antisaccade deficits. Our simulations showed that (1) a more gradual and noisy rate of accumulation of evidence by HD patients is responsible for the observed prolonged and more variable antisaccade latencies in early HD; (2) the confidence level of early HD patients making a decision is unaffected by the disease; and (3) the antisaccade performance of healthy controls and early HD patients is the end product of a neural lateral competition (inhibition) between a correct and an erroneous decision process, and not the end product of a third top-down stop signal suppressing the erroneous decision process as many have speculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Cutsuridis
- School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Shouyong Jiang
- School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Matt J Dunn
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Rosser
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - James Brawn
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan T Erichsen
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
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8
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Bansal S, Gaspar JM, Robinson BM, Leonard CJ, Hahn B, Luck SJ, Gold JM. Antisaccade Deficits in Schizophrenia Can Be Driven by Attentional Relevance of the Stimuli. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:363-372. [PMID: 32766726 PMCID: PMC7965078 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The antisaccade task is considered a test of cognitive control because it creates a conflict between the strong bottom-up signal produced by the cue and the top-down goal of shifting gaze to the opposite side of the display. Antisaccade deficits in schizophrenia are thought to reflect impaired top-down inhibition of the prepotent bottom-up response to the cue. However, the cue is also a highly task-relevant stimulus that must be covertly attended to determine where to shift gaze. We tested the hypothesis that difficulty in overcoming the attentional relevance of the cue, rather than its bottom-up salience, is key in producing impaired performance in people with schizophrenia (PSZ). We implemented 3 versions of the antisaccade task in which we varied the bottom-up salience of the cue while holding its attentional relevance constant. We found that difficulty in performing a given antisaccade task-relative to a prosaccade version using the same stimuli-was largely independent of the cue's bottom-up salience. The magnitude of impairment in PSZ relative to control subjects was also independent of bottom-up salience. The greatest impairment was observed in a version where the cue lacked bottom-up salience advantage over other locations. These results indicate that the antisaccade deficit in PSZ does not reflect an impairment in overcoming bottom-up salience of the cue, but PSZ are instead impaired at overcoming its attentional relevance. This deficit may still indicate an underlying inhibitory control impairment but could also reflect a hyperfocusing of attentional resources on the cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bansal
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA; tel: (410)-402-6881, fax: (410)-401-7198, e-mail:
| | - John M Gaspar
- Department of Psychology, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Benjamin M Robinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD
| | - Carly J Leonard
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Britta Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD
| | - Steven J Luck
- Department of Psychology, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - James M Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, MD
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Shmukler AB, Kosytuk GP, Latanov AV, Sidorova MY, Anisimov VN, Zakharova NV, Karyakina MV, Reznik AM, Sokolov AV, Spektor VA, Sukhachevskii IS, Churikova MA. [Network analysis of cognitive, oculomotor and speech parameters in schizophrenia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:54-60. [PMID: 32729691 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012006254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the network connections between clinical, cognitive, speech and oculographic parameters in patients with schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 104 patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 70 healthy subjects. Clinical assessment of the patients was performed using a number of scales: PANSS, CDSS, YMRS, SAS and BAS. Basic cognitive functions were assessed by BACS. Eye movements were recorded using the SMI RED-500 non-invasive eye tracking system. Several experimental paradigms were used - free viewing of animal images with subsequent description of these images, performing progressive saccades in the experimental Go/NoGo scheme, and performing anti-saccades. RESULTS The severity of clinical symptoms, cognitive impairments, oculomotor parameters and characteristics of speech structure of written speech are largely independent, although not completely isolated from each other. Cognitive and oculomotor parameters have the largest number of connections. In this case, the results of cognitive tests are the central element of the «network» that connects other groups. CONCLUSION Further development of the approach should be aimed at studying the influence of node changes on the structure of the network that would potentially allows the identification of the most effective points of application of therapeutic and rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Shmukler
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - G P Kosytuk
- Alekseev Psychiatric Clinical Hospital No. 1, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow State University of Food Production, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Latanov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - V N Anisimov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Zakharova
- Alekseev Psychiatric Clinical Hospital No. 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Karyakina
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Reznik
- Moscow State University of Food Production, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Sokolov
- Alekseev Psychiatric Clinical Hospital No. 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - V A Spektor
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
| | - I S Sukhachevskii
- Serbsky National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Mehta ND, Won MJ, Babin SL, Patel SS, Wassef AA, Chuang AZ, Sereno AB. Differential benefits of olanzapine on executive function in schizophrenia patients: Preliminary findings. Hum Psychopharmacol 2020; 35:e2718. [PMID: 31837056 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia patients show executive function (EF) impairments in voluntary orienting as measured by eye-movements. We tested 14 inpatients to investigate the effects of the antipsychotic olanzapine on EF, as measured by antisaccade eye-movement performance. METHODS Patients were tested at baseline (before olanzapine), 3-5 days post-medication, and 12-14 days post-medication. Patients were also assessed on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) to measure the severity of schizophrenia-related symptoms, and administered the Stroop task, a test of EF. Nine matched controls were also tested on the antisaccade and Stroop. RESULTS Both groups showed improvement on Stroop and antisaccade; however, the schizophrenia group improved significantly more on antisaccade, indicating an additional benefit of olanzapine on EF performance. Patients with poorer baseline antisaccade performance (High-Deficit) showed significantly greater improvement on the antisaccade task than patients with better baseline performance (Low-Deficit), suggesting that baseline EF impairment predicts the magnitude of cognitive improvement with olanzapine. These subgroups showed significant and equivalent improvement on PANSS scores, indicating that improvement on the antisaccade task with olanzapine was not a result of differences in magnitude of clinical improvement. CONCLUSIONS This preliminary study provides evidence that olanzapine may be most advantageous for patients with greater baseline EF deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti D Mehta
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Michelle J Won
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Shelly L Babin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Saumil S Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Adel A Wassef
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Alice Z Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Anne B Sereno
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, Indiana.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, Indiana
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11
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Piu P, Pretegiani E, Rosini F, Serchi V, Zaino D, Chiantini T, Rufa A. The cerebellum improves the precision of antisaccades by a latency-duration trade-off. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 249:125-139. [PMID: 31325973 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum adapts motor responses by controlling the gain of a movement, preserving its accuracy and by learning from endpoint errors. Adaptive behavior likely acts not only in the motor but also in the sensory, behavioral, and cognitive domains, thus supporting a role of cerebellum in monitoring complex brain performances. Here, we analyzed the relationship between saccade latency, duration and endpoint error of antisaccades in a group of 10 idiopathic cerebellar atrophy (ICA) patients compared to controls. The latency distribution was decomposed in a decision time and a residual time. Both groups showed a trade-off between duration and decision time, with a peak of entropy within the range of this trade-off where the information flow was maximized. In cerebellar patients, greater reductions of duration as the time of decision increased, were associated with a lower probability for a saccade to fall near the target, with a constant low entropy outside the optimal time window. We suggest a modulation of saccade duration, depending on the latency-related decision time (accumulation of sensory and motor evidences in favor of a goal-directed movement), normally adopted to perform efficient trajectories in goal-directed saccades. This process is impaired in cerebellar patients suggesting a role for the cerebellum in monitoring voluntary motor performance by controlling the movement onset until the ambiguity of planning is resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Piu
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pretegiani
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research-NEI, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Francesca Rosini
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Serchi
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Domenica Zaino
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Chiantini
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rufa
- Eye-tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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12
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Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe psychotic disorder that is highly heritable and common in the general population. The genetic heterogeneity of SZ is substantial, with contributions from common, rare, and de novo variants, in addition to environmental factors. Large genome-wide association studies have detected many variants that are associated with SZ, yet the pathways by which these variants influence risk remain largely unknown. SZ is also clinically heterogeneous, with patients exhibiting a broad range of deficits and symptom severity that vary over the course of illness and treatment, which has complicated efforts to identify risk variants. However, the underlying brain dysfunction forms a more stable trait marker that quantitative neurocognitive and neurophysiological endophenotypes may be able to objectively measure. These endophenotypes are less likely to be heterogeneous than the disorder and provide a neurobiological context to detect risk variants and underlying pathways among genes associated with SZ diagnosis. Furthermore, many endophenotypes are translational into animal model systems, allowing for direct evaluation of the neural circuit dysfunctions and neurobiological substrates. We review a selection of the most promising SZ endophenotypes, including prepulse inhibition, mismatch negativity, oculomotor antisaccade, letter-number sequencing, and continuous performance tests. We also highlight recent findings from large consortia that suggest the potential role of genes, particularly in the neuregulin and glutamate pathways, in several of these endophenotypes. Although endophenotypes require additional time and effort to assess, the insight into the underlying neurobiology that they provide may ultimately reveal the underlying genetic architecture for SZ and suggest novel treatment targets.
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Aponte EA, Tschan DG, Stephan KE, Heinzle J. Inhibition failures and late errors in the antisaccade task: influence of cue delay. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:3001-3016. [PMID: 30110237 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00240.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the antisaccade task participants are required to saccade in the opposite direction of a peripheral visual cue (PVC). This paradigm is often used to investigate inhibition of reflexive responses as well as voluntary response generation. However, it is not clear to what extent different versions of this task probe the same underlying processes. Here, we explored with the Stochastic Early Reaction, Inhibition, and late Action (SERIA) model how the delay between task cue and PVC affects reaction time (RT) and error rate (ER) when pro- and antisaccade trials are randomly interleaved. Specifically, we contrasted a condition in which the task cue was presented before the PVC with a condition in which the PVC served also as task cue. Summary statistics indicate that ERs and RTs are reduced and contextual effects largely removed when the task is signaled before the PVC appears. The SERIA model accounts for RT and ER in both conditions and better so than other candidate models. Modeling demonstrates that voluntary pro- and antisaccades are frequent in both conditions. Moreover, early task cue presentation results in better control of reflexive saccades, leading to fewer fast antisaccade errors and more rapid correct prosaccades. Finally, high-latency errors are shown to be prevalent in both conditions. In summary, SERIA provides an explanation for the differences in the delayed and nondelayed antisaccade task. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this article, we use a computational model to study the mixed antisaccade task. We contrast two conditions in which the task cue is presented either before or concurrently with the saccadic target. Modeling provides a highly accurate account of participants' behavior and demonstrates that a significant number of prosaccades are voluntary actions. Moreover, we provide a detailed quantitative analysis of the types of error that occur in pro- and antisaccade trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Aponte
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich . Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Dominic G Tschan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich . Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Klaas E Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich . Zurich , Switzerland.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London . London , United Kingdom.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakob Heinzle
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich . Zurich , Switzerland
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14
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Pretegiani E, Piu P, Rosini F, Federighi P, Serchi V, Tumminelli G, Dotti MT, Federico A, Rufa A. Anti-Saccades in Cerebellar Ataxias Reveal a Contribution of the Cerebellum in Executive Functions. Front Neurol 2018; 9:274. [PMID: 29740392 PMCID: PMC5926529 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence suggests a cerebellar contribution to modulate cognitive aspects of motor behavior and executive functions. Supporting findings come from studies on patients with neurodegenerative diseases, in which however, given the extent of the disease, the specific role of the cerebellum, could not be clearly isolated. Anti-saccades are considered a sensitive tool to test executive functions. The anti-saccade underlying neural network, consisting of different cortical areas and their downstream connections including the lateral cerebellum, has been largely clarified. To separate the role of the cerebellum with respect to other cortical structures in executive control, we compared the anti-saccade performances in two distinct cohorts of patients with cerebellar disorders (with and without cerebral cortical involvement). METHODS Eye movements during the execution of anti-saccades were recorded in 12 patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (a cortical-subcortical neurodegenerative disease), 10 patients with late onset cerebellar ataxia (an isolated cerebellar atrophy), and 34 matched controls. RESULTS In the anti-saccade task, besides dynamic changes already demonstrated in the pro-saccades of these patients, we found in both groups of cerebellar patients prolonged latency with larger variability than normal and increased directional error rate. Errors, however, were corrected by cerebellar patients as frequently as normal. No significant differences were found in patients with and without cortical involvement. CONCLUSION Our results indicate, in a large cohort of cerebellar patients, that the cerebellum plays a critical role in the regulation of executive motor control not only, as well known, by controlling the end of a movement, but also modulating its initiation and reducing reflexive responses that would perturb voluntary actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pretegiani
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pietro Piu
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Rosini
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pamela Federighi
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Business and Law, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Valeria Serchi
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gemma Tumminelli
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Dotti
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Federico
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rufa
- Eye-Tracking and Visual Application Laboratory (EVALab), Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Neurological and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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15
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Clinical correlates of saccadic eye movement in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2018; 259:154-159. [PMID: 29049907 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some aspects of saccadic performance have been found to be abnormal in chronic schizophrenia. The majority of this research has, however, been performed on patients treated with long-term antipsychotic medication. Very few studies have examined saccadic performance in antipsychotic-naïve/free patients. There are also very few studies describing the relationship between saccadic performance and clinical symptoms, particularly in antipsychotic free patients. In this study, we compared pro and antisaccade performance in a large sample of antipsychotic-naïve/free schizophrenia patients (N = 45) with healthy controls (N = 57). Clinical symptoms were assessed using Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and Negative Symptoms (SANS). In the antisaccade task, patients made significantly more errors, and their correct antisaccades had smaller amplitudes in comparison to healthy controls. Higher error rates were associated with increased severity of hallucinations. In the prosaccade task, patients had less accurate final eye positions, and made saccades with slower latency and reduced amplitude compared to the healthy controls. These observations in schizophrenia patients without the potential confounds of antipsychotic treatment suggest intrinsic link between saccadic deficits and schizophrenia pathogenesis. The relationship between antisaccade errors and hallucination severity supports the potential link between hallucinations and deficits in inhibitory control.
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16
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Cutsuridis V. Behavioural and computational varieties of response inhibition in eye movements. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2016.0196. [PMID: 28242730 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is the ability to override a planned or an already initiated response. It is the hallmark of executive control as its deficits favour impulsive behaviours, which may be detrimental to an individual's life. This article reviews behavioural and computational guises of response inhibition. It focuses only on inhibition of oculomotor responses. It first reviews behavioural paradigms of response inhibition in eye movement research, namely the countermanding and antisaccade paradigms, both proven to be useful tools for the study of response inhibition in cognitive neuroscience and psychopathology. Then, it briefly reviews the neural mechanisms of response inhibition in these two behavioural paradigms. Computational models that embody a hypothesis and/or a theory of mechanisms underlying performance in both behavioural paradigms as well as provide a critical analysis of strengths and weaknesses of these models are discussed. All models assume the race of decision processes. The decision process in each paradigm that wins the race depends on different mechanisms. It has been shown that response latency is a stochastic process and has been proven to be an important measure of the cognitive control processes involved in response stopping in healthy and patient groups. Then, the inhibitory deficits in different brain diseases are reviewed, including schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Finally, new directions are suggested to improve the performance of models of response inhibition by drawing inspiration from successes of models in other domains.This article is part of the themed issue 'Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness'.
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17
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Aponte EA, Schöbi D, Stephan KE, Heinzle J. The Stochastic Early Reaction, Inhibition, and late Action (SERIA) model for antisaccades. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005692. [PMID: 28767650 PMCID: PMC5555715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The antisaccade task is a classic paradigm used to study the voluntary control of eye movements. It requires participants to suppress a reactive eye movement to a visual target and to concurrently initiate a saccade in the opposite direction. Although several models have been proposed to explain error rates and reaction times in this task, no formal model comparison has yet been performed. Here, we describe a Bayesian modeling approach to the antisaccade task that allows us to formally compare different models on the basis of their evidence. First, we provide a formal likelihood function of actions (pro- and antisaccades) and reaction times based on previously published models. Second, we introduce the Stochastic Early Reaction, Inhibition, and late Action model (SERIA), a novel model postulating two different mechanisms that interact in the antisaccade task: an early GO/NO-GO race decision process and a late GO/GO decision process. Third, we apply these models to a data set from an experiment with three mixed blocks of pro- and antisaccade trials. Bayesian model comparison demonstrates that the SERIA model explains the data better than competing models that do not incorporate a late decision process. Moreover, we show that the early decision process postulated by the SERIA model is, to a large extent, insensitive to the cue presented in a single trial. Finally, we use parameter estimates to demonstrate that changes in reaction time and error rate due to the probability of a trial type (pro- or antisaccade) are best explained by faster or slower inhibition and the probability of generating late voluntary prosaccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A. Aponte
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & Swiss Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (EAA); (JH)
| | - Dario Schöbi
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & Swiss Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klaas E. Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & Swiss Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Heinzle
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich & Swiss Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (EAA); (JH)
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18
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Ettinger U, Aichert DS, Wöstmann N, Dehning S, Riedel M, Kumari V. Response inhibition and interference control: Effects of schizophrenia, genetic risk, and schizotypy. J Neuropsychol 2017; 12:484-510. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandra Dehning
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy; University of Munich; Germany
| | | | - Veena Kumari
- Research and Development; Sovereign Health Group; San Clemente California USA
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19
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Roberts JA, Friston KJ, Breakspear M. Clinical Applications of Stochastic Dynamic Models of the Brain, Part II: A Review. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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20
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Myles JB, Rossell SL, Phillipou A, Thomas E, Gurvich C. Insights to the schizophrenia continuum: A systematic review of saccadic eye movements in schizotypy and biological relatives of schizophrenia patients. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 72:278-300. [PMID: 27916709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Myles, J.B., S. Rossell, A. Phillipou, Thomas, E and C. Gurvich. A systematic review of saccadic eye movements across the schizophrenia continuum: Characterisation, pathophysiology and genetic associations. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 21(1) XXX-XXX, 2015. One of the cognitive hallmarks of schizophrenia is impaired eye movements, particularly for the antisaccade task. Less saccade research has been conducted in relation to the broader schizophrenia continuum, that is, people with high schizotypy or first-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia. This systematic review sought to identify, collate and appraise prosaccade, antisaccade and memory-guided saccade studies involving behavioural, neuroimaging and genetic data published between 1980 and September 2016 in individuals with high schizotypy and first-degree relatives. A systematic literature search was conducted, using Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed and SCOPUS databases. Of 913 references screened, 18 schizotypy, 29 family studies and two schizotypy and relatives articles studies were eligible for inclusion. Antisaccade error rate was the most consistent deficit found for high schizotypy. Relatives had intermediate antisaccade error rates between patients and healthy controls. Results from the limited genetic and neuroimaging studies echoed schizophrenia findings. Confounds were also identified. It was concluded that future research is required to refine the saccade endophenotype and to expand genetic and neuroimaging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Myles
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia; Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea Phillipou
- Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Mental Health, The Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Thomas
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry research centre, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, Australia.
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21
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Heinzle J, Aponte EA, Stephan KE. Computational models of eye movements and their application to schizophrenia. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Ye W, Liu S, Liu X, Yu Y. A neural model of the frontal eye fields with reward-based learning. Neural Netw 2016; 81:39-51. [PMID: 27284696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Decision-making is a flexible process dependent on the accumulation of various kinds of information; however, the corresponding neural mechanisms are far from clear. We extended a layered model of the frontal eye field to a learning-based model, using computational simulations to explain the cognitive process of choice tasks. The core of this extended model has three aspects: direction-preferred populations that cluster together the neurons with the same orientation preference, rule modules that control different rule-dependent activities, and reward-based synaptic plasticity that modulates connections to flexibly change the decision according to task demands. After repeated attempts in a number of trials, the network successfully simulated three decision choice tasks: an anti-saccade task, a no-go task, and an associative task. We found that synaptic plasticity could modulate the competition of choices by suppressing erroneous choices while enhancing the correct (rewarding) choice. In addition, the trained model captured some properties exhibited in animal and human experiments, such as the latency of the reaction time distribution of anti-saccades, the stop signal mechanism for canceling a reflexive saccade, and the variation of latency to half-max selectivity. Furthermore, the trained model was capable of reproducing the re-learning procedures when switching tasks and reversing the cue-saccade association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Ye
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shenquan Liu
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xuanliang Liu
- School of Mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuguo Yu
- Center for Computational Systems Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai, 200433, China
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23
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Radant AD, Millard SP, Braff D, Calkins ME, Dobie DJ, Freedman R, Green MF, Greenwood TA, Gur RE, Gur RC, Lazzeroni L, Light GA, Meichle S, Nuechterlein KH, Olincy A, Seidman LJ, Siever L, Silverman J, Stone WS, Swerdlow NR, Sugar C, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Tsuang DW. Robust differences in antisaccade performance exist between COGS schizophrenia cases and controls regardless of recruitment strategies. Schizophr Res 2015; 163:47-52. [PMID: 25553977 PMCID: PMC4382408 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The impaired ability to make correct antisaccades (i.e., antisaccade performance) is well documented among schizophrenia subjects, and researchers have successfully demonstrated that antisaccade performance is a valid schizophrenia endophenotype that is useful for genetic studies. However, it is unclear how the ascertainment biases that unavoidably result from recruitment differences in schizophrenia subjects identified in family versus case-control studies may influence patient-control differences in antisaccade performance. To assess the impact of ascertainment bias, researchers from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) compared antisaccade performance and antisaccade metrics (latency and gain) in schizophrenia and control subjects from COGS-1, a family-based schizophrenia study, to schizophrenia and control subjects from COGS-2, a corresponding case-control study. COGS-2 schizophrenia subjects were substantially older; had lower education status, worse psychosocial function, and more severe symptoms; and were three times more likely to be a member of a multiplex family than COGS-1 schizophrenia subjects. Despite these variations, which were likely the result of ascertainment differences (as described in the introduction to this special issue), the effect sizes of the control-schizophrenia differences in antisaccade performance were similar in both studies (Cohen's d effect size of 1.06 and 1.01 in COGS-1 and COGS-2, respectively). This suggests that, in addition to the robust, state-independent schizophrenia-related deficits described in endophenotype studies, group differences in antisaccade performance do not vary based on subject ascertainment and recruitment factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D. Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington and Department of Veteran Affairs, VISN-20
| | - Steven P. Millard
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA,VISN-22 Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VHA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Monica E. Calkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dorcas J. Dobie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington and Department of Veteran Affairs, VISN-20
| | - Robert Freedman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tiffany A. Greenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura Lazzeroni
- Department of Biostatistics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Gregory A. Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sean Meichle
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keith H. Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ann Olincy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Larry J. Seidman
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, and Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Larry Siever
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA,Department of Veteran Affairs, VISN-3, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jeremy Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA,Department of Veteran Affairs, VISN-3, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - William S. Stone
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, and Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Catherine Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Bruce I. Turetsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Debby W. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington and Department of Veteran Affairs, VISN-20
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24
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Schwab S, Jost M, Altorfer A. Impaired top-down modulation of saccadic latencies in patients with schizophrenia but not in first-degree relatives. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:44. [PMID: 25759644 PMCID: PMC4338814 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired eye movements have a long history in schizophrenia research and meet the criteria of a reliable biomarker. However, the effects of cognitive load and task difficulty on saccadic latencies (SL) are less understood. Recent studies showed that SL are strongly task dependent: SL are decreased in tasks with higher cognitive demand, and increased in tasks with lower cognitive demand. The present study investigates SL modulation in patients with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives. A group of 13 patients suffering from ICD-10 schizophrenia, 10 first-degree relatives, and 24 control subjects performed two different types of visual tasks: a color task and a Landolt ring orientation task. We used video-based oculography to measure SL. We found that patients exhibited a similar unspecific SL pattern in the two different tasks, whereas controls and relatives exhibited 20–26% shorter average latencies in the orientation task (higher cognitive demand) compared to the color task (lower cognitive demand). Also, classification performance using support vector machines suggests that relatives should be assigned to the healthy controls and not to the patient group. Therefore, visual processing of different content does not modulate SL in patients with schizophrenia, but modulates SL in the relatives and healthy controls. The results reflect a specific oculomotor attentional dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia that is a potential state marker, possibly caused by impaired top-down disinhibition of the superior colliculus by frontal/prefrontal areas such as the frontal eye fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schwab
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Miriam Jost
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Andreas Altorfer
- Department of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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Cutsuridis V. Neural competition via lateral inhibition between decision processes and not a STOP signal accounts for the antisaccade performance in healthy and schizophrenia subjects. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:5. [PMID: 25688183 PMCID: PMC4310280 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Cutsuridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology – HellasHeraklion, Greece
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Heitz RP. The speed-accuracy tradeoff: history, physiology, methodology, and behavior. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:150. [PMID: 24966810 PMCID: PMC4052662 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few behavioral effects as ubiquitous as the speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT). From insects to rodents to primates, the tendency for decision speed to covary with decision accuracy seems an inescapable property of choice behavior. Recently, the SAT has received renewed interest, as neuroscience approaches begin to uncover its neural underpinnings and computational models are compelled to incorporate it as a necessary benchmark. The present work provides a comprehensive overview of SAT. First, I trace its history as a tractable behavioral phenomenon and the role it has played in shaping mathematical descriptions of the decision process. Second, I present a "users guide" of SAT methodology, including a critical review of common experimental manipulations and analysis techniques and a treatment of the typical behavioral patterns that emerge when SAT is manipulated directly. Finally, I review applications of this methodology in several domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Heitz
- Department of Psychology, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
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