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The presynaptic glycine transporter GlyT2 is regulated by the Hedgehog pathway in vitro and in vivo. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1197. [PMID: 34663888 PMCID: PMC8523746 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The identity of a glycinergic synapse is maintained presynaptically by the activity of a surface glycine transporter, GlyT2, which recaptures glycine back to presynaptic terminals to preserve vesicular glycine content. GlyT2 loss-of-function mutations cause Hyperekplexia, a rare neurological disease in which loss of glycinergic neurotransmission causes generalized stiffness and strong motor alterations. However, the molecular underpinnings controlling GlyT2 activity remain poorly understood. In this work, we identify the Hedgehog pathway as a robust controller of GlyT2 expression and transport activity. Modulating the activation state of the Hedgehog pathway in vitro in rodent primary spinal cord neurons or in vivo in zebrafish embryos induced a selective control in GlyT2 expression, regulating GlyT2 transport activity. Our results indicate that activation of Hedgehog reduces GlyT2 expression by increasing its ubiquitination and degradation. This work describes a new molecular link between the Hedgehog signaling pathway and presynaptic glycine availability. By modulating the activation state of the Hedgehog pathway, de la Rocha-Muñoz et al demonstrate that Hedgehog signaling controls the expression and transport activity of the neuronal glycine transporter GlyT2. This work begins to reveal a potential link between the Hedgehog signaling pathway and presynaptic glycine availability.
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Gomila AMJ, Rustler K, Maleeva G, Nin-Hill A, Wutz D, Bautista-Barrufet A, Rovira X, Bosch M, Mukhametova E, Petukhova E, Ponomareva D, Mukhamedyarov M, Peiretti F, Alfonso-Prieto M, Rovira C, König B, Bregestovski P, Gorostiza P. Photocontrol of Endogenous Glycine Receptors In Vivo. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1425-1433.e7. [PMID: 32846115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycine receptors (GlyRs) are indispensable for maintaining excitatory/inhibitory balance in neuronal circuits that control reflexes and rhythmic motor behaviors. Here we have developed Glyght, a GlyR ligand controlled with light. It is selective over other Cys-loop receptors, is active in vivo, and displays an allosteric mechanism of action. The photomanipulation of glycinergic neurotransmission opens new avenues to understanding inhibitory circuits in intact animals and to developing drug-based phototherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M J Gomila
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Karin Rustler
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Galyna Maleeva
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Alba Nin-Hill
- University of Barcelona, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry (IQTCUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Daniel Wutz
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Antoni Bautista-Barrufet
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Xavier Rovira
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Miquel Bosch
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Elvira Mukhametova
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille 13005, France; Kazan Federal University, Open Lab of Motor Neurorehabilitation, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena Petukhova
- Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Daria Ponomareva
- Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Franck Peiretti
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRA 1260, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Institute for Advanced Simulation IAS-5 and Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carme Rovira
- University of Barcelona, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry (IQTCUB), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08003 Spain.
| | - Burkhard König
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Regensburg 93053, Germany.
| | - Piotr Bregestovski
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille 13005, France; Institute of Neurosciences, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08003 Spain; CIBER-BBN, Madrid 28001 Spain.
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A Great Catch for Investigating Inborn Errors of Metabolism-Insights Obtained from Zebrafish. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091352. [PMID: 32971894 PMCID: PMC7564250 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism cause abnormal synthesis, recycling, or breakdown of amino acids, neurotransmitters, and other various metabolites. This aberrant homeostasis commonly causes the accumulation of toxic compounds or depletion of vital metabolites, which has detrimental consequences for the patients. Efficient and rapid intervention is often key to survival. Therefore, it requires useful animal models to understand the pathomechanisms and identify promising therapeutic drug targets. Zebrafish are an effective tool to investigate developmental mechanisms and understanding the pathophysiology of disorders. In the past decades, zebrafish have proven their efficiency for studying genetic disorders owing to the high degree of conservation between human and zebrafish genes. Subsequently, several rare inherited metabolic disorders have been successfully investigated in zebrafish revealing underlying mechanisms and identifying novel therapeutic targets, including methylmalonic acidemia, Gaucher’s disease, maple urine disorder, hyperammonemia, TRAPPC11-CDGs, and others. This review summarizes the recent impact zebrafish have made in the field of inborn errors of metabolism.
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Freifeld L, Odstrcil I, Förster D, Ramirez A, Gagnon JA, Randlett O, Costa EK, Asano S, Celiker OT, Gao R, Martin-Alarcon DA, Reginato P, Dick C, Chen L, Schoppik D, Engert F, Baier H, Boyden ES. Expansion microscopy of zebrafish for neuroscience and developmental biology studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10799-E10808. [PMID: 29162696 PMCID: PMC5740639 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706281114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion microscopy (ExM) allows scalable imaging of preserved 3D biological specimens with nanoscale resolution on fast diffraction-limited microscopes. Here, we explore the utility of ExM in the larval and embryonic zebrafish, an important model organism for the study of neuroscience and development. Regarding neuroscience, we found that ExM enabled the tracing of fine processes of radial glia, which are not resolvable with diffraction-limited microscopy. ExM further resolved putative synaptic connections, as well as molecular differences between densely packed synapses. Finally, ExM could resolve subsynaptic protein organization, such as ring-like structures composed of glycine receptors. Regarding development, we used ExM to characterize the shapes of nuclear invaginations and channels, and to visualize cytoskeletal proteins nearby. We detected nuclear invagination channels at late prophase and telophase, potentially suggesting roles for such channels in cell division. Thus, ExM of the larval and embryonic zebrafish may enable systematic studies of how molecular components are configured in multiple contexts of interest to neuroscience and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Freifeld
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Iris Odstrcil
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Dominique Förster
- Department Genes-Circuits-Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Alyson Ramirez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - James A Gagnon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Owen Randlett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Emma K Costa
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Shoh Asano
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Orhan T Celiker
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Ruixuan Gao
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Paul Reginato
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Cortni Dick
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Linlin Chen
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139
- Neuroscience Program, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481
| | - David Schoppik
- Department of Otolaryngology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York NY 10016
| | - Florian Engert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Herwig Baier
- Department Genes-Circuits-Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Edward S Boyden
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139;
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139
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Yan Q, Zhai L, Zhang B, Dallman JE. Spatial patterning of excitatory and inhibitory neuropil territories during spinal circuit development. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:1649-1667. [PMID: 27997694 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To generate rhythmic motor behaviors, both single neurons and neural circuits require a balance between excitatory inputs that trigger action potentials and inhibitory inputs that promote a stable resting potential (E/I balance). Previous studies have focused on individual neurons and have shown that, over a short spatial scale, excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) synapses tend to form structured territories with inhibitory inputs enriched on cell bodies and proximal dendrites and excitatory inputs on distal dendrites. However, systems-level E/I patterns, at spatial scales larger than single neurons, are largely uncharted. We used immunostaining for PSD-95 and gephyrin postsynaptic scaffolding proteins as proxies for excitatory and inhibitory synapses, respectively, to quantify the numbers and map the distributions of E/I synapses in zebrafish spinal cord at both an embryonic stage and a larval stage. At the embryonic stage, we found that PSD-95 puncta outnumber gephyrin puncta, with the number of gephyrin puncta increasing to match that of PSD-95 puncta at the larval stage. At both stages, PSD-95 puncta are enriched in the most lateral neuropil corresponding to distal dendrites while gephyrin puncta are enriched on neuronal somata and in the medial neuropil. Significantly, similar to synaptic puncta, neuronal processes also exhibit medial-lateral territories at both developmental stages with enrichment of glutamatergic (excitatory) processes laterally and glycinergic (inhibitory) processes medially. This establishment of neuropil excitatory-inhibitory structure largely precedes dendritic arborization of primary motor neurons, suggesting that the structured neuropil could provide a framework for the development of E/I balance at the cellular level. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1649-1667, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yan
- Department of Biology, Cox Science Center, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Lu Zhai
- Department of Biology, Cox Science Center, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biology, Cox Science Center, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Julia E Dallman
- Department of Biology, Cox Science Center, University of Miami, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida
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