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Halperin I, Vigotsky AD. An Integrated Perspective of Effort and Perception of Effort. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02055-8. [PMID: 38909350 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Effort and the perception of effort (PE) have been extensively studied across disciplines, resulting in multiple definitions. These inconsistencies block scientific progress by impeding effective communication between and within fields. Here, we present an integrated perspective of effort and PE that is applicable to both physical and cognitive activities. We define effort as the energy utilized to perform an action. This definition can be applied to biological entities performing various voluntary or involuntary activities, irrespective of whether the effort contributes to goal achievement. Then, we define PE as the instantaneous experience of utilizing energy to perform an action. This definition builds on that of effort without conflating it with other subjective experiences. We explore the nature of effort and PE as constructs and variables and highlight key considerations in their measurement. Our integrated perspective aims to facilitate a deeper understanding of these constructs, refine research methodologies, and promote interdisciplinary collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Halperin
- Department of Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Andrew D Vigotsky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Koyun AH, Talebi N, Werner A, Wendiggensen P, Kuntke P, Roessner V, Beste C, Stock AK. Interactions of catecholamines and GABA+ in cognitive control: Insights from EEG and 1H-MRS. Neuroimage 2024; 293:120619. [PMID: 38679186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Catecholamines and amino acid transmitter systems are known to interact, the exact links and their impact on cognitive control functions have however remained unclear. Using a multi-modal imaging approach combining EEG and proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), we investigated the effect of different degrees of pharmacological catecholaminergic enhancement onto theta band activity (TBA) as a measure of interference control during response inhibition and execution. It was central to our study to evaluate the predictive impact of in-vivo baseline GABA+ concentrations in the striatum, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the supplemental motor area (SMA) of healthy adults under varying degrees of methylphenidate (MPH) stimulation. We provide evidence for a predictive interrelation of baseline GABA+ concentrations in cognitive control relevant brain areas onto task-induced TBA during response control stimulated with MPH. Baseline GABA+ concentrations in the ACC, the striatum, and the SMA had a differential impact on predicting interference control-related TBA in response execution trials. GABA+ concentrations in the ACC appeared to be specifically important for TBA modulations when the cognitive effort needed for interference control was high - that is when no prior task experience exists, or in the absence of catecholaminergic enhancement with MPH. The study highlights the predictive role of baseline GABA+ concentrations in key brain areas influencing cognitive control and responsiveness to catecholaminergic enhancement, particularly in high-effort scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Helin Koyun
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, Dresden D-01307, Germany
| | - Nasibeh Talebi
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, Dresden D-01307, Germany
| | - Annett Werner
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Wendiggensen
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, Dresden D-01307, Germany
| | - Paul Kuntke
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, Dresden D-01307, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, Dresden D-01307, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Schubertstrasse 42, Dresden D-01307, Germany.
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3
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Lorcery A, André N, Benraïss A, Pingault M, Mirabelli F, Audiffren M. Engagement of mental effort in response to mental fatigue: A psychophysiological analysis. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 74:102660. [PMID: 38734281 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Acute mental fatigue, characterized by a transient decline in cognitive efficiency during or following prolonged cognitive tasks, can be managed through adaptive effort deployment. In response to mental fatigue, individuals can employ two main behavioral patterns: engaging a compensatory effort to limit performance decrements, or disengaging effort, leading to performance deterioration. This study investigated the behavioral pattern used by participants in mental fatigue conditions. Fifty participants underwent a sequential-task protocol with counterbalanced sessions who took place in two separate sessions: a 30-min incongruent Stroop task (fatiguing session) or a 30-min documentary viewing task (control session), followed by a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) handgrip task at 13 % of maximal voluntary contraction. Psychophysiological measures included the preejection period, heart rate variability, blood pressure, and respiration. Behavioral results showed deteriorated TTE handgrip performance after the Stroop task compared to after the documentary viewing task. During the Stroop task participants were more conservative and prioritized accuracy over speed. Self-reported fatigue was greater after the Stroop task. Psychophysiological data revealed a gradual decrease in sympathetic activity over time in both tasks, with the Stroop task showing a more pronounced decrease. Taken together, these findings suggest a disengagement of effort for a large proportion of participants (49 %) that could be partly attributed to a habituation to the demands of the Stroop task. This study illustrates the interplay of behavioral patterns of effort investment in the context of mental fatigue and underscores the role of disengagement as a dominant response to this phenomenon among healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Lorcery
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, University of Poitiers, CNRS, France.
| | - Nathalie André
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, University of Poitiers, CNRS, France
| | - Abdelrhani Benraïss
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, University of Poitiers, CNRS, France
| | - Maxime Pingault
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, University of Poitiers, CNRS, France
| | - Francesco Mirabelli
- Health and Physical Activity Faculty, Università Degli Studi di Roma "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Michel Audiffren
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, University of Poitiers, CNRS, France
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4
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Fetcho RN, Parekh PK, Chou J, Kenwood M, Chalençon L, Estrin DJ, Johnson M, Liston C. A stress-sensitive frontostriatal circuit supporting effortful reward-seeking behavior. Neuron 2024; 112:473-487.e4. [PMID: 37963470 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Effort valuation-a process for selecting actions based on the anticipated value of rewarding outcomes and expectations about the work required to obtain them-plays a fundamental role in decision-making. Effort valuation is disrupted in chronic stress states and is supported by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), but the circuit-level mechanisms by which the ACC regulates effort-based decision-making are unclear. Here, we show that ACC neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens (ACC-NAc) play a critical role in effort valuation behavior in mice. Activity in ACC-NAc cells integrates both reward- and effort-related information, encoding a reward-related signal that scales with effort requirements and is necessary for supporting future effortful decisions. Chronic corticosterone exposure reduces motivation, suppresses effortful reward-seeking, and disrupts ACC-NAc signals. Together, our results delineate a stress-sensitive ACC-NAc circuit that supports effortful reward-seeking behavior by integrating reward and effort signals and reinforcing effort allocation in the service of maximizing reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Fetcho
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Puja K Parekh
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jolin Chou
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Margaux Kenwood
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Laura Chalençon
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David J Estrin
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Megan Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Conor Liston
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Marques CC, Sayal A, Crisóstomo J, Duarte JV, Castilho P, Goss K, Pereira AT, Castelo-Branco M. A neural network underlying cognitive strategies related to eating, weight and body image concerns. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 17:1274817. [PMID: 38318273 PMCID: PMC10839062 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1274817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Concerns about food intake, weight and body shape can trigger negatively loaded emotions, which may prompt the use of cognitive strategies to regulate these emotional states. A novel fMRI task was developed to assess the neurobehavioral correlates of cognitive strategies related to eating, weight and body image concerns, such as self-criticism, avoidance, rumination, and self-reassurance. Fourteen healthy females were presented audio sentences referring to these conditions and instructed to repeat these internally while engaging their thoughts with the content of food or body images. Participants were asked to report the elicited emotion and rate their performance. All cognitive strategies recruited a network including the inferior and superior frontal gyri, orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and dorsal striatum. These brain regions are involved in emotional, reward and inhibitory control processing. Representational similarity analysis revealed distinct patterns of neural responses for each cognitive strategy. Additionally, self-report measures showed that self-criticism was positively associated with superior frontal gyrus (SFG) activation. Self-compassion scores were negatively correlated with activations in the insula and right putamen, while self-reassurance scores were negatively associated with activity in the orbitofrontal cortex. These findings identify a neural network underlying cognitive strategies related to eating, weight and body image concerns, where neurobehavioral correlation patterns depend on the cognitive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana C. Marques
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Sayal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Siemens Healthineers, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Crisóstomo
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João V. Duarte
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Castilho
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Kenneth Goss
- Coventry & Warwickshire Partnership Trust, Coventry Eating Disorder Service, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Ana T. Pereira
- Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Ferreira MEC, Lima-Junior D, Faro H, Roelands B, Fortes LS. Prolonged cognitive effort impairs inhibitory control and causes significant mental fatigue after an endurance session with an auditive distractor in professional soccer players. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 70:102533. [PMID: 37678643 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Throughout official soccer matches, the presence of cheer by the crowd could be considered a critical auditive distraction that could further impair the cognitive interference control system, multiple object tracking (MOT) skill, heart rate variability (HRV), and increase mental fatigue. As the resource is not immediately replenished, the impairment of the cognitive interference control system may be delayed following a soccer game. Then, evaluating the recovery time course of the cognitive interference control system, MOT skill, HRV, and mental fatigue after prolonged tasks combining physical, endurance, and cognitive effort are essential. PURPOSE We aimed to analyze the acute effect of cognitive effort and auditive distractor with 24-h follow-up throughout a prolonged endurance session on inhibitory control, subjective mental fatigue, MOT skill, and HRV in professional soccer players. METHODS Twenty professional male soccer players were recruited (23.56 ± 3.8 years, 78.1 ± 6.9 kg, 1.77 ± 0.06 m, and 12.5 ± 5.3% body fat). The sessions were performed in a randomized and counterbalanced crossover design, divided into four experimental conditions: endurance, endurance + MOT, endurance + MOT + AD, and endurance + AD. The soccer players completed the incongruent Stroop task utilizing an eye-tracker to assess cognitive effort. MOT task, subjective mental fatigue, and HRV were evaluated before the endurance training (60%Δ of maximal aerobic velocity during 40-min) and after 30-min and 24-h of recovery. These sessions were designed to investigate the acute effect of prolonged cognitive effort (repeated MOT throughout the endurance task) and AD (constant crowd noise and coach's voice each 15-40 s, totalizing = 80 voices) on inhibitory control, MOT skills, HRV, and subjective mental fatigue after a fixed endurance training session. RESULTS There was no condition × time interaction for accuracy of inhibitory control (p > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.001). There was a significant condition × time interaction for inhibitory control response time (p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.16). A higher response time of inhibitory control was found for the endurance + MOT + AD and endurance + MOT experimental sessions (p < 0.05). There was a significant condition × time interaction for subjective mental fatigue (p < 0.05, ηp2 = 0.46). A higher subjective mental fatigue was found for the endurance + MOT + AD and endurance + MOT experimental sessions (p < 0.05). There was no condition × time interaction for HRV (p > 0.05, ηp2 = 0.02). CONCLUSION We concluded that cognitive effort throughout a prolonged endurance session impaired inhibitory control and increased mental fatigue without promoting greater MOT skill and HRV changes in professional soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E C Ferreira
- Graduate Program of Physical Education of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
| | | | - Heloiana Faro
- Associate Graduate Program of Physical Education of the Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Leonardo S Fortes
- Associate Graduate Program of Physical Education of the Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil.
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Audiffren M, Capa RL, Silvestrini N, Steele J, Ravel S, Pageaux B. Editorial: Effort-based decision-making and cognitive fatigue. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1230022. [PMID: 37425012 PMCID: PMC10327592 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1230022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Audiffren
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Université de Poitiers, CNRS, Poitiers, France
| | - Rémi L. Capa
- Centre d'études et de recherche en psychopathologie et santé, Institut national universitaire Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Nicolas Silvestrini
- Geneva Motivation Lab, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - James Steele
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Social Sciences, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Ravel
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche sur le Cerveau et l'Apprentissage, Montréal, QC, Canada
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8
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Chu LE, Davis KM, Murdock KW. Mitochondrial oxygen respiration is associated with loneliness in a sample of community-dwelling adults. Mitochondrion 2023:S1567-7249(23)00031-4. [PMID: 36958676 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Loneliness, a distressing perception of insufficient social support, is associated with physical illness and premature mortality that may be explained by reduced mitochondrial efficiency. In this human study (n = 50), loneliness was associated with less efficient mitochondrial functioning, indicated by the bioenergetic health index (BHI; r = -.39, p = .009), coupling efficiency (r = -.34, p = .021), and phosphorylating respiration (r = .39, p = .009). These findings remained significant when controlling for age, sex, and body mass index. The association between loneliness and mitochondrial functioning is important, given that both have been associated with age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Chu
- The Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kristin M Davis
- The Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kyle W Murdock
- The Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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9
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Shepherd J. Conscious cognitive effort in cognitive control. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2023; 14:e1629. [PMID: 36263671 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive effort is thought to be familiar in everyday life, ubiquitous across multiple variations of task and circumstance, and integral to cost/benefit computations that are themselves central to the proper functioning of cognitive control. In particular, cognitive effort is thought to be closely related to the assessment of cognitive control's costs. I argue here that the construct of cognitive effort, as it is deployed in cognitive psychology and neuroscience, is problematically unclear. The result is that talk of cognitive effort may paper over significant disagreement regarding the nature of cognitive effort, and its key functions for cognitive control. I highlight key points of disagreement, and several open questions regarding what causes cognitive effort, what cognitive effort represents, cognitive effort's relationship to action, and cognitive effort's relationship to consciousness. I also suggest that pluralism about cognitive effort-that cognitive effort may manifest as a range of intentional or non-intentional actions the function of which is to promote greater success at paradigmatic cognitive control tasks-may be a fruitful and irenic way to conceive of cognitive effort. Finally, I suggest that recent trends in work on cognitive control suggests that we might fruitfully conceive of cognitive effort as one key node in a complex network of mental value, and that studying this complex network may illuminate the nature of cognitive control, and the role of consciousness in cognitive control's proper functioning. This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Consciousness Philosophy > Psychological Capacities Neuroscience > Cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Shepherd
- Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Facultat de Filosofia, Universität de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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André N, Baumeister RF. Three Pathways Into Chronic Lack of Energy as a Mental Health Complaint. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Many disturbances of physical, social, and mental health have conditions involving lack of energy, difficulty in making decisions, and low interest or motivation. Laboratory studies of willpower depletion have produced similar states in a temporary fashion. The present review uses extant literature to develop and test three theories about how temporary states of low willpower could become chronic. The first is ongoing and repeated exposure to depleting circumstances, such as caregiver fatigue, burdensome financial debts, and high-stress jobs. The second focuses on inadequate recoveries, such as poor sleep, insufficient nutrition, or unsatisfying vacations. The third invokes dispositional vulnerabilities that predispose some people to become depleted more frequently than others. A wide-ranging search for evidence concluded that the first two theories have more support than the third, though all further merit research. Additional possible contributions to chronicity are discussed, such as the emergence of vicious circles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie André
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, UMR CNRS 7295, University of Poitiers, France
| | - Roy F. Baumeister
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Mangin T, Audiffren M, Lorcery A, Mirabelli F, Benraiss A, André N. A plausible link between the time-on-task effect and the sequential task effect. Front Psychol 2022; 13:998393. [PMID: 36389536 PMCID: PMC9643466 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.998393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mental fatigue can be studied by using either the time-on-task protocol or the sequential task protocol. In the time-on-task protocol, participants perform a long and effortful task and a decrease in performance in this task is generally observed over time. In the sequential task protocol, a first effortful or control task is followed by a second effortful task. The performance in the second task is generally worse after the effortful task than after the control task. The principal aim of the present experiment is to examine the relationship between these two decrements in performance while concomitantly using a sequential task protocol and assessing the performance of the first effortful task as a function of time-on-task. We expect a positive correlation between these two decrements in performance. A total of 83 participants performed a 30-min fatiguing mental task (i.e., a modified Stroop task) or a control task followed by a time-to-exhaustion handgrip task. As expected, this protocol combining the time-on-task and sequential task protocols allowed us to observe (1) a decrease in performance over time during the Stroop task, (2) a worst performance in the handgrip task after the Stroop task by comparison to the control task, (3) a positive correlation between these two effects. The decrease in performance during the Stroop task also correlated with the subjective measures of boredom and fatigue, whereas the detrimental effect observed in the handgrip task did not. Our findings suggest that the two fatigue-related phenomena share a common mechanism but are not completely equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mangin
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA), UMR CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Faculté de Médecine, École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l’Activité Physique (EKSAP), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Audiffren
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA), UMR CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Alison Lorcery
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA), UMR CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Francesco Mirabelli
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA), UMR CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Abdelrhani Benraiss
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA), UMR CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie André
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA), UMR CNRS 7295, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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12
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Fortes LS, Ferreira MEC, Faro H, Penna EM, Almeida SS. Brain Stimulation Over the Motion-Sensitive Midtemporal Area Reduces Deleterious Effects of Mental Fatigue on Perceptual-Cognitive Skills in Basketball Players. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 44:272-285. [PMID: 35613846 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2021-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) over the motion-sensitive midtemporal area on perceptual-cognitive skills (visuomotor and basketball decision-making skills) in mentally fatigued basketball players. A total of 20 male basketball players were recruited. This was a randomized, double-blinded, and counterbalanced crossover study with two experimental conditions: a-tDCS and Sham. The participants completed the basketball decision-making task and visuomotor skill after performing a 60-min sport-based videogame task with anodal (i.e., a-tDCS) or placebo (Sham) stimulation over the motion-sensitive middle temporal area. Worse response time was observed in visuomotor skill for Sham than a-tDCS postexperiment (p < .05). There was no main condition effect for accuracy of visuomotor skill (p > .05). There was more impairment in accuracy and response time in basketball decision-making skills for the Sham condition than a-tDCS (p < .05). Notably, a-tDCS over the motion-sensitive middle temporal area removed the negative effects of mental fatigue on perceptual-cognitive skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo S Fortes
- Associate Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa,Brazil
| | - Maria E C Ferreira
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora,Brazil
| | - Heloiana Faro
- Associate Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa,Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Penna
- Graduate Program of Human Movement Science, Federal University of Pará, Belem,Brazil
| | - Sebastião S Almeida
- Environment Determinants Research Group, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto,Brazil
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13
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Audiffren M, André N, Baumeister RF. Training Willpower: Reducing Costs and Valuing Effort. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:699817. [PMID: 35573284 PMCID: PMC9095966 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.699817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrative model of effortful control presented in a previous article aimed to specify the neurophysiological bases of mental effort. This model assumes that effort reflects three different inter-related aspects of the same adaptive function. First, a mechanism anchored in the salience network that makes decisions about the effort that should be engaged in the current task in view of costs and benefits associated with the achievement of the task goal. Second, a top-down control signal generated by the mechanism of effort that modulates neuronal activity in brain regions involved in the current task to filter pertinent information. Third, a feeling that emerges in awareness during effortful tasks and reflects the costs associated with goal-directed behavior. The aim of the present article is to complete this model by proposing that the capacity to exert effortful control can be improved through training programs. Two main questions relative to this possible strengthening of willpower are addressed in this paper. The first question concerns the existence of empirical evidence that supports gains in effortful control capacity through training. We conducted a review of 63 meta-analyses that shows training programs are effective in improving performance in effortful tasks tapping executive functions and/or self-control with a small to large effect size. Moreover, physical and mindfulness exercises could be two promising training methods that would deserve to be included in training programs aiming to strengthen willpower. The second question concerns the neural mechanisms that could explain these gains in effortful control capacity. Two plausible brain mechanisms are proposed: (1) a decrease in effort costs combined with a greater efficiency of brain regions involved in the task and (2) an increase in the value of effort through operant conditioning in the context of high effort and high reward. The first mechanism supports the hypothesis of a strengthening of the capacity to exert effortful control whereas the second mechanism supports the hypothesis of an increase in the motivation to exert this control. In the last part of the article, we made several recommendations to improve the effectiveness of interventional studies aiming to train this adaptive function."Keep the faculty of effort alive in you by a little gratuitous exercise every day."James (1918, p. 127).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Audiffren
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie André
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Roy F. Baumeister
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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14
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Wendiggensen P, Ghin F, Koyun AH, Stock AK, Beste C. Pretrial Theta Band Activity Affects Context-dependent Modulation of Response Inhibition. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:605-617. [PMID: 35061021 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The ability to inhibit a prepotent response is a crucial prerequisite of goal-directed behavior. So far, research on response inhibition has mainly examined these processes when there is little to no cognitive control during the decision to respond. We manipulated the "context" in which response inhibition has to be exerted (i.e., a controlled or an automated context) by combining a Simon task with a go/no-go task and focused on theta band activity. To investigate the role of "context" in response inhibition, we also examined how far theta band activity in the pretrial period modulates context-dependent variations of theta band activity during response inhibition. This was done in an EEG study applying beamforming methods. Here, we examined n = 43 individuals. We show that an automated context, as opposed to a controlled context, compromises response inhibition performance and increases the need for cognitive control. This was also related to context-dependent modulations of theta band activity in superior frontal and middle frontal regions. Of note, results showed that theta band activity in the pretrial period, associated with the right inferior frontal cortex, was substantially correlated with context-dependent modulations of theta band activity during response inhibition. The direction of the obtained correlation provides insights into the functional relevance of a pretrial theta band activity. The data suggest that pretrial theta band activity reflects some form of attentional sampling to inform possible upcoming processes signaling the need for cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wendiggensen
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Filippo Ghin
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Helin Koyun
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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15
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André N, Gastinger S, Rébillard A. Chronic Fatigue in Cancer, Brain Connectivity and Reluctance to Engage in Physical Activity: A Mini-Review. Front Oncol 2022; 11:774347. [PMID: 34988017 PMCID: PMC8721035 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.774347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A large amount of evidence shows that after a cancer diagnosis, patients significantly reduce their level of physical activity. Usually, this reduction is attributed to cancer-related fatigue. However, to our knowledge, no study has clearly demonstrated that fatigue alters effort-based decision-making in cancer. This mini-review aimed to provide evidence that chronic fatigue in cancer patients causes changes in brain connectivity that impact effort-based decision-making. Indeed, three patterns of activation to compensate for dysfunctional networks have been reported: greater variability in the executive network and hyperactivation in the executive network, which account for less efficient and costly processes in the frontal cortex, and reduced deactivation in the default mode network. Nevertheless, these activation patterns are also observed with other factors, such as anticipatory stressors (worry, rumination or sleep loss), that might also cause reluctance to engage in physical activity. Effort-based decision-making involving weighing costs against benefits and physical activity interventions should increase immediate benefits to facilitate engagement in effortful activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie André
- Research Centre on Cognition and Learning (UMR CNRS 7295), University of Poitiers, Sport Sciences Faculty, Poitiers, France.,Maison des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (USR CNRS 3565), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Steven Gastinger
- M2S-EA7470, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,APCoSS - Institut de Formation en Education Physique et en Sport (IFEPSA), UCO Angers, Angers, France
| | - Amélie Rébillard
- M2S-EA7470, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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16
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Greenhouse-Tucknott A, Butterworth JB, Wrightson JG, Harrison NA, Dekerle J. Effect of the subjective intensity of fatigue and interoception on perceptual regulation and performance during sustained physical activity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262303. [PMID: 34986186 PMCID: PMC8730470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The subjective experience of fatigue impairs an individual’s ability to sustain physical endurance performance. However, precise understanding of the specific role perceived fatigue plays in the central regulation of performance remains unclear. Here, we examined whether the subjective intensity of a perceived state of fatigue, pre-induced through prior upper body activity, differentially impacted performance and altered perceived effort and affect experienced during a sustained, isometric contraction in lower body. We also explored whether (cardiac) interoception predicted the intensity of experienced perceptual and affective responses and moderated the relationships between constructs during physical activity. Methods Using a repeated-measures study design, thirty male participants completed three experimental conditions, with the intensity of a pre-induced state of fatigue manipulated to evoke moderate (MOD), severe (SEV) and minimal (control; CON) intensity of perceptions prior to performance of the sustained contraction. Results Performance of the sustained contraction was significantly impaired under a perceived state of fatigue, with reductions of 10% and 14% observed in the MOD and SEV conditions, respectively. Performance impairment was accompanied by greater perceived effort and more negative affective valence reported during the contraction. However, effects were limited to comparisons to CON, with no difference evident between the two experimental trials (i.e. MOD vs. SEV). Individuals’ awareness of their accuracy in judging resting heartbeats was shown to predict the subjective intensity of fatigue experienced during the endurance task. However, interoception did not moderate the relationships evident between fatigue and both perceived effort and affective valence. Conclusions A perceived state of fatigue limits endurance performance, influencing both how effortful activity is perceived to be and the affective experience of activity. Though awareness of interoceptive representations of bodily states may be important to the subjective experience of fatigue, interoception does not modulate the relationships between perceived fatigue and other perceptual (i.e. effort) and affective constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Greenhouse-Tucknott
- Fatigue and Exercise Laboratory, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jake B. Butterworth
- Fatigue and Exercise Laboratory, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - James G. Wrightson
- Fatigue and Exercise Laboratory, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Neil A. Harrison
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanne Dekerle
- Fatigue and Exercise Laboratory, School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
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17
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Towards a common code for difficulty: Navigating a narrow gap is like memorizing an extra digit. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 83:3275-3284. [PMID: 34331255 PMCID: PMC8550038 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
What makes a task hard or easy? The question seems easy, but answering it has been hard. The only consensus has been that, all else being equal, easy tasks can be performed by more individuals than hard tasks, and easy tasks are usually preferred over hard tasks. Feghhi and Rosenbaum (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 45, 983–994, 2019) asked whether task difficulty might reflect a single amodal quantity. Based on their subjects’ two-alternative forced-choice data from tasks involving choices of tasks with graded physical and mental challenges, the authors showed that the difficulty of passing through a narrow gap rather than a wide gap was psychologically equivalent to memorizing an extra .55 digits. In the present study, we extended this approach by adding new arguments for the hypothesis that task difficulty might reflect a single amodal quantity (inspired by considerations of physics, economics, and the common code hypothesis for the study of perception and action), and we tested narrower gaps than before to see whether we would find a larger equivalent memory-digit. Consistent with our prediction, we obtained a value of .95. We suggest that our multi-modal two-alternative forced-choice procedure can pave the way toward a better understanding of task difficulty.
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18
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Moayery M. Commentary: Two Ways of Thinking About Self-Control. Front Psychol 2021; 12:718715. [PMID: 34367037 PMCID: PMC8335638 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Moayery
- Department of Marketing, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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19
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Englert C, Dziuba A, Giboin LS, Wolff W. Elites Do Not Deplete - No Effect of Prior Mental Exertion on Subsequent Shooting Performance in Elite Shooters. Front Psychol 2021; 12:668108. [PMID: 34177728 PMCID: PMC8226326 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.668108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to perform at the highest level, elite shooters have to remain focused during the whole course of a tournament, which regularly lasts multiple hours. Investing self-control over extended time periods is often associated with lower levels of perceived self-control strength (i.e., the subjective estimation of how much mental effort one is capable of investing in a given task) and impaired performance in several sports-related domains. However, previous findings on the effects of prior self-control efforts on shooting performance have been mixed, as elite shooters seem to be less affected by preceding self-control demanding tasks than sub-elite athletes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of self-control on shooting performance in elite shooters. Hence, we randomly assigned elite shooters to an experimental (n = 12) or a control condition (n = 11) and asked them to perform a series of 40 shots at baseline (T1) and again after a task which either did or did not require self-control (T2). Additionally, we continuously measured the shooters’ level of perceived self-control strength. We assumed that in elite athletes, shooting accuracy as well as the perceived level of self-control strength would not be significantly affected over time from T1 to T2 in both conditions. In line with our assumptions, Bayesian linear mixed effect models revealed that shooting performance remained relatively stable in both conditions over time and the conditions also did not differ significantly in their perceived levels of self-control strength. Contrary to resource-based theories of self-control, these results speak against the idea of a limited self-control resource as previous acts of self-control did not impair subsequent shooting performance in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Englert
- Department of Educational Psychology, Institute of Education, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Dziuba
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Louis-Solal Giboin
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sensorimotor Performance Lab, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wanja Wolff
- Department of Educational Psychology, Institute of Education, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Sport Psychology, Department of Sport Sciences, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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20
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Englert C, Dziuba A, Schweizer G. Testing the Effects of a Preceding Self-Control Task on Decision-Making in Soccer Refereeing. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:638652. [PMID: 33796008 PMCID: PMC8008104 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.638652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the assumption that the momentary level of self-control strength affects the accuracy rates in a sports-related judgment and decision-making task. A total of N = 27 participants rated the veracity of 28 video-taped statements of soccer players who were interviewed by a non-visible referee after a critical game-related situation. In half of the videos, the players were lying, and in the other half, they were telling the truth. Participants were tested twice: once with temporarily depleted self-control strength and once with temporarily available self-control strength (order counterbalanced; measurements separated by exactly 7 days). Self-control strength was experimentally manipulated with the Stroop task. In line with two-process models of information processing, we hypothesized that under ego depletion, information is processed in a rather heuristic manner, leading to lower accuracy rates. Contrary to our expectations, the level of temporarily available self-control strength did not have an effect on accuracy rates. Limitations and implications for future research endeavors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Englert
- Institute of Education, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Dziuba
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Geoffrey Schweizer
- Institute of Sports Sciences, Department of Sports Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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James CJ, Graham PL, Betances Reinoso FA, Breuning SN, Durko M, Huarte Irujo A, Royo López J, Müller L, Perenyi A, Jaramillo Saffon R, Salinas Garcia S, Schüssler M, Schwarz Langer MJ, Skarzynski PH, Mecklenburg DJ. The Listening Network and Cochlear Implant Benefits in Hearing-Impaired Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:589296. [PMID: 33716706 PMCID: PMC7947658 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.589296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Older adults with mild or no hearing loss make more errors and expend more effort listening to speech. Cochlear implants (CI) restore hearing to deaf patients but with limited fidelity. We hypothesized that patient-reported hearing and health-related quality of life in CI patients may similarly vary according to age. Speech Spatial Qualities (SSQ) of hearing scale and Health Utilities Index Mark III (HUI) questionnaires were administered to 543 unilaterally implanted adults across Europe, South Africa, and South America. Data were acquired before surgery and at 1, 2, and 3 years post-surgery. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models with visit, age group (18–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, and 65+), and side of implant as main factors and adjusted for other covariates. Tinnitus and dizziness prevalence did not vary with age, but older groups had more preoperative hearing. Preoperatively and postoperatively, SSQ scores were significantly higher (Δ0.75–0.82) for those aged <45 compared with those 55+. However, gains in SSQ scores were equivalent across age groups, although postoperative SSQ scores were higher in right-ear implanted subjects. All age groups benefited equally in terms of HUI gain (0.18), with no decrease in scores with age. Overall, younger adults appeared to cope better with a degraded hearing before and after CI, leading to better subjective hearing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra L Graham
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Marcin Durko
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Alicia Huarte Irujo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Royo López
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lida Müller
- Tygerberg Hospital-Stellenbosch University Cochlear Implant Unit, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Adam Perenyi
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head Neck Surgery, Albert Szent Györgyi Medical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Sandra Salinas Garcia
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología y Patología Cérvico-Facial, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Schüssler
- Deutsches HörZentrum Hannover der HNO-Klinik, Medizische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Baldwin C, Garrison KE, Baumeister RF, Schmeichel BJ. Making memorable choices: Cognitive control and the self-choice effect in memory. SELF AND IDENTITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2021.1888787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Baldwin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Katie E. Garrison
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA
| | - Roy F. Baumeister
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Brandon J. Schmeichel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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23
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Salomone M, Burle B, Fabre L, Berberian B. An Electromyographic Analysis of the Effects of Cognitive Fatigue on Online and Anticipatory Action Control. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:615046. [PMID: 33505260 PMCID: PMC7829365 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.615046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive fatigue is a problem for the safety of critical systems (e.g., aircraft) as it can lead to accidents, especially during unexpected events. In order to determine the extent to which it disrupts adaptive capabilities, we evaluated its effect on online and anticipatory control. Despite numerous studies conducted to determine its effects, the exact mechanism(s) affected by fatigue remains to be clarified. In this study, we used distribution and electromyographic analysis to assess whether cognitive fatigue increases the capture of the incorrect automatic response or if it impairs its suppression (online control), and whether the conflict adaptation effect is reduced (anticipatory control). To this end, we evaluated the evolution of the performance over time during the Simon task, a classic conflict task that elicits incorrect automatic responses. To accentuate the presence of fatigue during the Simon task, two groups previously performed a dual-task with two different cognitive load levels to create two different levels of fatigue. The results revealed that time on task impaired online control by disrupting the capacity to suppress the incorrect response but leaving unaffected the expression of the automatic response. Furthermore, participants emphasized speed rather than accuracy with time on task, with in addition more fast guesses, suggesting that they opted for a less effortful response strategy. As the implementation of the suppression mechanism requires cognitive effort, the conjunction of these results suggests that the deficits observed may be due to disengagement of effort over time rather than reflecting an incapacity to make an effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick Salomone
- Information Processing and Systems, ONERA, Salon de Provence, Base Aérienne 701, France
| | - Boris Burle
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LNC UMR 7291, Marseille, France
| | - Ludovic Fabre
- Centre de Recherche de l'Ecole de l'Air, Salon de Provence, Base Aérienne 701, France
| | - Bruno Berberian
- Information Processing and Systems, ONERA, Salon de Provence, Base Aérienne 701, France
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24
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Zauner J, Plischke H, Stijnen H, Schwarz UT, Strasburger H. Influence of common lighting conditions and time-of-day on the effort-related cardiac response. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239553. [PMID: 33027252 PMCID: PMC7540875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanopic stimuli trigger diverse non-image-forming effects. However, evidence of a melanopic contribution to acute effects on alertness and performance is inconclusive, especially under common lighting situations. Effects on cognitive performance are likely mediated by effort-related physiological changes. We assessed the acute effects of lighting in three scenarios, at two times of day, on effort-related changes to cardiac contraction as indexed by the cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP). In a within-subject design, twenty-seven participants performed a cognitive task thrice during a morning and a late-afternoon session. We set the lighting at 500 lux in all three lighting scenarios, measured horizontally at the desk level, but with 54 lux, 128 lux, or 241 lux melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance at the eye level. Impedance cardiography and electrocardiography measurements were used to calculate PEP, for the baseline and task period. A shorter PEP during the task represents a sympathetic heart activation and therefore increased effort. Data were analysed with linear mixed-effect models. PEP changes depended on both the light scene and time of day (p = 0.01 and p = 0.002, respectively). The highest change (sympathetic activation) occurred for the medium one of the three stimuli (128 lux) during the late-afternoon session. However, effect sizes for the singular effects were small, and only for the combined effect of light and time of day middle-sized. Performance scores or self-reported scores on alertness and task demand did not change with the light scene. In conclusion, participants reached the same performance most efficiently at both the highest and lowest melanopic setting, and during the morning session. The resulting U-shaped relation between melanopic stimulus intensity and PEP is likely not dependent solely on intrinsic ipRGC stimuli, and might be moderated by extrinsic cone input. Since lighting situations were modelled according to current integrative lighting strategies and real-life indoor light intensities, the result has implications for artificial lighting in a work environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zauner
- Munich University of Applied Sciences, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Hanna Stijnen
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Ulrich T. Schwarz
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Hans Strasburger
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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25
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Alquist JL, Baumeister RF, Tice DM, Core TJ. What You Don't Know Can Hurt You: Uncertainty Impairs Executive Function. Front Psychol 2020; 11:576001. [PMID: 33123057 PMCID: PMC7573282 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three studies demonstrated that situational uncertainty impairs executive function on subsequent unrelated tasks. Participants were randomly assigned to either uncertain situations (not knowing whether they would have to give a speech later, Studies 1-2; uncertain about how to complete a task, Study 3) or control conditions. Uncertainty caused poor performance on tasks requiring executive function that were unrelated to the uncertainty manipulation. Uncertainty impaired performance even more than certainty of negative outcomes (might vs. definitely will have to make a speech). A meta-analysis of the experimental studies in this package found that the effect is small and reliable. One potential explanation for this effect of uncertainty on executive function is that uncertainty is a cue for conserving effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Alquist
- Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Roy F. Baumeister
- Department of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dianne M. Tice
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Tammy J. Core
- Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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26
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Limongi R, Jeon P, Mackinley M, Das T, Dempster K, Théberge J, Bartha R, Wong D, Palaniyappan L. Glutamate and Dysconnection in the Salience Network: Neurochemical, Effective Connectivity, and Computational Evidence in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:273-281. [PMID: 32312577 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dysconnection in schizophrenia is underwritten by a pathophysiology of the glutamate neurotransmission that affects the excitation-inhibition balance in key nodes of the salience network. Physiologically, this manifests as aberrant effective connectivity in intrinsic connections involving inhibitory interneurons. In computational terms, this produces a pathology of evidence accumulation and ensuing inference in the brain. Finally, the pathophysiology and aberrant inference would partially account for the psychopathology of schizophrenia as measured in terms of symptoms and signs. We refer to this formulation as the 3-level hypothesis. METHODS We tested the hypothesis in core nodes of the salience network (the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex [dACC] and the anterior insula) of 20 patients with first-episode psychosis and 20 healthy control subjects. We established 3-way correlations between the magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures of glutamate, effective connectivity of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, and correlations between measures of this connectivity and estimates of precision (inherent in evidence accumulation in the Stroop task) and psychopathology. RESULTS Glutamate concentration in the dACC was associated with higher and lower inhibitory connectivity in the dACC and in the anterior insula, respectively. Crucially, glutamate concentration correlated negatively with the inhibitory influence on the excitatory neuronal population in the dACC of subjects with first-episode psychosis. Furthermore, aberrant computational parameters of the Stroop task performance were associated with aberrant inhibitory connections. Finally, the strength of connections from the dACC to the anterior insula correlated negatively with severity of social withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a link between glutamate-mediated cortical disinhibition, effective-connectivity deficits, and computational performance in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Limongi
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Peter Jeon
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Mackinley
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tushar Das
- Department of Strategic Enterprise Solutions, Fanshawe College, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kara Dempster
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Neuropsychiatry Imaging Lab, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Joseph's Health Care London, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dickson Wong
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lena Palaniyappan
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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