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Testen AL, Puri P, Shaw RS, Domsic EC, Griffin-LaHue D, Murphy KM, Mattupalli C. A Quantitative Real-Time PCR Method to Detect the Quinoa Downy Mildew Pathogen, Peronospora variabilis. PLANT DISEASE 2024:PDIS11232308RE. [PMID: 38764340 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-23-2308-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Quinoa downy mildew, caused by Peronospora variabilis, is the most devastating disease of quinoa globally. Rapid, sensitive diagnostic methods are needed to detect and quantify this pathogen in seeds and plant tissue. A hydrolysis probe-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay including a competitive internal control was developed for P. variabilis detection. This assay could detect as low as 20 ag of DNA or approximately 25 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) copies per reaction with efficiencies ranging from 93.9 to 98.2%. No nontarget amplification was observed when tested against DNA from other downy mildew pathogens and related oomycetes. P. variabilis strains from multiple countries were detected using this assay. The assay was successfully applied to quantify the pathogen in quinoa seeds from a field trial conducted in the state of Washington. Downy mildew disease was recorded on all 14 genotypes, with the genotypes 104.88 and 106.49 recording the highest area under the disease progress curve values (mean ± SE; 3,236 ± 303 and 2,851 ± 198, respectively) and J6 and Dutchess recording the lowest (441 ± 107 and 409 ± 129, respectively). Seed washes obtained from field samples were subjected to the qPCR assay, and the pathogen was detected in all samples. The highest pathogen ITS copy number was recorded with 106.49 (194,934 ± 38,171), and the lowest was observed in Pasto (5,971 ± 1,435) and Riobamba (9,954 ± 4,243). This qPCR assay could lead to improved detection and quantification of P. variabilis as well as increased understanding of quinoa-P. variabilis interactions and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Purnima Puri
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA
| | - R Scott Shaw
- USDA-ARS Application Technology Research Unit, Wooster, OH
| | | | - Deirdre Griffin-LaHue
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA
| | | | - Chakradhar Mattupalli
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, Mount Vernon, WA
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Yang J, Wang Y, Sun J, Li Y, Zhu R, Yin Y, Wang C, Yin X, Qin L. Metabolome and Transcriptome Association Analysis Reveals Mechanism of Synthesis of Nutrient Composition in Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Seeds. Foods 2024; 13:1325. [PMID: 38731698 PMCID: PMC11082971 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds are rich in nutrition, superior to other grains, and have a high market value. However, the biosynthesis mechanisms of protein, starch, and lipid in quinoa grain are still unclear. The objective of this study was to ascertain the nutritional constituents of white, yellow, red, and black quinoa seeds and to employ a multi-omics approach to analyze the synthesis mechanisms of these nutrients. The findings are intended to furnish a theoretical foundation and technical support for the biological breeding of quinoa in China. In this study, the nutritional analysis of white, yellow, red, and black quinoa seeds from the same area showed that the nutritional contents of the quinoa seeds were significantly different, and the protein content increased with the deepening of color. The protein content of black quinoa was the highest (16.1 g/100 g) and the lipid content was the lowest (2.7 g/100 g), among which, linoleic acid was the main fatty acid. A combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis exhibited that differentially expressed genes were enriched in "linoleic acid metabolism", "unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis", and "amino acid biosynthesis". We mainly identified seven genes involved in starch synthesis (LOC110716805, LOC110722789, LOC110738785, LOC110720405, LOC110730081, LOC110692055, and LOC110732328); five genes involved in lipid synthesis (LOC110701563, LOC110699636, LOC110709273, LOC110715590, and LOC110728838); and nine genes involved in protein synthesis (LOC110710842, LOC110720003, LOC110687170, LOC110716004, LOC110702086, LOC110724454 LOC110724577, LOC110704171, and LOC110686607). The data presented in this study based on nutrient, transcriptome, and metabolome analyses contribute to an enhanced understanding of the genetic regulation of seed quality traits in quinoa, and provide candidate genes for further genetic improvements to improve the nutritional value of quinoa seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindan Yang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Yiyun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Jiayi Sun
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Yuzhe Li
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Renbin Zhu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Yongjie Yin
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Chuangyun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
| | - Xuebin Yin
- Suzhou Selenium Valley Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215100, China;
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Functional Agriculture and Functional Food, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Lixia Qin
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China; (J.Y.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230036, China;
- Suzhou Selenium Valley Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215100, China;
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Gómez MJR, Magro PC, Blázquez MR, Maestro-Gaitán I, Iñiguez FMS, Sobrado VC, Prieto JM. Nutritional composition of quinoa leafy greens: An underutilized plant-based food with the potential of contributing to current dietary trends. Food Res Int 2024; 178:113862. [PMID: 38309894 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) leafy greens (QLGs) are plant-based foods of high nutritional value that have been scarcely studied. In this work, the nutritional and functional composition of three QLGs varieties was evaluated. A protein content higher than 35 g 100 g-1 dw with a well-balanced essential amino acid composition was found making them a good source of vegetable protein. In addition, elevated contents of dietary fibre and minerals, higher than those detected in quinoa seeds and other leafy vegetables, were found. The lipid profile showed higher contents of linoleic (C18:2, ω6) (20.2 %) and linolenic acids (C18:3, ω3) (52.8 %) with low ω6/ ω3 ratios (∼0.4/1). A total sugar content <1 g 100 g-1 dw was found for all varieties tested, lower than that obtained in seeds. The saponin content varied between 0.76 and 0.87 %. Also, high values of total phenolic compounds (969.8-1195.4 mg gallic acid 100 g-1), mainly hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids, and great antioxidant activities (7.64-8.90 g Trolox kg-1) were found. Multivariate analysis here used allowed us to classify the samples according to the quinoa variety evaluated, and the sequential stepwise multiple regression applied revealed that the PUFA and sucrose contents negatively influenced the protein content while the palmitic acid content affected positively this parameter. Overall, this study shows that QLGs are promising nutritious and functional plant-based foods supporting the necessity of promoting their cultivation, commercialization, and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Rodríguez Gómez
- Área de Vegetales, Instituto Tecnológico Agroalimentario de Extremadura, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura, Avenida Adolfo Suárez, s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Patricia Calvo Magro
- Área de Vegetales, Instituto Tecnológico Agroalimentario de Extremadura, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura, Avenida Adolfo Suárez, s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - María Reguera Blázquez
- Departamento de Biología, Campus de Cantoblanco, c/Darwin 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isaac Maestro-Gaitán
- Departamento de Biología, Campus de Cantoblanco, c/Darwin 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - F M Sánchez Iñiguez
- Área de Vegetales, Instituto Tecnológico Agroalimentario de Extremadura, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura, Avenida Adolfo Suárez, s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Verónica Cruz Sobrado
- Centro de Investigación Finca La Orden-Valdesequera, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura, Autovía Madrid-Lisboa s/n, 06187 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Javier Matías Prieto
- Centro de Investigación Finca La Orden-Valdesequera, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura, Autovía Madrid-Lisboa s/n, 06187 Badajoz, Spain
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Ramos-Pacheco BS, Choque-Quispe D, Ligarda-Samanez CA, Solano-Reynoso AM, Palomino-Rincón H, Choque-Quispe Y, Peralta-Guevara DE, Moscoso-Moscoso E, Aiquipa-Pillaca ÁS. Effect of Germination on the Physicochemical Properties, Functional Groups, Content of Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Capacity of Different Varieties of Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Grown in the High Andean Zone of Peru. Foods 2024; 13:417. [PMID: 38338552 PMCID: PMC10855556 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Germination is an effective strategy to improve the nutritional and functional quality of Andean grains such as quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.); it helps reduce anti-nutritional components and enhance the digestibility and sensory aspects of the germinated. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of germination (0, 24, 48, and 72 h) on the physicochemical properties, content of bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity of three varieties of quinoa: white, red, and black high Andean from Peru. Color, nutritional composition, mineral content, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were analyzed. Additionally, infrared spectra were obtained to elucidate structural changes during germination. The results showed color variations and significant increases (p < 0.05) in proteins, fiber, minerals, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity after 72 h of germination, attributed to the activation of enzymatic pathways. In contrast, the infrared spectra showed a decrease in the intensity of functional groups -CH-, -CH2-, C-OH, -OH, and C-N. Correlation analysis showed that flavonoids mainly contributed to antioxidant activity (r = 0.612). Germination represents a promising alternative to develop functional ingredients from germinated quinoa flour with improved nutritional and functional attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy S. Ramos-Pacheco
- Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (D.C.-Q.); (C.A.L.-S.); (H.P.-R.); (D.E.P.-G.); (Á.S.A.-P.)
- Food Science and Technology, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco 08000, Peru
- Food Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru;
- Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (A.M.S.-R.); (Y.C.-Q.)
| | - David Choque-Quispe
- Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (D.C.-Q.); (C.A.L.-S.); (H.P.-R.); (D.E.P.-G.); (Á.S.A.-P.)
- Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (A.M.S.-R.); (Y.C.-Q.)
- Water and Food Treatment Materials Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Carlos A. Ligarda-Samanez
- Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (D.C.-Q.); (C.A.L.-S.); (H.P.-R.); (D.E.P.-G.); (Á.S.A.-P.)
- Food Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru;
- Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (A.M.S.-R.); (Y.C.-Q.)
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Aydeé M. Solano-Reynoso
- Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (A.M.S.-R.); (Y.C.-Q.)
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Henry Palomino-Rincón
- Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (D.C.-Q.); (C.A.L.-S.); (H.P.-R.); (D.E.P.-G.); (Á.S.A.-P.)
- Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (A.M.S.-R.); (Y.C.-Q.)
| | - Yudith Choque-Quispe
- Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (A.M.S.-R.); (Y.C.-Q.)
- Water and Food Treatment Materials Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Research Group in the Development of Advanced Materials for Water and Food Treatment, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Diego E. Peralta-Guevara
- Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (D.C.-Q.); (C.A.L.-S.); (H.P.-R.); (D.E.P.-G.); (Á.S.A.-P.)
- Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (A.M.S.-R.); (Y.C.-Q.)
- Water and Food Treatment Materials Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru
| | - Elibet Moscoso-Moscoso
- Food Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru;
- Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (A.M.S.-R.); (Y.C.-Q.)
| | - Ángel S. Aiquipa-Pillaca
- Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (D.C.-Q.); (C.A.L.-S.); (H.P.-R.); (D.E.P.-G.); (Á.S.A.-P.)
- Nutraceuticals and Biomaterials Research Group, Universidad Nacional José María Arguedas, Andahuaylas 03701, Peru; (A.M.S.-R.); (Y.C.-Q.)
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Wang S, Liu G, Xie C, Zhou Y, Yang R, Wu J, Xu J, Tu K. Metabolomics Analysis of Different Quinoa Cultivars Based on UPLC-ZenoTOF-MS/MS and Investigation into Their Antioxidant Characteristics. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:240. [PMID: 38256795 PMCID: PMC10819959 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, quinoa, as a nutritious and sustainable food material, has gained increasing popularity worldwide. To investigate the diversity of nutritional characteristics among different quinoa cultivars and explore their potential health benefits, metabolites of five quinoa cultivars (QL-1, SJ-1, SJ-2, KL-1 and KL-2) were compared by non-targeted metabolomics analysis based on UPLC-ZenoTOF-MS/MS in this study. A total of 248 metabolites across 13 categories were identified. Although the metabolite compositions were generally similar among the different quinoa cultivars, significant variations existed in their respective metabolite contents. Among the identified metabolites, amino acids/peptides, nucleosides, saponins and phenolic acids were the most abundant. Notably, SJ-1 exhibited the most distinct metabolite profile when compared to the other cultivars. Amino acids/peptides and nucleosides were found to be crucial factors contributing to the unique metabolite profile of SJ-1. Collectively, these aforementioned metabolites accounted for a substantial 60% of the total metabolites observed in each quinoa variety. Additionally, a correlation between the DPPH radical scavenging activity and the free phenolic content of quinoa was observed. Variations in phenolic content resulted in different antioxidant capacities among the quinoa cultivars, and SJ-1 exhibited lower phenolic levels and weaker antioxidant activity than the others. These results can provide important information for the development of quinoa resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Whole Grain Food Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (S.W.); (G.L.); (C.X.); (R.Y.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Guannan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Whole Grain Food Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (S.W.); (G.L.); (C.X.); (R.Y.)
| | - Chong Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Whole Grain Food Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (S.W.); (G.L.); (C.X.); (R.Y.)
| | - You Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Runqiang Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Whole Grain Food Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (S.W.); (G.L.); (C.X.); (R.Y.)
| | - Jirong Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jianhong Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Whole Grain Food Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (S.W.); (G.L.); (C.X.); (R.Y.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (Y.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Kang Tu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Whole Grain Food Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (S.W.); (G.L.); (C.X.); (R.Y.)
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Contreras E, Martín-Fernández L, Manaa A, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Iglesias-Fernández R. Identification of Reference Genes for Precise Expression Analysis during Germination in Chenopodium quinoa Seeds under Salt Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15878. [PMID: 37958860 PMCID: PMC10650251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (quinoa), a member of the Amaranthaceae family, is an allotetraploid annual plant, endemic to South America. The plant of C. quinoa presents significant ecological plasticity with exceptional adaptability to several environmental stresses, including salinity. The resilience of quinoa to several abiotic stresses, as well as its nutritional attributes, have led to significant shifts in quinoa cultivation worldwide over the past century. This work first defines germination sensu stricto in quinoa where the breakage of the pericarp and the testa is followed by endosperm rupture (ER). Transcriptomic changes in early seed germination stages lead to unstable expression levels in commonly used reference genes that are typically stable in vegetative tissues. Noteworthy, no suitable reference genes have been previously identified specifically for quinoa seed germination under salt stress conditions. This work aims to identify these genes as a prerequisite step for normalizing qPCR data. To this end, germinating seeds from UDEC2 and UDEC4 accessions, with different tolerance to salt, have been analyzed under conditions of absence (0 mM NaCl) and in the presence (250 mM NaCl) of sodium chloride. Based on the relevant literature, six candidate reference genes, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), Monensin sensitivity1 (MON1), Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB), Actin-7 (ACT7), Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBC), and 18S ribosomal RNA (18S), were selected and assessed for stability using the RefFinder Tool encompassing the statistical algorithms geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt in the evaluation. The data presented support the suitability of CqACT7 and CqUBC as reference genes for normalizing gene expression during seed germination under salinity stress. These recommended reference genes can be valuable tools for consistent qPCR studies on quinoa seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Contreras
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas-Severo Ochoa (CBGP, UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (J.V.-C.)
| | - Lucía Martín-Fernández
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas-Severo Ochoa (CBGP, UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (J.V.-C.)
| | - Arafet Manaa
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Centre of Biotechnology de Borj Cedria, B.P. 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia;
| | - Jesús Vicente-Carbajosa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas-Severo Ochoa (CBGP, UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (J.V.-C.)
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Iglesias-Fernández
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas-Severo Ochoa (CBGP, UPM-INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)—Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (E.C.); (J.V.-C.)
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Peñalver R, Ros G, Nieto G. Development of Functional Gluten-Free Sourdough Bread with Pseudocereals and Enriched with Moringa oleifera. Foods 2023; 12:3920. [PMID: 37959040 PMCID: PMC10650811 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac patients tend to have an unbalanced diet, because gluten-free products typically contain a high amount of fats and carbohydrates and a low amount of proteins, minerals, and dietary fiber. This research focused on the development of gluten-free functional breads using pseudocereals, psyllium, and gluten-free sourdough to replace commercial yeast, fortifying them with Moringa oleifera. Six different gluten-free breads were made with sourdough: three control breads differentiated by sourdough (quinoa, amaranth, and brown rice) and three breads enriched with moringa leaf differentiated by sourdough. The antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds, nutritional composition, physicochemical parameters (color, pH, and acidity), folate content, amino acid profile, reducing sugars, mineral composition, mineral bioaccessibility, fatty acid profile, and sensory acceptability were evaluated. A commercial gluten-free (COM) bread was included in these analyses. Compared with COM bread, the reformulated breads were found to have better nutritional properties. Moringa leaf increased the nutritional properties of bread, and highlighted the QM (quinoa/moringa) bread as having increased protein, fiber, sucrose, glucose, maltose, phenylalanine, and cysteine. The AM (amaranth/moringa) bread was also shown to have a higher total folate content, antioxidant capacity, phenolic compounds, 9t,11t-C18:2 (CLA), and 9t-C18:1. Reformulated breads enriched with moringa could meet nutritional requirements and provide health benefits to people with celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gema Nieto
- Department of Food Technology, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; (R.P.); (G.R.)
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8
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Dostalíková L, Hlásná Čepková P, Janovská D, Svoboda P, Jágr M, Dvořáček V, Viehmannová I. Nutritional Evaluation of Quinoa Genetic Resources Growing in the Climatic Conditions of Central Europe. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071440. [PMID: 37048261 PMCID: PMC10093933 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoa displays huge genetic variability and adaptability to distinct climatic conditions. Quinoa seeds are a good source of nutrients; however, the overall nutritional composition and nutrient content is influenced by numerous factors. This study focused on the nutritional and morphologic evaluation of various quinoa genotypes grown in the Czech Republic. Significant differences between years were observed for morphological traits (plant height, inflorescence length, weight of thousand seeds). The weather conditions in the year 2018 were favorable for all the morphological traits. The protein content of quinoa accessions ranged between 13.44 and 20.01% and it was positively correlated to mauritianin. Total phenolic content varied greatly from year to year, while the antioxidant activity remained relatively stable. The most abundant phenolic compounds were the flavonoids miquelianin, rutin, and isoquercetin. Isoquercetin, quercetin, and N-feruoloyl octopamine showed the highest stability under variable weather conditions in the analyzed years. A total of six compounds were detected and quantified in quinoa for the first time. Most varieties performed well under Central European conditions and can be considered a good source of nutrients and bioactive compounds. These data can be used as a source of information for plant breeders aiming to improve the quality traits of quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Dostalíková
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Kamýcká 129, 16 500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hlásná Čepková
- Gene Bank, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 16 106 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Dagmar Janovská
- Gene Bank, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 16 106 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Molecular Genetics, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 16 106 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Jágr
- Quality and Plant Products, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 16 106 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Dvořáček
- Quality and Plant Products, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507/73, 16 106 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Viehmannová
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical Agrisciences, Kamýcká 129, 16 500 Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Craine EB, Davies A, Packer D, Miller ND, Schmöckel SM, Spalding EP, Tester M, Murphy KM. A comprehensive characterization of agronomic and end-use quality phenotypes across a quinoa world core collection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1101547. [PMID: 36875583 PMCID: PMC9978749 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), a pseudocereal with high protein quality originating from the Andean region of South America, has broad genetic variation and adaptability to diverse agroecological conditions, contributing to the potential to serve as a global keystone protein crop in a changing climate. However, the germplasm resources currently available to facilitate quinoa expansion worldwide are restricted to a small portion of quinoa's total genetic diversity, in part because of day-length sensitivity and issues related to seed sovereignty. This study aimed to characterize phenotypic relationships and variation within a quinoa world core collection. The 360 accessions were planted in a randomized complete block design with four replicates in each of two greenhouses in Pullman, WA during the summer of 2018. Phenological stages, plant height, and inflorescence characteristics were recorded. Seed yield, composition, thousand seed weight, nutritional composition, shape, size, and color were measured using a high-throughput phenotyping pipeline. Considerable variation existed among the germplasm. Crude protein content ranged from 11.24% to 17.81% (fixed at 14% moisture). We found that protein content was negatively correlated with yield and positively correlated with total amino acid content and days to harvest. Mean essential amino acids values met adult daily requirements but not leucine and lysine infant requirements. Yield was positively correlated with thousand seed weight and seed area, and negatively correlated with ash content and days to harvest. The accessions clustered into four groups, with one-group representing useful accessions for long-day breeding programs. The results of this study establish a practical resource for plant breeders to leverage as they strategically develop germplasm in support of the global expansion of quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alathea Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Daniel Packer
- Sustainable Seed Systems Laboratory, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Nathan D. Miller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sandra M. Schmöckel
- Department Physiology of Yield Stability, Institute of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Edgar P. Spalding
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mark Tester
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kevin M. Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
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10
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Richter JK, Pietrysiak E, Ek P, Dey D, Gu B, Ikuse M, Nalbandian E, Żak A, Ganjyal GM. Extrusion characteristics of ten novel quinoa breeding lines. J Food Sci 2022; 87:5349-5362. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana K. Richter
- School of Food Science Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
| | - Ewa Pietrysiak
- School of Food Science Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
| | - Pichmony Ek
- School of Food Science Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering Institute of Technology of Cambodia Phnom Penh Cambodia
| | - Debomitra Dey
- School of Food Science Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
| | - Bon‐Jae Gu
- School of Food Science Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology Kongju National University Yesan Chungnam Republic of Korea
| | - Marina Ikuse
- School of Food Science Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
| | | | - Angelika Żak
- School of Food Science Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
| | - Girish M. Ganjyal
- School of Food Science Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
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11
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Hlásná Cepková P, Dostalíková L, Viehmannová I, Jágr M, Janovská D. Diversity of quinoa genetic resources for sustainable production: A survey on nutritive characteristics as influenced by environmental conditions. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.960159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental extremes and climatic variability have enhanced the changes in numerous plant stressors. Researchers have been working to improve “major” crops for several decades to make them more adaptable and tolerant to environmental stresses. However, neglected and underutilized crop species that have the potential to ensure food and nutritional security for the ever-growing global population have received little or no research attention. Quinoa is one of these crops. It is a pseudocereal, considered a rich and balanced food resource due to its protein content and protein quality, high mineral content, and health benefits. This review provides currently available information on the genetic resources of quinoa and their quality in terms of variability of economically important traits such as yield, and the content of bioactive compounds, such as protein and amino acid composition. The influence of variety and environmental conditions on selected traits is also discussed. The various types of nutrients present in the different varieties form the basis and are key for future breeding efforts and for efficient, healthy, and sustainable food production.
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12
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El Hazzam K, Mhada M, Metougui ML, El Kacimi K, Sobeh M, Taourirte M, Yasri A. Box–Behnken Design: Wet Process Optimization for Saponins Removal From Chenopodium quinoa Seeds and the Study of Its Effect on Nutritional Properties. Front Nutr 2022; 9:906592. [PMID: 35845775 PMCID: PMC9283996 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.906592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The pseudocereal grain, Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), has a great nutritional value due to its high contents of proteins, fiber, minerals, and vitamins. However, saponins naturally present outside the grains represent an obstacle to their consumption as human food. Before consumption, the grains are subjected to various treatments, which alter their nutritional value. In an attempt to eliminate the maximum of saponins using the wet process, while minimizing the washing conditions and preserving the nutritional quality, we explored the effects of several parameters, including volume of water, treatment time, soaking time, number of washing, and water temperature, followed by an optimization process using Box–Behnken Design, and finally, the impact of this process on the physicochemical and techno-functional properties of six quinoa genotypes seeds was evaluated. As a result, the variation of the treatment time, volume, and temperature of the water positively affected the saponins leaching. According to the quadratic model, the maximum percentages of eliminated saponins (96.53%−96.77%) were found at a temperature of 50°C, treatment times from 60 to 69 min, and water volumes from 6.99 to 7.50 mL per gram of seeds. The optimized method did not affect the proteins and microelements content (Zn, Mn, B, Mo), while a slight decrease of macro-elements (K, P, Ca, S, Mg) was noted in the level of some genotypes. On the other hand, a significant improvement of the techno-functional properties such as water and oil holding capacity was noted, with a sharp drop-in emulsifying activity in all genotypes without affecting the standard values of pH (6.4–6.8) and moisture content (10%−11%) of the seeds. Hence, the optimized method showed to be a more potential method for saponins removal than the currently used dry method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija El Hazzam
- Biodiversity and Plant Sciences Program (BPS), AgroBioSciences Department (AgBS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
- Laboratory of Research in Sustainable Development and Health, Chemical Sciences Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cadi Ayad University (UCA), Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Manal Mhada
- Biodiversity and Plant Sciences Program (BPS), AgroBioSciences Department (AgBS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
- *Correspondence: Manal Mhada
| | - Mohamed Louay Metougui
- Agricultural Innovation and Technology Transfer Center (AITTC), AgroBioSciences Department (AgBS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Kamal El Kacimi
- Industrial Executive Operations Division, Gantour Industrial Site, Act 4 Community Gantour, OCP, Youssoufia, Morocco
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- Biodiversity and Plant Sciences Program (BPS), AgroBioSciences Department (AgBS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Moha Taourirte
- Laboratory of Research in Sustainable Development and Health, Chemical Sciences Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cadi Ayad University (UCA), Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Abdelaziz Yasri
- Biodiversity and Plant Sciences Program (BPS), AgroBioSciences Department (AgBS), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
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13
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Atefi M, Mirzamohammadi S, Darand M, Tarrahi MJ. Meta-analysis of the effects of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) interventions on blood lipids. J Herb Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2022.100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Habiyaremye C, Ndayiramije O, D'Alpoim Guedes J, Murphy KM. Assessing the Adaptability of Quinoa and Millet in Two Agroecological Zones of Rwanda. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.850280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and millet species (including Eleusine coracana, Panicum miliaceum, and Setaria italica) are nutritionally valuable seed crops with versatile applications in food production and consumption. Both quinoa and millet have the potential to provide drought-tolerant, nutritious complementary crops to maize that is predominantly cultivated in Rwanda. This study evaluated quinoa and millet genotypes and assessed their agronomic performance in two agroecological zones of Rwanda. Twenty quinoa and fourteen millet cultivars were evaluated for grain yield, emergence, days to heading, flowering, and maturity, and plant height in 2016 and 2017 in Musanze, a highland region (2,254 m above sea level), and Kirehe, in the Eastern lowlands of Rwanda (1,478 m above sea level). Quinoa yield ranged from 189 to 1,855 kg/ha in Musanze and from 140 to 1,259 kg/ha in Kirehe. Millet yield ranged from 16 to 1,536 kg/ha in Musanze and from 21 to 159 kg/ha in Kirehe. Mean cultivar plant height was shorter in Kirehe (μ = 73 and 58 cm for quinoa and millets, respectively), than Musanze (μ = 93 and 76 cm for quinoa and millets, respectively). There was a genotype × environment interaction for maturity in quinoa and millet in both years. Across locations, “Titicaca” and “Earlybird” (Panicum miliaceum) were the earliest maturing quinoa and millet varieties, respectively, both with an average of 91 days to maturity. The results suggest that quinoa and millet have potential as regional crops for inclusion in the traditional dryland cropping rotations in Rwanda, thereby contributing to increased cropping system diversity and food security.
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15
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Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Components in Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Greens: A Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030558. [PMID: 35276913 PMCID: PMC8840215 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a nutrient-rich grain native to South America and eaten worldwide as a healthy food, sometimes even referred to as a ”superfood”. Like quinoa grains, quinoa greens (green leaves, sprouts, and microgreens) are also rich in nutrients and have health promoting properties such as being antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiobesity, and cardio-beneficial. Quinoa greens are gluten-free and provide an excellent source of protein, amino acids, essential minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids. Quinoa greens represent a promising value-added vegetable that could resolve malnutrition problems and contribute to food and nutritional security. The greens can be grown year-round (in the field, high tunnel, and greenhouse) and have short growth durations. In addition, quinoa is salt-, drought-, and cold-tolerant and requires little fertilizer and water to grow. Nevertheless, consumption of quinoa greens as leafy vegetables is uncommon. To date, only a few researchers have investigated the nutritional properties, phytochemical composition, and human health benefits of quinoa greens. We undertook a comprehensive review of the literature on quinoa greens to explore their nutritional and functional significance to human health and to bring awareness to their use in human diets.
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Villacrés E, Quelal M, Galarza S, Iza D, Silva E. Nutritional Value and Bioactive Compounds of Leaves and Grains from Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020213. [PMID: 35050101 PMCID: PMC8777597 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa is an important crop for food security and food sovereignty in Ecuador. In this study, we evaluated the nutritional value, bioactive compounds, and antinutrient compounds of leaves and grains of the Ecuadorian quinoa variety Tunkahuan, and we identified significant differences between the nutrient content in the leaves and grains. The quinoa leaves presented a higher protein content than the grains, as well as inorganic nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc. Both the grains and leaves had an appreciable phenolic content. In addition, the quinoa grains presented a higher content of the antinutrient saponin than the leaves, while the leaves contained more nitrates and oxalates than the grains. Thus, quinoa leaves and grains exhibit excellent potential for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Villacrés
- Departamento de Nutrición y Calidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Mejía 171108, Ecuador;
- Correspondence:
| | - María Quelal
- Departamento de Nutrición y Calidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Mejía 171108, Ecuador;
| | - Susana Galarza
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Latacunga 050108, Ecuador;
| | - Diana Iza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170129, Ecuador;
| | - Edmundo Silva
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guayaquil, Guayaquil 090514, Ecuador;
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De Bock P, Van Bockstaele F, Muylle H, Quataert P, Vermeir P, Eeckhout M, Cnops G. Yield and Nutritional Characterization of Thirteen Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Varieties Grown in North-West Europe-Part I. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122689. [PMID: 34961159 PMCID: PMC8705647 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of quinoa has gained increasing interest in Europe. Different European varieties exist, but more research is required to understand the individual variety characteristics for end-use applications. The objective of this study is to evaluate the agronomic performance of 13 quinoa varieties under North-West European field conditions during three growing seasons (2017-2019). Furthermore, seeds were qualitatively characterized based on characteristics and composition. Yield differed among varieties and growing seasons (0.47-3.42 ton/ha), with lower yields obtained for late-maturing varieties. The saponin content varied from sweet to very bitter. The seeds contained high protein levels (12.1-18.8 g/100 g dry matter), whereas varieties had a similar essential amino acid profile. The main fatty acids were linoleic (53.0-59.8%), α-linolenic (4.7-8.2%), and oleic acid (15.5-22.7%), indicating a high degree of unsaturation. The clustering of varieties/years revealed subtle differences between growing seasons but also reflected the significant interaction effects of variety and year. Most varieties perform well under North-West European conditions, and their nutritional content is well within the values previously described for other cultivation areas. However, optimal yield and quality traits were not combined in one variety, illustrating the importance of breeding for adapted quinoa varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phara De Bock
- Research Unit of Cereal and Feed Technology, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Filip Van Bockstaele
- Food Structure and Function Research Group (FSF), Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Hilde Muylle
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium; (H.M.); (P.Q.); (G.C.)
| | - Paul Quataert
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium; (H.M.); (P.Q.); (G.C.)
| | - Pieter Vermeir
- Laboratory for Chemical Analysis (LCA), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Mia Eeckhout
- Research Unit of Cereal and Feed Technology, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Gerda Cnops
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium; (H.M.); (P.Q.); (G.C.)
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18
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Zhao P, Li X, Sun H, Zhao X, Wang X, Ran R, Zhao J, Wei Y, Liu X, Chen G. Healthy values and de novo domestication of sand rice ( Agriophyllum squarrosum), a comparative view against Chenopodium quinoa. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-22. [PMID: 34755571 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1999202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sand rice (Agriophyllum squarrosum) is prized for its well-balanced nutritional properties, broad adaptability in Central Asia and highly therapeutic potentials. It has been considered as a potential climate-resilient crop. Its seed has comparable metabolite profile with Chenopodium quinoa and is rich in proteins, essential amino acids, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and phenolics, but low in carbohydrates. Phenolics like protocatechuic acid and quercetins have been characterized with biological functions on regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism in addition to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Sand rice is thus an important source for developing functional and nutraceutical products. Though historical consumption has been over 1300 years, sand rice has undergone few agronomic improvements until recently. Breeding by individual selection has been performed and yield of the best genotype can reach up to 1295.5 kg/ha. Furthermore, chemical mutagenesis has been used to modify the undesirable traits and a case study of a dwarf line (dwarf1), which showed the Green Revolution-like phenotypes, is presented. Utilization of both breeding methodologies will accelerate its domestication process. As a novel crop, sand rice research is rather limited compared with quinoa. More scientific input is urgently required if the nutritional and commercial potentials are to be fully realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R, China.,Shapotou Desert Research & Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ruilan Ran
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiecai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R, China.,Shapotou Desert Research & Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Wei
- Animal Husbandry Pasture and Green Agriculture Institute of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Guoxiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R, China.,Shapotou Desert Research & Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
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Stanschewski CS, Rey E, Fiene G, Craine EB, Wellman G, Melino VJ, S. R. Patiranage D, Johansen K, Schmöckel SM, Bertero D, Oakey H, Colque-Little C, Afzal I, Raubach S, Miller N, Streich J, Amby DB, Emrani N, Warmington M, Mousa MAA, Wu D, Jacobson D, Andreasen C, Jung C, Murphy K, Bazile D, Tester M. Quinoa Phenotyping Methodologies: An International Consensus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1759. [PMID: 34579292 PMCID: PMC8472428 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quinoa is a crop originating in the Andes but grown more widely and with the genetic potential for significant further expansion. Due to the phenotypic plasticity of quinoa, varieties need to be assessed across years and multiple locations. To improve comparability among field trials across the globe and to facilitate collaborations, components of the trials need to be kept consistent, including the type and methods of data collected. Here, an internationally open-access framework for phenotyping a wide range of quinoa features is proposed to facilitate the systematic agronomic, physiological and genetic characterization of quinoa for crop adaptation and improvement. Mature plant phenotyping is a central aspect of this paper, including detailed descriptions and the provision of phenotyping cards to facilitate consistency in data collection. High-throughput methods for multi-temporal phenotyping based on remote sensing technologies are described. Tools for higher-throughput post-harvest phenotyping of seeds are presented. A guideline for approaching quinoa field trials including the collection of environmental data and designing layouts with statistical robustness is suggested. To move towards developing resources for quinoa in line with major cereal crops, a database was created. The Quinoa Germinate Platform will serve as a central repository of data for quinoa researchers globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara S. Stanschewski
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
| | - Elodie Rey
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
| | - Gabriele Fiene
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
| | - Evan B. Craine
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (E.B.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Gordon Wellman
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
| | - Vanessa J. Melino
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
| | - Dilan S. R. Patiranage
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (N.E.); (C.J.)
| | - Kasper Johansen
- Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sandra M. Schmöckel
- Department Physiology of Yield Stability, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Daniel Bertero
- Department of Plant Production, School of Agriculture, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina;
| | - Helena Oakey
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;
| | - Carla Colque-Little
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (C.C.-L.); (D.B.A.); (C.A.)
| | - Irfan Afzal
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Sebastian Raubach
- Department of Information and Computational Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee AB15 8QH, UK;
| | - Nathan Miller
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, 430 Lincoln Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Jared Streich
- Biosciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (J.S.); (D.J.)
| | - Daniel Buchvaldt Amby
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (C.C.-L.); (D.B.A.); (C.A.)
| | - Nazgol Emrani
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (N.E.); (C.J.)
| | - Mark Warmington
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food, Kununurra, WA 6743, Australia;
| | - Magdi A. A. Mousa
- Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Vegetables, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - David Wu
- Shanxi Jiaqi Agri-Tech Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030006, China;
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- Biosciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (J.S.); (D.J.)
| | - Christian Andreasen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark; (C.C.-L.); (D.B.A.); (C.A.)
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (N.E.); (C.J.)
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (E.B.C.); (K.M.)
| | - Didier Bazile
- CIRAD, UMR SENS, 34398 Montpellier, France;
- SENS, CIRAD, IRD, University Paul Valery Montpellier 3, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Mark Tester
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (C.S.S.); (E.R.); (G.F.); (G.W.); (V.J.M.); (D.S.R.P.)
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20
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Granado-Rodríguez S, Aparicio N, Matías J, Pérez-Romero LF, Maestro I, Gracés I, Pedroche JJ, Haros CM, Fernandez-Garcia N, Navarro del Hierro J, Martin D, Bolaños L, Reguera M. Studying the Impact of Different Field Environmental Conditions on Seed Quality of Quinoa: The Case of Three Different Years Changing Seed Nutritional Traits in Southern Europe. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:649132. [PMID: 34054895 PMCID: PMC8149766 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.649132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chenopodium quinoa Willd (quinoa) has acquired an increased agronomical and nutritional relevance due to the capacity of adaptation to different environments and the exceptional nutritional properties of their seeds. These include high mineral and protein contents, a balanced amino acid composition, an elevated antioxidant capacity related to the high phenol content, and the absence of gluten. Although it is known that these properties can be determined by the environment, limited efforts have been made to determine the exact changes occurring at a nutritional level under changing environmental conditions in this crop. To shed light on this, this study aimed at characterizing variations in nutritional-related parameters associated with the year of cultivation and different genotypes. Various nutritional and physiological traits were analyzed in seeds of different quinoa cultivars grown in the field during three consecutive years. We found differences among cultivars for most of the nutritional parameters analyzed. It was observed that the year of cultivation was a determinant factor in every parameter studied, being 2018 the year with lower yields, germination rates, and antioxidant capacity, but higher seed weights and seed protein contents. Overall, this work will greatly contribute to increase our knowledge of the impact of the environment and genotype on the nutritional properties of quinoa seeds, especially in areas that share climatic conditions to Southern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nieves Aparicio
- Castile-Leon Agriculture Technology Institute (ITACyL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Matías
- Agrarian Research Institute “La Orden-Valdesequera” of Extremadura (CICYTEX), Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Isaac Maestro
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gracés
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Claudia Monika Haros
- Cereal Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Nieves Fernandez-Garcia
- Department of Abiotic Stress and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Navarro del Hierro
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación enCiencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Martin
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación enCiencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Sección Departamental de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Bolaños
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Reguera
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Hinojosa L, Leguizamo A, Carpio C, Muñoz D, Mestanza C, Ochoa J, Castillo C, Murillo A, Villacréz E, Monar C, Pichazaca N, Murphy K. Quinoa in Ecuador: Recent Advances under Global Expansion. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020298. [PMID: 33557315 PMCID: PMC7915685 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Quinoa is a highly diverse crop domesticated in the Andean region of South America with broad adaptation to a wide range of marginal environments. Quinoa has garnered interest worldwide due to its nutritional and health benefits. Over the last decade, quinoa production has expanded outside of the Andean region, prompting multiple studies investigating the potential for quinoa cultivation in novel environments. Currently, quinoa is grown in countries spanning five continents, including North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Here, we update the advances of quinoa research in Ecuador across different topics, including (a) current quinoa production situation with a focus on breeding progress, (b) traditional seed production, and (c) the impact of the work of the nongovernment organization “European Committee for Training and Agriculture” with quinoa farmers in Chimborazo province. Additionally, we discuss genetic diversity, primary pests and diseases, actions for adapting quinoa to tropical areas, and recent innovations in quinoa processing in Ecuador. Finally, we report a case study describing a participatory breeding project between Washington State University and the Association of Andean Seed and Nutritional Food Producers Mushuk Yuyay in the province of Cañar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Hinojosa
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Alex Leguizamo
- Comité Europeo Para la Formación y la Agricultura (CEFA), Guayas 22-46 y Venezuela, Lago Agrio EC210105, Ecuador;
| | - Carlos Carpio
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Panamericana Sur km 1 1/2, Riobamba EC060155, Ecuador;
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Grupo de Desarrollo de Tecnologías para la Reducción y Racionalización de Agroquímicos, Riobamba EC060155, Ecuador;
| | - Camilo Mestanza
- Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Carrera de Ingeniería Agropecuaria, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo-(UTEQ), km 7 ½ vía Quevedo–El Empalme, Mocache, Los Ríos EC120509, Ecuador;
| | - José Ochoa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Estación Experimental Santa Catalina, Panamericana Sur Km 1, Quito EC171107, Ecuador or (J.O.); (C.C.); (A.M.); (E.V.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Jerónimo Leiton s/n y Av. La Gasca, Quito EC170521, Ecuador
| | - Carmen Castillo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Estación Experimental Santa Catalina, Panamericana Sur Km 1, Quito EC171107, Ecuador or (J.O.); (C.C.); (A.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Angel Murillo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Estación Experimental Santa Catalina, Panamericana Sur Km 1, Quito EC171107, Ecuador or (J.O.); (C.C.); (A.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Elena Villacréz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Estación Experimental Santa Catalina, Panamericana Sur Km 1, Quito EC171107, Ecuador or (J.O.); (C.C.); (A.M.); (E.V.)
| | - Carlos Monar
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente, Campus Laguacoto II, Universidad Estatal de Bolívar, Vía Guaranda a San Simón, Guaranda EC020150, Ecuador;
| | - Nicolas Pichazaca
- Asociación de Productores de Semilla y Alimentos Nutricionales Andinos-Mushuk Yuyay (APROSANAMY), Cañar EC030304, Ecuador;
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Sustainable Seed Systems Lab, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA;
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