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Landerer A, Himmelsbach R, Biesel EA, Fichtner-Feigl S, Wittel UA, Chikhladze S. Immune changes induced by periampullary adenocarcinoma are reversed after tumor resection and modulate the postoperative survival. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:153. [PMID: 37610509 PMCID: PMC10447764 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor growth encompasses multiple immunologic processes leading to impaired immunity. Regarding cancer surgery, the perioperative period is characterized by additional immunosuppression, which may contribute to poorer outcomes. In this exploratory study, we assessed plasma parameters characterizing the perioperative immunity with a particular focus on their prognostic value. PATIENTS AND METHODS 31 patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy were enrolled (adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head and its periampullary region: n = 24, benign pancreatic diseases n = 7). Abundance and function of circulating immune cells and the plasma protein expression were analyzed in blood samples taken pre- and postoperatively using flow cytometry, ELISA and Proximity Extension Assay. RESULTS Prior to surgery, an increased population of Tregs, a lower level of intermediate monocytes, a decreased proportion of activated T-cells, and a reduced response of T-cells to stimulation in vitro were associated with cancer. On the first postoperative day, both groups showed similar dynamics. The preoperative alterations did not persist six weeks postoperatively. Moreover, several preoperative parameters correlated with postoperative survival. CONCLUSION Our data suggests systemic immunologic changes in adenocarcinoma patients, which are reversible six weeks after tumor resection. Additionally, the preoperative immune status affects postoperative survival. In summary, our results implicate prognostic and therapeutic potential, justifying further trials on the perioperative tumor immunity to maximize the benefit of surgical tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Landerer
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery; Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Himmelsbach
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery; Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Esther A Biesel
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery; Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Fichtner-Feigl
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery; Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uwe A Wittel
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery; Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sophia Chikhladze
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery; Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 900048, USA
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2
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Anand U, Dey A, Chandel AKS, Sanyal R, Mishra A, Pandey DK, De Falco V, Upadhyay A, Kandimalla R, Chaudhary A, Dhanjal JK, Dewanjee S, Vallamkondu J, Pérez de la Lastra JM. Cancer chemotherapy and beyond: Current status, drug candidates, associated risks and progress in targeted therapeutics. Genes Dis 2023; 10:1367-1401. [PMID: 37397557 PMCID: PMC10310991 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 159.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an abnormal state of cells where they undergo uncontrolled proliferation and produce aggressive malignancies that causes millions of deaths every year. With the new understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) of disease progression, our knowledge about the disease is snowballing, leading to the evolution of many new therapeutic regimes and their successive trials. In the past few decades, various combinations of therapies have been proposed and are presently employed in the treatment of diverse cancers. Targeted drug therapy, immunotherapy, and personalized medicines are now largely being employed, which were not common a few years back. The field of cancer discoveries and therapeutics are evolving fast as cancer type-specific biomarkers are progressively being identified and several types of cancers are nowadays undergoing systematic therapies, extending patients' disease-free survival thereafter. Although growing evidence shows that a systematic and targeted approach could be the future of cancer medicine, chemotherapy remains a largely opted therapeutic option despite its known side effects on the patient's physical and psychological health. Chemotherapeutic agents/pharmaceuticals served a great purpose over the past few decades and have remained the frontline choice for advanced-stage malignancies where surgery and/or radiation therapy cannot be prescribed due to specific reasons. The present report succinctly reviews the existing and contemporary advancements in chemotherapy and assesses the status of the enrolled drugs/pharmaceuticals; it also comprehensively discusses the emerging role of specific/targeted therapeutic strategies that are presently being employed to achieve better clinical success/survival rate in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Arvind K. Singh Chandel
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Rupa Sanyal
- Department of Botany, Bhairab Ganguly College (affiliated to West Bengal State University), Kolkata, West Bengal 700056, India
| | - Amarnath Mishra
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Valentina De Falco
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology (DMMBM), University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindari, Kishangarh Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana 506007, India
| | - Anupama Chaudhary
- Orinin-BioSystems, LE-52, Lotus Road 4, CHD City, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur Dhanjal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi (IIIT-D), Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III, New Delhi 110020, India
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Jayalakshmi Vallamkondu
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology-Warangal, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - José M. Pérez de la Lastra
- Biotechnology of Macromolecules Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, IPNA-CSIC, San Cristóbal de La Laguna 38206, Tenerife, Spain
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3
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Immunogenomic Biomarkers and Validation in Lynch Syndrome. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030491. [PMID: 36766832 PMCID: PMC9914748 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lynch syndrome (LS) is an inherited disorder in which affected individuals have a significantly higher-than-average risk of developing colorectal and non-colorectal cancers, often before the age of 50 years. In LS, mutations in DNA repair genes lead to a dysfunctional post-replication repair system. As a result, the unrepaired errors in coding regions of the genome produce novel proteins, called neoantigens. Neoantigens are recognised by the immune system as foreign and trigger an immune response. Due to the invasive nature of cancer screening tests, universal cancer screening guidelines unique for LS (primarily colonoscopy) are poorly adhered to by LS variant heterozygotes (LSVH). Currently, it is unclear whether immunogenomic components produced as a result of neoantigen formation can be used as novel biomarkers in LS. We hypothesise that: (i) LSVH produce measurable and dynamic immunogenomic components in blood, and (ii) these quantifiable immunogenomic components correlate with cancer onset and stage. Here, we discuss the feasibility to: (a) identify personalised novel immunogenomic biomarkers and (b) validate these biomarkers in various clinical scenarios in LSVH.
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4
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High IGKC-Expressing Intratumoral Plasma Cells Predict Response to Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169124. [PMID: 36012390 PMCID: PMC9408876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade (ICB) constitutes the current limiting factor for the optimal implementation of this novel therapy, which otherwise demonstrates durable responses with acceptable toxicity scores. This limitation is exacerbated by a lack of robust biomarkers. In this study, we have dissected the basal TME composition at the gene expression and cellular levels that predict response to Nivolumab and prognosis. BCR, TCR and HLA profiling were employed for further characterization of the molecular variables associated with response. The findings were validated using a single-cell RNA-seq data of metastatic melanoma patients treated with ICB, and by multispectral immunofluorescence. Finally, machine learning was employed to construct a prediction algorithm that was validated across eight metastatic melanoma cohorts treated with ICB. Using this strategy, we have unmasked a major role played by basal intratumoral Plasma cells expressing high levels of IGKC in efficacy. IGKC, differentially expressed in good responders, was also identified within the Top response-related BCR clonotypes, together with IGK variants. These results were validated at gene, cellular and protein levels; CD138+ Plasma-like and Plasma cells were more abundant in good responders and correlated with the same RNA-seq-defined fraction. Finally, we generated a 15-gene prediction model that outperformed the current reference score in eight ICB-treated metastatic melanoma cohorts. The evidenced major contribution of basal intratumoral IGKC and Plasma cells in good response and outcome in ICB in metastatic melanoma is a groundbreaking finding in the field beyond the role of T lymphocytes.
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Gao L, Li Y, Yu C, Liu DX, Wu KH, Wei ZL, Liu MY, Yu L. Oncogenic KPNA2 Serves as a Biomarker and Immune Infiltration in Patients With HPV Positive Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:847793. [PMID: 35860570 PMCID: PMC9289550 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.847793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), the most prevalent type of oral cancer, is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Our previous work showed Karyopherin α2 (KPNA2), as an oncogene of TSCC, by relegating the p53/autophagy signaling pathway. Nevertheless, the significance of KPNA2 in TSCC pathogenesis has not been established. KPNA2 levels were evaluated via the TCGA database, and its effects on survival outcomes were assessed by LASSO, Kaplan‐Meier, and COX regression analyses. CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE investigated the relationships between KPNA2 and immune infiltration. At the same time, KPNA2 and HPV infection was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the association between downstream molecular regulation pathways and KPNA2 levels was determined by GO, GSEA, and WGCNA. In TSCC, KPNA2 levels were associated with clinical prognosis and tumor grade. Moreover, KPNA2 may be involved in cancer cell differentiation and facilitates tumor-related genes and signaling pathways, such as Cell Cycle, Mitotic G1 phase, G1/S transition, DNA Repair, and Transcriptional Regulation TP53 signaling pathways. Nevertheless, regulatory B cells, follicular helper B cells, and immune and stromal scores between low- and high-KPNA2 expression groups were insignificant. These results imply that KPNA2 is highly involved in tumor grade and prognosis of TSCC. KPNA2 levels correct with HPV 16 markedly regulated cell differentiation, several oncogenes, and cancer‐related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong-Xu Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ke-Han Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Li Wei
- Department of stomatology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Ming-Yue Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Lei Yu,
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6
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Molecular mechanisms of tumour budding and its association with microenvironment in colorectal cancer. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:521-535. [PMID: 35445707 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Poor survival of CRC associated with the development of tumour metastasis led to the investigation of the potential biomarkers to predict outcomes in CRC patients. Tumour budding (TB) is a well-known independent prognostic marker for poor survival and disease metastasis. Therefore, it has been suggested that TB status is included in routine clinicopathological factors for risk assessment in CRC. In contrast with a vast majority of studies regarding the prognostic power of TB, there is no clear evidence pertaining to the underlying molecular mechanism driving this phenotype, or an understanding of TB relationship with the tumour microenvironment (TME). The aim of the present study is to present a comprehensive review of TB and tumour cell signalling pathways together with the cross-talk of immune cells that could drive TB formation in CRC.
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7
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Askar MA, El-Nashar HA, Al-Azzawi MA, Rahman SSA, Elshawi OE. Synergistic Effect of Quercetin Magnetite Nanoparticles and Targeted Radiotherapy in Treatment of Breast Cancer. BREAST CANCER: BASIC AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2022; 16:11782234221086728. [PMID: 35359610 PMCID: PMC8961357 DOI: 10.1177/11782234221086728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is a potent cancer therapeutic agent present in fruits and vegetables. The pharmaceutical uses of quercetin are limited due to many problems associated with low solubility, bioavailability, permeability, and instability. In addition, the high doses of quercetin show toxic effects in clinical and experimental studies. Therefore, a new strategy is warranted to overcome these problems without the use of toxic doses. The iron oxide nanoparticles can be used as a drug delivery system. This study aimed to prepare quercetin-conjugated magnetite nanoparticles (QMNPs) using biological simple nanoprecipitation and mediated by fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Also, we initiated in vitro and in vivo studies to determine whether QMNPs might sensitize breast cancer to radiotherapy treatment. The structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of the prepared nanoparticles were studied. The results indicated that QMNPs were spherical in shape and 40 nm in diameter. The in vitro studies showed that the incubation of MCF-7, HePG-2, and A459 cancer cells with QMNPs for 24 h effectively inhibited the growth of cancer cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 11, 77.5, and104 nmol/mL, respectively. The combination of QMNPs with irradiation (IR) potently blocked MCF-7 cancer cell proliferation and showed significant changes in the morphology of these cells as observed by bright-field inverted light microscopy. Focusing on the long-term toxicity of QMNPs (20 ml/kg), the assessment of hematological, hepatic, and renal markers indicated no toxic effect. Besides, QMNPs inhibited tumor growth and potently enhanced the lateral radiotherapy treatment in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced breast cancer in female white albino rats. These anticancer and radiosensitizing activities were ascribed to cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, immunomodulation, and efficiency through induction of apoptosis. In a conclusion, these observations suggest that the QMNPs combined with LRT could act as a potential targeted therapy in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Askar
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba As El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmood A Al-Azzawi
- Department of Pathological Analysis Techniques, College of Medical & Health Technologies, Ahl Al Bayt University, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Sahar S Abdel Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omama E Elshawi
- Department of Health and Radiation Research, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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8
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Chen XY, Yung LYL, Tan PH, Bay BH. Harnessing the Immunogenic Potential of Gold Nanoparticle-Based Platforms as a Therapeutic Strategy in Breast Cancer Immunotherapy: A Mini Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865554. [PMID: 35432376 PMCID: PMC9008216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Although the implementation of mammography has dramatically increased the early detection rate, conventional treatments like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, have significantly improved the prognosis for breast cancer patients. However, about a third of treated breast cancer patients are known to suffer from disease recurrences and progression to metastasis. Immunotherapy has recently gained traction due to its ability to establish long-term immune surveillance, and response for the prevention of disease recurrence and extension of patient survival. Current research findings have revealed that gold nanoparticles can enhance the safety and efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, through their unique intrinsic properties of good biocompatibility, durability, convenient surface modification, as well as enhanced permeability and retention effect. Gold nanoparticles are also able to induce innate immune responses through the process of immunogenic cell death, which can lead to the establishment of lasting adaptive immunity. As such gold nanoparticles are considered as good candidates for next generation immunotherapeutic strategies. This mini review gives an overview of gold nanoparticles and their potential applications in breast cancer immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin-Yue Lanry Yung
- Department of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Boussadia Z, Gambardella AR, Mattei F, Parolini I. Acidic and Hypoxic Microenvironment in Melanoma: Impact of Tumour Exosomes on Disease Progression. Cells 2021; 10:3311. [PMID: 34943819 PMCID: PMC8699343 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of melanoma progression have been extensively studied in the last decade, and despite the diagnostic and therapeutic advancements pursued, malignant melanoma still accounts for 60% of skin cancer deaths. Therefore, research efforts are required to better define the intercellular molecular steps underlying the melanoma development. In an attempt to represent the complexity of the tumour microenvironment (TME), here we analysed the studies on melanoma in acidic and hypoxic microenvironments and the interactions with stromal and immune cells. Within TME, acidity and hypoxia force melanoma cells to adapt and to evolve into a malignant phenotype, through the cooperation of the tumour-surrounding stromal cells and the escape from the immune surveillance. The role of tumour exosomes in the intercellular crosstalk has been generally addressed, but less studied in acidic and hypoxic conditions. Thus, this review aims to summarize the role of acidic and hypoxic microenvironment in melanoma biology, as well as the role played by melanoma-derived exosomes (Mexo) under these conditions. We also present a perspective on the characteristics of acidic and hypoxic exosomes to disclose molecules, to be further considered as promising biomarkers for an early detection of the disease. An update on the use of exosomes in melanoma diagnosis, prognosis and response to treatment will be also provided and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Boussadia
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Adriana Rosa Gambardella
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Isabella Parolini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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10
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Litviakov NV, Ibragimova MK, Tsyganov MM, Doroshenko AV, Garbukov EY, Slonimskaya EM. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Induces the Appearance of New Copy Number Aberrations in Breast Tumor and is Associated with Metastasis. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 20:681-688. [PMID: 31577208 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200506104523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we examined the CNA-genetic landscape (CNA - copy number aberration) of breast cancer prior to and following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and correlated changes in the tumor landscape with chemotherapy efficiency as well as metastasis-free survival. OBJECTIVE Breast cancer patients (n = 30) with luminal B molecular subtypes were treated with anthracycline- based therapy. METHODS To study CNAs in breast tumors, microarray analysis was performed. RESULTS Three effects of NAC on tumor CNA landscape were identified: 1 - the number of CNAbearing tumor clones decreased following NAC; 2 - there were no alterations in the number of CNAcontaining clones after NAC; 3 - the treatment with NAC increased the number of CNA-bearing clones (new clones appeared). All NAC-treated patients who had new tumor clones with amplification (20%) had a 100% likelihood of metastasis formation. In these cases, NAC contributed to the emergence of potential metastatic clones. Our study identified the following loci - 5p, 6p, 7q, 8q, 9p, 10p, 10q22.1, 13q, 16p, 18Chr and 19p - that were amplified during the treatment with NAC and maybe the markers of potential metastatic clones. In other patients who showed total or partial elimination of CNA-bearing cell clones, no new amplification clones were observed after NAC, and no evidence of metastases was found with follow-up for 5 years (р = 0.00000). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the main therapeutic result from NAC is the elimination of potential metastatic clones present in the tumor before treatment. The results showed the necessity of an intelligent approach to NAC to avoid metastasis stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V Litviakov
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russia Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Marina K Ibragimova
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russia Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Matvey M Tsyganov
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russia Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Artem V Doroshenko
- Department of General Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russia Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Eugeniy Y Garbukov
- Department of General Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russia Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Elena M Slonimskaya
- Department of General Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russia Academy of Science, Tomsk, Russian Federation
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11
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Wang H, Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Zheng Z, Liu S, Liu Z, Meng L, Xin Y, Jiang X. Immunotherapy Advances in Locally Advanced and Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Relationship With Human Papillomavirus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652054. [PMID: 34305889 PMCID: PMC8296140 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) account for the most cases of HNC. Past smoking and alcohol consumption are common risk factors of HNSCC; however, an increasing number of cases associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have been reported in recent years. The treatment of HNSCC is integrated and multimodal including traditional surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Since pembrolizumab was approved in 2016, an increasing number of studies have focused on immunotherapy. However, not all of HNSCC patients have a better outcome on immunotherapy. Immunotherapy has been reported to be more effective in HPV-positive patients, but its molecular mechanism is still unclear. Some researchers have proposed that the high proportion of infiltrating immune cells in HPV-positive tumors and the difference in immune checkpoint expression level may be the reasons for their better response. As a result, a series of individualized immunotherapy trials have also been conducted in HPV-positive patients. This paper summarizes the current status of HNSCC immunotherapy, individualized immunotherapy in HPV-positive patients, and immune differences in HPV-positive tumors to provide new insights into HNSCC immunotherapy and try to identify patients who may benefit from immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qihe Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zijing Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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Amplifications of Stemness Gene Loci-New Markers for the Determination of the Need for Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Patients with Breast Cancer. A Prospective Study. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050397. [PMID: 34064798 PMCID: PMC8151881 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this prospective study, a new strategy for the prescription of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) was prospectively tested and depended on the presence of stemness gene amplifications in the tumor before treatment, which in our early studies showed a connection with metastasis. The study included 92 patients with grade IIA–IIIB luminal B breast cancer. Patients underwent a biopsy before treatment, and with the use of a CytoScan HD Array microarray (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA), the presence of stemness gene amplifications (3q, 5p, 6p, 7q, 8q, 13q, 9p, 9q, 10p, 10q21.1, 16p, 18chr, 19p) in the tumor was determined. In group 1 (n = 41), in the presence of two or more amplifications, patients were prescribed a personalized NAC regimen. In group 2 (n = 21), if there was no amplification of stemness genes in the tumor, then patients were not prescribed NAC, and treatment began with surgery. Group 3 (n = 30) served as a historical control. The frequency of an objective response to NAC in groups 1 and 3 was 79%. Nonmetastatic survival was found in 100% of patients in group 2, who did not undergo NAC. In patients in group 1, the frequency of metastasis was 10% (4/41). At the same time, in patients in group 3, who received NAC, the rate of metastasis was 47% (14/30). The differences between group 1 and group 3 and between group 2 and group 3 were statistically significant, both by Fisher’s criterion and a log-rank test. The appointment of NAC was most feasible in patients with clones with stemness gene amplifications in the primary tumor, while in the absence of amplifications, preoperative chemotherapy led to a sharp decrease in metastasis-free survival. This strategy of NAC prescription allowed us to achieve 93% metastatic survival in patients with breast cancer.
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13
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Xu FF, Zheng SF, Xu C, Cai G, Wang SB, Qi WX, Wang CF, Chen JY, Lu C. Prognostic and predictive significance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes for ductal carcinoma in situ. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1875637. [PMID: 33796401 PMCID: PMC7993193 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1875637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to identify the density of TILs in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in terms of prognostic significance with recurrence and the benefit of whole breast irradiation (WBI). The clinicopathological data of DCIS patients from Jan 2009 to Dec 2016 who received breast-conserving surgery (BCS) were retrospectively reviewed. Cox regression analysis was used to confirm independent prognostic factors of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR). Kaplan–Meier method was utilized to analyze IBTR and values of WBI. Touching-tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were defined by TILs touching or within one lymphocyte cell thickness from the malignant ducts’ basement membrane. In total, 129 patients were enrolled in this analysis with 98 patients who received WBI. After a median follow-up of 53.0 months, there were 16 IBTR events with five invasive IBTRs. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that touching-TILs >5 were an independent prognostic factor for higher IBTR (HR = 6.17, 95%CI 1.95–19.56, p < .01). The whole cohort was classified into two subgroups: dense group (>5 touching-TILs per duct) and sparse group (≤5 touching-TILs per duct). Dense touching-TILs were associated with unfavorable biologic characteristics. The 5-y rate of IBTR between dense and sparse group was 29.0% versus 4.5% (p < .01). For the sparse group, WBI significantly reduced the rate of 5-y-IBTR risk from 13.2% to 1.7% (p = .02), but there was no benefit of WBI in the dense group. Touching-TILs density was heterogeneous in patients with DCIS. Sparse touching-TILs were associated with better prognosis and benefit from WBI. Dense touching-TILs not only were associated with a higher risk of IBTR but also lack of benefit from WBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai-Fang Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Bei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Xiang Qi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Fu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cao Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Thike AA, Chen X, Koh VCY, Binte Md Nasir ND, Yeong JPS, Bay BH, Tan PH. Higher densities of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and CD4 + T cells predict recurrence and progression of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Histopathology 2021; 76:852-864. [PMID: 31883279 DOI: 10.1111/his.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Host immunity influences cancer progression and therapeutic response. We investigated the potential of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) around ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in predicting recurrence and progression. METHODS AND RESULTS CD4, CD8, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in DCIS from 198 patients was determined by immunohistochemistry. We correlated disease-free survival (DFS), clinicopathological parameters and biomarker expression with TIL density and CD4/CD8 ratio. High TIL density was associated with high nuclear grade (P < 0.001), DCIS PD-L1 expression (P = 0.008), TIL PD-L1 expression (P < 0.001), oestrogen (ER) negativity (P < 0.001), progesterone (PR) negativity (P < 0.001), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity (P = 0.002) and triple negativity (P = 0.001). TIL PD-L1 expression was associated with triple-negative DCIS (P = 0.028). TIL density was associated with molecular subtypes (P < 0.001). High CD4+ T cell density was associated with high nuclear grade (P = 0.001), microinvasion (P = 0.037), ER negativity (P < 0.001), PR negativity (P = 0.001), HER2 positivity (P = 0.004), triple negativity (P = 0.023) and PD-L1 expression in TILs (P < 0.011). High CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with PD-L1 expression in DCIS (P = 0.035) and TILs (P < 0.001). DCIS with higher TIL density disclosed worse DFS (P = 0.012) and was affirmed with multivariate analysis [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.109-2.554, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.683, P = 0.014]. Poorer DFS for ipsilateral invasive recurrence was found for DCIS with higher CD4+ T cell density (P = 0.006) or CD4/CD8 ratio (P = 0.02), confirmed by multivariate analysis for the former (95% CI = 1.369-10.196, HR = 3.736, P = 0.01) and latter (95% CI = 1.311-7.935, HR = 3.225, P = 0.011). CONCLUSION DCIS with higher TIL density was associated with poorer prognostic parameters and predicted recurrence, while both CD4+ T cell density and CD4/CD8 ratio were associated with both recurrence and ipsilateral invasive recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Aye Thike
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Joe P S Yeong
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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15
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Samec M, Liskova A, Koklesova L, Samuel SM, Murin R, Zubor P, Bujnak J, Kwon TK, Büsselberg D, Prosecky R, Caprnda M, Rodrigo L, Ciccocioppo R, Kruzliak P, Kubatka P. The role of plant-derived natural substances as immunomodulatory agents in carcinogenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:3137-3154. [PMID: 33063131 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of immune system in carcinogenesis represents fundamental events associated with cancer eradication; however, tumor evolution is connected with various mechanisms of tumor evasion and progression of cancer. Based on recent evidence, phytochemicals are directly associated with immunomodulation of the innate and adaptive immunity via different mechanisms of action including stimulation and amplification of immune cells, humoral compartments, and associated molecules. This comprehensive study focuses on immunomodulating potential of phytochemicals (mixture in plants or separately such as individual phytochemical) and their impact on regulation of immune response during cancer development, immune tolerance, and immune escape. Clinical application of phytochemicals as modulators of host immunity against cancer may represent perspective approach in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Samec
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Alena Liskova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Radovan Murin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Zubor
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Bujnak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kukuras Michalovce Hospital, Michalovce, Slovakia
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology and School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Robert Prosecky
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Caprnda
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Luis Rodrigo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Policlinico GB Rossi, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601, Martin, Slovakia.
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16
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Immune suppressed tumor microenvironment by exosomes derived from gastric cancer cells via modulating immune functions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14749. [PMID: 32901082 PMCID: PMC7479614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death due to late diagnosis with high metastatic frequency. In this study, the impact of tumor secreted exosomes on immune function in the tumor environment was investigated using exosomes isolated from gastric cancer cell lines MKN-28, MKN-45, and SGC-7901. Results show that exosomes derived from all of these cell lines changed the gene expression and cytokine secretion levels of CD8+ T cells. They also block cell cycle progression, induced apoptosis in CD8+ T cells. Image analysis of fluorescent labeled exosomes derived from three cell lines injected systemically into C57BL/6 mice revealed these exosomes primarily localize to the lungs. We further showed exosomes were mainly taken up by natural killer cells and macrophages in the lung. After long-term exposure to inject exosomes from MKN-45 cells, mice developed an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in the lung with increased frequency of effector memory CD4+ T and MDSC, decreased CD8+ T cell and NK frequency. This immune suppressive environment promotes gastric cancer lung metastasis. Lung metastasis sites developed after mice were exposed to exosomes isolated from all three gastric cancer cell lines when the mice were injected with MFC cells. Results suggest that exosomes derived from gastric cancer cells (especially MKN-45 and MKN-28) changed CD8+ T cell gene expression and cytokine secretion patterns to create an immunosuppressive condition for metastatic niche formation in the lung. Overall, this study provides new insights into how gastric cancer derived exosomes modulate the immune response to promote lung tumor metastasis.
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17
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Ludwig N, Hong CS, Ludwig S, Azambuja JH, Sharma P, Theodoraki MN, Whiteside TL. Isolation and Analysis of Tumor-Derived Exosomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 127:e91. [PMID: 31763776 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A method for isolation of exosomes from tumor cell supernatants or cancer patients' plasma is presented. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are defined as a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs) sized at 30 to 150 nm and originating from multivesicular bodies (MVBs). The method utilizes size exclusion chromatography (SEC) for recovery of exosomes from cell-line supernatants or cancer patients' plasma. The recovered exosomes are morphologically intact, aggregate-free, and functionally competent. Their molecular content parallels that of the parent tumor cells and they carry various immunoregulatory ligands known to modulate functions of immune cells. All exosomes isolated from tumor cell lines are TEX, while those isolated from plasma of cancer patients have to be fractionated into TEX and non-TEX. Mini-SEC allows for exosome isolation and recovery in quantities sufficient for molecular profiling, functional studies, and, in the case of plasma, further fractionation into TEX and non-TEX. The mini-SEC method can also be used for comparative studies of the exosome content in serial specimens of cancer patients' body fluids. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chang-Sook Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sonja Ludwig
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Juliana H Azambuja
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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18
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Integrating the Tumor Microenvironment into Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061677. [PMID: 32599891 PMCID: PMC7352326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression is mediated by reciprocal interaction between tumor cells and their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), which among other factors encompasses the extracellular milieu, immune cells, fibroblasts, and the vascular system. However, the complexity of cancer goes beyond the local interaction of tumor cells with their microenvironment. We are on the path to understanding cancer from a systemic viewpoint where the host macroenvironment also plays a crucial role in determining tumor progression. Indeed, growing evidence is emerging on the impact of the gut microbiota, metabolism, biomechanics, and the neuroimmunological axis on cancer. Thus, external factors capable of influencing the entire body system, such as emotional stress, surgery, or psychosocial factors, must be taken into consideration for enhanced management and treatment of cancer patients. In this article, we review prognostic and predictive biomarkers, as well as their potential evaluation and quantitative analysis. Our overarching aim is to open up new fields of study and intervention possibilities, within the framework of an integral vision of cancer as a functional tissue with the capacity to respond to different non-cytotoxic factors, hormonal, immunological, and mechanical forces, and others inducing stroma and tumor reprogramming.
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19
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Ouahoud S, Hardwick JC, Hawinkels LJ. Extracellular BMP Antagonists, Multifaceted Orchestrators in the Tumor and Its Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113888. [PMID: 32486027 PMCID: PMC7313454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a subgroup of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, are involved in multiple biological processes such as embryonic development and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. The importance of a functional BMP pathway is underlined by various diseases, including cancer, which can arise as a consequence of dysregulated BMP signaling. Mutations in crucial elements of this signaling pathway, such as receptors, have been reported to disrupt BMP signaling. Next to that, aberrant expression of BMP antagonists could also contribute to abrogated signaling. In this review we set out to highlight how BMP antagonists affect not only the cancer cells, but also the other cells present in the microenvironment to influence cancer progression.
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20
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Higher density of stromal M2 macrophages in breast ductal carcinoma in situ predicts recurrence. Virchows Arch 2020; 476:825-833. [PMID: 31897820 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Immune response can affect tumour progression and treatment outcome. This study investigated the potential of stromal macrophages around ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in predicting recurrence and progression. CD68 and CD163 expression of macrophages in DCIS from 198 patients was determined by immunohistochemistry. Disease free survival (DFS), clinicopathological parameters and biomarker expression were correlated with the densities of both CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages. High CD68+ macrophage density was associated with high nuclear grade (p < 0.001), oestrogen receptor (ER) negativity (p = 0.029), progesterone receptor (PR) negativity (p = 0.008) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity (p < 0.001). High CD163+ macrophage density was associated with high nuclear grade (p = 0.003), microinvasion (p = 0.01), ER negativity (p < 0.001), PR negativity (p = 0.001), HER2 positivity (p = 0.001) and triple negativity (p = 0.022). DCIS with higher CD68+ macrophage density disclosed significantly worse DFS for ipsilateral invasive recurrence (p = 0.004) and is affirmed by multivariate Cox regression analysis (95% CI 1.126-5.102, HR = 2.397, p = 0.023). DCIS with higher CD163+ macrophage density showed significantly worse DFS for both recurrence (p = 0.001) and ipsilateral invasive recurrence (p = 0.001). These findings, for CD163+ macrophage density, were affirmed by multivariate Cox regression analysis respectively for both recurrence (95% CI 1.210-2.293, HR = 1.880, p = 0.005) and ipsilateral invasive recurrence (95% CI 1.122-5.176, HR = 2.410, p = 0.024). This study demonstrated that DCIS with higher macrophage density was associated with poorer prognostic parameters, while DCIS with higher CD163+ macrophage density predicted both recurrence and ipsilateral invasive recurrence.
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21
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Real-time prediction of patient immune cell modulation during irreversible electroporation therapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17739. [PMID: 31780711 PMCID: PMC6882846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53974-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies have demonstrated limited efficacy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients despite their success in treating other tumor types. This limitation is largely due to the relatively immunosuppressive environment surrounding the tumor. A focal ablative technique called irreversible electroporation (IRE) has been shown to modulate this environment, enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy. One enhancing factor related to improved prognosis is a decrease in regulatory T cells (Treg). This decrease has been previously unpredictable for clinicians using IRE, who currently have limited real-time metrics for determining the activation of the patient’s immune response. Here, we report that larger overall changes in output current are correlated with larger decreases in T cell populations 24 hours post-treatment. This result suggests that clinicians can make real-time decisions regarding optimal follow-up therapy based on the range of output current delivered during treatment. This capability could maximize the immunomodulating effect of IRE in synergy with follow-up immunotherapy. Additionally, these results suggest that feedback from a preliminary IRE treatment of the local tumor may help inform clinicians regarding the timing and choice of subsequent therapies, such as resection, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or follow-up thermal or non-thermal ablation.
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22
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[An integral view of cancer (III). Evaluation of new biomarkers and treatment strategies]. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE PATOLOGÍA : PUBLICACIÓN OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE ANATOMÍA PATOLÓGICA Y DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE CITOLOGÍA 2019; 53:88-99. [PMID: 32199599 DOI: 10.1016/j.patol.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We propose a comprehensive approach to oncological disease, based on a systemic consideration of biology, health and disease. Our two previous review articles focused on tumour microenvironment and the discovery of new biomarkers; here we discuss the practical application of these principles to pathology, through the identification, evaluation and quantitative analysis of new prognostic and predictive factors (Immunoscore, TIME). We also consider the clinical use of promising, better tolerated treatments, such as immunotherapy. The integrative pathologist now has access to the latest improved oncology stratification tools designed to identify effective treatment strategies, based on the natural evolution of clinical and scientific knowledge that transcend the gene-centric theory of cancer.
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23
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Zulauf N, Brüggmann D, Groneberg D, Oremek GM. Expressiveness of Bone Markers in Breast Cancer with Bone Metastases. Oncology 2019; 97:236-244. [PMID: 31412345 DOI: 10.1159/000500675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION On a global scale, the malignant growth of mammary gland is the most common type of cancer in women. In the progress of mammary carcinoma, osseous metastatic invasion has a pivotal significance because it is a frequent complication occurring at an early stage of the disease. BACKGROUND Bone metastases in breast cancer patients lead to increased mortality and decreased health-related quality of life. Therefore, early diagnostic assessment and treatment is requested. Meanwhile the progress of the disease should be monitored closely. Regarding health-related quality of life and lifetime prolongation, osseous metastases should be early diagnosed, therapied, and monitored. Up to date the gold standard is the whole-body scintigraphy. This kind of bone imaging features has high sensitivity but shows loss of specificity. AIM This study aims to investigate the diagnostic versatility of bone markers in its resorption and formation function to detect bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS For this purpose, the concentration of competing bone processing tumor markers in serums of 78 patients was detected and analyzed. Two groups of women with mammary carcinoma with and without osseous metastases were built to examine the presence (or absence) of statistically significant disparity of tumor marker concentration. The tumor markers employed in this study were the carboxyterminal collagen type I telopeptid (CTX), known as beta-crosslaps (β-CTx), the alkaline phosphatase (AP), and its isoenzymes (especially the bone-specific AP [B-AP]). Additionally, the tumor markers for breast cancer (CA 15-3 and CEA) were analyzed in both groups. RESULTS Our results provide evidence that in both groups, tumor markers such as β-CTx and B-AP were a promising tool for the detection and exclusion of bone metastases in breast cancer. This comprehensive investigation shows both β-CTx and B-AP are able to fulfill the conditions of a competent appliance to detect osseous metastases of patients with mammary carcinoma. CONCLUSION Concerning the urgency of early and frequent detection, staging, and disease monitoring of mammary carcinoma with osseous metastases, this study renewed and underlined the importance of biochemical tumor markers - especially β-CTx and B-AP - and laid a clinical-based cornerstone to build up on a prospective research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Zulauf
- Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany,
| | - Dörthe Brüggmann
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David Groneberg
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Maximilian Oremek
- Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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24
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Prognostic role of immune infiltrates in breast ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 177:17-27. [PMID: 31134489 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is often regarded as a non-obligate precursor to invasive breast carcinoma but current diagnostic tools are unable to accurately predict the invasive potential of DCIS. Infiltration of immune cells into the tumour and its microenvironment is often an early event at the site of tumourigenesis. These immune infiltrates may be potential predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers for DCIS. This review aims to discuss recent findings pertaining to the potential prognostic significance of immune infiltrates as well as their evaluation in DCIS. METHODS A literature search on PubMed was conducted up to 28th January 2019. Search terms used were "DCIS", "ductal carcinoma in situ", "immune", "immunology", "TIL", "TIL assessment", and "tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte". Search filters for "Most Recent" and "English" were applied. Information from published papers related to the research topic were synthesised and summarised for this review. RESULTS Studies have revealed that immune infiltrates play a role in the biology and microenvironment of DCIS, as well as treatment response. There is currently no consensus on the evaluation of TILs in DCIS for clinical application. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the recent findings on the potential influence and prognostic value of immunological processes on DCIS progression, as well as the evaluation of TILs in DCIS. Further characterisation of the immune milieu of DCIS is recommended to better understand the immune response in DCIS progression and recurrence.
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Feng Y, Duan W, Cu X, Liang C, Xin M. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors in treating cancer: a patent review (2010-2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:217-241. [PMID: 30888232 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1594777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a critical role in the regulation of survival, proliferation, activation and differentiation of B-lineage cells. It participates by regulating multiple cellular signaling pathways, including B cell receptor and FcR signaling cascades. BTK is abundantly expressed and constitutively active in the pathogenesis of B cell hematological malignancies, as well as several autoimmune diseases. Therefore, BTK is considered as an attractive target for treatment of B-lineage lymphomas, leukemias, and some autoimmune diseases. Many industry and academia efforts have been made to explore small molecular BTK inhibitors. AREAS COVERED This review aims to provide an overview of the patented BTK inhibitors for the treatment of cancer from 2010 to 2018. EXPERT OPINION BTK inhibitors attract much interest for their therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases, especially for B cell hematological malignancies. In 2013, ibrutinib was approved by the FDA as the first-in-class BTK inhibitors for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and now it is also undergoing clinical evaluation for other indications in either single or combined therapy. It is clear that BTK inhibitors can provide a promising clinical benefit in treating B-lineage lymphomas and leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Feng
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi P.R. China
| | - Weiming Duan
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi P.R. China
| | - Xiaochuan Cu
- b Department of Orthopedics , People's Hospital of Fufeng County in Shaanxi Province , Baoji , Shaanxi P.R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- c Department of Pharmacy , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , Xi'an , Shaanxi P.R. China
| | - Minhang Xin
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi P.R. China
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Mehdipour F, Razmkhah M, Faghih Z, Bagheri M, Talei AR, Ghaderi A. The significance of cytokine-producing B cells in breast tumor-draining lymph nodes. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 42:381-395. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Hokonohara K, Nishida N, Miyoshi N, Takahashi H, Haraguchi N, Hata T, Matsuda C, Mizushima T, Doki Y, Mori M. Involvement of MAF1 homolog, negative regulator of RNA polymerase III in colorectal cancer progression. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1001-1009. [PMID: 30628658 PMCID: PMC6365024 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymerase (Pol) III‑dependent transcription controls the abundance of transfer RNAs, 5S ribosomal RNA and small non‑coding RNAs within cells, and is known to serve an essential role in the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis. However, its contribution to cancer progression has not been extensively explored. The present study demonstrated that the evolutionarily conserved MAF1 homolog, negative regulator of RNA Pol III (MAF1) may be closely associated with malignant potential and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Notably, immunohistochemical analysis of 146 CRC surgical specimens revealed that high expression levels of MAF1 were associated with advanced tumor depth, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and poor prognosis. In vitro loss‑of‑function assays revealed that MAF1 knockdown suppressed chemoresistance and migration of CRC cancer cells. Furthermore, detailed analysis of an independent CRC dataset (n=615) demonstrated that the prognostic impact of MAF1 gene expression was particularly marked in microsatellite instability (MSI)‑positive patients, who benefit from immune checkpoint blockade. High expression levels of MAF1 were revealed to be an independent prognostic indicator in MSI‑positive CRC. These findings suggested that MAF1 may have an essential role in CRC progression, particularly in MSI‑positive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naohiro Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565 0871, Japan
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Chaudhary S, Ganguly K, Muniyan S, Pothuraju R, Sayed Z, Jones DT, Batra SK, Macha MA. Immunometabolic Alterations by HPV Infection: New Dimensions to Head and Neck Cancer Disparity. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 111:233-244. [PMID: 30615137 PMCID: PMC6410958 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer, with high morbidity and mortality. Racial disparity in HNSCC is observed between African Americans (AAs) and whites, effecting both overall and 5-year survival, with worse prognosis for AAs. In addition to socio-economic status and demographic factors, many epidemiological studies have also identified factors including coexisting human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, primary tumor location, and a variety of somatic mutations that contribute to the prognostic incongruities in HNSCC patients among AAs and whites. Recent research also suggests HPV-induced dysregulation of tumor metabolism and immune microenvironment as the major regulators of HNSCC patient prognosis. Outcomes of several preclinical and clinical studies on targeted therapeutics warrant the need to elucidate the inherent mechanistic and population-based disparities underlying patient responses. This review systematically reports the underlying reasons for inconsistency in disease prognosis and therapy responses among HNSCC patients from different racial populations. The focus of this review is twofold: aside from discussing the causes of racial disparity, we also seek to identify the consequences of such disparity in terms of HPV infection and its associated mutational, metabolic, and immune landscapes. Considering the clinical impact of differential patient outcomes among AA and white populations, understanding the underlying cause of this disparity may pave the way for novel precision therapy for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Koelina Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Zafar Sayed
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Dwight T Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
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van Belzen IAEM, Kesmir C. Immune biomarkers for predicting response to adoptive cell transfer as cancer treatment. Immunogenetics 2018; 71:71-86. [PMID: 30232514 PMCID: PMC6326979 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1083-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) is a form of personalised immunotherapy which has shown promising results in metastasised cancer. For this treatment, autologous T lymphocytes are selected and stimulated in vitro before re-administration in large numbers. However, only a fraction of patients benefit from ACT, and it is not yet known what biomarkers can predict treatment outcome. In this review, we describe what tumour characteristics are associated with response to ACT. Based on the current knowledge, the best candidate biomarker for a good anti-tumour response seems to be a large number of neoantigens with a homogeneous distribution across the tumour in combination with sufficient MHC-I expression level. Additionally, it is necessary to be able to isolate a diverse population of T cells reactive to these neoantigens from tumour tissue or peripheral blood. Additional promising candidate biomarkers shared with other cancer immunotherapies are a large number of tumour-infiltrating cytotoxic and memory T cells, normal levels of glycolysis, and a pro-inflammatory cytokine profile within the tumour. Intense research in this field will hopefully result in identification of more biomarkers for cancers with low mutational load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ianthe A E M van Belzen
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Can Kesmir
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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Liang C, Tian D, Ren X, Ding S, Jia M, Xin M, Thareja S. The development of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors from 2012 to 2017: A mini-review. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:315-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rumba R, Cipkina S, Cukure F, Vanags A. Systemic and local inflammation in colorectal cancer. Acta Med Litu 2018; 25:185-196. [PMID: 31308824 PMCID: PMC6591690 DOI: 10.6001/actamedica.v25i4.3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world. The cornerstone of CRC treatment is surgical resection. However, patients in the same TNM stage show different recurrence rates and survival. Of patients with a local disease without lymph node or a distant metastasis, 20-25% still develop recurrence. There is evidence that inflammatory reaction is one of the key elements in tumour development. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed literature on colorectal cancer and its relationships with the immune system, with special focus on local and systemic inflammatory reaction. The Pubmed and ClinicalKey databases were searched using the key words colorectal cancer, local inflammation, systemic inflammation, markers of inflammation. The relevant literature was reviewed and included in the article. RESULTS The immune system has two-sided relationships with cancer, so it not only performs anti-tumour activities, but can also promote tumour growth and spread. Research has shown that signs of local inflammation are associated with a better prognosis in CRC. Systemic inflammation has been associated with more aggressive behaviour and a worse prognosis for patients with several cancers, including CRC. CONCLUSIONS Recent findings in tumour biology have improved our understanding of colorectal cancer and of the natural course of this disease. Several markers of local and systemic inflammatory reaction have been identified. The next step is to find the most accurate and applicable marker, so that this promising tool can be used in clinical practice and aid in decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberts Rumba
- Department of Surgery, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sandra Cipkina
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Fanija Cukure
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Andrejs Vanags
- Department of Surgery, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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32
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Shindo Y, Hazama S, Nakamura Y, Inoue Y, Kanekiyo S, Suzuki N, Takenouchi H, Tsunedomi R, Nakajima M, Ueno T, Takeda S, Yoshino S, Okuno K, Fujita Y, Hamamoto Y, Kawakami Y, Oka M, Nagano H. miR-196b, miR-378a and miR-486 are predictive biomarkers for the efficacy of vaccine treatment in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1355-1362. [PMID: 28789351 PMCID: PMC5529876 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) regulate the levels of transcripts and serve a critical function in the regulation of tumor microenvironments. Therefore, miRNA levels in cancer tissues are thought to be potential biomarkers for immunotherapy. From a phase I trial of a vaccine treatment using 5 human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*2402-restricted peptides (registration no. UMIN000004948), colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues were obtained from 8 patients and normal colorectal tissues from 5 patients via surgery. From a phase II trial using the same peptides (registration no. UMIN000001791), CRC tissues were obtained from 16 patients from the HLA-A*2402-matched group and 10 patients from the HLA-A*2402-unmatched group. These tissues were used for miRNA microarray analysis. As the first step, cancer tissues from the phase I study were used and 10 candidate miRNAs were selected by comparing the miRNA expression between two groups; one with improved prognosis and the other with poor prognosis. The miRNAs were subsequently validated using the cases enrolled in the phase II study. Significantly improved prognoses were identified in 16 patients in the HLA-A*2402-matched group with high expression of miR-196b-5p and low expression of miR-378a-3p and miR-486-5p. There was no difference in prognosis in the 10 patients in the HLA-A*2402-unmatched group. Therefore, high miR-196b expression and low miR-378a-3p and miR-486-5p expression were indicated as useful biomarkers for prediction of the efficacy of vaccine treatment for patients with metastatic CRC. In a planned phase III study, expression levels of these 3 miRNAs (miR-196b-5p, miR-378a-3p and miR-486-5p) may be useful biomarkers for assessing patients who are likely to have an improved outcome following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaro Shindo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yuka Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kanekiyo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroko Takenouchi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Masao Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tomio Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Yoshino
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Okuno
- Department of Surgery, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fujita
- Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hamamoto
- Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research; Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaaki Oka
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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Whiteside TL. Exosomes carrying immunoinhibitory proteins and their role in cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:259-267. [PMID: 28369805 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent emergence of exosomes as information carriers between cells has introduced us to a new previously unknown biological communication system. Multi-directional cross-talk mediated by exosomes carrying proteins, lipids and nucleic acids between normal cells, cells harbouring a pathogen or cancer and immune cells has been instrumental in determining outcomes of physiological as well as pathological conditions. Exosomes play a key role in the broad spectrum of human diseases. In cancer, tumour-derived exosomes carry multiple immunoinhibitory signals, disable anti-tumour immune effector cells and promote tumour escape from immune control. Exosomes delivering negative signals to immune cells in cancer, viral infections, autoimmune or other diseases may interfere with therapy and influence outcome. Exosomes can activate tissue cells to produce inhibitory factors and thus can suppress the host immune responses indirectly. Exosomes also promise to be non-invasive disease biomarkers with a dual capability to provide insights into immune dysfunction as well as disease progression and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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34
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Ludwig S, Floros T, Theodoraki MN, Hong CS, Jackson EK, Lang S, Whiteside TL. Suppression of Lymphocyte Functions by Plasma Exosomes Correlates with Disease Activity in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4843-4854. [PMID: 28400428 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Head and neck cancers (HNCs) often induce profound immunosuppression, which contributes to disease progression and interferes with immune-based therapies. Body fluids of patients with HNC are enriched in exosomes potentially engaged in negative regulation of antitumor immune responses. The presence and content of exosomes derived from plasma of patients with HNC are evaluated for the ability to induce immune dysfunction and influence disease activity.Experimental Design: Exosomes were isolated by size-exclusion chromatography from plasma of 38 patients with HNC and 14 healthy donors. Morphology, size, numbers, and protein and molecular contents of the recovered exosomes were determined. Coculture assays were performed to measure exosome-mediated effects on functions of normal human lymphocyte subsets and natural killer (NK) cells. The results were correlated with disease stage and activity.Results: The presence, quantity, and molecular content of isolated, plasma-derived exosomes discriminated patients with HNC with active disease (AD) from those with no evident disease (NED) after oncologic therapies. Exosomes of patients with AD were significantly more effective than exosomes of patients with NED in inducing apoptosis of CD8+ T cells, suppression of CD4+ T-cell proliferation, and upregulation of regulatory T-cell (Treg) suppressor functions (all at P < 0.05). Exosomes of patients with AD also downregulated NKG2D expression levels in NK cells.Conclusions: Exosomes in plasma of patients with HNC carry immunosuppressive molecules and interfere with functions of immune cells. Exosome-induced immune suppression correlates with disease activity in HNC, suggesting that plasma exosomes could be useful as biomarkers of HNC progression. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4843-54. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Ludwig
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Theofanis Floros
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marie-Nicole Theodoraki
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany
| | - Chang-Sook Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephan Lang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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35
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Shindo Y, Hazama S, Suzuki N, Iguchi H, Uesugi K, Tanaka H, Aruga A, Hatori T, Ishizaki H, Umeda Y, Fujiwara T, Ikemoto T, Shimada M, Yoshimatsu K, Takenouchi H, Matsui H, Kanekiyo S, Iida M, Koki Y, Arima H, Furukawa H, Ueno T, Yoshino S, Fujita T, Kawakami Y, Nakamura Y, Oka M, Nagano H. Predictive biomarkers for the efficacy of peptide vaccine treatment: based on the results of a phase II study on advanced pancreatic cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:36. [PMID: 28241889 PMCID: PMC5329922 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The purpose of the present study was to explore novel biomarkers that can predict the clinical outcome of patients before treatment or during vaccination. These would be useful for the selection of appropriate patients who would be expected to exhibit better treatment outcomes from vaccination, and for facilitating the development of cancer vaccine treatments. Methods From a single-arm, non-randomized, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A-status-blind phase II trial of a vaccine treatment using three HLA-A*2402-restricted peptides for advanced pancreatic cancer (PC), we obtained peripheral blood samples from 36 patients of an HLA-A*2402-matched group and 27 patients of an HLA-A*2402-unmatched group. Results Multivariate analysis (HR = 2.546; 95% CI = 1.138 to 5.765; p = 0.0231) and log-rank test (p = 0.0036) showed that a high expression level of programmed death-1 (PD-1) on CD4+ T cells was a negative predictive biomarker of overall survival in the HLA-A*2402-matched group . Moreover, a high expression level of PD-1 on CD4+ T cells was a negative predictor for the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (p = 0.0007). After treatment, we found that the upregulation of PD-1 and T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (Tim-3) expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was significantly associated with a poor clinical outcome in the HLA-A*2402-matched group (p = 0.0330, 0.0282, 0.0046, and 0.0068, respectively). In contrast, there was no significant difference for these factors in the HLA-A*2402-unmatched group. Conclusions Our results indicate that the upregulation of PD-1 and Tim-3 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells may restrict T cell responses in advanced PC patients; therefore, combination immunotherapy with blockade of PD-1 and Tim-3 to restore T cell responses may be a potential therapeutic approach for advanced PC patients. Trial registration Clinical-Trail-Registration: UMIN000008082. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-017-0509-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaro Shindo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.,Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Haruo Iguchi
- Clinical Research Center, Shikoku Cancer Center, NHO., Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Uesugi
- Clinical Research Center, Shikoku Cancer Center, NHO., Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Aruga
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hatori
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Ishizaki
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Regulation of Organ Function, Miyazaki University School of Medicine, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuzo Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yoshimatsu
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Takenouchi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroto Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kanekiyo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Michihisa Iida
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Koki
- Department of Pharmacy, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube, Japan
| | - Hideki Arima
- Department of Pharmacy, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube, Japan
| | | | - Tomio Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Yoshino
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Fujita
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
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36
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Kitahara M, Hazama S, Tsunedomi R, Takenouchi H, Kanekiyo S, Inoue Y, Nakajima M, Tomochika S, Tokuhisa Y, Iida M, Sakamoto K, Suzuki N, Takeda S, Ueno T, Yamamoto S, Yoshino S, Nagano H. Prediction of the efficacy of immunotherapy by measuring the integrity of cell-free DNA in plasma in colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1825-1829. [PMID: 27663862 PMCID: PMC5199104 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a phase II study of a cancer vaccine using five novel peptides recognized by HLA‐A*2402‐restricted CTL in combination with oxaliplatin‐containing chemotherapy (FXV study) as first‐line therapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and demonstrated the safety and promising potential of our five‐peptide cocktail. The objective of this analysis was to identify predictive biomarkers for identifying patients who are likely to receive a clinical benefit from immunochemotherapy. Circulating cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) in plasma has been reported to be a candidate molecular biomarker for the efficacy of anticancer therapy. Unlike uniformly truncated small‐sized DNA released from apoptotic normal cells, DNA released from necrotic cancer cells varies in size. The integrity of plasma cfDNA (i.e. the ratio of longer fragments [400 bp] to shorter fragments [100 bp] of cfDNA), may be clinically useful for detecting colorectal cancer progression. We assessed plasma samples collected from 93 patients prior to receiving immunochemotherapy. The cfDNA levels and integrity were analyzed by semi‐quantitative real‐time PCR. Progression‐free survival was significantly better in patients with a low plasma cfDNA integrity value than in those with a high value (P = 0.0027). Surprisingly, in the HLA‐A*2402‐matched group, patients with a low plasma cfDNA integrity value had significantly better progression‐free survival than those with a high value (P = 0.0015). This difference was not observed in the HLA‐A*2402‐unmatched group. In conclusion, the integrity of plasma cfDNA may provide important clinical information and may be a useful predictive biomarker of the outcome of immunotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kitahara
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Hiroko Takenouchi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kanekiyo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yuka Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Masao Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tomochika
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tokuhisa
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Michihisa Iida
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Shigeru Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Tomio Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Yoshino
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.,Oncology Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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37
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Kijima T, Hazama S, Tsunedomi R, Tanaka H, Takenouchi H, Kanekiyo S, Inoue Y, Nakashima M, Iida M, Sakamoto K, Suzuki N, Takeda S, Ueno T, Yamamoto S, Yoshino S, Okuno K, Nagano H. MicroRNA-6826 and -6875 in plasma are valuable non‑invasive biomarkers that predict the efficacy of vaccine treatment against metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:23-30. [PMID: 27878288 PMCID: PMC5355687 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Various vaccine treatments against metastatic colorectal cancer have been developed and applied. However, to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy, biomarkers that can predict the effects are needed. It has been reported that various microRNAs (miRNAs) in peripheral blood may be useful as non-invasive biomarkers. In this study, miRNAs influencing the efficacy of vaccine treatment were screened for in a microarray analysis of 13 plasma samples that were obtained from patients prior to vaccine treatment. To validate the screening results, real-time RT-PCR was performed using 93 plasma samples obtained from patients prior to vaccine treatment. Four candidate miRNAs were selected according to the results of the comprehensive analysis of miRNA expression, which were ranked using the Fisher criterion and the absolute value of the log2 ratio in the screening analysis. The validation analysis showed that in the HLA-A*2402-matched patient group (vaccine-treated group), patients with a high expression of plasma miR-6826 had a poorer prognosis than those with a low expression (P=0.048). In contrast, in the HLA-A*2402-unmatched patient group (control group), there was no difference between the patients with high or low plasma miR-6826 expression (P=0.168). Similar results were obtained in the analysis of miR-6875 (P=0.029 and P=0.754, respectively). Moreover, multivariate analysis of the Cox regression model indicated that the expression of miR-6826 was the most significant predictor for overall survival (P=0.003, hazard ratio, 3.670). In conclusion, plasma miR-6826 and miR-6875 may be predictive biomarkers for a poor response to vaccine treatment. Although further clarification is needed regarding the functions of miR-6826 and miR-6875 and their relationship to immune-related molecules, plasma miR-6826 and miR-6875 may be useful negative biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of vaccine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Kijima
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hironori Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroko Takenouchi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kanekiyo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yuka Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Masao Nakashima
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Michihisa Iida
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tomio Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Yoshino
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Okuno
- Department of Surgery, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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38
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Anikeeva N, Grosso D, Flomenberg N, Sykulev Y. Evaluating frequency and quality of pathogen-specific T cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13264. [PMID: 27786275 PMCID: PMC5095286 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that enumeration and characterization of antigen-specific T cells provide essential information about potency of the immune response. Here, we report a new technique to determine the frequency and potency of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. The assay measures changes of intracellular Ca2+ in real time by fluorescent microscopy in individual CD8 T cells responding to cognate peptides. The T cells form continuous monolayer, enabling the cells to present the peptides to each other. This approach allows us to evaluate the kinetics of intracellular Ca2+ signalling that characterizes the quality of T cell response. We demonstrate the usefulness of the assay examining the frequency and quality of cytomegalovirus-specific CD8 T cells from healthy donor and patient after haploidentical stem cell transplantation. The new assay has a potential to provide essential information determining the status of the immune system, disease morbidity, potency of therapeutic intervention and vaccine efficacy. Characterization of T cell antigen specificity human blood is challenging due to the low clonal frequencies. Here the authors develop a fluorescent microscopy-based method to detect antigen-specific CD8 T cell activation, and apply it to characterize the anti-CMV repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Dolores Grosso
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Neal Flomenberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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39
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Tumor-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4040035. [PMID: 27775593 PMCID: PMC5192355 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are emerging as critical components of an intercellular information network between the tumor and the host. The tumor escapes from the host immune system by using a variety of mechanisms designed to impair or eliminate anti-tumor immunity. TEX carrying a cargo of immunoinhibitory molecules and factors represent one such mechanism. TEX, which are present in all body fluids of cancer patients, deliver negative molecular or genetic signals to immune cells re-programming their functions. Although TEX can also stimulate immune activity, in the microenvironments dominated by the tumor, TEX tend to mediate immune suppression thus promoting tumor progression. The TEX content, in part resembling that of the parent cell, may serve as a source of cancer biomarkers. TEX also interfere with immune therapies. A better understanding of TEX and their contribution to cancer progression and cancer patients’ response to immune therapies represents a challenging new field of investigation.
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40
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Di Caro G, Cortese N, Castino GF, Grizzi F, Gavazzi F, Ridolfi C, Capretti G, Mineri R, Todoric J, Zerbi A, Allavena P, Mantovani A, Marchesi F. Dual prognostic significance of tumour-associated macrophages in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated or untreated with chemotherapy. Gut 2016; 65:1710-20. [PMID: 26156960 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) play key roles in tumour progression. Recent evidence suggests that TAMs critically modulate the efficacy of anticancer therapies, raising the prospect of their targeting in human cancer. DESIGN In a large retrospective cohort study involving 110 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), we assessed the density of CD68-TAM immune reactive area (%IRA) at the tumour-stroma interface and addressed their prognostic relevance in relation to postsurgical adjuvant chemotherapy (CTX). In vitro, we dissected the synergism of CTX and TAMs. RESULTS In human PDAC, TAMs predominantly exhibited an immunoregulatory profile, characterised by expression of scavenger receptors (CD206, CD163) and production of interleukin 10 (IL-10). Surprisingly, while the density of TAMs associated to worse prognosis and distant metastasis, CTX restrained their protumour prognostic significance. High density of TAMs at the tumour-stroma interface positively dictated prognostic responsiveness to CTX independently of T-cell density. Accordingly, in vitro, gemcitabine-treated macrophages became tumoricidal, activating a cytotoxic gene expression programme, inhibiting their protumoural effect and switching to an antitumour phenotype. In patients with human PDAC, neoadjuvant CTX was associated to a decreased density of CD206(+) and IL-10(+) TAMs at the tumour-stroma interface. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data highlight TAMs as critical determinants of prognostic responsiveness to CTX and provide clinical and in vitro evidence that CTX overall directly re-educates TAMs to restrain tumour progression. These results suggest that the quantification of TAMs could be exploited to select patients more likely to respond to CTX and provide the basis for novel strategies aimed at re-educating macrophages in the context of CTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Caro
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Nina Cortese
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Gavazzi
- Section of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Cristina Ridolfi
- Section of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Capretti
- Section of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Rossana Mineri
- Molecular Biology Section, Clinical Investigation Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Jelena Todoric
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alessandro Zerbi
- Section of Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
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41
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Horn L, Reck M, Spigel DR. The Future of Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncologist 2016; 21:910-21. [PMID: 27354668 PMCID: PMC4978554 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which accounts for 10%-15% of lung cancer cases, is an aggressive disease characterized by rapid growth and early widespread metastasis. Although up to 80% of patients respond to first-line chemotherapy, most eventually relapse, and there are no approved agents beyond the second line. Despite the high incidence of mutations in SCLC, to date no targeted therapy has shown a benefit for this patient population, and systemic treatment has not changed significantly during the past 3 decades. Given that extensive-stage SCLC has a 5-year survival rate of only 1%-2%, novel therapies are desperately needed. Recent evidence shows that the immune system is capable of generating antitumor responses against various tumors, including lung cancer, suggesting that immunotherapy may be a viable therapeutic approach to the treatment of patients with SCLC. Of the immunotherapies being investigated for patients with SCLC, antibodies that target the programmed cell death protein-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (ipilimumab) immune checkpoint pathways are perhaps the most promising. Because these immune checkpoint pathways, which under normal circumstances function to protect healthy tissues from damage during inflammatory responses and maintain self-tolerance, can help tumor cells evade elimination by the immune system, they represent potential therapeutic targets. This review discusses the rationale for immunotherapy and the early clinical results of immunotherapeutic agents being investigated in SCLC. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive lung cancer subtype. Despite sensitivity to first-line chemotherapy, SCLC has high recurrence rates, and responses to second-line treatments are poor. Recent evidence shows that the immune system is capable of generating responses against various tumors, including lung cancer, suggesting that immunotherapy may be a viable approach for patients with SCLC. Of several immunotherapies being investigated, antibodies that target the programmed cell death protein-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (ipilimumab) immune checkpoint pathways are among the most promising for patients with SCLC and are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leora Horn
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Martin Reck
- Thoracic Oncology Department, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North, a member of the German Center for Lung Research, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - David R Spigel
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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42
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Challenges in the harmonization of immune monitoring studies and trial design for cell-based therapies in the context of hematopoietic cell transplantation for pediatric cancer patients. Cytotherapy 2016; 17:1667-74. [PMID: 26589751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials aimed at improving results of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) by adjuvant cell-based interventions in children have been limited by small numbers and pediatric-specific features. The need for a larger number of pediatric HCT centers to participate in trials has resulted in a demand for harmonization of disease-specific clinical trials and immune-monitoring. Thus far, most phase I/II trials select different end points evaluated at disparate time points, making inter-study comparisons difficult and, sometimes, impossible. In this review, we discuss the various aspects that are important to consider for harmonizing clinical trial design as well as the critical elements for standardized (immune)-monitoring protocols in cell-based intervention trials in the context of HCT. Comparison data from trials applying harmonized trial design will lead to optimized immunotherapeutic treatment protocols to maximize clinical efficacy while minimizing toxicity.
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43
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Lopci E, Toschi L, Grizzi F, Rahal D, Olivari L, Castino GF, Marchetti S, Cortese N, Qehajaj D, Pistillo D, Alloisio M, Roncalli M, Allavena P, Santoro A, Marchesi F, Chiti A. Correlation of metabolic information on FDG-PET with tissue expression of immune markers in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are candidates for upfront surgery. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 43:1954-61. [PMID: 27251642 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eliciting antitumor T-cell response by targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis with checkpoint inhibitors has emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The identification of predictors for sensitivity or resistance to these agents is, therefore, needed. Herein, we investigate the correlation of metabolic information on FDG-PET with tissue expression of immune-checkpoints and other markers of tumor-related immunity in resected NSCLC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients referred to our institution for upfront surgical resection of NSCLC, who were investigated with FDG-PET prior to surgery, were consecutively included in the study. From January 2010 to May 2014, 55 patients (stage IA-IIIB; M:F = 42:13; mean age 68.9 years) were investigated. Sampled surgical tumor specimens were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CD68-TAMs (tumor-associated macrophages), CD8-TILs (tumor infiltrating lymphocytes), PD-1-TILs, and PD-L1 tumor expression. Immunoreactivity was evaluated, and scores were compared with imaging findings. FDG-PET images were analyzed to define semi-quantitative parameters: SUVmax and SUVmean. Metabolic information on FDG-PET was correlated with tissue markers expression and disease-free survival (DFS) considering a median follow-up of 16.2 months. RESULTS Thirty-six adenocarcinomas (ADC), 18 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), and one sarcomatoid carcinoma were analyzed. All tumors resulted positive at FDG-PET: median SUVmax 11.3 (range: 2.3-32.5) and SUVmean 6.4 (range: 1.5-13) both resulted significantly higher in SCC compared to other NSCLC histotypes (p = 0.007 and 0.048, respectively). IHC demonstrated a median immunoreactive surface covered by CD68-TAMs of 5.41 % (range: 0.84-14.01 %), CD8-TILs of 2.9 % (range: 0.11-11.92 %), PD-1 of 0.65 % (range: 0.02-5.87 %), and PD-L1 of 0.7 % (range: 0.03-10.29 %). We found a statistically significant correlation between SUVmax and SUVmean with the expression of CD8 TILs (rho = 0.31; p = 0.027) and PD-1 (rho = 0.33; p = 0.017 and rho = 0.36; p = 0.009, respectively). The other tissue markers correlated as follows: CD8 TILs and PD-1 (rho = 0.45; p = 0.001), CD8 TILs and PD-L1 (rho = 0.41; p = 0.003), CD68-TAMs and PD-L1 (rho = 0.30; p = 0.027), PD-1 and PD-L1 (rho = 0.26; p = 0.059). With respect to patients' outcome, SUVmax, SUVmean, and disease stage showed a statistically significant correlation with DFS (p = 0.002, 0.004, and <0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The present study shows a direct association between metabolic parameters on FDG-PET and the expression of tumor-related immunity markers, suggesting a potential role for FDG-PET to characterize the tumor microenvironment and select NSCLC patients candidate to checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egesta Lopci
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy.
| | - Luca Toschi
- Oncology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daoud Rahal
- Department of Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Olivari
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Castino
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchetti
- Oncology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nina Cortese
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dorina Qehajaj
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Pistillo
- Oncology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Alloisio
- Thoracic Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Roncalli
- Department of Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Armando Santoro
- Oncology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Arturo Chiti
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, MI, Italy
- Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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44
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Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are harbingers of tumor-induced immune suppression: they carry immunosuppressive molecules and factors known to interfere with immune cell functions. By delivering suppressive cargos consisting of proteins similar to those in parent tumor cells to immune cells, TEX directly or indirectly influence the development, maturation, and antitumor activities of immune cells. TEX also deliver genomic DNA, mRNA, and microRNAs to immune cells, thereby reprogramming functions of responder cells to promote tumor progression. TEX carrying tumor-associated antigens can interfere with antitumor immunotherapies. TEX also have the potential to serve as noninvasive biomarkers of tumor progression. In the tumor microenvironment, TEX may be involved in operating numerous signaling pathways responsible for the downregulation of antitumor immunity.
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Slovin SF. Biomarkers for immunotherapy in genitourinary malignancies. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:205-13. [PMID: 25791754 PMCID: PMC8675216 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy for genitourinary malignancies such as prostate, renal, and bladder cancers has experienced a resurgence since the development of 3 novel strategies: the autologous cellular product therapy, Sipuleucel-T for prostate cancer, the checkpoint inhibitors, anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4), anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (anti-PD1), and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1), respectively. These agents have led to strikingly durable responses in several of these solid tumors, but their efficacy has been inconsistent. Why all solid tumors are not equal in their response to these therapies is unclear. More importantly, changes in humoral or cellular responses which may reflect changes in a tumor's biology have been limited due to differences in immune monitoring and lack of consistency in established reliable immunologic endpoints. How to design immunologic end points that reflect a meaningful effect on the cancer remains a challenge for clinical trial development. The issues faced by clinical investigators and the current state of immune monitoring are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F Slovin
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Sidney Kimmel Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
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Hong CS, Funk S, Muller L, Boyiadzis M, Whiteside TL. Isolation of biologically active and morphologically intact exosomes from plasma of patients with cancer. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:29289. [PMID: 27018366 PMCID: PMC4808740 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.29289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Isolation from human plasma of exosomes that retain functional and morphological integrity for probing their protein, lipid and nucleic acid content is a priority for the future use of exosomes as biomarkers. A method that meets these criteria and can be scaled up for patient monitoring is thus desirable. Methods Plasma specimens (1 mL) of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) or a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were differentially centrifuged, ultrafiltered and fractionated by size exclusion chromatography in small disposable columns (mini-SEC). Exosomes were eluted in phosphate-buffered saline and were evaluated by qNano for particle size and counts, morphology by transmission electron microscopy, protein content, molecular profiles by western blots, and for ability to modify functions of immune cells. Results Exosomes eluting in fractions #3–5 had a diameter ranging from 50 to 200 nm by qNano, with the fraction #4 containing the bulk of clean, unaggregated exosomes. The exosome elution profiles remained constant for repeated runs of the same plasma. Larger plasma volumes could be fractionated running multiple mini-SEC columns in parallel. Particle concentrations per millilitre of plasma in #4 fractions of AML and HNSCC were comparable and were higher (p<0.003) than those in normal controls. Isolated AML exosomes co-incubated with normal human NK cells inhibited NKG2D expression levels (p<0.004), and HNSCC exosomes suppressed activation (p<0.01) and proliferation of activated T lymphocytes (p<0.03). Conclusions Mini-SEC allows for simple and reproducible isolation from human plasma of exosomes retaining structural integrity and functional activity. It enables molecular/functional analysis of the exosome content in serial specimens of human plasma for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Sook Hong
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sonja Funk
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Laurent Muller
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Boyiadzis
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA;
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Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are harbingers of tumor-induced immune suppression: they carry immunosuppressive molecules and factors known to interfere with immune cell functions. By delivering suppressive cargos consisting of proteins similar to those in parent tumor cells to immune cells, TEX directly or indirectly influence the development, maturation, and antitumor activities of immune cells. TEX also deliver genomic DNA, mRNA, and microRNAs to immune cells, thereby reprogramming functions of responder cells to promote tumor progression. TEX carrying tumor-associated antigens can interfere with antitumor immunotherapies. TEX also have the potential to serve as noninvasive biomarkers of tumor progression. In the tumor microenvironment, TEX may be involved in operating numerous signaling pathways responsible for the downregulation of antitumor immunity.
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Felix J, Lambert J, Roelens M, Maubec E, Guermouche H, Pages C, Sidina I, Cordeiro DJ, Maki G, Chasset F, Porcher R, Bagot M, Caignard A, Toubert A, Lebbé C, Moins-Teisserenc H. Ipilimumab reshapes T cell memory subsets in melanoma patients with clinical response. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:1136045. [PMID: 27622012 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1136045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Therapy targeting CTLA-4 immune checkpoint provides increased survival in patients with advanced melanoma. However, immunotherapy is frequently associated with delayed and heterogeneous clinical responses and it is important to identify prognostic immunological correlates of clinical endpoints. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 77 patients with stage III/IV melanoma were treated with ipilimumab alone every 3 weeks, during 9 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the baseline and before each dose for in depth immune monitoring. RESULTS The median follow-up was 28 mo with a median survival of 7 mo. Survival and clinical benefit were significantly improved when absolute lymphocyte count at the baseline was above 1 × 10(9)/L. Notably, ipilimumab had a global effect on memory T cells, with an early increase of central and effector subsets in patients with disease control. By contrast, percentages of stem cell memory T cells (TSCM) gradually decreased despite stable absolute counts and sustained proliferation, suggesting a process of differentiation. Higher proportions of eomes(+) and Ki-67(+) T cells were observed, with enhanced skin homing potential and induction of cytotoxic markers. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CTLA-4 blockade is able to reshape the memory subset with the potential involvement of Eomes and memory subsets including TSCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Felix
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Lambert
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Service de Biostatistique et Informatique Médicale, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR 1153, Center de Recherche Epidémiologie et Statistique (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Marie Roelens
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie , Paris, France
| | - Eve Maubec
- Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Xavier Bichat , AP-HP , Paris, France
| | - Hélène Guermouche
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie , Paris, France
| | - Cécile Pages
- Service de Dermatologie , AP-HP , Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Irina Sidina
- Service de Dermatologie , AP-HP , Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Debora J Cordeiro
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Histocompatibilité, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Guitta Maki
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Histocompatibilité , AP-HP , Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - François Chasset
- Service de Dermatologie , AP-HP , Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Porcher
- INSERM, UMR 1153, Center de Recherche Epidémiologie et Statistique (CRESS), Paris, France; Centre d'Epidémiologie Clinique, Hôtel-Dieu, AP-HP, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Martine Bagot
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Service de Dermatologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR-976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Anne Caignard
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie , Paris, France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Histocompatibilité, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Céleste Lebbé
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Service de Dermatologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; INSERM, UMR-976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Moins-Teisserenc
- INSERM, UMR-1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Histocompatibilité, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
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Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are emerging as a new type of cancer biomarker. TEX are membrane-bound, virus-size vesicles of endocytic origin present in all body fluids of cancer patients. Based on the expanding albeit incomplete knowledge of their biogenesis, secretion by tumor cells and cancer cell-specific molecular and genetic contents, TEX are viewed as promising, clinically-relevant surrogates of cancer progression and response to therapy. Preliminary proteomic, genetic and functional profiling of tumor cell-derived or cancer plasma-derived exosomes confirms their unique characteristics. Alterations in protein or nucleic acid profiles of exosomes in plasma of cancer patients responding to therapies appear to correlate with clinical endpoints. However, methods for TEX isolation and separation from the bulk of human plasma-derived exosomes are not yet established and their role as biomarkers remains to be confirmed. Further development and validation of TEX as noninvasive, liquid equivalents of tumor biopsies are necessary to move this effort forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, , Phone: 412-624-0096, FAX: 412-624-0264
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Cancer Dormancy: A Regulatory Role for Endogenous Immunity in Establishing and Maintaining the Tumor Dormant State. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:597-619. [PMID: 26350597 PMCID: PMC4586469 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The significant contribution of host immunity in early tumorigenesis has been recently recognized as a result of our better understanding of the molecular pathways regulating tumor cell biology and tumor-lymphocyte interactions. Emerging evidence suggests that disseminated dormant tumor cells derived from primary tumors before or after immune surveillance, are responsible for subsequent metastases. Recent trends from the field of onco-immunology suggest that efficiently stimulating endogenous anticancer immunity is a prerequisite for the successful outcome of conventional cancer therapies. Harnessing the immune system to achieve clinical efficacy is realistic in the context of conventional therapies resulting in immunogenic cell death and/or immunostimulatory side effects. Targeted therapies designed to target oncogenic pathways in tumor cells can also positively regulate the endogenous immune response and tumor microenvironment. Identification of T cell inhibitory signals has prompted the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which specifically hinder immune effector inhibition, reinvigorating and potentially expanding the preexisting anticancer immune response. This anticancer immunity can be amplified in the setting of immunotherapies, mostly in the form of vaccines, which boost naturally occurring T cell clones specifically recognizing tumor antigens. Thus, a promising anticancer therapy will aim to activate patients' naturally occurring anticancer immunity either to eliminate residual tumor cells or to prolong dormancy in disseminated tumor cells. Such an endogenous anticancer immunity plays a significant role for controlling the balance between dormant tumor cells and tumor escape, and restraining metastases. In this review, we mean to suggest that anticancer therapies aiming to stimulate the endogenous antitumor responses provide the concept of the therapeutic management of cancer.
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