1
|
Zeng P, Shu LZ, Zhou YH, Huang HL, Wei SH, Liu WJ, Deng H. Stem Cell Division and Its Critical Role in Mammary Gland Development and Tumorigenesis: Current Progress and Remaining Challenges. Stem Cells Dev 2024. [PMID: 38943275 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2024.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The origin of breast cancer (BC) has traditionally been a focus of medical research. It is widely acknowledged that BC originates from immortal mammary stem cells and that these stem cells participate in two division modes: symmetric cell division (SCD) and asymmetrical cell division (ACD). Although both of these modes are key to the process of breast development and their imbalance is closely associated with the onset of BC, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena deserve in-depth exploration. In this review, we first outline the molecular mechanisms governing ACD/SCD and analyze the role of ACD/SCD in various stages of breast development. We describe that the changes in telomerase activity, the role of polar proteins, and the stimulation of ovarian hormones subsequently lead to two distinct consequences: breast development or carcinogenesis. Finally, gene mutations, abnormalities in polar proteins, modulation of signal-transduction pathways, and alterations in the microenvironment disrupt the balance of BC stem cell division modes and cause BC. Important regulatory factors such as mammalian Inscuteable mInsc, Numb, Eya1, PKCα, PKCθ, p53, and IL-6 also play significant roles in regulating pathways of ACD/SCD and may constitute key targets for future research on stem cell division, breast development, and tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Lin-Zhen Shu
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Hong Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Lin Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Shu-Hua Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen-Jian Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Tumor Immunology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Haider SA, Pressman SM, Borna S, Gomez-Cabello CA, Sehgal A, Leibovich BC, Forte AJ. Evaluating Large Language Model (LLM) Performance on Established Breast Classification Systems. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1491. [PMID: 39061628 PMCID: PMC11275570 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14141491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Medical researchers are increasingly utilizing advanced LLMs like ChatGPT-4 and Gemini to enhance diagnostic processes in the medical field. This research focuses on their ability to comprehend and apply complex medical classification systems for breast conditions, which can significantly aid plastic surgeons in making informed decisions for diagnosis and treatment, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes. Fifty clinical scenarios were created to evaluate the classification accuracy of each LLM across five established breast-related classification systems. Scores from 0 to 2 were assigned to LLM responses to denote incorrect, partially correct, or completely correct classifications. Descriptive statistics were employed to compare the performances of ChatGPT-4 and Gemini. Gemini exhibited superior overall performance, achieving 98% accuracy compared to ChatGPT-4's 71%. While both models performed well in the Baker classification for capsular contracture and UTSW classification for gynecomastia, Gemini consistently outperformed ChatGPT-4 in other systems, such as the Fischer Grade Classification for gender-affirming mastectomy, Kajava Classification for ectopic breast tissue, and Regnault Classification for breast ptosis. With further development, integrating LLMs into plastic surgery practice will likely enhance diagnostic support and decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ali Haider
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Sahar Borna
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Ajai Sehgal
- Center for Digital Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bradley C. Leibovich
- Center for Digital Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Antonio Jorge Forte
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Center for Digital Health, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Utjés D, Boggavarapu NR, Rasul MF, Koberg I, Zulliger A, Ponandai-Srinivasan S, von Grothusen C, Lalitkumar PG, Papaikonomou K, Alkasalias T, Gemzell-Danielsson K. Transcriptomic Profile of Breast Tissue of Premenopausal Women Following Treatment with Progesterone Receptor Modulator: Secondary Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7590. [PMID: 39062832 PMCID: PMC11277027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor antagonism is gaining attention due to progesterone's recognized role as a major mitogen in breast tissue. Limited but promising data suggest the potential efficacy of antiprogestins in breast cancer prevention. The present study presents secondary outcomes from a randomized controlled trial and examines changes in breast mRNA expression following mifepristone treatment in healthy premenopausal women. We analyzed 32 paired breast biopsies from 16 women at baseline and after two months of mifepristone treatment. In total, 27 differentially expressed genes were identified, with enriched biological functions related to extracellular matrix remodeling. Notably, the altered gene signature induced by mifepristone in vivo was rather similar to the in vitro signature. Furthermore, this gene expression signature was linked to breast carcinogenesis and notably linked with progesterone receptor expression status in breast cancer, as validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset using the R2 platform. The present study is the first to explore the breast transcriptome following mifepristone treatment in normal breast tissue in vivo, enhancing the understanding of progesterone receptor antagonism and its potential protective effect against breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Utjés
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.U.); (N.R.B.); (M.F.R.); (I.K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.-S.); (C.v.G.); (P.G.L.); (K.P.); (K.G.-D.)
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nageswara Rao Boggavarapu
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.U.); (N.R.B.); (M.F.R.); (I.K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.-S.); (C.v.G.); (P.G.L.); (K.P.); (K.G.-D.)
| | - Mohammed Fatih Rasul
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.U.); (N.R.B.); (M.F.R.); (I.K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.-S.); (C.v.G.); (P.G.L.); (K.P.); (K.G.-D.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Isabelle Koberg
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.U.); (N.R.B.); (M.F.R.); (I.K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.-S.); (C.v.G.); (P.G.L.); (K.P.); (K.G.-D.)
| | - Alexander Zulliger
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.U.); (N.R.B.); (M.F.R.); (I.K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.-S.); (C.v.G.); (P.G.L.); (K.P.); (K.G.-D.)
| | - Sakthivignesh Ponandai-Srinivasan
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.U.); (N.R.B.); (M.F.R.); (I.K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.-S.); (C.v.G.); (P.G.L.); (K.P.); (K.G.-D.)
| | - Carolina von Grothusen
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.U.); (N.R.B.); (M.F.R.); (I.K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.-S.); (C.v.G.); (P.G.L.); (K.P.); (K.G.-D.)
| | - Parameswaran Grace Lalitkumar
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.U.); (N.R.B.); (M.F.R.); (I.K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.-S.); (C.v.G.); (P.G.L.); (K.P.); (K.G.-D.)
| | - Kiriaki Papaikonomou
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.U.); (N.R.B.); (M.F.R.); (I.K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.-S.); (C.v.G.); (P.G.L.); (K.P.); (K.G.-D.)
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Twana Alkasalias
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.U.); (N.R.B.); (M.F.R.); (I.K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.-S.); (C.v.G.); (P.G.L.); (K.P.); (K.G.-D.)
- General Directorate of Scientific Research Center, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Kristina Gemzell-Danielsson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.U.); (N.R.B.); (M.F.R.); (I.K.); (A.Z.); (S.P.-S.); (C.v.G.); (P.G.L.); (K.P.); (K.G.-D.)
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 57 Stockholm, Sweden
- WHO Collaborating Centre, Division of Gynecology and Reproduction, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Heijmans N, Wiese KE, Jonkers J, van Amerongen R. Transcriptomic Analysis of Pubertal and Adult Virgin Mouse Mammary Epithelial and Stromal Cell Populations. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2024; 29:13. [PMID: 38916673 PMCID: PMC11199289 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-024-09565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Conflicting data exist as to how mammary epithelial cell proliferation changes during the reproductive cycle. To study the effect of endogenous hormone fluctuations on gene expression in the mouse mammary gland, we performed bulk RNAseq analyses of epithelial and stromal cell populations that were isolated either during puberty or at different stages of the adult virgin estrous cycle. Our data confirm prior findings that proliferative changes do not occur in every mouse in every cycle. We also show that during the estrous cycle the main gene expression changes occur in adipocytes and fibroblasts. Finally, we present a comprehensive overview of the Wnt gene expression landscape in different mammary gland cell types in pubertal and adult mice. This work contributes to understanding the effects of physiological hormone fluctuations and locally produced signaling molecules on gene expression changes in the mammary gland during the reproductive cycle and should be a useful resource for future studies investigating gene expression patterns in different cell types across different developmental timepoints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nika Heijmans
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katrin E Wiese
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renée van Amerongen
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang B, Wu S, Zeng L, Tang Y, Luo L, Ouyang L, Feng W, Tan Y, Li Y. Impact of NDUFAF6 on breast cancer prognosis: linking mitochondrial regulation to immune response and PD-L1 expression. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:99. [PMID: 38459583 PMCID: PMC10921816 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is a major global health concern, and there is a continuous search for novel biomarkers to predict its prognosis. The mitochondrial protein NDUFAF6, previously studied in liver cancer, is now being investigated for its role in breast cancer. This study aims to explore the expression and functional significance of NDUFAF6 in breast cancer using various databases and experimental models. METHODS We analyzed breast cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases, supplemented with immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining to assess NDUFAF6 expression. A breast cancer cell xenograft mouse model was used to evaluate tumor growth, apoptosis, and NDUFAF6 expression. Survival probabilities were estimated through Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox regression analysis. A Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and differentially expressed genes related to NDUFAF6 were analyzed using GO, KEGG, and GSEA. The relationship between NDUFAF6 expression, immune checkpoints, and immune infiltration was also evaluated. RESULTS NDUFAF6 was found to be overexpressed in breast cancer patients and in the xenograft mouse model. Its expression correlated with worse clinical features and prognosis. NDUFAF6 expression was an independent predictor of breast cancer outcomes in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Functionally, NDUFAF6 is implicated in several immune-related pathways. Crucially, NDUFAF6 expression correlated with various immune infiltrating cells and checkpoints, particularly promoting PD-L1 expression by inhibiting the NRF2 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The study establishes NDUFAF6 as a potential prognostic biomarker in breast cancer. Its mechanism of action, involving the inhibition of NRF2 to upregulate PD-L1, highlights its significance in the disease's progression and potential as a target for immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sixuan Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lijun Zeng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbin Tang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lunqi Luo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianjie Ouyang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Feng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeru Tan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuehua Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hurtado MD, Tama E, D'Andre S, Shufelt CL. The relation between excess adiposity and breast cancer in women: Clinical implications and management. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 193:104213. [PMID: 38008197 PMCID: PMC10843740 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women. While the combination of improved screening, earlier detection, and advances in therapeutics has resulted in lower BC mortality, BC survivors are now increasingly dying of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease in the leading cause of non-cancer related mortality among BC survivors. This situation underscores the critical need to research the role of modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors, such as excess adiposity, that will affect BC remission, long-term survivorship, and overall health and quality of life. PURPOSE First, this review summarizes the evidence on the connection between adipose tissue and BC. Then we review the data on weight trends after BC diagnosis with a focus on the effect of weight gain on BC recurrence and BC- and non-BC-related death. Finally, we provide a guide for weight management in BC survivors, considering the available data on the effect of weight loss interventions on BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Hurtado
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Elif Tama
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stacey D'Andre
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chrisandra L Shufelt
- Center for Women's Health, Division of General Internal Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Al-Mousa DS, Spuur K, Attar R, Kleib I, Alakhras M. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to breast cancer screening among female Jordanian university employees: A cross-sectional study. Radiography (Lond) 2024; 30:258-264. [PMID: 38035443 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To improve participation in breast screening programs, the level of knowledge about BC, attitudes, and practices of women in different sections of society must be understood. This study aimed to measure the level of knowledge of BC risk factors, signs and symptoms and determine current mammography practices among female employees at Jordanian universities. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on female employees at Jordanian government universities. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire that included: sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of BC risk factors, knowledge of BC symptoms and knowledge, attitude and practice of mammography as an early detection method. RESULTS A total of 362 participants completed the questionnaire. Overall, 174 scored ≥50% correct answers regarding BC risk factors, while 231 scored ≥50% correct answers regarding BC signs and symptoms. Half of the participants (n = 184, 50.8%) understood mammography to be an early BC detection method. Among those participants, 95 (51.6%) were eligible for screening and 39 (21.2%) had had a previous mammogram. The main reason for not engaging in mammography was the absence of BC signs and symptoms (37.2%). Profession, educational level and family history of BC were associated with increased knowledge of BC risk factors, signs and symptoms (p = 0.01). Lecturers in medical faculties exhibited the highest level of knowledge about mammography compared to participants in other professions (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION Only 79 participants had good to excellent knowledge about BC. Participants' profession was the major indicator for awareness of BC and mammography as an early detection method. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The findings of this study reinforce the importance of providing BC educational programs for university employees in Jordan to increase awareness of BC and mammography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Al-Mousa
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - K Spuur
- School of Dentistry & Health Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
| | - R Attar
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - I Kleib
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - M Alakhras
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kuziel G, Moore BN, Haugstad GP, Xiong Y, Williams AE, Arendt LM. Alterations in the mammary gland and tumor microenvironment of formerly obese mice. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1183. [PMID: 38041006 PMCID: PMC10693119 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer, and women with obesity that develop breast cancer have a worsened prognosis. Within the mammary gland, obesity causes chronic, macrophage-driven inflammation and adipose tissue fibrosis. Weight loss is a recommended intervention to resolve obesity, but the impact of weight loss on the mammary gland microenvironment and in tumors has not been well identified. METHODS To examine the effects of weight loss following obesity, mice were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce obesity, then switched to a low-fat diet for 6 weeks. We examined changes in immune cells, including fibrocytes, which are myeloid lineage cells that have attributes of both macrophages and myofibroblasts, and collagen deposition within the mammary glands of non-tumor-bearing mice and within the tumors of mice that were transplanted with estrogen receptor alpha positive TC2 tumor cells. RESULTS In formerly obese mice, we observed reduced numbers of crown-like structures and fibrocytes in mammary glands, while collagen deposition was not resolved with weight loss. Following transplant of TC2 tumor cells into the mammary glands of lean, obese, and formerly obese mice, diminished collagen deposition and cancer-associated fibroblasts were observed in tumors from formerly obese mice compared to obese mice. Within tumors of obese mice, increased myeloid-derived suppressor cells and diminished CD8+ T cells were identified, while the microenvironment of tumors of formerly obese mice were more similar to tumors from lean mice. When TC2 tumor cells were mixed with CD11b+CD34+ myeloid progenitor cells, which are the cells of origin for fibrocytes, and transplanted into mammary glands of lean and obese mice, collagen deposition within the tumors of both lean and obese was significantly greater than when tumor cells were mixed with CD11b+CD34- monocytes or total CD45+ immune cells. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these studies demonstrate that weight loss resolved some of the microenvironmental conditions within the mammary gland that may contribute to tumor progression. Additionally, fibrocytes may contribute to early collagen deposition in mammary tumors of obese mice leading to the growth of desmoplastic tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genevra Kuziel
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Brittney N Moore
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Grace P Haugstad
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yue Xiong
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Abbey E Williams
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lisa M Arendt
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Drive Rm 4354A, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moccia C, Cherubini M, Fortea M, Akinbote A, Padmanaban P, Beltran‐Sastre V, Haase K. Mammary Microvessels are Sensitive to Menstrual Cycle Sex Hormones. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302561. [PMID: 37897317 PMCID: PMC10724440 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a highly vascularized organ influenced by sex hormones including estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4). Beyond whole-organism studies in rodents or cell monocultures, hormonal effects on the breast microvasculature remain largely understudied. Recent methods to generate 3D microvessels on-chip have enabled direct observation of complex vascular processes; however, these models often use non-tissue-specific cell types, such as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and fibroblasts from various sources. Here, novel mammary-specific microvessels are generated by coculturing primary breast endothelial cells and fibroblasts under optimized culture conditions. These microvessels are mechanosensitive (to interstitial flow) and require endothelial-stromal interactions to develop fully perfusable vessels. These mammary-specific microvessels are also responsive to exogenous stimulation by sex hormones. When treated with combined E2 and P4, corresponding to the four phases of the menstrual cycle (period, follicular, ovular, and luteal), vascular remodeling and barrier function are altered in a phase-dependent manner. The presence of high E2 (ovulation) promotes vascular growth and remodeling, corresponding to high depletion of proangiogenic factors, whereas high P4 concentrations (luteal) promote vascular regression. The effects of combined E2 and P4 hormones are not only dose-dependent but also tissue-specific, as are shown by similarly treating non-tissue-specific HUVEC microvessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Moccia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BarcelonaDr. Aiguader, 88Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Marta Cherubini
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BarcelonaDr. Aiguader, 88Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Marina Fortea
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BarcelonaDr. Aiguader, 88Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Akinola Akinbote
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BarcelonaDr. Aiguader, 88Barcelona08003Spain
- Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Prasanna Padmanaban
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BarcelonaDr. Aiguader, 88Barcelona08003Spain
| | | | - Kristina Haase
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BarcelonaDr. Aiguader, 88Barcelona08003Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Naeimzadeh Y, Ilbeigi S, Dastsooz H, Rafiee Monjezi M, Mansoori Y, Tabei SMB. Protooncogenic Role of ARHGAP11A and ARHGAP11B in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma: Two Promising Breast Cancer Biomarkers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:8236853. [PMID: 38046902 PMCID: PMC10689071 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8236853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Invasive duct carcinoma (IDC) is one of the most common types of breast cancer (BC) in women worldwide, with a high risk of malignancy, metastasis, recurrence, and death. So far, molecular patterns among IDC cases have not been fully defined. However, extensive evidence has shown that dysregulated Rho family small GTPases (Rho GTPases) including Rho GTPase activating proteins (RhoGAPs) have important roles in the invasive features of IDCs. In the current study, we analyzed the expression levels of two RhoGAP genes, ARHGAP11A and ARHGAP11B, in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer (BRCA) and also our 51 IDC tumors compared to their matched normal tissues using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Our TCGA data analysis revealed higher expression of ARHGAP11A and ARHGAP11B in various cancers comprising BCs. Also, we found correlations between these genes and other genes in TCGA-BRCA. Moreover, our methylation analysis showed that their promotor methylation had a negative correlation with their overexpression. QPCR revealed their significant upregulation in our tumor samples. Furthermore, we found that the expression level of ARHGAP11A was considerably lower in women who were breastfeeding. Moreover, it had overexpression in cases who had regular menstrual cycles and early age (younger than 14) at menarche. However, ARHGAP11B had a higher expression in HER2-positive tumors versus HER2-positive and ER-positive tumors. Our study found possible protooncogenic roles for these genes and their involvement in IDC pathogenesis and malignancy. Therefore, they can be considered novel prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for IDC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Naeimzadeh
- School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. Ilbeigi
- Walther-Straub Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - H. Dastsooz
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo, C/o IRCCS, IIGM-Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer (IT), FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Turin, Italy
| | - M. Rafiee Monjezi
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Y. Mansoori
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - S. M. B. Tabei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Romero-Arias JR, González-Castro CA, Ramírez-Santiago G. A multiscale model of the role of microenvironmental factors in cell segregation and heterogeneity in breast cancer development. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011673. [PMID: 37992135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed a quantitative multiscale model that describes the epigenetic dynamics during the growth and evolution of an avascular tumor. A gene regulatory network (GRN) formed by a set of ten genes that are believed to play an important role in breast cancer development was kinetically coupled to the microenvironmental agents: glucose, estrogens, and oxygen. The dynamics of spontaneous mutations was described by a Yule-Furry master equation whose solution represents the probability that a given cell in the tissue undergoes a certain number of mutations at a given time. We assumed that the mutation rate is modified by a spatial gradient of nutrients. The tumor mass was simulated by means of cellular automata supplemented with a set of reaction diffusion equations that described the transport of microenvironmental agents. By analyzing the epigenetic state space described by the GRN dynamics, we found three attractors that were identified with cellular epigenetic states: normal, precancer and cancer. For two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) tumors we calculated the spatial distribution of the following quantities: (i) number of mutations, (ii) mutation of each gene and, (iii) phenotypes. Using estrogen as the principal microenvironmental agent that regulates cell proliferation process, we obtained tumor shapes for different values of estrogen consumption and supply rates. It was found that he majority of mutations occurred in cells that were located close to the 2D tumor perimeter or close to the 3D tumor surface. Also, it was found that the occurrence of different phenotypes in the tumor are controlled by estrogen concentration levels since they can change the individual cell threshold and gene expression levels. All results were consistently observed for 2D and 3D tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Roberto Romero-Arias
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Weeden CE, Hill W, Lim EL, Grönroos E, Swanton C. Impact of risk factors on early cancer evolution. Cell 2023; 186:1541-1563. [PMID: 37059064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent identification of oncogenic cells within healthy tissues and the prevalence of indolent cancers found incidentally at autopsies reveal a greater complexity in tumor initiation than previously appreciated. The human body contains roughly 40 trillion cells of 200 different types that are organized within a complex three-dimensional matrix, necessitating exquisite mechanisms to restrain aberrant outgrowth of malignant cells that have the capacity to kill the host. Understanding how this defense is overcome to trigger tumorigenesis and why cancer is so extraordinarily rare at the cellular level is vital to future prevention therapies. In this review, we discuss how early initiated cells are protected from further tumorigenesis and the non-mutagenic pathways by which cancer risk factors promote tumor growth. By nature, the absence of permanent genomic alterations potentially renders these tumor-promoting mechanisms clinically targetable. Finally, we consider existing strategies for early cancer interception with perspectives on the next steps for molecular cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Weeden
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - William Hill
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Emilia L Lim
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Center of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Eva Grönroos
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Center of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK; Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
MicroRNAs: A Link between Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415978. [PMID: 36555616 PMCID: PMC9786715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is among the most common cancers in women, second to skin cancer. Mammary gland development can influence breast cancer development in later life. Processes such as proliferation, invasion, and migration during mammary gland development can often mirror processes found in breast cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small, non-coding RNAs, can repress post-transcriptional RNA expression and can regulate up to 80% of all genes. Expression of miRNAs play a key role in mammary gland development, and aberrant expression can initiate or promote breast cancer. Here, we review the role of miRNAs in mammary development and breast cancer, and potential parallel roles. A total of 32 miRNAs were found to be expressed in both mammary gland development and breast cancer. These miRNAs are involved in proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and apoptosis in both processes. Some miRNAs were found to have contradictory roles, possibly due to their ability to target many genes at once. Investigation of miRNAs and their role in mammary gland development may inform about their role in breast cancer. In particular, by studying miRNA in development, mechanisms and potential targets for breast cancer treatment may be elucidated.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ingthorsson S, Traustadottir GA, Gudjonsson T. Cellular Plasticity and Heterotypic Interactions during Breast Morphogenesis and Cancer Initiation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215209. [PMID: 36358627 PMCID: PMC9654604 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review aims to discuss the structure, function and dynamics of the breast gland and how changes to the function of the breast’s cells can lead to different types of cancer. Abstract The human breast gland is a unique organ as most of its development occurs postnatally between menarche and menopause, a period ranging from 30 to 40 years. During this period, the monthly menstruation cycle drives the mammary gland through phases of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, facilitated via a closely choreographed interaction between the epithelial cells and the surrounding stroma preparing the gland for pregnancy. If pregnancy occurs, maximal differentiation is reached to prepare for lactation. After lactation, the mammary gland involutes to a pre-pregnant state. These cycles of proliferation, differentiation, and involution necessitate the presence of epithelial stem cells that give rise to progenitor cells which differentiate further into the luminal and myoepithelial lineages that constitute the epithelial compartment and are responsible for the branching structure of the gland. Maintaining homeostasis and the stem cell niche depends strongly on signaling between the stem and progenitor cells and the surrounding stroma. Breast cancer is a slowly progressing disease whose initiation can take decades to progress into an invasive form. Accumulating evidence indicates that stem cells and/or progenitor cells at different stages, rather than terminally differentiated cells are the main cells of origin for most breast cancer subgroups. Stem cells and cancer cells share several similarities such as increased survival and cellular plasticity which is reflected in their ability to switch fate by receiving intrinsic and extrinsic signals. In this review, we discuss the concept of cellular plasticity in normal breast morphogenesis and cancer, and how the stromal environment plays a vital role in cancer initiation and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saevar Ingthorsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of nursing and midwifery, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gunnhildur Asta Traustadottir
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Pathology, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorarinn Gudjonsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nounu A, Kar SP, Relton CL, Richmond RC. Sex steroid hormones and risk of breast cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:66. [PMID: 36209141 PMCID: PMC9548139 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) has the highest cancer incidence and mortality in women worldwide. Observational epidemiological studies suggest a positive association between testosterone, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and other sex steroid hormones with postmenopausal BC. We used a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate this association. METHODS Genetic instruments for nine sex steroid hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were obtained from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of UK Biobank (total testosterone (TT) N: 230,454, bioavailable testosterone (BT) N: 188,507 and SHBG N: 189,473), The United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Study (DHEAS N: 9722), the LIFE-Adult and LIFE-Heart cohorts (estradiol N: 2607, androstenedione N: 711, aldosterone N: 685, progesterone N: 1259 and 17-hydroxyprogesterone N: 711) and the CORtisol NETwork (CORNET) consortium (cortisol N: 25,314). Outcome GWAS summary statistics were obtained from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) for overall BC risk (N: 122,977 cases and 105,974 controls) and subtype-specific analyses. RESULTS We found that a standard deviation (SD) increase in TT, BT and estradiol increased the risk of overall BC (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.09-1.21, OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.07-1.33 and OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.06, respectively) and ER + BC (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.12-1.27, OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.11-1.40 and OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.09, respectively). An SD increase in DHEAS also increased ER + BC risk (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.16). Subtype-specific analyses showed similar associations with ER+ expressing subtypes: luminal A-like BC, luminal B-like BC and luminal B/HER2-negative-like BC. CONCLUSIONS TT, BT, DHEAS and estradiol increase the risk of ER+ type BCs similar to observational studies. Understanding the role of sex steroid hormones in BC risk, particularly subtype-specific risks, highlights the potential importance of attempts to modify and/or monitor hormone levels in order to prevent BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aayah Nounu
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Siddhartha P Kar
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Rebecca C Richmond
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang Q, Ciebiera M, Bariani MV, Ali M, Elkafas H, Boyer TG, Al-Hendy A. Comprehensive Review of Uterine Fibroids: Developmental Origin, Pathogenesis, and Treatment. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:678-719. [PMID: 34741454 PMCID: PMC9277653 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are benign monoclonal neoplasms of the myometrium, representing the most common tumors in women worldwide. To date, no long-term or noninvasive treatment option exists for hormone-dependent uterine fibroids, due to the limited knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation and development of uterine fibroids. This paper comprehensively summarizes the recent research advances on uterine fibroids, focusing on risk factors, development origin, pathogenetic mechanisms, and treatment options. Additionally, we describe the current treatment interventions for uterine fibroids. Finally, future perspectives on uterine fibroids studies are summarized. Deeper mechanistic insights into tumor etiology and the complexity of uterine fibroids can contribute to the progress of newer targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Yang
- Qiwei Yang, Ph.D. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, M167, Billings, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Michal Ciebiera
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, ul. Cegłowska 80, 01-809, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Mohamed Ali
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Hoda Elkafas
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Egyptian Drug Authority, formerly National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo 35521, Egypt
| | - Thomas G Boyer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Correspondence: Ayman Al-Hendy, MD, Ph.D. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, N112, Peck Pavilion, Chicago, IL 60637. USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Development of an Efficient Solid-Phase Microextraction Monolithic Column for the Analysis of Estrogens in Human Urine and Serum Samples. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
18
|
Dujon AM, Boutry J, Tissot S, Lemaître JF, Boddy AM, Gérard AL, Alvergne A, Arnal A, Vincze O, Nicolas D, Giraudeau M, Telonis-Scott M, Schultz A, Pujol P, Biro PA, Beckmann C, Hamede R, Roche B, Ujvari B, Thomas F. Cancer Susceptibility as a Cost of Reproduction and Contributor to Life History Evolution. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.861103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is one of the most energetically demanding life-history stages. As a result, breeding individuals often experience trade-offs, where energy is diverted away from maintenance (cell repair, immune function) toward reproduction. While it is increasingly acknowledged that oncogenic processes are omnipresent, evolving and opportunistic entities in the bodies of metazoans, the associations among reproductive activities, energy expenditure, and the dynamics of malignant cells have rarely been studied. Here, we review the diverse ways in which age-specific reproductive performance (e.g., reproductive aging patterns) and cancer risks throughout the life course may be linked via trade-offs or other mechanisms, as well as discuss situations where trade-offs may not exist. We argue that the interactions between host–oncogenic processes should play a significant role in life-history theory, and suggest some avenues for future research.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kumar R, Abreu C, Toi M, Saini S, Casimiro S, Arora A, Paul AM, Velaga R, Rameshwar P, Lipton A, Gupta S, Costa L. Oncobiology and treatment of breast cancer in young women. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:749-770. [PMID: 35488982 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Female breast cancer emerged as the leading cancer type in terms of incidence globally in 2020. Although mortality due to breast cancer has improved during the past three decades in many countries, this trend has reversed in women less than 40 years since the past decade. From the biological standpoint, there is consensus among experts regarding the clinically relevant definition of breast cancer in young women (BCYW), with an age cut-off of 40 years. The idea that breast cancer is an aging disease has apparently broken in the case of BCYW due to the young onset and an overall poor outcome of BCYW patients. In general, younger patients exhibit a worse prognosis than older pre- and postmenopausal patients due to the aggressive nature of cancer subtypes, a high percentage of cases with advanced stages at diagnosis, and a high risk of relapse and death in younger patients. Because of clinically and biologically unique features of BCYW, it is suspected to represent a distinct biologic entity. It is unclear why BCYW is more aggressive and has an inferior prognosis with factors that contribute to increased incidence. However, unique developmental features, adiposity and immune components of the mammary gland, hormonal interplay and crosstalk with growth factors, and a host of intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors and cellular regulatory interactions are considered to be the major contributing factors. In the present article, we discuss the status of BCYW oncobiology, therapeutic interventions and considerations, current limitations in fully understanding the basis and underlying cause(s) of BCYW, understudied areas of BCYW research, and postulated advances in the coming years for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India. .,Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA. .,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Catarina Abreu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Santa Maria- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Masakazu Toi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sunil Saini
- Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Sandra Casimiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anshika Arora
- Cancer Research Institute, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Aswathy Mary Paul
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Ravi Velaga
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Allan Lipton
- Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Sudeep Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Luis Costa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Santa Maria- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Khoshbakht S, Azimzadeh Jamalkandi S, Masudi-Nejad A. Involvement of immune system and Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition in increased invasiveness of clustered circulatory tumor cells in breast cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:273. [PMID: 34801010 PMCID: PMC8605524 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are the critical initiators of distant metastasis formation. In which, the reciprocal interplay among different metastatic pathways and their metastasis driver genes which promote survival of CTCs is not well introduced using network approaches. Methods Here, to investigate the unknown pathways of single/cluster CTCs, the co-expression network was reconstructed, using WGCNA (Weighted Correlation Network Analysis) method. Having used the hierarchical clustering, we detected the Immune-response and EMT subnetworks. The metastatic potential of genes was assessed and validated through the support vector machine (SVM), neural network, and decision tree methods on two external datasets. To identify the active signaling pathways in CTCs, we reconstructed a casual network. The Log-Rank test and Kaplan–Meier curve were applied to detect prognostic gene signatures for distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). Finally, a predictive model was developed for metastasis risk of patients using VIF-stepwise feature selection. Results Our results showed the crosstalk among EMT, the immune system, menstrual cycles, and the stemness pathway in CTCs. In which, fluctuation of menstrual cycles is a new detected pathway in breast cancer CTCs. The reciprocal association between immune responses and EMT was identified in CTCs. The SVM model indicated a high metastatic potential of EMT subnetwork (accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity scores were 87%). The DMFS model was identified to predict patients’ metastasis risks. (c-index = 0.7). Finally, novel metastatic biomarkers of KRT18 and KRT19 were detected in breast cancer CTCs. Conclusions In conclusion, the reciprocal interplay among critical unknown pathways in CTCs manifests both their survival in blood and metastatic potentials. Such findings may help to develop more precise predictive metastatic-risk models or detect pivotal metastatic biomarkers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-021-01112-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samane Khoshbakht
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island, Iran
| | | | - Ali Masudi-Nejad
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island, Iran. .,Laboratory of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics (LBB), Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang J, Abubakar M, Yuan P, Koka H, Guo L, Li X, Yang XR, Ying J, Lyu N. Prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in premenopausal, luminal breast cancer treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:12750-12762. [PMID: 34956490 PMCID: PMC8661243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have strong prognostic value in triple-negative and HER2-enriched breast cancer, but their prognostic role in luminal breast cancer (LBC) is less clear. Here, we assessed the overall TIL levels and CD8+ T-cells in relation to the prognosis of LBC patients from China. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 596 patients with LBC who were premenopausal and treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy were included. Among them, 160 cases were evaluated for CD8 by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Whole-section hematoxylin and eosin and IHC staining were visually assessed for stromal TILs (sTILs), stromal CD8+ T-cells (sCD8), and intratumoral CD8+ T-cells (iCD8). Multivariable analyses were used to test the associations between TILs and disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) with the adjustment for clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment. High sTILs (≥10%) were associated with high histologic grade (P<0.001), luminal B/HER2- (P<0.001), luminal B/HER2+ subtype (P=0.002), and high Ki67 expression (≥25%; P=0.014). Similar associations were observed for sCD8 but not for iCD8. While sTILs and sCD8 were not associated with either DFS or OS, the presence of iCD8 (≥1%) was associated with better DFS in both univariate (HR=0.51, 95% CI 0.26-0.96, P=0.042) and multivariate (HR=0.48, 95% CI 0.25-0.92, P=0.027) analyses. Similar but less significant associations were found for iCD8 and OS (adjusted HR=0.35, 95% CI 0.11-1.10, P=0.073). CONCLUSIONS Among Chinese premenopausal patients with LBC, iCD8 demonstrated suggestive associations with favorable outcome. In contrast, although sTILs and sCD8 were associated with more aggressive tumor features, they did not appear to be associated with clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Mustapha Abubakar
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, BethesdaMD 20892, USA
| | - Pei Yuan
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Hela Koka
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, BethesdaMD 20892, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaohong R Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, BethesdaMD 20892, USA
| | - Jianming Ying
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| | - Ning Lyu
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing 100021, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zirbes A, Joseph J, Lopez JC, Sayaman RW, Basam M, Seewaldt VL, LaBarge MA. Changes in Immune Cell Types with Age in Breast are Consistent with a Decline in Immune Surveillance and Increased Immunosuppression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:247-261. [PMID: 34341887 PMCID: PMC8566425 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of breast cancers (BC) are age-related and we seek to determine what cellular and molecular changes occur in breast tissue with age that make women more susceptible to cancer initiation. Immune-epithelial cell interactions are important during mammary gland development and the immune system plays an important role in BC progression. The composition of human immune cell populations is known to change in peripheral blood with age and in breast tissue during BC progression. Less is known about changes in immune populations in normal breast tissue and how their interactions with mammary epithelia change with age. We quantified densities of T cells, B cells, and macrophage subsets in pathologically normal breast tissue from 122 different women who ranged in age from 24 to 74 years old. Donor-matched peripheral blood from a subset of 20 donors was analyzed by flow cytometry. Tissue immune cell densities and localizations relative to the epithelium were quantified in situ with machine learning-based image analyses of multiplex immunohistochemistry-stained tissue sections. In situ results were corroborated with flow cytometry analyses of peri-epithelial immune cells from primary breast tissue preparations and transcriptome analyses of public data from bulk tissue reduction mammoplasties. Proportions of immune cell subsets in breast tissue and donor-matched peripheral blood were not correlated. Density (cells/mm2) of T and B lymphocytes in situ decreased with age. T cells and macrophages preferentially localized near or within epithelial bilayers, rather than the intralobular stroma. M2 macrophage density was higher than M1 macrophage density and this difference was due to higher density of M2 in the intralobular stroma. Transcriptional signature analyses suggested age-dependent decline in adaptive immune cell populations and functions and increased innate immune cell activity. T cells and macrophages are so intimately associated with the epithelia that they are embedded within the bilayer, suggesting an important role for immune-epithelial cell interactions. Age-associated decreased T cell density in peri-epithelial regions, and increased M2 macrophage density in intralobular stroma suggests the emergence of a tissue microenvironment that is simultaneously immune-senescent and immunosuppressive with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arrianna Zirbes
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jesuchristopher Joseph
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jennifer C Lopez
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Rosalyn W Sayaman
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- Cancer Metabolism Training Program, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Mudaser Basam
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Victoria L Seewaldt
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Mark A LaBarge
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
- Center for Cancer and Aging, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tin Tin S, Reeves GK, Key TJ. Endogenous hormones and risk of invasive breast cancer in pre- and post-menopausal women: findings from the UK Biobank. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:126-134. [PMID: 33864017 PMCID: PMC8257641 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some endogenous hormones have been associated with breast cancer risk, but the nature of these relationships is not fully understood. METHODS UK Biobank was used. Hormone concentrations were measured in serum collected in 2006-2010, and in a repeat subsample (N ~ 5000) in 2012-13. Incident cancers were identified through data linkage. Cox regression models were used, and hazard ratios (HRs) corrected for regression dilution bias. RESULTS Among 30,565 pre-menopausal and 133,294 post-menopausal women, 527 and 2,997, respectively, were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer during a median follow-up of 7.1 years. Cancer risk was positively associated with testosterone in post-menopausal women (HR per 0.5 nmol/L increment: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.23) but not in pre-menopausal women (pheterogeneity = 0.03), and with IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) (HR per 5 nmol/L increment: 1.18; 1.02, 1.35 (pre-menopausal) and 1.07; 1.01, 1.12 (post-menopausal); pheterogeneity = 0.2), and inversely associated with SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) (HR per 30 nmol/L increment: 0.96; 0.79, 1.15 (pre-menopausal) and 0.89; 0.84, 0.94 (post-menopausal); pheterogeneity = 0.4). Oestradiol, assessed only in pre-menopausal women, was not associated with risk, but there were study limitations for this hormone. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms associations of testosterone, IGF-1 and SHBG with breast cancer risk, with heterogeneity by menopausal status for testosterone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandar Tin Tin
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Gillian K Reeves
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Taurin S, Alkhalifa H. Breast cancers, mammary stem cells, and cancer stem cells, characteristics, and hypotheses. Neoplasia 2020; 22:663-678. [PMID: 33142233 PMCID: PMC7586061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cellular heterogeneity of breast cancers still represents a major therapeutic challenge. The latest genomic studies have classified breast cancers in distinct clusters to inform the therapeutic approaches and predict clinical outcomes. The mammary epithelium is composed of luminal and basal cells, and this seemingly hierarchical organization is dependent on various stem cells and progenitors populating the mammary gland. Some cancer cells are conceptually similar to the stem cells as they can self-renew and generate bulk populations of nontumorigenic cells. Two models have been proposed to explain the cell of origin of breast cancer and involve either the reprogramming of differentiated mammary cells or the dysregulation of mammary stem cells or progenitors. Both hypotheses are not exclusive and imply the accumulation of independent mutational events. Cancer stem cells have been isolated from breast tumors and implicated in the development, metastasis, and recurrence of breast cancers. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing help deciphering the clonal evolution within each breast tumor. Still, few clinical trials have been focused on these specific cancer cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Taurin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine and Inherited Disorders, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain.
| | - Haifa Alkhalifa
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cortés-Hernández LE, Eslami-S Z, Dujon AM, Giraudeau M, Ujvari B, Thomas F, Alix-Panabières C. Do malignant cells sleep at night? Genome Biol 2020; 21:276. [PMID: 33183336 PMCID: PMC7659113 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological rhythms regulate the biology of most, if not all living creatures, from whole organisms to their constitutive cells, their microbiota, and also parasites. Here, we present the hypothesis that internal and external ecological variations induced by biological cycles also influence or are exploited by cancer cells, especially by circulating tumor cells, the key players in the metastatic cascade. We then discuss the possible clinical implications of the effect of biological cycles on cancer progression, and how they could be exploited to improve and standardize methods used in the liquid biopsy field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Eslami-S
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine M Dujon
- CREEC (CREES), Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- CREEC (CREES), Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC (CREES), Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- CREEC (CREES), Unité Mixte de Recherches, IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique (IURC), 641, avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tin Tin S, Reeves GK, Key TJ. Body size and composition, physical activity and sedentary time in relation to endogenous hormones in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: Findings from the UK Biobank. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2101-2115. [PMID: 32285445 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anthropometric and lifestyle factors may influence cancer risks through hormonal changes. We investigated cross-sectional associations between body size and composition, physical activity and sedentary time and serum concentrations of oestradiol (premenopausal women only), testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in 20 758 premenopausal and 71 101 postmenopausal women in UK Biobank. In premenopausal women, higher BMI (body mass index) was associated with a lower concentration of total oestradiol (15% difference in the highest vs lowest BMI group) and a higher concentration of calculated free oestradiol (22%). In both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, higher BMI was associated with higher concentrations of total and calculated free testosterone (premenopausal 29% and 113%, postmenopausal 39% and 126%, respectively) and lower concentrations of SHBG and IGF-I (premenopausal 51% and 14%, postmenopausal 51% and 12%, respectively). Similar associations were observed with waist to height ratio, waist to hip ratio and body or trunk fat mass. Self-reported physical activity was associated with somewhat lower concentrations of total and calculated free testosterone (premenopausal 10% difference [free testosterone], postmenopausal 5% and 11% difference respectively in the most vs least active group) and a higher concentration of SHBG (premenopausal 11%, postmenopausal 10%), and the opposite was true for self-reported sedentary time. The associations were slightly stronger with accelerometer-measured physical activity, but were attenuated after adjustment for BMI. Overall, our study confirms strong associations of hormones and SHBG with anthropometric factors. The associations with physical activity and sedentary time were at most modest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandar Tin Tin
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gillian K Reeves
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020. [PMID: 32399610 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1511-1549. [PMID: 32399610 PMCID: PMC7261741 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pamphlett R, Satgunaseelan L, Kum Jew S, Doble PA, Bishop DP. Elemental bioimaging shows mercury and other toxic metals in normal breast tissue and in breast cancers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228226. [PMID: 32004334 PMCID: PMC6993973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to toxic metals such as mercury has been proposed to be a risk factor for the development of breast cancer since some metals can promote genetic mutations and epigenetic changes. We sought to find what toxic metals are present in normal breast tissue and in the tumours of women who had mastectomies for invasive ductal breast carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks from mastectomies for breast carcinoma were examined from 50 women aged 34-69 years. Paraffin blocks selected for elemental analysis were from breast tissue not involved by carcinoma and from the carcinoma itself. Seven micrometer-thick sections were stained with autometallography to demonstrate the presence of mercury, and subjected to laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to confirm the presence of mercury and to detect other toxic metals. RESULTS Autometallography-detected mercury was seen in intraductal secretions and some luminal epithelial cells of normal breast lobules in 26 (55%) of the 47 samples where lobules were present, and in 10 (23%) of carcinomas from the 44 samples where carcinoma was present. In eight samples ductal carcinoma in situ was present and one of these contained mercury. LA-ICP-MS confirmed the presence of mercury in samples that stained with autometallography, and detected lead, iron, nickel, aluminium, chromium and cadmium in some samples. CONCLUSIONS Mercury was present in normal breast lobules in more than half of mastectomy samples that contained an invasive carcinoma, and in a smaller proportion of carcinomas and ductal carcinomas in situ. Other toxic metals that may interact synergistically with mercury could be detected in some samples. These findings do not provide direct evidence that toxic metals such as mercury play a role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, but suggest that future molecular biological investigations on the role of toxic metals in breast cancer are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Pamphlett
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Laveniya Satgunaseelan
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Kum Jew
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip A. Doble
- Elemental Bio-Imaging Facility, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David P. Bishop
- Elemental Bio-Imaging Facility, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Olsson HL, Olsson ML. The Menstrual Cycle and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review. Front Oncol 2020; 10:21. [PMID: 32038990 PMCID: PMC6993118 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic hormonal stimulation of the breast tissue plays a significant role in breast carcinogenesis. Current risk factor models do not include direct measures of cycle characteristics although the effects of possible surrogates of cycle activity such as age at menarche and menopause, parity, and nursing time have been investigated. Future risk models should also include menstrual cycle length, regularity, number of cycles before first full-term pregnancy, and life-time number of cycles. New risk factor models for pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer are proposed here. Furthermore, there is a need for more long-term, prospective studies investigating menstrual cycle characteristics as data currently available are primarily retrospective and collected at one time-point only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Lars Olsson
- Departments of Oncology and Cancer Epidemiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mona Landin Olsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Thomas F, Giraudeau M, Renaud F, Ujvari B, Roche B, Pujol P, Raymond M, Lemaitre JF, Alvergne A. Can postfertile life stages evolve as an anticancer mechanism? PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000565. [PMID: 31805037 PMCID: PMC6917346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Why a postfertile stage has evolved in females of some species has puzzled evolutionary biologists for over 50 years. We propose that existing adaptive explanations have underestimated in their formulation an important parameter operating both at the specific and the individual levels: the balance between cancer risks and cancer defenses. During their life, most multicellular organisms naturally accumulate oncogenic processes in their body. In parallel, reproduction, notably the pregnancy process in mammals, exacerbates the progression of existing tumors in females. When, for various ecological or evolutionary reasons, anticancer defenses are too weak, given cancer risk, older females could not pursue their reproduction without triggering fatal metastatic cancers, nor even maintain a normal reproductive physiology if the latter also promotes the growth of existing oncogenic processes, e.g., hormone-dependent malignancies. At least until stronger anticancer defenses are selected for in these species, females could achieve higher inclusive fitness by ceasing their reproduction and/or going through menopause (assuming that these traits are easier to select than anticancer defenses), thereby limiting the risk of premature death due to metastatic cancers. Because relatively few species experience such an evolutionary mismatch between anticancer defenses and cancer risks, the evolution of prolonged life after reproduction could also be a rare, potentially transient, anticancer adaptation in the animal kingdom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Thomas
- Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer/Centre de Recherches en Ecologie et Evolution de la Santé, Unité Mixte de Recherches, Institut de Recherches pour le Développement 224-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Giraudeau
- Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer/Centre de Recherches en Ecologie et Evolution de la Santé, Unité Mixte de Recherches, Institut de Recherches pour le Développement 224-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - François Renaud
- Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer/Centre de Recherches en Ecologie et Evolution de la Santé, Unité Mixte de Recherches, Institut de Recherches pour le Développement 224-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Beata Ujvari
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Benjamin Roche
- Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer/Centre de Recherches en Ecologie et Evolution de la Santé, Unité Mixte de Recherches, Institut de Recherches pour le Développement 224-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Unité mixte internationale de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatique des Systèmes Complexes, Unité Mixte de Recherches, Institut de Recherches pour le développement/Sorbonne Université, France
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Pascal Pujol
- Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer/Centre de Recherches en Ecologie et Evolution de la Santé, Unité Mixte de Recherches, Institut de Recherches pour le Développement 224-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CHU Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Raymond
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Lemaitre
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité mixte de recherche 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université Lyon 1 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandra Alvergne
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hitchcock JR, Hughes K, Harris OB, Watson CJ. Dynamic architectural interplay between leucocytes and mammary epithelial cells. FEBS J 2019; 287:250-266. [PMID: 31691481 PMCID: PMC7003847 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammary gland undergoes dynamic changes during puberty and the postnatal developmental cycle. The mammary epithelium is composed of a bilayer of outer basal, or myoepithelial, cells and inner luminal cells, the latter lineage giving rise to the milk-producing alveolar cells during pregnancy. These luminal alveolar cells undergo Stat3-mediated programmed cell death following the cessation of lactation. It is established that immune cells in the microenvironment of the gland have a role to play both in the ductal outgrowth during puberty and in the removal of dead cells and remodelling of the stroma during the process of postlactational regression. However, most studies have focussed on the role of the stromal immune cell compartment or have quantified immune cell populations in tissue extracts. Our recent development of protocols for deep imaging of the mammary gland in three dimensions (3D) has enabled the architectural relationship between immune cells and the epithelium to be examined in detail, and we have discovered a surprisingly dynamic relationship between the basal epithelium and leucocytes. Furthermore, we have observed morphological changes in the myoepithelial cells, as involution progresses, which were not revealed by previous work in 2D tissue sections and whole tissue. This dynamic architecture suggests a role for myoepithelial cells in the orderly progression of involution. We conclude that deep imaging of mammary gland and other tissues is essential for analysing complex interactions between cellular compartments.
Collapse
|
33
|
Davaadelger B, Choi MR, Singhal H, Clare SE, Khan SA, Kim JJ. BRCA1 mutation influences progesterone response in human benign mammary organoids. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:124. [PMID: 31771627 PMCID: PMC6878650 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Women, who carry a germline BRCA1 gene mutation, have a markedly increased risk of developing breast cancer during their lifetime. While BRCA1 carriers frequently develop triple-negative, basal-like, aggressive breast tumors, hormone signaling is important in the genesis of BRCA1 mutant breast cancers. We investigated the hormone response in BRCA1-mutated benign breast tissue using an in vitro organoid system. Methods Scaffold-free, multicellular human breast organoids generated from benign breast tissues from non-carrier or BRCA1 mutation carriers were treated in vitro with a stepwise menstrual cycle hormone regimen of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) over the course of 28 days. Results Breast organoids exhibited characteristics of the native breast tissue, including expression of hormone receptors, collagen production, and markers of luminal and basal epithelium, and stromal fibroblasts. RNA sequencing analysis revealed distinct gene expression in response to hormone treatment in the non-carrier and BRCA1-mutated organoids. The selective progesterone receptor modulator, telapristone acetate (TPA), was used to identify specifically PR regulated genes. Specifically, extracellular matrix organization genes were regulated by E2+P4+TPA in the BRCA1-mutated organoids but not in the non-carrier organoids. In contrast, in the non-carrier organoids, known PR target genes such as the cell cycle genes were inhibited by TPA. Conclusions These data show that BRCA1 mutation influences hormone response and in particular PR activity which differs from that of non-carrier organoids. Our organoid model system revealed important insights into the role of PR in BRCA1-mutated benign breast cells and the critical paracrine actions that modify hormone receptor (HR)-negative cells. Further analysis of the molecular mechanism of BRCA1 and PR crosstalk is warranted using this model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Batzaya Davaadelger
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 4-117, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mi-Ran Choi
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hari Singhal
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan E Clare
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Julie Kim
- Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 4-117, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bergholtz H, Lien TG, Ursin G, Holmen MM, Helland Å, Sørlie T, Haakensen VD. A Longitudinal Study of the Association between Mammographic Density and Gene Expression in Normal Breast Tissue. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:163-175. [PMID: 30613869 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-09423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High mammographic density (MD) is associated with a 4-6 times increase in breast cancer risk. For post-menopausal women, MD often decreases over time, but little is known about the underlying biological mechanisms. MD reflects breast tissue composition, and may be associated with microenvironment subtypes previously identified in tumor-adjacent normal tissue. Currently, these subtypes have not been explored in normal breast tissue. We obtained biopsies from breasts of healthy women at two different time points several years apart and performed microarray gene expression analysis. At time point 1, 65 samples with both MD and gene expression were available. At time point 2, gene expression and MD data were available from 17 women, of which 11 also had gene expression data available from the first time point. We validated findings from our previous study; negative correlation between RBL1 and MD in post-menopausal women, indicating involvement of the TGFβ pathway. We also found that breast tissue samples from women with a large decrease in MD sustained higher expression of genes in the histone family H4. In addition, we explored the previously defined active and inactive microenvironment subtypes and demonstrated that normal breast samples of the active subtype had characteristics similar to the claudin-low breast cancer subtype. Breast biopsies from healthy women are challenging to obtain, but despite a limited sample size, we have identified possible mechanisms relevant for changes in breast biology and MD over time that may be of importance for breast cancer risk and tumor initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helga Bergholtz
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tonje Gulbrandsen Lien
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Giske Ursin
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marit Muri Holmen
- Department of Radiology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Therese Sørlie
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Dep. of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vilde Drageset Haakensen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Oncology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hilton HN, Clarke CL, Graham JD. Estrogen and progesterone signalling in the normal breast and its implications for cancer development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 466:2-14. [PMID: 28851667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone are master regulators of the development and function of a broad spectrum of human tissues, including the breast, reproductive and cardiovascular systems, brain and bone. Acting through the nuclear estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR), both play complex and essential coordinated roles in the extensive development of the lobular alveolar epithelial structures of the normal breast during puberty, the normal menstrual cycle and pregnancy. The past decade has seen major advances in understanding the mechanisms of action of estrogen and progesterone in the normal breast and in the delineation of the complex hierarchy of cell types regulated by ovarian hormones in this tissue. There is evidence for a role for both ER and PR in driving breast cancer, and both are favourable prognostic markers with respect to outcome. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms of action of ER and PR in the normal breast, and implications for the development and management of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N Hilton
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Christine L Clarke
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - J Dinny Graham
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School - Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Widschwendter M, Jones A, Evans I, Reisel D, Dillner J, Sundström K, Steyerberg EW, Vergouwe Y, Wegwarth O, Rebitschek FG, Siebert U, Sroczynski G, de Beaufort ID, Bolt I, Cibula D, Zikan M, Bjørge L, Colombo N, Harbeck N, Dudbridge F, Tasse AM, Knoppers BM, Joly Y, Teschendorff AE, Pashayan N. Epigenome-based cancer risk prediction: rationale, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2018; 15:292-309. [PMID: 29485132 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2018.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer is continuing to rise and risk-tailored early diagnostic and/or primary prevention strategies are urgently required. The ideal risk-predictive test should: integrate the effects of both genetic and nongenetic factors and aim to capture these effects using an approach that is both biologically stable and technically reproducible; derive a score from easily accessible biological samples that acts as a surrogate for the organ in question; and enable the effectiveness of risk-reducing measures to be monitored. Substantial evidence has accumulated suggesting that the epigenome and, in particular, DNA methylation-based tests meet all of these requirements. However, the development and implementation of DNA methylation-based risk-prediction tests poses considerable challenges. In particular, the cell type specificity of DNA methylation and the extensive cellular heterogeneity of the easily accessible surrogate cells that might contain information relevant to less accessible tissues necessitates the use of novel methods in order to account for these confounding issues. Furthermore, the engagement of the scientific community with health-care professionals, policymakers and the public is required in order to identify and address the organizational, ethical, legal, social and economic challenges associated with the routine use of epigenetic testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Widschwendter
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Allison Jones
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Iona Evans
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Reisel
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Sundström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewout W Steyerberg
- Center for Medical Decision Sciences, Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, LUMC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Vergouwe
- Center for Medical Decision Sciences, Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Odette Wegwarth
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Harding Center for Risk Literacy, Berlin, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Adaptive Rationality, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix G Rebitschek
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Harding Center for Risk Literacy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Siebert
- Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research, and HTA, UMIT-University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria.,Harvard T. C. Chan School of Public Health, Center for Health Decision Science, Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston, MA, USA.,Oncotyrol: Center for Personalized Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gaby Sroczynski
- Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health, Health Services Research, and HTA, UMIT-University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Inez D de Beaufort
- Department of Medical Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ineke Bolt
- Department of Medical Ethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Cibula
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Medical Faculty of the Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Zikan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Medical Faculty of the Charles University and General Faculty Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Line Bjørge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nicoletta Colombo
- European Institute of Oncology and University Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Breast Center, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Dudbridge
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Tasse
- Public Population Project in Genomics and Society, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Yann Joly
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrew E Teschendorff
- Department of Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nora Pashayan
- Department of Applied Health Research, Institute of Epidemiology and Healthcare, University College London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Physical activity during adolescence and young adulthood and the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 169:561-571. [PMID: 29404807 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity is inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer among women in the general population. It is not clear whether or not physical activity is associated with the risk of BRCA-associated breast cancer. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of 443 matched pairs of BRCA mutation carriers to evaluate the association between physical activity and breast cancer risk. Moderate and vigorous physical activities at ages 12-13, ages 14-17, ages 18-22, ages 23-29 and ages 30-34 were determined using the Nurses' Health Study II Physical Activity Questionnaire. We estimated mean metabolic equivalent task hours/week for moderate, vigorous and total physical activities overall (ages 12-34), during adolescence (ages 12-17) and during early adulthood (ages 18-34). Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for total, moderate and strenuous recreational physical activities and breast cancer risk, by menopausal status. RESULTS Overall, there was no significant association between total physical activity and subsequent breast cancer risk (ORQ4 vs. Q1 = 1.01, 95% CI 0.69-1.47; P-trend = 0.72). Moderate physical activity between ages 12-17 was associated with a 38% decreased risk of premenopausal breast cancer (ORQ4 vs. Q1 = 0.62; 95% CI 0.40-0.96; P-trend = 0.01). We found no association between exercise and breast cancer diagnosed after menopause. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that early-life physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer among BRCA mutation carriers. IMPACT Future prospective analyses, complemented by mechanistic evidence, are warranted in this high-risk population.
Collapse
|