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Binzagr F. Explainable AI-driven model for gastrointestinal cancer classification. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1349373. [PMID: 38686367 PMCID: PMC11056557 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1349373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the detection procedure has been shown to be highly effective, there are several obstacles to overcome in the usage of AI-assisted cancer cell detection in clinical settings. These issues stem mostly from the failure to identify the underlying processes. Because AI-assisted diagnosis does not offer a clear decision-making process, doctors are dubious about it. In this instance, the advent of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), which offers explanations for prediction models, solves the AI black box issue. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) approach, which results in the interpretation of model predictions, is the main emphasis of this work. The intermediate layer in this study was a hybrid model made up of three Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) (InceptionV3, InceptionResNetV2, and VGG16) that combined their predictions. The KvasirV2 dataset, which comprises pathological symptoms associated to cancer, was used to train the model. Our combined model yielded an accuracy of 93.17% and an F1 score of 97%. After training the combined model, we use SHAP to analyze images from these three groups to provide an explanation of the decision that affects the model prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Binzagr
- Department of Computer Science, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
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Herttua K, Thapa S, Ahrenfeldt LJ, Paljarvi T. The role of modifiable risk factors in incident cancer in transport, rescue, and security industries. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 83:71-77.e1. [PMID: 37100100 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Examine the risk for site-specific incident cancer across representative transport, rescue, and security industries. METHODS This Danish nationwide register-based study included all 302,789 workers from transport, rescue and security industries in 2001-2015 and 2,230,877 individuals aged 18-64 years from a total sample of the economically active population for comparison. We used Cox models to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) of incident cancers. We categorized site-specific cancers by using population-attributable fraction (PAF) estimates from the previous literature. RESULTS During an average follow-up of 13.4 years, 22,116 incident cancer cases were recorded in these industries. Compared with the reference population, the age-adjusted cancer incidence with a high PAF was higher among men in seafaring (HR 1.28; 95% CI 1.14-1.43), and land transport (HR 1.32; 95% CI: 1.26-1.37), and among women in seafaring (HR 1.26; 95% CI: 1.01-1.57), land transport (HR 1.21; 95% CI: 1.12-1.32), aviation (HR 1.22; 95% CI: 1.05-1.41), and police force (HR 1.21; 95% CI: 1.04-1.40). Overall, tobacco and physical inactivity were the most significant risk factors of cancer. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of considerable disparities in incident cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors across industries, the total incident cancer rate was elevated in all industries in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Herttua
- Center of Maritime Health and Society, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark.
| | - Subash Thapa
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Linda Juel Ahrenfeldt
- Unit for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Tateishi Y, Ichikawa R, Suzuki K, Kitahara Y, Someya Y, Tamura Y. Effect of imbalance in dietary macronutrients on blood hemoglobin levels: a cross-sectional study in young underweight Japanese women. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1121717. [PMID: 37408992 PMCID: PMC10319048 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1121717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Iron deficiency and underweight are common nutritional problems among young Japanese women, many of whom show unhealthy dietary patterns owing to a desire for thinness. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between iron status, nutritional status, and dietary intake among young Japanese women with underweight to identify dietary risk factors for iron deficiency. Methods Of the 159 young women (18-29 years of age) enrolled, 77 underweight and 37 normal-weight women were included in the study. They were further categorized into four groups based on quartiles of hemoglobin levels among all participants. Dietary nutrient intake was ascertained using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. Blood level of hemoglobin and nutritional biomarkers such as total protein, albumin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and essential amino acids were measured. Results In underweight, the multiple comparison test showed that dietary intakes of fat, saturated fatty acid, and monosaturated fatty acid were significantly higher and carbohydrate intake was significantly lower in the group with the lowest hemoglobin level, whereas intakes of iron were the same across groups. Multivariate regression coefficients suggested that replacing fat with protein or carbohydrates increased hemoglobin levels under isocaloric conditions. Additionally, significant positive correlations were observed between hemoglobin levels and nutritional biomarkers. Conclusion Dietary iron intake did not change across different hemoglobin groups among Japanese underweight women. However, our results suggested that an imbalanced dietary macronutrient induces anabolic status and hemoglobin synthesis deterioration among them. Especially, a higher fat intake may be a risk factor for lower hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tateishi
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Ichikawa
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Suzuki
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Kitahara
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Someya
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Tamura
- Sportology Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Hubai K, Kováts N, Eck-Varanka B, Teke G. Pot study using Chlorophytum comosum plants to biomonitor PAH levels in domestic kitchens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:51932-51941. [PMID: 36813942 PMCID: PMC10119263 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In indoor environments, cooking is a major contributor to indoor air pollution releasing potentially harmful toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In our study, Chlorophytum comosum 'Variegata' plants were applied to monitor PAH emission rates and patterns in previously selected rural Hungarian kitchens. Concentration and profile of accumulated PAHs could be well explained by cooking methods and materials used in each kitchen. Accumulation of 6-ring PAHs was characteristic in the only kitchen which frequently used deep frying. It also should be emphasized that applicability of C. comosum as indoor biomonitor was assessed. The plant has proven a good monitor organism as it accumulated both LMW and HMW PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Hubai
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, Egyetem Str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Nora Kováts
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, Egyetem Str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary.
| | - Bettina Eck-Varanka
- University of Pannonia, Centre for Natural Sciences, Egyetem Str. 10, Veszprém, 8200, Hungary
| | - Gábor Teke
- ELGOSCAR-2000 Environmental Technology and Water Management Ltd., Balatonfűzfő, 8184, Hungary
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The Burden of Carbohydrates in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183809. [PMID: 36145184 PMCID: PMC9505863 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods high in carbohydrates are an important part of a healthy diet, since they provide the body with glucose to support bodily functions and physical activity. However, the abusive consumption of refined, simple, and low-quality carbohydrates has a direct implication on the physical and mental pathophysiology. Then, carbohydrate consumption is postulated as a crucial factor in the development of the main Western diseases of the 21st century. We conducted this narrative critical review using MedLine (Pubmed), Cochrane (Wiley), Embase, and CinAhl databases with the MeSH-compliant keywords: carbohydrates and evolution, development, phylogenetic, GUT, microbiota, stress, metabolic health, consumption behaviors, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, mental disease, anxiety, depression, cancer, chronic kidney failure, allergies, and asthma in order to analyze the impact of carbohydrates on health. Evidence suggests that carbohydrates, especially fiber, are beneficial for the well-being and growth of gut microorganisms and consequently for the host in this symbiotic relationship, producing microbial alterations a negative effect on mental health and different organic systems. In addition, evidence suggests a negative impact of simple carbohydrates and refined carbohydrates on mood categories, including alertness and tiredness, reinforcing a vicious circle. Regarding physical health, sugar intake can affect the development and prognosis of metabolic disease, as an uncontrolled intake of refined carbohydrates puts individuals at risk of developing metabolic syndrome and subsequently developing metabolic disease.
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The association between dairy products consumption and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1714-1731. [PMID: 35945656 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the relationship between the consumption of dairy products and the risk of prostate cancer. We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases for relevant articles and identified a total of thirty-three cohort studies between 1989 and 2020. The qualities of included studies were assessed using Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Pooled adjusted relative risks (RR) with 95 % CI were calculated. We performed subgroup analyses stratified by dairy type, prostate cancer type, follow-up years, treatment era, collection times, adjustment for confounders and geographic location. In the subgroup analysis stratified by prostate cancer type, the pooled RR were 0·98 (95 % CI 0·94, 1·03) in the advanced group, 1·10 (95 % CI 0·98, 1·24) in the non-advanced group and 0·92 (95 % CI 0·84, 1·00) in the fatal group. In the dose–response analysis, a positive association for the risk of prostate cancer was observed for total dairy products 400 g/d (RR: 1·02; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·03), total milk 200 g/d (RR: 1·02; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·03), cheese 40 g/d (RR: 1·01; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·03) and butter 50 g/d (RR: 1·03; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·05). A decreased risk was observed for the intake of whole milk 100 g/d (RR: 0·97; 95 % CI 0·96, 0·99). Our meta-analysis suggests that high intakes of dairy products may be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer; however, since many of the studies were affected by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening bias, additional studies with an adjustment of PSA screening are needed.
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[Phase angle assessment by electrical vector bioimpedance in women with cervical cancer]. NUTR HOSP 2021; 38:1192-1199. [PMID: 34514805 DOI: 10.20960/nh.03492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women in the world. It is associated with a high body mass index. However, the phase angle has not been determined in women with cervical cancer. Electrical vector bioimpedance has been validated to assess body composition, nutritional status, and cell membrane integrity in cancer patients using phase angle. Objetive: to evaluate phase angle, body composition by electrical vector bioimpedance, and dietary intake in women with cervical diagnosis who are users of a second-level care hospital in San Luis Potosí, Mexico. METHODS an observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study. Seventy women with a diagnosis of cervical cancer were studied in the oncology service. Phase angle was measured, and the frequency of food from the Nutritional Habits Assessment System and a questionnaire to measure socioeconomic level were applied. Phase angle measurement was performed, and the SNUT instruments were applied for the frequency of food, and AMAI for< the socioeconomic level. RESULTS the data of the phase angle in a mean of 4.66 ° ± 0.87 ° with a range of 2.9 ° to 6.2 ° In a multiple linear regression model formed for phase angle as a dependent variable, and evolution of the cervical cancer, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass, extracellular water, fructose, saturated fatty acids, and trans fatty acids as independent variables, had an R2 value of 0.748 with a p-value of 0.001. CONCLUSION women with cervical cancer have integrity damage of the cell membrane with a lower phase angle than the reference population.
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Trends of Testicular Cancer Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios in Relation to Health Expenditure: An Ecological Study of 54 Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041546. [PMID: 33561945 PMCID: PMC7914754 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Favorable testicular cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) are associated with health care disparities, including health care expenditures, but the trends of testicular MIR and health care disparity remain unclear. We evaluated changes in MIR as the difference between 2012 and 2018, termed delta MIR (δMIR). Health care expenditures and the human development index (HDI) were obtained from the World Health Organization and the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme. The association between the variables was analyzed by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. A total of 54 countries were included in the criteria of data quality reports and missing data. By continent, the most favorable MIR was in Oceania (0.03) while it was 0.36 in Africa. In these areas, the incidence rates were positively correlated to health care expenditure, but the mortality rates showed a reversed correlation. The MIR ranged from 0.01 to 0.34 and the δMIR ranged from -0.05 to 0.34. The favorable MIRs are correlated to high health care expenditure and HDI (all p < 0.001). Interestingly, favorable δMIRs tend to be seen in countries with relatively low health care expenditure and HDI (all p < 0.001). In conclusion, favorable testicular cancer MIRs are associated with high HDI and health care expenditure, but the improvement in MIR between 2012 and 2018 (δMIR) is negatively correlated with HDI and health care expenditure.
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Idavain J, Lang K, Tomasova J, Lang A, Orru H. Cancer Incidence Trends in the Oil Shale Industrial Region in Estonia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3833. [PMID: 32481656 PMCID: PMC7312168 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Large oil shale resources are found in Eastern Estonia, where the mineral resource is mined, excavated, and used for electricity generation and shale oil extraction. During industrial activities in the last 100 years, pollutants have been emitted in large amounts, some of which are toxic and carcinogenic. The current study aims to analyse time trends in cancer incidence in the oil shale industry-affected areas and compare them with overall cancer incidence rates and trends in Estonia. We analysed Estonian Cancer Registry data on selected cancer sites that have been previously indicated to have relationships with industrial activities like oil shale extraction. We included lung cancer, kidney cancer, urinary bladder cancer, leukaemia, breast cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A statistically significantly higher lung cancer age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was found during the study period (1992-2015) only in males in the oil shale areas as compared to males in Estonia overall: 133.6 and 95.5 per 100,000, respectively. However, there appeared to be a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the lung cancer ASIR in males in the oil shale areas (overall decrease 28.9%), whereas at the same time, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in non-oil shale areas (13.3%) and in Estonia overall (1.5%). Other cancer sites did not show higher ASIRs in the oil shale industrial areas compared to other areas in Estonia. Possible explanations could be improved environmental quality, socio-economic factors, and other morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Idavain
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.L.); (H.O.)
- Department of Health Statistics, National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu 42, 11619 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Katrin Lang
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.L.); (H.O.)
| | - Jelena Tomasova
- Estonian Health Board, Paldiski mnt 81, 10617 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Aavo Lang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Hans Orru
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.L.); (H.O.)
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, SE-901 87 Umea, Sweden
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Iacoviello L, Bonaccio M, de Gaetano G, Donati MB. Epidemiology of breast cancer, a paradigm of the "common soil" hypothesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 72:4-10. [PMID: 32087245 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in women aged 20-50 years, with some geographical difference. The yearly incidence of the disease is increasing while the related mortality is steadily decreasing. Breast cancer is associated not only with specific hormones or factors related with reproduction, but mostly to more general environmental factors, linked to socioeconomic conditions and lifestyles (smoking, stress, physical exercise and particularly dietary habits). The latter, indeed, are risk factors or conditions common to hormone-dependent tumors and other chronic degenerative disorders, such as ischemic cardio cerebro-vascular and neuro-degenerative disease. Breast cancer can indeed be considered as a paradigm of the so-called "common soil" concept, according to which the above mentioned conditions, although having different clinical manifestations, share some pathogenetic mechanisms and risk factors and intermediate predisposing phenotypes (see Type2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome or obesity). In an epidemiological perspective, evidence has been accumulated on the common response of breast cancer and cardiovascular disorders to healthy lifestyles and in particular to the beneficial effects of a close adhesion to the Mediterranean dietary model. The latter would mainly be effective thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties, thus controlling the subclinical condition of low-grade inflammation, a common risk factor of all the "common soil" disorders. Results from the prospective cohort of the Moli-sani Study (nearly 25,000 adults from the general population of the Southern Italy region of Molise) are highly suggestive in this context. In a public health perspective, the "common soil" hypothesis may thus promote the application of preventive strategies, particularly targeting lifestyles, for a broad spectrum of widely prevalent disorders, ranging from breast cancer to myocardial infarction or cognitive impairment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Iacoviello
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli IS, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), University of Insubria, Varese-Como, Italy.
| | - Marialaura Bonaccio
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli IS, Italy
| | - Giovanni de Gaetano
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS NEUROMED, Pozzilli IS, Italy
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Perspectives on a Global Change in Testicular Cancer Incidence. Eur Urol 2019; 76:624-625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Malagoli C, Malavolti M, Farnetani F, Longo C, Filippini T, Pellacani G, Vinceti M. Food and Beverage Consumption and Melanoma Risk: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Northern Italy. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2206. [PMID: 31547443 PMCID: PMC6769978 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that diet may influence the risk of melanoma, but few studies are available on this topic. We assessed the relation between food consumption and the risk of cutaneous melanoma in a Northern Italy population. We carried out a population-based case-control study involving 380 cases of melanoma and 719 age- and sex-matched controls. Dietary habits were established through a self-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We computed the odds ratios (ORs) of melanoma and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) according to tertiles of daily intake of each food item, using multiple logistic regression models adjusted for major confounding factors. We observed an indication of a positive association between melanoma risk and consumption of cereals and cereal products (OR = 1.32; 95% CI 0.89-1.96, higher vs. lowest tertile), sweets (OR = 1.22; 95% CI 0.84-1.76), chocolate, candy bars. etc., (OR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.09-2.09) and cabbages (OR = 1.51; 95% CI 1.09-2.09). Conversely, an inverse association with disease risk was found for the intake of legumes (OR = 0.77; 95% CI 0.52-1.13), olive oil (OR = 0.77; 95% CI 0.51-1.16), eggs (OR = 0.58; 95% CI 0.41-0.82), and onion and garlic (OR = 0.80; 95% CI 0.52-1.14). No relationship was observed with beverage consumption. Our results suggest potentially adverse effects on melanoma risk of foods characterized by high contents of refined flours and sugars, while suggesting a protective role for eggs and two key components of the Mediterranean diet, legumes and olive oil. These associations warrant further investigation and, if confirmed, they might have important public health implications for the reduction of melanoma incidence through dietary modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Malagoli
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health-Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Marcella Malavolti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health-Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Francesca Farnetani
- Dermatologic Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Caterina Longo
- Dermatologic Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health-Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Dermatologic Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health-Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes a selection of epidemiologic research assessing the associations between carbohydrate intake and cancer incidence and survival. Evidence for plausible biological mechanisms is also considered. RECENT FINDINGS The mechanistic paradigm explaining the relationship between carbohydrates and cancer risk has been contested by numerous observational studies. Carbohydrates have conventionally been ascribed a deleterious role in the field of cancer research due to previous preclinical findings. A breadth of studies suggests that complex carbohydrate intake is inversely associated with risk of a number of cancer types. Data from studies assessing simple carbohydrates and cancer risk are mixed. Furthermore, recommendations for subsequent studies are framed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Maino Vieytes
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 S Goodwin Ave, 386 Bevier Hall, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hania M Taha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaig, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Amirah A Burton-Obanla
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 S Goodwin Ave, 386 Bevier Hall, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Katherine G Douglas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaig, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Anna E Arthur
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 S Goodwin Ave, 386 Bevier Hall, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaig, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Carle Cancer Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA.
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