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Tian Z, Li X, Yu X, Yan S, Sun J, Ma W, Zhu X, Tang Y. The role of primary cilia in thyroid diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1306550. [PMID: 38260150 PMCID: PMC10801159 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1306550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia (PC) are non-motile and microtube-based organelles protruding from the surface of almost all thyroid follicle cells. They maintain homeostasis in thyrocytes and loss of PC can result in diverse thyroid diseases. The dysfunction of structure and function of PC are found in many patients with common thyroid diseases. The alterations are associated with the cause, development, and recovery of the diseases and are regulated by PC-mediated signals. Restoring normal PC structure and function in thyrocytes is a promising therapeutic strategy to treat thyroid diseases. This review explores the function of PC in normal thyroid glands. It summarizes the pathology caused by PC alterations in thyroid cancer (TC), autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), hypothyroidism, and thyroid nodules (TN) to provide comprehensive references for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijiao Tian
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinlin Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxin Yan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Ma
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Tang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Shabani S, Houlton S, Ghimire B, Tonello D, Reed C, Baba H, Aldrich S, Phillips TJ. Robust aversive effects of trace amine-associated receptor 1 activation in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1446-1454. [PMID: 37055488 PMCID: PMC10425385 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that stimulate the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) are under clinical investigation as treatments for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Previous studies in a genetic mouse model of voluntary methamphetamine intake identified TAAR1, expressed by the Taar1 gene, as a critical mediator of aversive methamphetamine effects. Methamphetamine is a TAAR1 agonist, but also has actions at monoamine transporters. Whether exclusive activation of TAAR1 has aversive effects was not known at the time we conducted our studies. Mice were tested for aversive effects of the selective TAAR1 agonist, RO5256390, using taste and place conditioning procedures. Hypothermic and locomotor effects were also examined, based on prior evidence of TAAR1 mediation. Male and female mice of several genetic models were used, including lines selectively bred for high and low methamphetamine drinking, a knock-in line in which a mutant form of Taar1 that codes for a non-functional TAAR1 was replaced by the reference Taar1 allele that codes for functional TAAR1, and their matched control line. RO5256390 had robust aversive, hypothermic and locomotor suppressing effects that were found only in mice with functional TAAR1. Knock-in of the reference Taar1 allele rescued these phenotypes in a genetic model that normally lacks TAAR1 function. Our study provides important data on TAAR1 function in aversive, locomotor, and thermoregulatory effects that are important to consider when developing TAAR1 agonists as therapeutic drugs. Because other drugs can have similar consequences, potential additive effects should be carefully considered as these treatment agents are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shkelzen Shabani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
- Department of Biology, Minot State University, Minot, ND, USA
- Biomedical Sciences at Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Sydney Houlton
- Department of Biology, Minot State University, Minot, ND, USA
| | - Bikalpa Ghimire
- Department of Biology, Minot State University, Minot, ND, USA
| | - Derek Tonello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Cheryl Reed
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Harue Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sara Aldrich
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
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3
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Evaluation of Approach to a Conspecific and Blood Biochemical Parameters in TAAR1 Knockout Mice. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050614. [PMID: 35625001 PMCID: PMC9139149 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) receptor is involved in limbic brain functions by regulating dopamine transmission and putative reward circuitry. Moreover, other TAARs are expressed in the olfactory system of all studied vertebrate species, sensing innate socially-relevant odors, including pheromones. Therefore, one can assume that TAARs may play a role in rodent social and sexual behavior. A comparative behavioral and biochemical analysis of TAAR1 knockout (TAAR1-KO) and wild-type mice is also important for the preliminary evaluation of the potential side effects of future TAAR1-based therapies. In our studies, we adapted a sexual incentive motivation test for mice to evaluate the sexual behavior of TAAR1-KO and wild-type mice. Previously, similar methods were primarily applied to rats. Furthermore, we measured testosterone and other biochemical parameters in the blood. As a result, we found only minimal alterations in all of the studied parameters. Thus, the lack of TAAR1 does not significantly affect sexual motivation and routine lipid and metabolic blood biochemical parameters, suggesting that future TAAR1-based therapies should have a favorable safety profile.
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Characterization of Cysteine Cathepsin Expression in the Central Nervous System of Aged Wild-Type and Cathepsin-Deficient Mice. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The association of cathepsin proteases in neurobiology is increasingly recognized. Our previous studies indicated that cathepsin-K-deficient (Ctsk−/−) mice have learning and memory impairments. Alterations in cathepsin expression are known to result in compensatory changes in levels of related cathepsins. To gain insight into the therapeutic usefulness of cathepsin inhibitors in aging individuals with osteoporosis or neurodegenerative diseases, we studied for variations in cathepsin expression and activity in aged (18–20 months) versus young (5–7 months) wild-type (WT) and cathepsin-deficient mice brains. There were age-dependent increases in cathepsin B, D, and L and cystatin C protein levels in various brain regions, mainly of WT and Ctsk−/− mice. This corresponded with changes in activity levels of cathepsins B and L, but not cathepsin D. In contrast, very little age-dependent variation was observed in cathepsin-B- and cathepsin-L-deficient mouse brain, especially at the protein level. The observed alterations in cathepsin protein amounts and activity are likely contributing to changes in important aging-related processes such as autophagy. In addition, the results provide insight into the potential impact of cathepsin inhibitor therapy in aged individuals, as well as in long-term use of cathepsin inhibitor therapy.
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Zhukov IS, Kubarskaya LG, Karpova IV, Vaganova AN, Karpenko MN, Gainetdinov RR. Minor Changes in Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility in Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 5 (TAAR5) Knockout Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147307. [PMID: 34298937 PMCID: PMC8303310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed in the olfactory epithelium, central nervous system, and periphery. TAAR family generally consists of nine types of receptors (TAAR1-9), which can detect biogenic amines. During the last 5 years, the TAAR5 receptor became one of the most intriguing receptors in this subfamily. Recent studies revealed that TAAR5 is involved not only in sensing socially relevant odors but also in the regulation of dopamine and serotonin transmission, emotional regulation, and adult neurogenesis by providing significant input from the olfactory system to the limbic brain areas. Such results indicate that future antagonistic TAAR5-based therapies may have high pharmacological potential in the field of neuropsychiatric disorders. TAAR5 is known to be expressed in leucocytes as well. To evaluate potential hematological side effects of such future treatments we analyzed several hematological parameters in mice lacking TAAR5. In these mutants, we observed minor but significant changes in the osmotic fragility test of erythrocytes and hematocrit levels. At the same time, analysis of other parameters including complete blood count and reticulocyte levels showed no significant alterations in TAAR5 knockout mice. Thus, TAAR5 gene knockout leads to minor negative changes in the erythropoiesis or eryptosis processes, and further research in that field is needed. The impact of TAAR5 deficiency on other hematological parameters seems minimal. Such negative, albeit minor, effects of TAAR5 deficiency should be taken into account during future TAAR5-based therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya S. Zhukov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.S.Z.); (A.N.V.)
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (L.G.K.); (I.V.K.); (M.N.K.)
| | - Larisa G. Kubarskaya
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (L.G.K.); (I.V.K.); (M.N.K.)
- Institute of Toxicology of Federal Medical-Biological Agency, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Inessa V. Karpova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (L.G.K.); (I.V.K.); (M.N.K.)
| | - Anastasia N. Vaganova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.S.Z.); (A.N.V.)
| | - Marina N. Karpenko
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (L.G.K.); (I.V.K.); (M.N.K.)
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (I.S.Z.); (A.N.V.)
- Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Qatato M, Venugopalan V, Al-Hashimi A, Rehders M, Valentine AD, Hein Z, Dallto U, Springer S, Brix K. Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Trafficking to Cilia of Thyroid Epithelial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061518. [PMID: 34208608 PMCID: PMC8234161 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (rodent Taar1/human TAAR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is mainly recognized for its functions in neuromodulation. Previous in vitro studies suggested that Taar1 may signal from intracellular compartments. However, we have shown Taar1 to localize apically and on ciliary extensions in rodent thyrocytes, suggesting that at least in the thyroid, Taar1 may signal from the cilia at the apical plasma membrane domain of thyrocytes in situ, where it is exposed to the content of the follicle lumen containing putative Taar1 ligands. This study was designed to explore mouse Taar1 (mTaar1) trafficking, heterologously expressed in human and rat thyroid cell lines in order to establish an in vitro system in which Taar1 signaling from the cell surface can be studied in future. The results showed that chimeric mTaar1-EGFP traffics to the apical cell surface and localizes particularly to spherical structures of polarized thyroid cells, procilia, and primary cilia upon serum-starvation. Moreover, mTaar1-EGFP appears to form high molecular mass forms, possibly homodimers and tetramers, in stably expressing human thyroid cell lines. However, only monomeric mTaar1-EGFP was cell surface biotinylated in polarized human thyrocytes. In polarized rat thyrocytes, mTaar1-EGFP is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, while cilia were reached by mTaar1-EGFP transiently co-expressed in combination with an HA-tagged construct of the related mTaar5. We conclude that Taar1 trafficking to cilia depends on their integrity. The results further suggest that an in vitro cell model was established that recapitulates Taar1 trafficking in thyrocytes in situ, in principle, and will enable studying Taar1 signaling in future, thus extending our general understanding of its potential significance for thyroid autoregulation.
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Venugopalan V, Al-Hashimi A, Weber J, Rehders M, Qatato M, Wirth EK, Schweizer U, Heuer H, Verrey F, Brix K. The Amino Acid Transporter Mct10/Tat1 Is Important to Maintain the TSH Receptor at Its Canonical Basolateral Localization and Assures Regular Turnover of Thyroid Follicle Cells in Male Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5776. [PMID: 34071318 PMCID: PMC8198332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K-mediated thyroglobulin proteolysis contributes to thyroid hormone (TH) liberation, while TH transporters like Mct8 and Mct10 ensure TH release from thyroid follicles into the blood circulation. Thus, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) released upon TH demand binds to TSH receptors of thyrocytes, where it triggers Gαq-mediated short-term effects like cathepsin-mediated thyroglobulin utilization, and Gαs-mediated long-term signaling responses like thyroglobulin biosynthesis and thyrocyte proliferation. As reported recently, mice lacking Mct8 and Mct10 on a cathepsin K-deficient background exhibit excessive thyroglobulin proteolysis hinting towards altered TSH receptor signaling. Indeed, a combination of canonical basolateral and non-canonical vesicular TSH receptor localization was observed in Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/- mice, which implies prolonged Gαs-mediated signaling since endo-lysosomal down-regulation of the TSH receptor was not detected. Inspection of single knockout genotypes revealed that the TSH receptor localizes basolaterally in Ctsk-/- and Mct8-/y mice, whereas its localization is restricted to vesicles in Mct10-/- thyrocytes. The additional lack of cathepsin K reverses this effect, because Ctsk-/-/Mct10-/- mice display TSH receptors basolaterally, thereby indicating that cathepsin K and Mct10 contribute to TSH receptor homeostasis by maintaining its canonical localization in thyrocytes. Moreover, Mct10-/- mice displayed reduced numbers of dead thyrocytes, while their thyroid gland morphology was comparable to wild-type controls. In contrast, Mct8-/y, Mct8-/y/Mct10-/-, and Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/- mice showed enlarged thyroid follicles and increased cell death, indicating that Mct8 deficiency results in altered thyroid morphology. We conclude that vesicular TSH receptor localization does not result in different thyroid tissue architecture; however, Mct10 deficiency possibly modulates TSH receptor signaling for regulating thyrocyte survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Venugopalan
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (J.W.); (M.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Alaa Al-Hashimi
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (J.W.); (M.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Jonas Weber
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (J.W.); (M.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (J.W.); (M.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Maria Qatato
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (J.W.); (M.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Eva K. Wirth
- Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, D-10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Nußallee 11, D-53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - François Verrey
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (J.W.); (M.R.); (M.Q.)
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Role of Kallikrein 7 in Body Weight and Fat Mass Regulation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020131. [PMID: 33572949 PMCID: PMC7912635 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased plasma and adipose tissue protease activity is observed in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. It has been proposed that specific proteases contribute to the link between obesity, adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic diseases. We have recently shown that ablation of the serine protease kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (Klk7) specifically in adipose tissue preserves systemic insulin sensitivity and protects mice from obesity-related AT inflammation. Here, we investigated whether whole body Klk7 knockout (Klk7-/-) mice develop a phenotype distinct from that caused by reduced Klk7 expression in adipose tissue. Compared to littermate controls, Klk7-/- mice gain less body weight and fat mass both under chow and high fat diet (HFD) feeding, are hyper-responsive to exogenous insulin and exhibit preserved adipose tissue function due to adipocyte hyperplasia and lower inflammation. Klk7-/- mice exhibit increased adipose tissue thermogenesis, which is not related to altered thyroid function. These data strengthen our recently proposed role of Klk7 in the regulation of body weight, energy metabolism, and obesity-associated adipose tissue dysfunction. The protective effects of Klk7 deficiency in obesity are likely linked to a significant limitation of adipocyte hypertrophy. In conclusion, our data indicate potential application of specific KLK7 inhibitors to regulate KLK7 activity in the development of obesity and counteract obesity-associated inflammation and metabolic diseases.
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Venugopalan V, Al-Hashimi A, Rehders M, Golchert J, Reinecke V, Homuth G, Völker U, Manirajah M, Touzani A, Weber J, Bogyo MS, Verrey F, Wirth EK, Schweizer U, Heuer H, Kirstein J, Brix K. The Thyroid Hormone Transporter Mct8 Restricts Cathepsin-Mediated Thyroglobulin Processing in Male Mice through Thyroid Auto-Regulatory Mechanisms That Encompass Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010462. [PMID: 33466458 PMCID: PMC7796480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland is both a thyroid hormone (TH) generating as well as a TH responsive organ. It is hence crucial that cathepsin-mediated proteolytic cleavage of the precursor thyroglobulin is regulated and integrated with the subsequent export of TH into the blood circulation, which is enabled by TH transporters such as monocarboxylate transporters Mct8 and Mct10. Previously, we showed that cathepsin K-deficient mice exhibit the phenomenon of functional compensation through cathepsin L upregulation, which is independent of the canonical hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, thus, due to auto-regulation. Since these animals also feature enhanced Mct8 expression, we aimed to understand if TH transporters are part of the thyroid auto-regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, we analyzed phenotypic differences in thyroid function arising from combined cathepsin K and TH transporter deficiencies, i.e., in Ctsk-/-/Mct10-/-, Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y, and Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/-. Despite the impaired TH export, thyroglobulin degradation was enhanced in the mice lacking Mct8, particularly in the triple-deficient genotype, due to increased cathepsin amounts and enhanced cysteine peptidase activities, leading to ongoing thyroglobulin proteolysis for TH liberation, eventually causing self-thyrotoxic thyroid states. The increased cathepsin amounts were a consequence of autophagy-mediated lysosomal biogenesis that is possibly triggered due to the stress accompanying intrathyroidal TH accumulation, in particular in the Ctsk-/-/Mct8-/y/Mct10-/- animals. Collectively, our data points to the notion that the absence of cathepsin K and Mct8 leads to excessive thyroglobulin degradation and TH liberation in a non-classical pathway of thyroid auto-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Venugopalan
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Alaa Al-Hashimi
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Janine Golchert
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (V.R.); (G.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Vivien Reinecke
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (V.R.); (G.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (V.R.); (G.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (J.G.); (V.R.); (G.H.); (U.V.)
| | - Mythili Manirajah
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Adam Touzani
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Jonas Weber
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
| | - Matthew S. Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA;
| | - Francois Verrey
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Eva K. Wirth
- Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hessische Str. 3-4, Germany and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, D-10115 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Bonn, Nußallee 11, D-53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Heike Heuer
- Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel, Universitätsklinikum Essen (AöR), Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Janine Kirstein
- Fachbereich 2 Biologie/Chemie, Faculty of Cell Biology, Universität Bremen, Leobener Straße 5, D-28359 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Focus Area HEALTH, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, D-29759 Bremen, Germany; (V.V.); (A.A.-H.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.T.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-421-200-3246
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Procathepsin V Is Secreted in a TSH Regulated Manner from Human Thyroid Epithelial Cells and Is Accessible to an Activity-Based Probe. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239140. [PMID: 33266306 PMCID: PMC7731157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of cysteine cathepsins for the liberation of thyroid hormones from the precursor thyroglobulin was previously shown by in vivo and in vitro studies. Cathepsin L is most important for thyroglobulin processing in mice. The present study aims at specifying the possible contribution of its closest relative, cysteine cathepsin L2/V, to thyroid function. Immunofluorescence analysis on normal human thyroid tissue revealed its predominant localization at the apical plasma membrane of thyrocytes and within the follicle lumen, indicating the secretion of cathepsin V and extracellular tasks rather than its acting within endo-lysosomes. To explore the trafficking pathways of cathepsin V in more detail, a chimeric protein consisting of human cathepsin V tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) was stably expressed in the Nthy-ori 3-1 thyroid epithelial cell line. Colocalization studies with compartment-specific markers and analyses of post-translational modifications revealed that the chimeric protein was sorted into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequently transported to the Golgi apparatus, while being N-glycosylated. Immunoblotting showed that the chimeric protein reached endo-lysosomes and it became secreted from the transduced cells. Astonishingly, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-induced secretion of GFP-tagged cathepsin V occurred as the proform, suggesting that TSH upregulates its transport to the plasma membrane before it reaches endo-lysosomes for maturation. The proform of cathepsin V was found to be reactive with the activity-based probe DCG-04, suggesting that it possesses catalytic activity. We propose that TSH-stimulated secretion of procathepsin V is the default pathway in the thyroid to enable its contribution to thyroglobulin processing by extracellular means.
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11
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Wilpert NM, Krueger M, Opitz R, Sebinger D, Paisdzior S, Mages B, Schulz A, Spranger J, Wirth EK, Stachelscheid H, Mergenthaler P, Vajkoczy P, Krude H, Kühnen P, Bechmann I, Biebermann H. Spatiotemporal Changes of Cerebral Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 Expression. Thyroid 2020; 30:1366-1383. [PMID: 32143555 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mutations of monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), a thyroid hormone (TH)-specific transmembrane transporter, cause a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome. In MCT8 deficiency, TH is not able to reach those areas of the brain where TH uptake depends on MCT8. Currently, therapeutic options for MCT8-deficient patients are missing, as TH treatment is not successful in improving neurological deficits. Available data on MCT8 protein and transcript levels indicate complex expression patterns in neural tissue depending on species, brain region, sex, and age. However, information on human MCT8 expression is still scattered and additional efforts are needed to map sites of MCT8 expression in neurovascular units and neural tissue. This is of importance because new therapeutic strategies for this disease are urgently needed. Methods: To identify regions and time windows of MCT8 expression, we used highly specific antibodies against MCT8 to perform immunofluorescence labeling of postnatal murine brains, adult human brain tissue, and human cerebral organoids. Results: Qualitative and quantitative analyses of murine brain samples revealed stable levels of MCT8 protein expression in endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), choroid plexus epithelial cells, and tanycytes during postnatal development. Conversely, the neuronal MCT8 protein expression that was robustly detectable in specific brain regions of young mice strongly declined with age. Similarly, MCT8 immunoreactivity in adult human brain tissue was largely confined to endothelial cells of the BBB. Recently, cerebral organoids emerged as promising models of human neural development and our first analyses of forebrain-like organoids revealed MCT8 expression in early neuronal progenitor cell populations. Conclusions: With respect to MCT8-deficient conditions, our analyses not only strongly support the contention that the BBB presents a lifelong barrier to TH uptake but also highlight the need to decipher the TH transport role of MCT8 in early neuronal cell populations in more detail. Improving the understanding of the spatiotemporal expression in latter barriers will be critical for therapeutic strategies addressing MCT8 deficiency in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina-Maria Wilpert
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Opitz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Sebinger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Paisdzior
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela Schulz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva K Wirth
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Stachelscheid
- Stem Cell Core Facility, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Mergenthaler
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurosurgery, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Krude
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kühnen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Homuth G, Lietzow J, Schanze N, Golchert J, Köhrle J. Endocrine, Metabolic and Pharmacological Effects of Thyronamines (TAM), Thyroacetic Acids (TA) and Thyroid Hormone Metabolites (THM) - Evidence from in vitro, Cellular, Experimental Animal and Human Studies. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:401-413. [PMID: 32450582 DOI: 10.1055/a-1139-9200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone metabolites (THM) with few or no iodine substituents such as 3,5-T2, the thyronamines 3-T1AM and T0AM, and their oxidation products, the thyroacetic acids (TA) formed by monoamine oxidases, have recently attracted major interest due to their metabolic actions which are in part distinct from those of the classical thyromimetic hormone T3, the major ligand of T3 receptors. This review compiles and discusses in vitro effects of 3,5-T2, TAM and TA reported for thyrocytes, pancreatic islets and hepatocytes as well as findings from in vivo studies in mouse models after single or repeated administration of pharmacological doses of these agents. Comparison of the 3,5-T2 effects on the transcriptome with not yet published proteome data in livers of obese mice on high fat diet indicate a distinct anti-steatotic effect of this THM. Furthermore, uptake, metabolism, and cellular actions via various receptors such as trace amine-associated receptors (TAAR), alpha-adrenergic, GPCR and T3 receptors are discussed. Studies on postulated pathways of biosynthesis of 3-T1AM, its effects on the HPT-axis and thyroid gland as well as insulin secretion are reviewed. 3-T1AM also acts on hepatocytes and interferes with TRPM8-dependent signaling in human cell lines related to the eye compartment. Human studies are presented which address potential biosynthesis routes of 3,5-T2 and 3-T1AM from THM precursors, especially T3. The current state of diagnostic analytics of these minor THM in human blood is portrayed comparing and critically discussing the still divergent findings based on classical immunoassay and recently developed liquid-chromatography/mass- spectrometry methods, which allow quantification of the thyronome spectrum from one single small volume serum sample. The clinical perspectives of use and potential abuse of these biologically active THM is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julika Lietzow
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nancy Schanze
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Golchert
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Brix K, Szumska J, Weber J, Qatato M, Venugopalan V, Al-Hashimi A, Rehders M. Auto-Regulation of the Thyroid Gland Beyond Classical Pathways. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:437-445. [PMID: 32074633 DOI: 10.1055/a-1080-2969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review asks how self-regulation of the thyroid gland is realized at the cellular and molecular levels by canonical and non-canonical means. Canonical pathways of thyroid regulation comprise thyroid stimulating hormone-triggered receptor signaling. As part of non-canonical regulation, we hypothesized an interplay between protease-mediated thyroglobulin processing and thyroid hormone release into the circulation by means of thyroid hormone transporters like Mct8. We proposed a sensing mechanism by different thyroid hormone transporters, present in specific subcellular locations of thyroid epithelial cells, selectively monitoring individual steps of thyroglobulin processing, and thus, the cellular thyroid hormone status. Indeed, we found that proteases and thyroid hormone transporters are functionally inter-connected, however, in a counter-intuitive manner fostering self-thyrotoxicity in particular in Mct8- and/or Mct10-deficient mice. Furthermore, the possible role of the G protein-coupled receptor Taar1 is discussed, because we detected Taar1 at cilia of the apical plasma membrane of thyrocytes in vitro and in situ. Eventually, through pheno-typing Taar1-deficient mice, we identified a co-regulatory role of Taar1 and the thyroid stimulating hormone receptors. Recently, we showed that inhibition of thyroglobulin-processing enzymes results in disappearance of cilia from the apical pole of thyrocytes, while Taar1 is re-located to the endoplasmic reticulum. This pathway features a connection between thyrotropin-stimulated secretion of proteases into the thyroid follicle lumen and substrate-mediated self-assisted control of initially peri-cellular thyroglobulin processing, before its reinternalization by endocytosis, followed by extensive endo-lysosomal liberation of thyroid hormones, which are then released from thyroid follicles by means of thyroid hormone transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Joanna Szumska
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany.,Present address of JS is Department of Internal Medicine III, Cardiology, Angiology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Weber
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maria Qatato
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Vaishnavi Venugopalan
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alaa Al-Hashimi
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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14
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Dauth S, Rakov H, Sîrbulescu RF, Ilieş I, Weber J, Batbajar Dugershaw B, Braun D, Rehders M, Wirth EK, Führer D, Schweizer U, Brix K. Function of Cathepsin K in the Central Nervous System of Male Mice is Independent of Its Role in the Thyroid Gland. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:695-710. [PMID: 31808010 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin K deficiency in male mice (Ctsk-/-) results in decreased numbers of hippocampal astrocytes and altered neuronal patterning as well as learning and memory deficits. Additionally, cathepsin K carries essential roles in the thyroid gland where it contributes to the liberation of thyroid hormones (TH). Because TH are essential for brain development, in particular for the cerebellum, we investigated whether cathepsin K's function in the thyroid is directly linked to the brain phenotype of Ctsk-/- mice. Serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, brain concentrations of free TH, and deiodinase 2 (Dio2) activity in brain parenchyma as well as cerebellar development were comparable in Ctsk-/- and WT animals, suggesting regular thyroid states and TH metabolism. Despite unaltered transcript levels, protein expression of two TH transporters was enhanced in specific brain regions in Ctsk-/- mice, suggesting altered TH supply to these regions. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (Trh) mRNA levels were enhanced threefold in the hippocampus of Ctsk-/- mice. In the striatum of Ctsk-/- mice the mRNA for Dio2 and hairless were approximately 1.3-fold enhanced, while mRNA levels for monocarboxylate transporter 8 and Trh were reduced to 60% and 40%, respectively, pointing to altered striatal physiology. We conclude that the role of cathepsin K in the thyroid gland is not directly associated with its function in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice. Future studies will show whether the brain region-specific alterations in Trh mRNA may eventually result in altered neuroprotection that could explain the neurobehavioral defects of Ctsk-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dauth
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helena Rakov
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ruxandra F Sîrbulescu
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Iulian Ilieş
- Department of Mathematics and Logistics, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,Healthcare Systems Engineering Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 1200-177, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jonas Weber
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,CisBio, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Battuja Batbajar Dugershaw
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.,Empa, Particles-Biology Interactions, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Doreen Braun
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Nußallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maren Rehders
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany
| | - Eva K Wirth
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hessische Straße 3-4, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Nußallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany.
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15
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Martínez-Hernández R, Serrano-Somavilla A, Ramos-Leví A, Sampedro-Nuñez M, Lens-Pardo A, Muñoz De Nova JL, Triviño JC, González MU, Torné L, Casares-Arias J, Martín-Cófreces NB, Sánchez-Madrid F, Marazuela M. Integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiling identifies novel targets and pathological mechanisms in autoimmune thyroid diseases. EBioMedicine 2019; 50:329-342. [PMID: 31735554 PMCID: PMC6921241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms underlying autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) remain elusive. Identification of such mechanisms would reveal novel and/or better therapeutic targets. Here, we use integrated analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs expression profiling to identify potential therapeutic targets involved in the mechanisms underlying AITD. Methods miRNA and mRNA from twenty fresh-frozen thyroid tissues (15 from AITD patients and 5 from healthy controls) were subjected to next-generation sequencing. An anti-correlated method revealed potential pathways and disease targets, including proteins involved in the formation of primary cilia. Thus, we examined the distribution and length of primary cilia in thyroid tissues from AITD and controls using immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, and parsed cilia formation in thyroid cell lines in response to inflammatory stimuli in the presence of miRNA mimics. Findings We found that the expression of miR-21-5p, miR-146b-3p, miR-5571-3p and miR-6503-3p was anti-correlated with Enolase 4 (ENO4), in-turned planar cell polarity protein (INTU), kinesin family member 27 (KIF27), parkin co-regulated (PACRG) and serine/threonine kinase 36 (STK36) genes. Functional classification of these miRNA/mRNAs revealed that their differential expression was associated with cilia organization. We demonstrated that the number and length of primary cilia in thyroid tissues was significantly lower in AITD than in control (frequency of follicular ciliated cells in controls = 67.54% vs a mean of 22.74% and 21.61% in HT and GD respectively p = 0.0001, by one-way ANOVA test). In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα) and specific miRNA mimics for the newly identified target genes affected cilia appearance in thyroid cell lines. Interpretation Integrated miRNA/gene expression analysis has identified abnormal ciliogenesis as a novel susceptibility pathway that is involved in the pathogenesis of AITD. These results reflect that ciliogenesis plays a relevant role in AITD, and opens research pathways to design therapeutic targets in AITD. Funding Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Comunidad de Madrid, Grupo Español de Tumores Neuroendocrinos y Endocrinos, Ministerio de Economía y Empresa and FEDER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martínez-Hernández
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Serrano-Somavilla
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramos-Leví
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Sampedro-Nuñez
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lens-Pardo
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Muñoz De Nova
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Ujue González
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Lorena Torné
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM+CSIC), Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Javier Casares-Arias
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científcas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa B Martín-Cófreces
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Spain
| | - Mónica Marazuela
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Diego de León 62, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Minimal Age-Related Alterations in Behavioral and Hematological Parameters in Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) Knockout Mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:273-282. [PMID: 31399838 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery in 2001, the G protein-coupled trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) has become an important focus of research targeted on evaluation of its role in the central nervous system (CNS). Meanwhile, impact of TAAR1 in the peripheral organs is less investigated. Expression of TAAR1 was demonstrated in different peripheral tissues: pancreatic β-cells, stomach, intestines, white blood cells (WBC), and thyroid. However, the role of TAAR1 in regulation of hematological parameters has not been investigated yet. In this study, we performed analysis of anxiety-related behaviors, a complete blood count (CBC), erythrocyte fragility, as well as FT3/FT4 thyroid hormones levels in adult and middle-aged TAAR1 knockout mice. Complete blood count analysis was performed on a Siemens Advia 2120i hematology analyzer and included more than 35 measured and calculated parameters. Erythrocyte fragility test evaluated spherocytosis pathologies of red blood cells (RBC). No significant alterations in essentially all these parameters were found in mice without TAAR1. However, comparative aging analysis has revealed a decreased neutrophils level in the middle-aged TAAR1 knockout mouse group. Minimal alterations in these parameters observed in TAAR1 knockout mice suggest that future TAAR1-based therapies should exert little hematological effect and thus will likely have a good safety profile.
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17
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Szumska J, Batool Z, Al-Hashimi A, Venugopalan V, Skripnik V, Schaschke N, Bogyo M, Brix K. Treatment of rat thyrocytes in vitro with cathepsin B and L inhibitors results in disruption of primary cilia leading to redistribution of the trace amine associated receptor 1 to the endoplasmic reticulum. Biochimie 2019; 166:270-285. [PMID: 31302164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Taar1 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) confined to primary cilia of rodent thyroid epithelial cells. Taar1-deficient mouse thyroid follicles feature luminal accumulation of thyroglobulin suggesting that Taar1 acts as a regulator of extra- and pericellular thyroglobulin processing, which is mediated by cysteine cathepsin proteases present at the apical plasma membrane of rodent thyrocytes. Here, by immunostaining and confocal laser scanning microscopy, we demonstrated co-localization of cathepsin L, but only little cathepsin B, with Taar1 at primary cilia of rat thyrocytes, the FRT cells. Because proteases were shown to affect half-lives of certain receptors, we determined the effect of cathepsin activity inhibition on sub-cellular localization of Taar1 in FRT cells, whereupon Taar1 localization altered such that it was retained in compartments of the secretory pathway. Since the same effect on Taar1 localization was observed in both cathepsin B and L inhibitor-treated cells, the interaction of cathepsin activities and sub-cellular localization of Taar1 was thought to be indirect. Indeed, we observed that cathepsin inhibition resulted in a lack of primary cilia from FRT cells. Next, we proved that primary cilia are a necessity for Taar1 trafficking to reach the plasma membrane of FRT cells, since the disruption of primary cilia by treatment with β-cyclodextrin resulted in Taar1 retention in compartments of the secretory pathway. Furthermore, in less well-polarized rat thyrocytes, namely in FRTL-5 cells lacking primary cilia, Taar1 was mainly confined to the compartments of the secretory pathway. We conclude that Taar1 localization in polarized thyroid epithelial cells requires the presence of primary cilia, which is dependent on the proteolytic activity of cysteine cathepsins B and L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szumska
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Zaina Batool
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alaa Al-Hashimi
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Vaishnavi Venugopalan
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Vladislav Skripnik
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany.
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18
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Fernández-Santos JM, Utrilla JC, Vázquez-Román V, Villar-Rodríguez JL, Gutiérrez-Avilés L, Martín-Lacave I. Primary Cilium in the Human Thyrocyte: Changes in Frequency and Length in Relation to the Functional Pathology of the Thyroid Gland. Thyroid 2019; 29:595-606. [PMID: 30767621 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary cilia (PC) are conserved structures in the adult thyroid gland of different mammals. It was recently described that in humans, PC are usually present as a single copy per follicular cell emerging from the follicular cell apex into the follicular lumen. METHODS To understand the role developed by PC in thyroid hormonogenesis better, their changes in different human functional thyroid diseases (diffuse toxic hyperplasia/Graves' disease [GD] and nodular hyperplasia [NH]/nodular goiter), in comparison to normal thyroid tissue, were investigated using immunofluorescence, morphometry, and electron microscopy analyses. RESULTS Significantly decreased ciliary frequencies were found in both NH (51.16 ± 11.69%) and GD (44.43 ± 23.70%) compared to normal thyroid tissue (76.09 ± 7.31%). Similarly, PC lengths were also significantly decreased in both NH (2.02 ± 0.35 μm) and GD (2.4 ± 0.48 μm) compared to normal glands (3.93 ± 0.90 μm). Moreover, in GD patients, hyperactive-follicle foci always showed diminished ciliary frequency and length compared to any other thyroid follicle pattern, independent of their thyroid status. Finally, in GD, the percentage of thyrocytes exhibiting PC in the "normal-appearance areas" was significantly lower in correspondence with the subsistence of signs of thyroid biosynthetic hyperactivity after long-term antithyroid drug treatment. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a direct relationship between ciliogenesis and both follicle activity and tissue heterogeneity in the functional pathology of the thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Fernández-Santos
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - José Carmelo Utrilla
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Victoria Vázquez-Román
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Lorenzo Gutiérrez-Avilés
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Inés Martín-Lacave
- 1 School of Medicine, Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Köhrle J, Biebermann H. 3-Iodothyronamine-A Thyroid Hormone Metabolite With Distinct Target Profiles and Mode of Action. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:602-630. [PMID: 30649231 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The rediscovery of the group of thyronamines (TAMs), especially the first detailed description of their most prominent congener 3-iodothyronamine (3T1AM) 14 years ago, boosted research on this thyroid hormone metabolite tremendously. TAMs exert actions partly opposite to and distinct from known functions of thyroid hormones. These fascinating metabolic, anapyrexic, cytoprotective, and brain effects quickly evoked the hope to use hormone-derived TAMs as a therapeutic option. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) TAAR1, a member of the trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR) family, was identified as the first target and effector of TAM action. The initial enthusiasm on pharmacological actions of exogenous TAMs elicited many questions, such as sites of biosynthesis, analytics, modes of action, inactivation, and role of TAMs in (patho)physiology. Meanwhile, it became clear that TAMs not only interact with TAAR1 or other TAAR family members but also with several aminergic receptors and non-GPCR targets such as transient receptor potential channels, mitochondrial proteins, and the serum TAM-binding protein apolipoprotein B100, thus classifying 3T1AM as a multitarget ligand. The physiological mode of action of TAMs is still controversial because regulation of endogenous TAM production and the sites of its biosynthesis are not fully elucidated. Methods for 3T1AM analytics need further validation, as they revealed different blood and tissue concentrations depending on detection principles used such as monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay vs liquid chromatography- matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry or time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In this review, we comprehensively summarize and critically evaluate current basic, translational, and clinical knowledge on 3T1AM and its main metabolite 3-iodothyroacetic acid, focusing on endocrine-relevant aspects and open but highly challenging issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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20
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Hoermann R, Midgley JEM, Larisch R, Dietrich JW. The role of functional thyroid capacity in pituitary thyroid feedback regulation. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48:e13003. [PMID: 30022470 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid feedback regulation and equilibria between thyroid hormones differ in the presence or absence of a functioning thyroid remnant. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study examines the relationship between the sensitivity of TSH feedback and thyroid capacity in untreated patients with thyroid autoimmune disease (n = 86) and healthy controls (n = 271). Functional capacity was estimated at maximum TSH stimulation, and pituitary TSH response was FT4-standardised with two established indices, the TSH index and the thyrotroph thyroid hormone resistance index. RESULTS The two indices correlated inversely with thyroid volume and functional thyroid capacity. Relationships were shifted upwards in patients with thyroid autoimmune disease. This positioned patients with thyroid autoimmune disease predominantly at the lower capacity range and upper part of TSH index. The relationship was modulated by serum FT3 concentrations, shifting 0.19 [95%CI: 0.12, 0.26] mIU/L per pmol FT3 increase. FT3 correlated with TSH index in total group ( τ = 0.09, P = 0.009) and both subgroups. FT3 levels were maintained despite a substantial capacity loss by progressively increasing conversion rates of T3 from T4, only collapsing at capacities below <1.5 pmol/s. CONCLUSION Functional thyroid capacity and preferential T3 generation are essential elements in adjusting the sensitivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid feedback control and balancing system equilibria. This suggests that the indirect regulatory role of glandular T3 co-secretion exceeds its quantitative contribution to the thyroid hormone pool. Implications for clinical practice extend to the diagnostic use of TSH in patients with impaired thyroid reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Hoermann
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Larisch
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | - Johannes W Dietrich
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, Germany
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21
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Dietrich JW, Midgley JEM, Hoermann R. Editorial: "Homeostasis and Allostasis of Thyroid Function". Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:287. [PMID: 29922229 PMCID: PMC5996081 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W. Dietrich
- Medical Department 1, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Ruhr Centre of Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Ruhr Centre of Rare Diseases (CeSER), Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- *Correspondence: Johannes W. Dietrich,
| | | | - Rudolf Hoermann
- Private Consultancy, Research and Development, Yandina, QLD, Australia
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