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Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ. An updated overview on the relationship between human gut microbiome dysbiosis and psychiatric and psychological disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 128:110861. [PMID: 37690584 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a lot of evidence establishing that nervous system development is related to the composition and functions of the gut microbiome. In addition, the central nervous system (CNS) controls the imbalance of the intestinal microbiota, constituting a bidirectional communication system. At present, various gut-brain crosstalk routes have been described, including immune, endocrine and neural circuits via the vagal pathway. Several empirical data have associated gut microbiota alterations (dysbiosis) with neuropsychiatric diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, autism and Parkinson's disease, and with other psychological disorders, like anxiety and depression. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) therapy has shown that the gut microbiota can transfer behavioral features to recipient animals, which provides strong evidence to establish a causal-effect relationship. Interventions, based on prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics, have demonstrated an important influence of microbiota on neurological disorders by the synthesis of neuroactive compounds that interact with the nervous system and by the regulation of inflammatory and endocrine processes. Further research is needed to demonstrate the influence of gut microbiota dysbiosis on psychiatric and psychological disorders, and how microbiota-based interventions may be used as potential therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Borrego-Ruiz
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Facultad de Psicología, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
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2
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Gokulakrishnan K, Nikhil J, Viswanath B, Thirumoorthy C, Narasimhan S, Devarajan B, Joseph E, David AKD, Sharma S, Vasudevan K, Sreeraj VS, Holla B, Shivakumar V, Debnath M, Venkatasubramanian G, Varambally S. Comparison of gut microbiome profile in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls - A plausible non-invasive biomarker? J Psychiatr Res 2023; 162:140-149. [PMID: 37156128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome regulates brain function through the microbiome-gut-brain axis and is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the relationship between the gut microbiome and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCZ) is poorly defined, and very few studies have examined the effect of antipsychotic treatment response. We aim to study the differences in the gut microbiota among drug-naïve (DN SCZ) and risperidone-treated SCZ patients (RISP SCZ), compared to healthy controls (HCs). We recruited a total of 60 participants, from the clinical services of a large neuropsychiatric hospital, which included DN SCZ, RISP SCZ and HCs (n = 20 each). Fecal samples were analyzed using 16s rRNA sequencing in this cross-sectional study. No significant differences were found in taxa richness (alpha diversity) but microbial composition differed between SCZ patients (both DN and RISP) and HCs (PERMANOVA, p = 0.02). Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe) and Random Forest model identified the top six genera, which significantly differed in abundance between the study groups. A specific genus-level microbial panel of Ruminococcus, UCG005, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and Bifidobacterium could discriminate SCZ patients from HCs with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79, HCs vs DN SCZ (AUC: 0.68), HCs vs RISP SCZ (AUC: 0.93) and DN SCZ vs RISP SCZ (AUC: 0.87). Our study identified distinct microbial signatures that could aid in the differentiation of DN SCZ, RISP SCZ, and HCs. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of the gut microbiome in SCZ pathophysiology and suggest potential targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppan Gokulakrishnan
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India.
| | - Joyappa Nikhil
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Chinnasamy Thirumoorthy
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Sandhya Narasimhan
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Bharanidharan Devarajan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ebin Joseph
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Arul Kevin Daniel David
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Sapna Sharma
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Kavitha Vasudevan
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vanteemar S Sreeraj
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Bharath Holla
- Department of Integrative Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- Department of Integrative Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Shivarama Varambally
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India; Department of Integrative Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
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Huang X, Lai S, Lu X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen G, Chen P, Ye K, Duan M, Song K, Zhong S, Jia Y. Cognitive dysfunction and neurometabolic alternations in major depressive disorder with gastrointestinal symptoms. J Affect Disord 2023; 322:180-186. [PMID: 36372125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain biochemical abnormalities have been associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and cognitive impairments. However, the cognitive performance and neurometabolic alterations of MDD patients accompanied by gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms remain to be elucidated. We aimed to reveal the features and correlation between cognitive impairments and brain biochemical abnormalities of depressed patients with GI symptoms. METHODS Fifty MDD patients with GI symptoms (GI group), 46 patients without GI symptoms (NGI group) and 50 demographically matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) assessments. In addition, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was used to obtain ratios of N-acetyl aspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr) and choline-containing compounds to creatine (Cho/Cr) in the thalamus, putamen and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Finally, association analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships of these measurements. RESULTS Compared to HCs, participants in both the GI and NGI groups had significantly reduced performance in the six MCCB cognitive domains (all p < 0.05), except for reasoning and problem solving. Higher Cho/Cr ratios in the right thalamus (p < 0.05) and lower NAA/Cr ratios in the left putamen (p < 0.05) were found in the NGI group than in the GI group. The severity of GI symptoms was negatively correlated with Cho/Cr ratios in the right ACC (r = -0.288, p = 0.037). In addition, the T-scores of visual learning were negatively correlated with NAA/Cr ratios in the right ACC (r = -0.443, p = 0.001) and right thalamus (r = -0.335, p = 0.015). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that MDD patients with GI symptoms may exhibit greater neurometabolic alternations than those without GI symptoms, while both show similar cognitive dysfunction. In addition, neurometabolic alterations in the ACC and thalamus may underlie the neural basis of GI symptoms and cognitive impairment in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shunkai Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xiaodan Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yiliang Zhang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guanmao Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Kaiwei Ye
- School of Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - Manying Duan
- School of Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - Kailin Song
- School of Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510316, China
| | - Shuming Zhong
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Yanbin Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Zeb F, Osaili T, Obaid RS, Naja F, Radwan H, Cheikh Ismail L, Hasan H, Hashim M, Alam I, Sehar B, Faris ME. Gut Microbiota and Time-Restricted Feeding/Eating: A Targeted Biomarker and Approach in Precision Nutrition. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020259. [PMID: 36678130 PMCID: PMC9863108 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Each individual has a unique gut microbiota; therefore, the genes in our microbiome outnumber the genes in our genome by about 150 to 1. Perturbation in host nutritional status influences gut microbiome composition and vice versa. The gut microbiome can help in producing vitamins, hormones, and other active metabolites that support the immune system; harvest energy from food; aid in digestion; protect against pathogens; improve gut transit and function; send signals to the brain and other organs; oscillate the circadian rhythm; and coordinate with the host metabolism through multiple cellular pathways. Gut microbiota can be influenced by host genetics, medications, diet, and lifestyle factors from preterm to aging. Aligning with precision nutrition, identifying a personalized microbiome mandates the provision of the right nutrients at the right time to the right patient. Thus, before prescribing a personalized treatment, it is crucial to monitor and count the gut flora as a focused biomarker. Many nutritional approaches that have been developed help in maintaining and restoring an optimal microbiome such as specific diet therapy, nutrition interventions, and customized eating patterns. One of these approaches is time-restricted feeding/eating (TRF/E), a type of intermittent fasting (IF) in which a subject abstains from food intake for a specific time window. Such a dietary modification might alter and restore the gut microbiome for proper alignment of cellular and molecular pathways throughout the lifespan. In this review, we have highlighted that the gut microbiota would be a targeted biomarker and TRF/E would be a targeted approach for restoring the gut-microbiome-associated molecular pathways such as hormonal signaling, the circadian system, metabolic regulators, neural responses, and immune-inflammatory pathways. Consequently, modulation of the gut microbiota through TRF/E could contribute to proper utilization and availability of the nutrients and in this way confer protection against diseases for harnessing personalized nutrition approaches to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falak Zeb
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-524236417
| | - Tareq Osaili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Reyad Shakir Obaid
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Farah Naja
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hadia Radwan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hayder Hasan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mona Hashim
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Iftikhar Alam
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Peshawar 24540, KP, Pakistan
| | - Bismillah Sehar
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK
| | - MoezAllslam Ezzat Faris
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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Ahmed E, Hens K. Microbiome in Precision Psychiatry: An Overview of the Ethical Challenges Regarding Microbiome Big Data and Microbiome-Based Interventions. AJOB Neurosci 2022; 13:270-286. [PMID: 34379050 DOI: 10.1080/21507740.2021.1958096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been a spurt in both fundamental and translational research that examines the underlying mechanisms of the human microbiome in psychiatric disorders. The personalized and dynamic features of the human microbiome suggest the potential of its manipulation for precision psychiatry in ways to improve mental health and avoid disease. However, findings in the field of microbiome also raise philosophical and ethical questions. From a philosophical point of view, they may yet be another attempt at providing a biological cause for phenomena that ultimately cannot be so easily localized. From an ethical point of view, it is relevant that the human gut microbiome comprises data on the individual's lifestyle, disease history, previous medications, and mental health. Massive datasets of microbiome sequences are collected to facilitate comparative studies to identify specific links between the microbiome and mental health. Although this emerging research domain may show promise for psychiatric patients, it is surrounded by ethical challenges regarding patient privacy, health risks, effects on personal identity, and concerns about responsibility. This narrative overview displays the roles and advances of microbiome research in psychiatry and discusses the philosophical and ethical implications of microbiome big data and microbiome-based interventions for psychiatric patients. We also investigate whether these issues are really "new," or "old wine in new bottles."
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Ahmed
- University of Antwerp.,Suez Canal University
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6
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Dash S, Syed YA, Khan MR. Understanding the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Brain Development and Its Association With Neurodevelopmental Psychiatric Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:880544. [PMID: 35493075 PMCID: PMC9048050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.880544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has a tremendous influence on human physiology, including the nervous system. During fetal development, the initial colonization of the microbiome coincides with the development of the nervous system in a timely, coordinated manner. Emerging studies suggest an active involvement of the microbiome and its metabolic by-products in regulating early brain development. However, any disruption during this early developmental process can negatively impact brain functionality, leading to a range of neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric disorders (NPD). In this review, we summarize recent evidence as to how the gut microbiome can influence the process of early human brain development and its association with major neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. Further, we discuss how gut microbiome alterations can also play a role in inducing drug resistance in the affected individuals. We propose a model that establishes a direct link of microbiome dysbiosis with the exacerbated inflammatory state, leading to functional brain deficits associated with NPD. Based on the existing research, we discuss a framework whereby early diet intervention can boost mental wellness in the affected subjects and call for further research for a better understanding of mechanisms that govern the gut-brain axis may lead to novel approaches to the study of the pathophysiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somarani Dash
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Yasir Ahmed Syed
- School of Biosciences and Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mojibur R. Khan
- Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, India
- *Correspondence: Mojibur R. Khan,
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Li J, Yoshikawa A, Alliey-Rodriguez N, Meltzer HY. Schizophrenia risk loci from xMHC region were associated with antipsychotic response in chronic schizophrenic patients with persistent positive symptom. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:92. [PMID: 35250027 PMCID: PMC8898944 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether common variants from the extended major histocompatibility complex (xMHC) region contribute to the response to antipsychotic drugs (APDs) in patients with schizophrenia with persistent psychosis. Subjects participated in a prospective longitudinal study of the effect of APDs on psychopathology were temporally split into discovery (n = 88) and replication (n = 42) cohorts. The primary endpoint was a change in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale at 6-week or 6-month after treatment. rs204991 (β = 3.917, p = 3.72 × 10-6), the strongest signal associated with response at 6-week was located near C4A/C4B after a linear regression adjusted for covariates. xMHC SNP imputation disclosed much stronger signals (rs9268469, β = 5.140, p = 1.57 × 10-7) and other weaker signals (p < 1 × 10-5) spanning the entire xMHC region. All the variants were previously identified schizophrenia risk loci. Conditional fine-mapping revealed three subgroups of SNPs which were the eQTLs (p < 1 × 10-7) for C4A, HLA-C, and BTN3A2 in disease-relevant tissue. Epistasis between HLA-C and C4A was observed (p = 0.019). Minor allele (G) carriers of rs204991, eQTL for C4A, having decreased risk for schizophrenia and lower imputed expression of C4A, had a better response to APDs. Some imputed HLA alleles associated with a decreased risk for schizophrenia had a positive association with improvement in psychotic symptoms. An independent cohort validated the association of change in psychosis with C4A. We provide evidence that genetic risk factors for schizophrenia from the xMHC region are associated with response to APDs and those variants significantly alter the imputed expression of C4A, HLA-C, and BTN3A2. The minor alleles predicting higher C4A level are associated with diminished improvement in psychotic symptoms after APD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Li
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.415341.60000 0004 0433 4040Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA USA
| | - Akane Yoshikawa
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.258269.20000 0004 1762 2738Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ney Alliey-Rodriguez
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Herbert Y. Meltzer
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
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Yang C, Lin X, Wang X, Liu H, Huang J, Wang S. The schizophrenia and gut microbiota: A bibliometric and visual analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1022472. [PMID: 36458121 PMCID: PMC9705344 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1022472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have explored the link between the gut microbiota and schizophrenia. To date, there have been no bibliometric analyses to summarize the association between the gut microbiota and schizophrenia. We aimed to conduct a bibliometric study of this association to determine the current status and areas for advancement in this field. MATERIALS AND METHODS Publications related to the gut microbiota and schizophrenia were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). The WoSCC literature analysis wire and VOSviewer 1.6.16 were used to conduct the analysis. RESULTS In total, 162 publications were included in our study. The publications generally showed an upward trend from 2014. A total of 873 authors from 355 organizations and 40 countries/regions contributed to this field. The leading authors were Timothy Dinan, John F Cryan, and Emily Severance. The leading institutions were Johns Hopkins University, the University College Cork, and the University of Toronto. The most productive countries were the United States (US), China, and Canada. In total, 95 journals contributed to this field. Among them, the top three productive journals were Schizophrenia Research, Progress in Neuro Psychopharmacology Biological Psychiatry, and Frontiers in Psychiatry. The important keywords in the clusters were gut microbiome, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, antipsychotics, weight gain, metabolic syndrome, gut-brain axis, autism, depression, inflammation, and brain. CONCLUSION The main research hotspots involving the connection between schizophrenia and the gut microbiota were the characteristics of the microbiota composition in schizophrenia patients, the gut-brain axis, and microbial-based interventions for schizophrenia. The studies about the association between gut microbiota and schizophrenia are limited, and more studies are needed to provide new insights into the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lin
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianteng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, International Cancer Center of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, China
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Translation Medicine Center, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Minichino A, Brondino N, Solmi M, Del Giovane C, Fusar-Poli P, Burnet P, Cipriani A, Lennox BR. The gut-microbiome as a target for the treatment of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of add-on strategies. Schizophr Res 2021; 234:1-13. [PMID: 32295752 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The gut-microbiome has been hypothesised as a novel potential target for intervention for schizophrenia. We tested this hypothesis with a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies investigating the efficacy and acceptability of add-on strategies known to affect the gut-microbiome for the treatment of schizophrenia. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched from inception to August 2019 all the randomised double-blind controlled trials of add-on antibiotics, antimicrobials, pre/probiotics, and faecal transplant in schizophrenia. Primary outcomes were severity of negative symptoms and acceptability of treatment. Data were independently extracted by multiple observers and a random-mixed model was used for the analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I2 index. We identified 28 eligible trials: 21 investigated antibiotics, 4 antimicrobials (Artemisinin, Artemether, and Sodium Benzoate), 3 pre/probiotics, none faecal transplant. Results showed no effect of D-Cycloserine (10 studies; SMD, -0.16; 95% CI -0.40, 0.08; P = .20; I2: 28.2%), Minocycline (7 studies; SMD: -0.35; 95% CI -0.70, 0.00; P = .05, I2:77.7%), other antibiotics (2 studies), probiotics alone (1 study), and Artemisinin (1 study) on negative symptoms of schizophrenia when compared to placebo. Limited evidence suggests efficacy on negative symptoms for Sodium benzoate (2 studies; SMD, -0.63; 95%CI -1.03, -0.23; P < .001; I2:0%), Artemether (1 study), and probiotics combined with Vitamin D (1 study) when compared to placebo. Acceptability of intervention was similar to placebo. Negative findings were mainly led by antibiotics trials, with paucity of evidence available on pre/probiotics. There is a need of expanding our knowledge on the clinical relevance of gut-microbiome-host interaction in psychosis before engaging in further trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natascia Brondino
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Solmi
- Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions & Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Early Psychosis: Interventions & Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, IoPPN, King's College London, UK; OASIS Service, South London and the Maudsley NHS National Health Service Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Philip Burnet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Cipriani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Belinda R Lennox
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
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10
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Klein-Petersen AW, Köhler-Forsberg O, Benros ME. Infections, antibiotic treatment and the Microbiome in relation to schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2021; 234:71-77. [PMID: 31859119 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder with several potential pathophysiological mechanisms, including immune activation. Infections have been identified as a significant contributing risk factor for schizophrenia; this association is reviewed together with the potential impact of antibiotic treatment and alterations of the intestinal microbiota. Both infections and the treatment with antibiotics may alter the composition of the gut microbiota, causing dysbiosis, which in animal studies has been associated with alterations of behavior. Of the few studies that have been conducted on humans, some have suggested alterations in the microbial composition of individuals with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls, albeit with conflicting results. Recently, increased attention has emerged regarding potential adverse effects from antibiotics, as a number of these have been associated with an increased risk of psychotic episodes. Particularly, the fluoroquinolones have been associated with neurotoxic adverse events. The association between schizophrenia and infections, antibiotic treatment and dysbiosis, may be an epiphenomenon, which could be explained by other confounding factors. However, these associations could be causal and could therefore be important risk factors in a subgroup of patients. Large-scale well-matched longitudinal studies are needed with measurements of immune markers from multiple biological samples, ranging from material close to the brain, as cerebrospinal fluid and brain-scans targeting neuroinflammation, to analysis of blood and intestinal microbiota. This would help to obtain more definite results on the association between infections, immune components and microbiota alterations in relation to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ole Köhler-Forsberg
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital - Psychiatry, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Michael E Benros
- Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
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11
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Methiwala HN, Vaidya B, Addanki VK, Bishnoi M, Sharma SS, Kondepudi KK. Gut microbiota in mental health and depression: role of pre/pro/synbiotics in their modulation. Food Funct 2021; 12:4284-4314. [PMID: 33955443 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02855j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome residing in the human gut performs a wide range of biological functions. Recently, it has been elucidated that a change in dietary habits is associated with alteration in the gut microflora which results in increased health risks and vulnerability towards various diseases. Falling in line with the same concept, depression has also been shown to increase its prevalence around the globe, especially in the western world. Various research studies have suggested that changes in the gut microbiome profile further result in decreased tolerance of stress. Although currently available medications help in relieving the symptoms of depressive disorders briefly, these drugs are not able to completely reverse the multifactorial pathology of depression. The discovery of the communication pathway between gut microbes and the brain, i.e. the Gut-Brain Axis, has led to new areas of research to find more effective and safer alternatives to current antidepressants. The use of probiotics and prebiotics has been suggested as being effective in various preclinical studies and clinical trials for depression. Therefore, in the present review, we address the new antidepressant mechanisms via gut microbe alterations and provide insight into how these can provide an alternative to antidepressant therapy without the side effects and risk of adverse drug reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasnain N Methiwala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India.
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12
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Ghorbani M, Rajandas H, Parimannan S, Stephen Joseph GB, Tew MM, Ramly SS, Muhamad Rasat MA, Lee SY. Understanding the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 2021; 31:39-49. [PMID: 33252574 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder with marked symptoms of hallucination, delusion, and impaired cognitive behaviors. Although multidimensional factors have been associated with the development of schizophrenia, the principal cause of the disorder remains debatable. Microbiome involvement in the etiology of schizophrenia has been widely researched due to the advancement in sequencing technologies. This review describes the contribution of the gut microbiome in the development of schizophrenia that is facilitated by the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiota is connected to the gut-brain axis via several pathways and mechanisms, that are discussed in this review. The role of the oral microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics in shaping the gut microbiota are also highlighted. Lastly, future perspectives for microbiome research in schizophrenia are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Ghorbani
- Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University
| | - Heera Rajandas
- Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University
| | - Sivachandran Parimannan
- Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University
| | - Gerard Benedict Stephen Joseph
- Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University
| | - Mei Mei Tew
- Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar
| | - Siti Salwa Ramly
- Psychiatry and Mental Health Department, Hospital Sultan Abdul Halim, Sungai Petani
| | | | - Su Yin Lee
- Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University
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13
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Zeng C, Yang P, Cao T, Gu Y, Li N, Zhang B, Xu P, Liu Y, Luo Z, Cai H. Gut microbiota: An intermediary between metabolic syndrome and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110097. [PMID: 32916223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiome interacts with the central nervous system tract through the gut-brain axis. Such communication involves neuronal, endocrine, and immunological mechanisms, which allows for the microbiota to affect and respond to various behaviors and psychiatric conditions. In addition, the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) may interact with and even change the abundance of microbiome to potentially cause adverse effects or aggravate the disorders inherent in the disease. The regulate effects of gut microbiome has been described in several psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression, but only a few reports have discussed the role of microbiota in AAPDs-induced Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cognitive disorders. The following review systematically summarizes current knowledge about the gut microbiota in behavior and psychiatric illness, with the emphasis of an important role of the microbiome in the metabolism of schizophrenia and the potential for AAPDs to change the gut microbiota to promote adverse events. Prebiotics and probiotics are microbiota-management tools with documented efficacy for metabolic disturbances and cognitive deficits. Novel therapies for targeting microbiota for alleviating AAPDs-induced adverse effects are also under fast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- CuiRong Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ting Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - YuXiu Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - NaNa Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - BiKui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - YiPing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - ZhiYing Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - HuaLin Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China; The Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China.
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14
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Abstract
Scientists have invested considerable resources in the study of the microbiota of the human body. These microorganisms play pivotal roles in immunity and disease. Of which, probiotics are live beneficial microorganisms that keep your intestinal or lung microbiota healthy, and occupy a special role in combating the infections. Thus, it is critical to understand their contributions to these processes. Technology can facilitate advanced studies of the microbiota, including how it develops and its positive and negatives effects on the immune system. This paper investigates how several factors (e.g. birth delivery mode, metabolic activities, types of microorganisms, and immune system interactions) affect the microbiota, particularly in early life. The paper also discusses how gastrointestinal microbes in particular may be associated with certain disease processes, such as those related to schizophrenia, autism, and diabetes. Clinical studies show that certain probiotic strains, like Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis help to prevent infection of pathogenic organisms (both bacterial and viral). This research may yield crucial contributions to disease prevention and public health. The dysbiosis may result in changes in the acquired immunity later on. The probiotic strains can prevent viral replication during SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 infection by reducing proinflammatory cytokines. There has been much interest into the intestinal flora as proposed by the diversity, volume, and proposed role in disease. Future research in the field of microbiome should be done in order to uncover their association to gut virome by noting both their influence on each other and relevant health and disease.
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15
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The Role of Gut Bacterial Metabolites in Brain Development, Aging and Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030732. [PMID: 33669008 PMCID: PMC7996516 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, emerging evidence has reported correlations between the gut microbiome and human health and disease, including those affecting the brain. We performed a systematic assessment of the available literature focusing on gut bacterial metabolites and their associations with diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). The bacterial metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as well as non-SCFAs like amino acid metabolites (AAMs) and bacterial amyloids are described in particular. We found significantly altered SCFA levels in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), affective disorders, multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Non-SCFAs yielded less significantly distinct changes in faecal levels of patients and healthy controls, with the majority of findings were derived from urinary and blood samples. Preclinical studies have implicated different bacterial metabolites with potentially beneficial as well as detrimental mechanisms in brain diseases. Examples include immunomodulation and changes in catecholamine production by histone deacetylase inhibition, anti-inflammatory effects through activity on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and involvement in protein misfolding. Overall, our findings highlight the existence of altered bacterial metabolites in patients across various brain diseases, as well as potential neuroactive effects by which gut-derived SCFAs, p-cresol, indole derivatives and bacterial amyloids could impact disease development and progression. The findings summarized in this review could lead to further insights into the gut–brain–axis and thus into potential diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive strategies in brain diseases.
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16
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Sotiropoulos MG, Poulogiannopoulou E, Delis F, Dalla C, Antoniou K, Kokras N. Innovative screening models for the discovery of new schizophrenia drug therapies: an integrated approach. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:791-806. [PMID: 33467920 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1877657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder affecting millions worldwide. However, available treatment options do not fully address the disease. Whereas current antipsychotics may control psychotic symptoms, they seem notoriously ineffective in improving negative and cognitive symptoms or in preventing functional decline. As the etiology of schizophrenia eludes us, the development of valid animal models for screening new drug targets appears to be a strenuous task.Areas covered: In this review, the authors present the key concepts that validate animal models of schizophrenia, as well as the different screening approaches for novel schizophrenia treatments. The models covered are either based on major neurotransmitter systems or neurodevelopmental, immune, and genetic approaches.Expert opinion: Sadly, due to inertia, research focuses on developing 'anti-psychotics', instead of 'anti-schizophrenia' drugs that would tackle the entire syndrome of schizophrenia. Whereas no perfect model may ever exist, combining different experimental designs may enhance validity, as the over-reliance on a single model is inappropriate. Multi-model approaches incorporating vulnerability, the 'two-hit' hypothesis, and endophenotypes offer a promise for developing new strategies for schizophrenia treatment. Forward and reverse translation between preclinical and clinical research will increase the probability of success and limit failures in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos G Sotiropoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Poulogiannopoulou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Foteini Delis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Christina Dalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Antoniou
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kokras
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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17
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Sani G, Manchia M, Simonetti A, Janiri D, Paribello P, Pinna F, Carpiniello B. The Role of Gut Microbiota in the High-Risk Construct of Severe Mental Disorders: A Mini Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 11:585769. [PMID: 33510657 PMCID: PMC7835325 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe mental disorders (SMD) are highly prevalent psychiatric conditions exerting an enormous toll on society. Therefore, prevention of SMD has received enormous attention in the last two decades. Preventative approaches are based on the knowledge and detailed characterization of the developmental stages of SMD and on risk prediction. One relevant biological component, so far neglected in high risk research, is microbiota. The human microbiota consists in the ensemble of microbes, including viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotes, that inhabit several ecological niches of the organism. Due to its demonstrated role in modulating illness and health, as well in influencing behavior, much interest has focused on the characterization of the microbiota inhabiting the gut. Several studies in animal models have shown the early modifications in the gut microbiota might impact on neurodevelopment and the onset of deficits in social behavior corresponding to distinct neurosignaling alterations. However, despite this evidence, only one study investigated the effect of altered microbiome and risk of developing mental disorders in humans, showing that individuals at risk for SMD had significantly different global microbiome composition than healthy controls. We then offer a developmental perspective and provided mechanistic insights on how changes in the microbiota could influence the risk of SMD. We suggest that the analysis of microbiota should be included in the comprehensive assessment generally performed in populations at high risk for SMD as it can inform predictive models and ultimately preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alessio Simonetti
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Delfina Janiri
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pasquale Paribello
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Pinna
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Bernardo Carpiniello
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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18
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Zhu C, Zheng M, Ali U, Xia Q, Wang Z, Chenlong, Yao L, Chen Y, Yan J, Wang K, Chen J, Zhang X. Association Between Abundance of Haemophilus in the Gut Microbiota and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:685910. [PMID: 34393849 PMCID: PMC8362742 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.685910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates an interaction between dysbiosis of the microbiota and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, limited information is available on the specific microbial communities associated with symptoms of schizophrenia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate gut microbiota dysbiosis and its relationship with psychopathologies in schizophrenia. We recruited 126 participants and divided them into three groups according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, criteria-acute group (patients with acute schizophrenia), remission group (patients with schizophrenia in remission), and control group (healthy controls). Psychotic symptoms were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Microbiota compositions, diversity and community structure were evaluated using 16S rRNA sequencing. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to evaluate the association between bacterial taxa and psychotic symptoms. The beta-diversity of microbiota composition in the acute group was distinct from that in the remission and control groups (PC1 = 21.11% vs. PC2 = 12.86%, P = 0.021). Furthermore, Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that abundance of Haemophilus was positively correlated with negative psychiatric symptoms (r = 0.303, P = 0.021), while abundance of Coprococcus was negatively correlated with negative psychiatric symptoms (r = -0.285, P = 0.025). Moreover, abundance of Haemophilus was positively correlated with cognition (r = 0.428, P = 0.009), excitement (r = 0.266, P = 0.037), and depression (r = 0.295, P = 0.020). The study findings suggest that alterations in certain gut microbiota may interfere with psychological symptoms in schizophrenia. Our results provide evidence that may help in the development of therapeutic strategies using microbial-based targets. The data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the NCBI (https://submit.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) with accession number SUB9453991.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhen Zhu
- Department of Science and Education, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Department of Science and Education, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Usman Ali
- Shanghai key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingrong Xia
- Department of Science and Education, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongxian Wang
- Department of Science and Education, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chenlong
- Department of Science and Education, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Lihui Yao
- Department of Science and Education, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Science and Education, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junwei Yan
- Department of Science and Education, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Keming Wang
- Department of Science and Education, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Shanghai key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xulai Zhang
- Department of Science and Education, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Clinical Center for Mental and Psychological Diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China.,Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
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19
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Feng X, Jia Y, Cao X, Ji T, Zhao Y, Tian H, Li N, Cheng Z, Chen L. Morita therapy for schizophrenia: An updated meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 53:102169. [PMID: 32446215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Morita therapy was developed for common mental problems, and our aim was to evaluate the clinical effect of Morita therapy on schizophrenia. The literature was searched in 10 databases, namely, PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Sinomed, Wanfang, Cochrane Library, UpToDate, Web of Science, Medline, PsycINFO and Embase, from inception to September 4, 2019. Random-effects models were used. For continuous results, the standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to synthesize the effects. Thirty studies were included, with a total of 2651 patients with schizophrenia. Compared to pharmacotherapy alone and standard care alone, Morita therapy plus pharmacotherapy and Morita therapy plus standard care both had significant effects on mental state (pooled effect size = -1.09, 95% CI: -0.35, -0.83), social functioning (pooled effect size = -0.61, 95% CI: -2.30, -0.92) and behavior (pooled effect size = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.75, 1.51). Significant heterogeneity between studies was found for mental state (I2 = 89%, p < 0.05) and social functioning (I2 = 95%, p < 0.05), but no heterogeneity was found for behavior (I2 = 0%, p = 0.84). Morita therapy has positive effects on mental state and social functioning among patients with schizophrenia, but it leads to some problems with behavior among these patients. Most included studies have unclear bias, and the forest plots show high heterogeneity among the results. Thus, Morita therapy cannot be implemented in clinical practice as a feasible strategy, the conclusion has yet to be confirmed, and new trials and future studies are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhu Feng
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, NO.965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yong Jia
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, NO.965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xuelian Cao
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, NO.965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Tianyi Ji
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, No. 965 Xinjiang Street Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yawei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Huimin Tian
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, NO.965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Na Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaohua Cheng
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, The Second Hospital Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Li Chen
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, NO.965 Xinjiang Street, Changchun, 130021, China; Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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20
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Hsu MC, Huang YS, Ouyang WC. Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia: possible mechanisms. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:159. [PMID: 32620164 PMCID: PMC7333328 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a serious long-term psychotic disorder marked by positive and negative symptoms, severe behavioral problems and cognitive function deficits. The cause of this disorder is not completely clear, but is suggested to be multifactorial, involving both inherited and environmental factors. Since human brain regulates all behaviour, studies have focused on identifying changes in neurobiology and biochemistry of brain in schizophrenia. Brain is the most lipid rich organ (approximately 50% of brain dry weight). Total brain lipids is constituted of more than 60% of phospholipids, in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the most abundant (more than 40%) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in brain membrane phospholipids. Results from numerous studies have shown significant decreases of PUFAs, in particular, DHA in peripheral blood (plasma and erythrocyte membranes) as well as brain of schizophrenia patients at different developmental phases of the disorder. PUFA deficiency has been associated to psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. These findings have led to a number of clinical trials examining whether dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could improve the course of illness in patients with schizophrenia. Results are inconsistent. Some report beneficial whereas others show not effective. The discrepancy can be attributed to the heterogeneity of patient population. METHODS In this review, results from recent experimental and clinical studies, which focus on illustrating the role of PUFAs in the development of schizophrenia were examined. The rationale why omega-3 supplementation was beneficial on symptoms (presented by subscales of the positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS), and cognitive functions in certain patients but not others was reviewed. The potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects were discussed. RESULTS Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduced the conversion rate to psychosis and improved both positive and negative symptoms and global functions in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could also improve negative symptoms and global functions in the first-episode patients with schizophrenia, but improve mainly total or general PANSS subscales in chronic patients. Patients with low PUFA (particularly DHA) baseline in blood were more responsive to the omega-3 fatty acid intervention. CONCLUSION Omega-3 supplementation is more effective in reducing psychotic symptom severity in young adults or adolescents in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia who have low omega-3 baseline. Omega-3 supplementation was more effective in patients with low PUFA baseline. It suggests that patients with predefined lipid levels might benefit from lipid treatments, but more controlled clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Hsu
- Department of Nursing, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Yung-Sheng Huang
- College of Medicine, I-Shou University, No.8, Yida Road, Jiaosu Village Yanchao District, Kaohsiung, 82445 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chen Ouyang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No.539, Yuzhong Rd., Rende Dist., Tainan City, 71742 Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, No.452, Huanqiu Rd. Luzhu Dist, Kaohsiung, 82144 Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shin-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung, 80708 Taiwan
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21
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di Michele F, Talamo A, Niolu C, Siracusano A. Vitamin D and N-Acetyl Cysteine Supplementation in Treatment-Resistant Depressive Disorder Patients: A General Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2442-2459. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200406090051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is often a lifetime disabling mental illness as individuals with
MDD might not benefit from standard-therapy, including both pharmacological and psychosocial interventions.
Novel therapies are, therefore, required.
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It was shown by recent preclinical and clinical studies that the dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission
might be involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. Furthermore, neuroimmune alterations could have a significant
role in the pathogenesis of MDD.
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Vitamin D is a neurosteroid hormone essential for several metabolic processes, immune responses, and for regulating
neurotrophic-neuroprotective processes, neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Recent studies have also
shown Vitamin D deficiency in patients with severe psychiatric disorders, including MDD.
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Lately, clinical studies have shown the neuroprotective action of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) through the modulation
of inflammatory pathways and via the modulation of synaptic release of glutamate in cortico-subcortical
brain regions; the cysteine-glutamate antiporter.
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This paper reviews the therapeutic use of Vitamin D and NAC and among individuals with refractory MDD to the
first- line pharmacological interventions, reviewing the clinical studies published in the last decade.
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A detailed summary of the current evidence in this area aims to better inform psychiatrists and general practitioners
on the potential benefits of Vitamin D and NAC supplementation for this disorder.
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Nutraceutical supplementation with Vitamin D and NAC in treatment-resistant MDD patients may be important
not only for improving depressive clinical manifestations but also for their safety and tolerability profile. This is
of great interest, especially considering the need for treating special populations affected by MDD, such as
youngsters and elders. Finally, the nutraceutical approach represents a good choice, considering its better compliance
by the patients compared to traditional psychopharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia di Michele
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Talamo
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Niolu
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Siracusano
- Acute Psychiatric Unit, PTV Foundation - Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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22
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Ceskova E. Pharmacological strategies for the management of comorbid depression and schizophrenia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:459-465. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1717466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ceskova
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Zhang X, Pan LY, Zhang Z, Zhou YY, Jiang HY, Ruan B. Analysis of gut mycobiota in first-episode, drug-naïve Chinese patients with schizophrenia: A pilot study. Behav Brain Res 2019; 379:112374. [PMID: 31759045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence has focused on elucidating the bacterial component of the gut microbiota in patients with schizophrenia (SC); however, the fungal composition in the gut has not been investigated, although previous studies have suggested that gut mycobiota may be intricately linked to this disorder. The purpose of this analysis was to examine gut bacterial and fungi in first-episode, drug- naïve adult SC patients in relation to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). METHODS Ten SC patients and 16 HCs were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, and their gut microbiota and mycobiota were systematically characterized using 16S rRNA gene- and ITS1-based DNA sequencing. RESULTS The microbiota of the SC patients were characterized by increased abundance of harmful bacterial (Proteobacteria) and decreased short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, such as the Faecalibacterium and Lachnospiraceae genera. The gut mycobiota were characterized by a relative reduction in alpha diversity and altered composition. Most notably, the SC group had a higher level of Chaetomium and a lower level of Trichoderma than the HC group. Furthermore, the gut microbiota in patients with SC displayed a significant enhancement in the bacteria-fungi correlation network, suggestive of altered interkingdom interactions. CONCLUSIONS Both the bacterial gut microbiota as well as the gut mycobiota contributed to gut dysbiosis in patients with SC. However, our study was limited by sample size, and additional studies involving larger cohorts characterizing the gut mycobiome in SC patients are needed to form a foundation for research into the relationship between mycobiota, dysbiosis, and SC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Ya Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yue Zhou
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Hangzhou Seventh People'S Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hai-Yin Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Bing Ruan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Increased Dietary Inflammatory Index Is Associated with Schizophrenia: Results of a Case-Control Study from Bahrain. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081867. [PMID: 31405205 PMCID: PMC6722742 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have indicated that chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with the development of schizophrenia. Given the role of diet in modulating inflammatory markers, excessive caloric intake and increased consumption of pro-inflammatory components such as calorie-dense, nutrient-sparse foods may contribute toward increased rates of schizophrenia. This study aimed to examine the association between dietary inflammation, as measured by the dietary inflammatory index (DII®), and schizophrenia. METHODS A total of 120 cases attending the out-patient department in the Psychiatric Hospital/Bahrain were recruited, along with 120 healthy controls matched on age and sex. The energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) was computed based on dietary intake assessed using a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for potential confounders including age, sex, body mass index, education, employment, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease with E-DII expressed both as a continuous variable and categorized as quartiles. RESULTS The mean E-DII score for the entire sample was 1.79 ± 1.52, indicating a generally pro-inflammatory diet. The cases with schizophrenia appeared to have a higher E-DII score compared to controls: 1.99 ± 1.39 vs. 1.60 ± 1.38, respectively (p = 0.009). For every one unit increase in the E-DII score, the odds of having schizophrenia increased by 62% (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.17-2.26). Similarly, increased risk was observed when the E-DII was used as quartiles, with participants in most pro-inflammatory quartile 4 being nearly 6 times more likely to be schizophrenic than participants in the most anti-inflammatory group quartile 1 (OR 5.96; 1.74-20.38; p-trend = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet, as indicated by increasing E-DII score, is associated with schizophrenia. This is the first study to examine the association between the DII and schizophrenia in a Middle Eastern population. Although these results are consistent with findings from research conducted in depression, additional studies are required before generalizing the findings to other populations.
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Descamps HC, Herrmann B, Wiredu D, Thaiss CA. The path toward using microbial metabolites as therapies. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:747-754. [PMID: 31201140 PMCID: PMC6606739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites have emerged as the quintessential effectors mediating the impact of the commensal microbiome on human physiology, both locally at the sites of microbial colonization and systemically. The endocrine activity of the microbiome and its involvement in a multitude of complex diseases has made microbiome-modulated metabolites an attractive target for the development of new therapies. Several properties make metabolites uniquely suited for interventional strategies: natural occurrence in a broad range of concentrations, functional pleiotropy, ease of administration, and tissue bioavailability. Here, we provide an overview of recently discovered physiological effects of microbiome-associated small molecules that may serve as the first examples of metabolite-based therapies. We also highlight challenges and obstacles that the field needs to overcome on the path toward successful clinical trials of microbial metabolites for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène C Descamps
- Microbiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beatrice Herrmann
- Microbiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daphne Wiredu
- Microbiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Microbiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Akhondzadeh S. Microbiome and Schizophrenia. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2019; 11:269. [PMID: 31908733 PMCID: PMC6925402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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